Generation of Mobile Communication

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GENERATION OF MOBILE COMMUNICATION

HISTORY

Mobile phone are ubiquitous today, you can find them anywhere in almosteveryone hands. What makes mobile so successful is the technology, which

let us talk, SMS, chat, browse anywhere in the world. Mobile phone

communication was not like that years ago.

Initially the phones used to be wired, bulky, complex in handling. Graham

Bell was the first person who successfully invented telephone in 1870 by the

use of radio signals. After the invention of telephone radio charted the

progress of radio communication and hence bring mobile together. Anotherdevelopment was the digital communication which led GSM to emerge.

We can anecdote development of mobile communication as:

I. Graham Bell patenting the telephone.

II. Development of radio link between light-house by Charles Stevenson.

III. Fessenden broadcasting the music over radio interfaces in 1906.

In early 1920 US began mobile radios operating at 2 MHz. These were used

by police only and provide one way communication at a time i.e. we can

either talk or listen, just like walky-talky of today. By the end of decade 2

way communication were used in patrol cars.

Commercial use of telephones was started in 1940, when digital wireless

and cellular roots came into existence. Though the first call was made on 17

July 1946 but the system was impractical for public use. It was very heavy

(80 lbs) and cost about 30$/month which was very expensive at that time.

Transistor invention in 1948 made possible to build smaller, cheaper, and

lighter device. Real revolution came after the invention of ICs and digital

switches.


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Now we can categories the development made in the field of mobile

communication in various generations.

0-Generation:

"0G" redirects here. For Zero Gravity, see Weightlessness.

These early mobile telephone systems can be distinguished from earlier

closed radiotelephone systems in that they were available as a commercial service

that was part of thepublic switched telephone network, with their own telephone

numbers, rather than part of a closed network such as a police radio or taxi

dispatch system.

These mobile telephones were usually mounted in cars or trucks, though briefcase

models were also made. Typically, the transceiver (transmitter-receiver) wasmounted in the vehicle trunk and attached to the "head" (dial, display, and handset)

mounted near the driver seat.

They were sold through WCCs (Wire line Common Carriers, AKA telephone

companies), RCCs (Radio Common Carriers), and two-way radio dealers.

Early examples for this technology:

Motorola in conjunction with the Bell System operated the first commercial

mobile telephone service MTS in the US in 1946, as a service of the wirelinetelephone company.

The A-Netz launched 1952 in West Germany as the country's first public

commercial mobile phone network.

First automatic system was the Bell System's IMTS which became available

in 1962, offering automatic dialing to and from the mobile.

The Televerket opened its first manual mobile telephone system

inNorway in 1966. Norway was later the first country in Europe to get an

automatic mobile telephone system. The Autoradiopuhelin (ARP) launched in 1971 in Finland as the country's

first public commercial mobile phone network

The B-Netz launched 1972 in West Germany as the country's second public

commercial mobile phone network (but the first one that did not require human

operators to connect calls)
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Rural Radiotelephone Radio Service

Using the same channel frequencies as IMTS, the US Federal

Communications Commission authorized another 0G technology called

Rural Radiotelephone Radio Service. Because RF channels were shared with

IMTS, the service was licensed only in areas that were remote from

large Bureau of the CensusMetropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs).

Systems used UHF 454 MHz or 152 MHz radio channels to provide

telephone service to extremely rural places where it would be too costly to

extend cable plant. One such system was on a 454/459 MHz channel pair

between theDeath Valleytelephone exchange and Stovepipe Wells,

California. This specific system carried manual calls to the Traffic Service

Position System (TSPS) center in Los Angeles. Stovepipe Wells callers went

off-hook and were queried, "Number please" by a TSPS operator, who

dialed the call. Dial service was introduced to Stovepipe Wells in the mid-

1980s. The radio link has since been replaced by cable.

Radio Common Carrier

Parallel to IMTS in the US until the rollout of cellular AMPS systems, acompeting mobile telephone technology was called Radio Common

Carrier orRCC. The service was provided from the 1960s until the 1980s when

cellular AMPS systems made RCC equipment obsolete. These systems operated in

a regulated environment in competition with the Bell System's MTS and IMTS.

