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Reproduction, Heredity and Genetics, and Prenatal Development
ReproductionReproduction Process by which organisms create more
organisms of own kind. Male and female gametes or sex cells:
Sperm and ovum create zygote
Male Reproductive SystemMale Reproductive System
Testes: produce sperm Penis: Man’s external organ
The Female Reproductive The Female Reproductive SystemSystem
Ovaries produce ova. Ovum released approximately every 28 days. Moves through fallopian tubes where it may
be fertilized by sperm. Uterus prepares itself for conception. Unfertilized ovum shed; expelled through
cervix and vagina.
How and When Fertilization How and When Fertilization OccursOccurs
Menstrual Cycle Ovulation Fertilization Multiple Conception
Conceiving or Avoiding Conceiving or Avoiding ConceptionConception
Infertility and Assisted Reproductive Technology
In Vitro Fertilization Ethical Dilemmas of Baby Making Birth Control Methods
a. Contraception
b. Abortion
Infertility and Assisted Infertility and Assisted Reproductive TechnologyReproductive Technology
In vitro fertilization (IVF) Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT) Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) Preimplantation genetic treatment (PGT) Ovarian and sperm cryopreservation Sperm sorting (sperm separation) Embryo adoption
Ethical Dilemmas of Ethical Dilemmas of Baby MakingBaby Making
ARTs have significantly improved pregnancy rates
Questions:– How long should embryos develop in lab?– Who do embryos belong to?– What type of research is being conducted?
Birth Control MethodsBirth Control Methods
Abstinence Contraception Abortion
The Expanding Reproductive The Expanding Reproductive YearsYears
Menstruation can begin at 8 or 9 years of age; average 11 to 12
Advanced technology allows women to choose childbearing after menopause.
Heredity and GeneticsHeredity and Genetics
Heredity: our biological inheritance Genetics: the scientific study of biological
inheritance
The Human Genome ProjectThe Human Genome Project
The sequencing of the genetic blueprint of all the genes on their appropriate chromosomes
Genome is divided into chromosomes Chromosomes contain genes Genes are made of DNA
What are Chromosomes and What are Chromosomes and Genes?Genes?
Chromosomes Genes DNA Human genome Mitosis Meiosis
Determination of an Embryo’s Determination of an Embryo’s SexSex
46 chromosomes (23 pairs) 22 are similar in size and shape in both men and women: autosomes
23rd pair: sex chromosome, determines baby’s sex.
Principles of GeneticsPrinciples of Genetics Gregor Johann Mendel Dominant and Recessive Characteristics
a. Allele (dominant or recessive)
b. Homozygous characteristic
c. Heterozygous characteristics
d. Polygenic inheritance
Phenotypes and GenotypesPhenotypes and Genotypes
Genotype: Actual genetic makeup of organism
Phenotype: Observable characteristics of organism
Multifactorial TransmissionMultifactorial Transmission
Environmental factors interact with genetic factors to produce traits.
Sex-Linked Inherited Characteristics: Genes that are linked or appear on the same chromosome are inherited together: Sex-linked traits.
Genetic Counseling and Genetic Counseling and TestingTesting
Genetic Counseling: Helps parents find out risk of passing along a particular disorder or disease.
Genetic and Chromosomal Genetic and Chromosomal AbnormalitiesAbnormalities
Downs’ Syndrome: Occurs in 1 out of every 800 live births.
In 95% of all cases there are three copies of the 21st chromosome: trisomy 21
Extra chromosome alters course of development and causes physical characteristics.
Box: Human DiversityBox: Human Diversity
Prenatal diagnosis:
Amniocentesis
Ultrasonography
Fetoscopy
Chorionic villus biopsy
Maternal blood sampling
Prenatal DevelopmentPrenatal Development
Germinal Period: From conception to second week.
Characterized by growth of zygote and establishment of linkage between zygote and support system of mother.
Embryonic PeriodEmbryonic Period
From end of second week to eighth week. Rapid growth Establishment of a placental relationship
with mother Early structural appearance of all chief
organs Development of recognizable human body.
Development during embryonic Development during embryonic periodperiod
Cephalocaudal Proximodistal Critical Period
Fetal PeriodFetal Period
Begins with the ninth week and ends with birth
Characteristics: Organism called a fetus Major organ systems continue to develop
and assume their specialized functions.
Loss by MiscarriageLoss by Miscarriage
Miscarriage: organism is naturally expelled from uterus before it is viable.
Prenatal Environmental Prenatal Environmental InfluencesInfluences
Teratogens: Drugs and other chemical agents that can cause birth defects:
Smoking Marijuana Hard Drugs Alcohol Oral Contraceptives Toxins in environment and workplace
Maternal Infectious and Maternal Infectious and Noninfectious Diseases:Noninfectious Diseases:
Rubella and Other Agents Syphilis Genital Herpes HIV/AIDS Diabetes Maternal Sensitization: The Rh Factor Maternal Stress Maternal Age Maternal Nutrition and Prenatal Care