RCCs handled telephone calls and were operated by private companies and

individuals. Some systems were designed to allow customers of adjacent RCCs to

use their facilities but the universe of RCCs did not comply with any single

interoperable technical standard (a capability called roamingin modern systems).

For example, the phone of an Omaha, Nebraskabased RCC service would not belikely to work in Phoenix, Arizona. At the end of RCC's existence, industry

associations were working on a technical standard that would potentially have

allowed roaming, and some mobile users had multiple decoders to enable

operation with more than one of the common signaling formats (600/1500, 2805,

and Reach). Manual operation was often a fallback for RCC roamers.
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Roaming was not encouraged, in part, because there was no centralized industry

billing database for RCCs. Signaling formats were not standardized. For example,

some systems used two-tone sequential paging to alert a mobile or hand-held that a

wired phone was trying to call them. Other systems used DTMF. Some used a

system called Secode 2805 which transmitted an interrupted 2805 Hz tone (in amanner similar to IMTS signaling) to alert mobiles of an offered call. Some radio

equipment used with RCC systems was half-duplex, push-to-talk equipment such

as Motorola hand-helds or RCA 700-series conventional two-way radios. Other

vehicular equipment had telephone handsets, rotary or pushbutton dials, and

operated full duplex like a conventional wired telephone. A few users had full-

duplex briefcase telephones (radically advanced for their day).

RCCs used paired UHF 454/459 MHz and VHF 152/158 MHz frequencies near

those used by IMTS.
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1st-Generation

The big boom in mobile phone service really began with the introduction ofanalog cellular service called Analog Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) startingin 1981. This generation is 1G, the first for using cell technology that letusers place their own calls and continue their conversations seamlessly asthey moved from cell to cell. AMPS uses what is called frequency divisionmultiplexing(FDM). Each phone call uses separate radio frequencies orchannels. You probably had a 1G phone, but never called it that.The next generation, quick on the heels of the first, is digital cellular. Onestandard uses a digital version of AMPS called D-AMPS using TimeDivision Multiple Access (TDMA). A competing system also emerged

using Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). As you might suspect, thetwo are incompatible but you can have a phone that works with both. Europeembraced yet a third standard called GSM, which is based on TDMA. Digitaltransmissions allow for more phone conversations in the same amount ofspectrum. They also lay the groundwork for services beyond simple voicetelephone calls. Data services such as Internet access, text messaging, sharing

pictures and video are inherently digital.This is where the whole "G" thing got started. The original analog and digital

cellular services were invented to cut the wire on landline phone service andgive you regular telephone service you could take with you. As such, the

bandwidth they offer for adding data services is pretty meager, in the lowKbps region. Now that a cell phone is not merely a cell phone, but alsoa PDA, a messaging system, a camera, an Internet browser, an email readerand soon to be a television set, true broadband data speeds are needed. Thatnew generation of cell phone service has been dubbed 3G for 3rd generation.
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2nd-Generation

2G (or 2-G) is short for second-generation wirelesstelephonetechnology.

Second generation 2G cellular telecom networks were commerciallylaunched on the GSM standard in Finland by Radiolinja (now part ofElisaOyj) in 1991. Three primary benefits of 2G networks over their predecessorswere that phone conversations were digitally encrypted; 2G systems weresignificantly more efficient on the spectrum allowing for far greater mobile

phone penetration levels; and 2G introduced data services for mobile, startingwith SMS text messages.

After 2G was launched, the previous mobile telephone systems were

retrospectively dubbed 1G. While radio signals on 1G networks are analog,and on 2G networks are digital, both systems use digital signaling to connectthe radio towers (which listen to the handsets) to the rest of the telephonesystem.

2G technologies

2G technologies can be divided into TDMA-based and CDMA-basedstandards depending on the type ofmultiplexing used. The main 2G standardsare:

GSM (TDMA-based), originally from Europe but used in almost allcountries on all six inhabited continents (Time Division Multiple Access).Today accounts for over 80% of all subscribers around the world. Over 60GSM operators are also using CDMA2000 in the 450 MHz frequency

band (CDMA450).

IS-95akacdmaOne (CDMA-based, commonly referred assimply CDMA in the US), used in the Americas and parts of Asia. Today

accounts for about 17% of all subscribers globally. Over a dozen CDMAoperators have migrated to GSM including operators in Mexico, India,Australia and South Korea.

IS-136akaD-AMPS (TDMA-based, commonly referred as simply'TDMA' in the US), was once prevalent in the Americas but most havemigrated to GSM.
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2G services are frequently referred as Personal Communications Service, orPCS, in the United States.

2.5G services enable high-speed data transfer over upgraded existing 2Gnetworks. Beyond 2G, there's 3G, with higher data speeds, and evenevolutions beyond 3G, such as 4G.

Capacities, advantages, and disadvantages

Capacity

Using digital signals between the handsets and the towers increases systemcapacity in two key ways:

Digital voice data can be compressed and multiplexed much moreeffectively than analog voice encodings through the use of various codecs,allowing more calls to be packed into the same amount ofradiobandwidth.

The digital systems were designed to emit less radio power from thehandsets. This meant that cells could be smaller, so more cells could be

placed in the same amount of space. This was also made possible by celltowers and related equipment getting less expensive.

Advantages

The lower power emissions helped address health concerns.

Going all-digital allowed for the introduction of digital data services,such as SMS and email.

Greatly reduced fraud. With analog systems it was possible to have twoor more "cloned" handsets that had the same phone number.

Enhanced privacy. A key digital advantage not often mentioned is thatdigital cellular calls are much harder to eavesdrop on by use ofradioscanners. While the security algorithms used have proved not to be assecure as initially advertised, 2G phones are immensely more private than1G phone, which have no protection against eavesdropping.
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Disadvantages

The downsides of 2G systems, not often well publicized, are:

In less populous areas, the weaker digital signal may not be sufficient to

reach a cell tower. This tends to be a particular problem on 2G systemsdeployed on higher frequencies, but is mostly not a problem on 2Gsystems deployed on lower frequencies. National regulations differ greatlyamong countries which dictate where 2G can be deployed.

Analog has a smooth decay curve, digital a jagged steppy one. This canbe both an advantage and a disadvantage. Under good conditions, digitalwill sound better. Under slightly worse conditions, analog will experiencestatic, while digital has occasional dropouts. As conditions worsen,

though, digital will start to completely fail, by dropping calls or beingunintelligible, while analog slowly gets worse, generally holding a calllonger and allowing at least a few words to get through.

While digital calls tend to be free ofstatic and background noise,the lossy compression used by the codecs takes a toll; the range of soundthat they convey is reduced. You'll hear less of the tonality of someone'svoice talking on a digital cell phones, but you will hear it more clearly.

Evolution

2G networks were built mainly for voice services and slow data transmission.

Some protocols, such as EDGE for GSM and 1x-RTT for CDMA2000, aredefined as "3G" services (because they are defined in IMT-2000 specificationdocuments), but are considered by the general public to be 2.5G services (or2.75G which sounds even more sophisticated) because they are several timesslower than present-day 3G services.

2.5G (GPRS)

2.5G is a stepping stone between 2G and 3G cellular wireless technologies.The term "second and a half generation" is used to describe 2G-systems thathave implemented a packet switched domain in addition to the circuitswitched domain. It does not necessarily provide faster services because
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bundling of timeslots is used for circuit switched data services (HSCSD) aswell.

The first major step in the evolution of GSM networks to 3G occurred withthe introduction of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). CDMA2000networks similarly evolved through the introduction of1xRTT. So thecellular services combined with enhanced data transmission capabilities

became known as '2.5G.'

GPRS could provide data rates from 56 kbit/s up to 115 kbit/s. It can be usedfor services such as Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) access,Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), and for Internet communicationservices such as email and World Wide Web access. GPRS data transfer istypically charged per megabyte of traffic transferred, while datacommunication via traditional circuit switching is billed per minute ofconnection time, independent of whether the user actually is utilizing thecapacity or is in an idle state.

1xRTT supports bi-directional (up and downlink) peak data rates up to 153.6kbps, delivering an average user data throughput of 80-100 kbps incommercial networks. It can also be used for WAP, SMS & MMS services,as well as Internet access.

2.75G (EDGE)GPRS networks evolved to EDGE networks with the introduction of 8PSKencoding. Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Enhanced GPRS(EGPRS), or IMT Single Carrier (IMT-SC) is a backward-compatible digitalmobile phone technology that allows improved data transmission rates, as anextension on top of standard GSM. EDGE was deployed on GSM networks

beginning in 2003--initially by Cingular (now AT&T) in the United States.

EDGE is standardized by 3GPP as part of the GSM family, and it is an

upgrade that provides a potential three-fold increase in capacity ofGSM/GPRS networks. The specification achieves higher data-rates (up to236.8 kbit/s) by switching to more sophisticated methods of coding (8PSK),within existing GSM timeslots.
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ITU, these are typically not branded 3G, and are based on completelydifferent technologies.

A new generation of cellular standards has appeared approximately everytenth year since 1G systems were introduced in 1981/1982. Each generationis characterized by new frequency bands, higher data rates and non

backwards compatible transmission technology. 4G systems are expected toappear in 2011-2013 (pre-4G systems like LTE and mobile WiMAX havealready appeared), and fifth generation systems after 2020. The first releaseof the 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard does not completely fulfillthe ITU 4G requirements called IMT-Advanced. First release LTE is not

backwards compatible with 3G, but is a pre-4G or3.9G technology, howeversometimes branded "4G" by the service providers.

History

The first pre-commercial 3G network was launched by NTT DoCoMo inJapan branded FOMA, in May 2001 on a pre-release ofW-CDMAtechnology. The first commercial launch of 3G was also by NTT DoCoMo inJapan on 1 October 2001, although it was initially somewhat limited inscope; broader availability was delayed by apparent concerns overreliability. The second network to go commercially live was by SK

Telecom in South Korea on the 1xEV-DO technology in January 2002. ByMay 2002 the second South Korean 3G network was by KT on EV-DO andthus the Koreans were the first to see competition among 3G operators.

The first European pre-commercial network was at the Isle of Man by ManxTelecom, the operator then owned by British Telecom, and the firstcommercial network in Europe was opened for business by TelenorinDecember 2001 with no commercial handsets and thus no paying customers.These were both on the W-CDMA technology.

The first commercial United States 3G network was by Monet MobileNetworks, on CDMA2000 1x EV-DO technology, but this network providerlater shut down operations. The second 3G network operator in the USAwas Verizon Wireless in October 2003 also on CDMA2000 1x EV-DO. AT&T Mobility is also a true 3G network, having completed its upgradeof the 3G network to HSUPA.
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The first pre-commercial demonstration network in the southern hemispherewas built in Adelaide, South Australia by m.Net Corporation in February2002 using UMTS on 2100 MHz. This was a demonstration network for the2002 IT World Congress. The first commercial 3G network was launched by

Hutchison Telecommunications branded as Three in March 2003.

Emtel Launched the first 3G network in Africa

By June 2007, the 200 millionth 3G subscriber had been connected. Out of 3 billion mobile phone subscriptions worldwide this is only 6.7%. In thecountries where 3G was launched first Japan and South Korea 3G

penetration is over 70%. In Europe the leading country is Italy with a third ofits subscribers migrated to 3G. Other leading countries by 3G migrationinclude UK, Austria, Australia and Singapore at the 20% migration level. Aconfusing statistic is counting CDMA2000 1x RTT customers as if they were3G customers. If using this definition, then the total 3G subscriber basewould be 475 million at June 2007 and 15.8% of all subscribers worldwide.

Adoption

In December 2007, 190 3G networks were operating in 40 countries and154 HSDPA networks were operating in 71 countries, according to theGlobal Mobile Suppliers Association (GSA). In Asia, Europe, Canada and

the USA, telecommunication companies use W-CDMA technology with thesupport of around 100 terminal designs to operate 3G mobile networks.

Roll-out of 3G networks was delayed in some countries by the enormouscosts of additional spectrum licensing fees. In many countries, 3G networksdo not use the same radio frequencies as 2G, so mobile operators must buildentirely new networks and license entirely new frequencies; an exception isthe United States where carriers operate 3G service in the same frequenciesas other services. The license fees in some European countries

wereparticularly high, bolstered by government auctions of a limited numberof licenses and sealed bid auctions, and initial excitement over 3G's potential.Other delays were due to the expenses of upgrading equipment for the newsystems.

In 2009, T-Mobile, a major Telecommunication services provider, rolled outa list of over 120 U.S. cities provided with 3G Network coverage.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSDPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecoms_crashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealed_bid_auctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSDPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecoms_crashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealed_bid_auctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobile


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Europe

In Europe, mass market commercial 3G services were introduced starting inMarch 2003 by 3 (Part ofHutchison Whampoa) in the UK and Italy.The European Union Council suggested that the 3G operators should cover80% of the European national populations by the end of 2005.

Canada

In Canada, Bell Mobility and Telus launched a 3G EVDO network in2005. Rogers Wireless was the first to implement UMTS technology, withHSDPA services in eastern Canada in late 2006. Realizing they would missout on roaming revenue from the 2010 Winter Olympics, Bell and Telusformed a joint venture and rolled out a shared HSDPA network usingNokia

Siemens technology.India

In 2008, India entered into 3G arena with the launch of 3G enabled Mobileand Data services by Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. (BSNL) inBihar(Patna). BSNL is the first Mobile operator in India to launch 3Gservices. After that (MTNL) launched 3G in Mumbai & Delhi. Governmentowned Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd (BSNL) has already been provided with a3G license and has been operating its services in 380 cities by the end of

March 2010. Nation wide auction of 3G wireless spectrum in April 2010 wasannounced. The Auction was a great success for Government Of India, as itcollected triple the amount it was expecting. The estimation for both 3Gand BWA was around Rs 35,000/- Crore ($7.6 billion). Total revenue theGovernment collected was nearly Rs 1,06,000 Crore ($23 billion). Private

providers are expected to provide its 3G service from December 2010.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_(telecommunications)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutchison_Whampoahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Mobilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogers_Wirelesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Olympicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSDPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia_Siemenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia_Siemenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSNLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patnahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSNLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTNLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSNLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G_Spectrum_auction_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband_wireless_accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_(telecommunications)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutchison_Whampoahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Mobilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogers_Wirelesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Olympicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSDPAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia_Siemenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia_Siemenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSNLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patnahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSNLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTNLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSNLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G_Spectrum_auction_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband_wireless_access


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Features

Data rates

ITU has not provided a clear definition of the data rate users can expect from

3G equipment or providers. Thus users sold 3G service may not be able topoint to a standard and say that the rates it specifies are not being met. Whilestating in commentary that "it is expected that IMT-2000 will provide highertransmission rates: a minimum data rate of 2 Mbit/s for stationary or walkingusers, and 384 kbit/s in a moving vehicle, the ITU does not actually clearlyspecify minimum or average rates or what modes of the interfaces qualify as3G, so various rates are sold as 3G intended to meet customers expectationsof broadband data.

Security3G networks offer greater security than their 2G predecessors. By allowingthe UE (User Equipment) to authenticate the network it is attaching to, theuser can be sure the network is the intended one and not an impersonator. 3Gnetworks use the KASUMI block cryptoinstead of the olderA5/1streamcipher. However, a number of serious weaknesses in the KASUMI cipherhave been identified.

In addition to the 3G network infrastructure security, end-to-end security is

offered when application frameworks such as IMS are accessed, although thisis not strictly a 3G property.

Applications

The bandwidth and location information available to 3G devices gives rise toapplications not previously available to mobile phone users. Some of theapplications are:

Mobile TV a provider redirects a TV channel directly to thesubscriber's phone where it can be watched.

Video on demand a provider sends a movie to the subscriber's phone.

Video conferencing subscribers can see as well as talk to each other.
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Tele-medicine a medical provider monitors or provides advice to thepotentially isolated subscriber.

Location-based services a provider sends localized weather or trafficconditions to the phone, or the phone allows the subscriber to find nearby

businesses or friends.

Evolution

Both 3GPP and 3GPP2 are currently working on extensions to 3G standardthat are based on an all-IP network infrastructure and using advancedwireless technologies such as MIMO, these specifications already display

features characteristic forIMT-Advanced (4G), the successor of 3G.However, falling short of the bandwidth requirements for 4G (which is 1Gbit/s for stationary and 100 Mbit/s for mobile operation), these standards areclassified as 3.9G or Pre-4G.

3GPP plans to meet the 4G goals with LTE Advanced, whereas Qualcommhas halted development of UMB in favour of the LTE family.

On 14 December 2009, Telia Sonera announced in an official press releasethat "We are very proud to be the first operator in the world to offer our

customers 4G services. With the launch of their LTE network, initially theyare offeringpre-4G (orbeyond 3G) services in Stockholm, Sweden and Oslo,

Norway.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIMOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMT-Advancedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_Advancedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_Networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIMOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMT-Advancedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_Advanced


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4-Generation:

4G refers to the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards. It is asuccessor to 3G and 2G families of standards. The nomenclature of the

generations generally refers to a change in the fundamental nature of theservice, non-backwards compatible transmission technology and newfrequency bands. The first was the move from 1981 analog (1G) to digital(2G) transmission in 1992. This was followed, in 2002, by 3G multi-mediasupport, spread spectrum transmission and at least 200 kbit/s, soon expectedto be followed by 4G, which refers to all-IPpacket-switched networks,mobile ultra-broadband (gigabit speed) access and multi-carriertransmission.Pre-4G technologies such as mobile WiMAX and first-release 3G Long term

evolution (LTE) have been available on the market since 2006 and 2009respectively.

Overview

A 4G system is expected to provide a comprehensive and secure all-IP basedsolution where facilities such as IP telephony, ultra-broadband Internetaccess, gaming services and streamed multimedia may be provided to users.

This article uses 4G to refer to IMT-Advanced ( International MobileTelecommunications Advanced), as defined by ITU-R.

An IMT-Advanced cellular system must have target peak data rates of up toapproximately 100 Mbit/s for high mobility such as mobile access and up toapproximately 1 Gbit/s for low mobility such as nomadic/local wirelessaccess, according to the ITU requirements. Scalable bandwidths up to at least40 MHz should be provided.

In all suggestions for 4G, the CDMAspread spectrum radio technology usedin 3G systems and IS-95 is abandoned and replaced by frequency-domain

equalization schemes, for example multi-carrier transmission suchas OFDMA. This is combined with MIMO (i.e., multiple antennas(MultipleIn Multiple Out)), dynamic channel allocation and channel-dependentscheduling.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-carrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_term_evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_term_evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU-Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS-95http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-carrier_FDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-carrier_FDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OFDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIMOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_channel_allocationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel-dependent_schedulinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel-dependent_schedulinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-carrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_term_evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_term_evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU-Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS-95http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-carrier_FDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-carrier_FDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OFDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIMOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_channel_allocationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel-dependent_schedulinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel-dependent_scheduling


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Predecessors of 4G

LTE

The pre-4G technology 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) is often branded

"4G", but the first LTE release does not fully comply with the IMT-Advanced requirements. LTE has a theoretical net bit rate capacity of up to100 Mbit/s in the downlink and 50 Mbit/s in the uplink if a 20 MHz channelis used - and more ifMultiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), i.e. antennaarrays, are used.

The world's first publicly available LTE-service was opened in the twoScandinavian capitals Stockholm (Ericsson system) and Oslo (a Huaweisystem) on the 14 December 2009, and branded 4G. The user terminals were

manufactured by Samsung. The two largest major mobile carriers in theUnited States and several worldwide carriers have announced plans toconvert their networks to LTE beginning in 2011.

The physical radio interface was at an early stage namedHighSpeedOFDMPacket Access (HSOPA), now named Evolved UMTSTerrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA).

LTE Advanced (Long-term-evolution Advanced) is a candidate for IMT-Advanced standard, formally submitted by the 3GPP organization to ITU-T

in the fall 2009, and expected to be released in 2012. The target of 3GPP LTEAdvanced is to reach and surpass the ITU requirements. LTE Advancedshould be compatible with first release LTE equipment, and should sharefrequency bands with first release LTE.

Objectives

4G is being developed to accommodate the quality of service (QoS) and rate

requirements set by further development of existing 3G applicationslike mobile broadband access, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), videochat, mobile TV, but also new services like HDTV. 4G may allow roamingwith wireless local area networks, and may interact with digital video

broadcasting systems.
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The 4G working group has defined the following as objectives of the 4Gwireless communication standard:

Flexible channel bandwidth, between 5 and 20 MHz, optionally up to

40 MHz. A nominal data rate of 100 Mbit/s while the client physically moves athigh speeds relative to the station, and 1 Gbit/s while client and station arein relatively fixed positions as defined by the ITU-R.

A data rate of at least 100 Mbit/s between any two points in the world.

Peaklink spectral efficiency of 15 bit/s/Hz in the downlink, and 6.75bit/s/Hz in the uplink (meaning that 1 Gbit/s in the downlink should bepossible over less than 67 MHz bandwidth)

System spectral efficiency of up to 3 bit/s/Hz/cell in the downlink and2.25 bit/s/Hz/cell for indoor usage.

Smooth handoffacross heterogeneous networks.

Seamless connectivity and global roaming across multiple networks.

High quality of service for next generation multimedia support (realtime audio, high speed data, HDTV video content, mobile TV, etc.

Interoperability with existing wireless standards, and

An all IP,packet switched network.

Femtocells (home nodes connected to fixed Internet broadbandinfrastructure)

4G features

According to the members of the 4G working group the infrastructure and theterminals of 4G will have almost all the standards from 2G to 4Gimplemented. However, the first LTE USB dongles do not support any other

radio interface. Although legacy systems are in place to adopt existing users,the infrastructure for 4G will be only packet-based (all-IP). Some proposalssuggest having an open Internet platform. At an early stage, technologiesconsidered to be 4G were: Flash-OFDM, the 802.16e mobile versionofWiMax (also known as WiBro in South Korea), HC-SDMA (see iBurst),and LTE.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU-Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_spectral_efficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_spectral_efficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handoffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roaminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_switchedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femtocellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash-OFDMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMaxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiBrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU-Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_spectral_efficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_spectral_efficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handoffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roaminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_switchedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femtocellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash-OFDMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMaxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiBrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolution


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Components

Access schemes

As the wireless standards evolved, the access techniques used also exhibited

increase in efficiency, capacity and scalability. The first generation wirelessstandards used plain TDMA and FDMA. In the wireless channels, TDMA

proved to be less efficient in handling the high data rate channels as itrequires large guard periods to alleviate the multipath impact. Similarly,FDMA consumed more bandwidth for guard to avoid inter carrierinterference. So in second generation systems, one set of standard used thecombination of FDMA and TDMA and the other set introduced an accessscheme called CDMA. Usage of CDMA increased the system capacity, but as

a theoretical drawback placed a soft limit on it rather than the hard limit (i.e.a CDMA network setup does not inherently reject new clients when itapproaches its limits, resulting in a denial of service to all clients when thenetwork overloads; though this outcome is avoided in practicalimplementations by admission control of circuit switched or fixed bit ratecommunication services). Data rate is also increased as this access scheme(providing the network is not reaching its capacity) is efficient enough tohandle the multipath channel. This enabled the third generation systems, suchas IS-2000, UMTS, HSXPA,1xEV-DO, TD-CDMA and TD-SCDMA, to use

CDMA as the access scheme. However, the issue with CDMA is that itsuffers from poor spectral flexibility and computationally intensive time-domain equalization (high number of multiplications per second) forwideband channels.

Recently, new access schemes like Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), SingleCarrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), Interleaved FDMA and Multi-carrier CDMA(MC-CDMA) are gaining more importance for the next generation systems.These are based on efficient FFT algorithms and frequency domain

equalization, resulting in a lower number of multiplications per second. Theyalso make it possible to control the bandwidth and form the spectrum in aflexible way. However, they require advanced dynamic channel allocationand traffic adaptive scheduling.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_division_multiple_accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admission_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS-2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Speed_Packet_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1xEV-DOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD-CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD-SCDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OFDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SC-FDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SC-FDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interleaved_FDMA&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-carrier_code_division_multiple_accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FFThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_division_multiple_accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admission_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS-2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Speed_Packet_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1xEV-DOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD-CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD-SCDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OFDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SC-FDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SC-FDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interleaved_FDMA&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-carrier_code_division_multiple_accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FFT


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The other important advantage of the above mentioned access techniques arethat they require less complexity for equalization at the receiver. This is anadded advantage especially in the MIMO environments since the spatialmultiplexing transmission of MIMO systems inherently requires high

complexity equalization at the receiver.

In addition to improvements in these multiplexing systems,improved modulation techniques are being used. Whereas earlier standardslargely used Phase-shift keying, more efficient systems such as 64QAM are

being proposed for use with the 3GPP Long Term Evolution standards.

Advanced Antenna Systems

The performance of radio communications depends on an antenna system,termed smart orintelligent antenna. Recently, multiple antenna technologiesare emerging to achieve the goal of 4G systems such as high rate, highreliability, and long range communications. In the early 1990s, to cater forthe growing data rate needs of data communication, many transmissionschemes were proposed. One technology, spatial multiplexing, gainedimportance for its bandwidth conservation and power efficiency. Spatialmultiplexing involves deploying multiple antennas at the transmitter and atthe receiver. Independent streams can then be transmitted simultaneouslyfrom all the antennas. This technology, called MIMO (as a branch ofintelligent antenna), multiplies the base data rate by (the smaller of) thenumber of transmit antennas or the number of receive antennas. Apart fromthis, the reliability in transmitting high speed data in the fading channel can

be improved by using more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver. Thisis called transmitorreceive diversity. Both transmit/receive diversity andtransmit spatial multiplexing are categorized into the space-time codingtechniques, which does not necessarily require the channel knowledge at the

transmitter. The other category is closed-loop multiple antenna technologies,which require channel knowledge at the transmitter.

Software-Defined Radio (SDR)

SDRis one form of open wireless architecture (OWA). Since 4G is acollection of wireless standards, the final form of a 4G device will constitute
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIMOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_multiplexinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_multiplexinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-shift_keyinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_antennahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_antennahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_antenna_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_multiplexinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIMOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_antennahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software-defined_radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIMOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_multiplexinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_multiplexinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-shift_keyinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_antennahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_antennahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_antenna_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_multiplexinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIMOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_antennahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software-defined_radio


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various standards. This can be efficiently realized using SDR technology,which is categorized to the area of the radio convergence.

4G wireless standards

In September 2009 the technology proposals have been submitted to ITU-Ras 4G candidates. Basically all proposals are based on two technologies:

LTE Advanced standardized by the 3GPP

802.16m standardized by the IEEE (i.e. WiMAX)

First set of 3GPP requirements on LTE Advanced has been approved in June2008. LTE Advanced will be standardized in 2010 as part of the Release 10of the 3GPP specification. LTE Advanced will be fully built on the existing

LTE specification Release 10 and not be defined as a new specificationseries. A summary of the technologies that have been studied as the basis forLTE Advanced is summarized in a technical report.
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5th-Generation:

5G (5th generation mobile networks or5th generation wireless systems) is aname used in some research papers and projects to denote the next major

phase of mobile telecommunications standards beyond theupcoming 4G standards (expected to be finalized between approximately2011 and 2013). Currently 5G is not a term officially used for any particularspecification or in any official document yet made public bytelecommunication companies or standardization bodies suchas 3GPP, WiMAX Forum orITU-R. New 3GPPstandard releases beyond 4Gand LTE Advanced are in progress, but not considered as new mobilegenerations.

Prognoses

The implementation of standards under a 5G umbrella would likely be aroundthe year of 2020. A new mobile generation has appeared every 10th yearsince the first 1G system (NMT) was introduced in 1981, including the 2G(GSM) system that started to roll out in 1992, and 3G (W-CDMA/FOMA)which appeared in 2001. The development of the 2G (GSM) and 3G(IMT-2000 and UMTS) standards took about 10 years from the official start ofthe R&D projects, and development of 4G systems started in 2001 or 2002.

It is expected that in terms of data streams, a 5G standard would have peakdownload and upload speeds of more than 1 Gbps. The development of the

bit rates offered by cellular systems is however hard to predict, since thehistorical bit rate development has shown very little resemblance with asimple exponential function of time (as opposed to for example Moore'slaw for computing capacity) The data rate increased by a factor 8 from 1G(NMT 1.2 kbps) to 2G (GSM 9.6 kbps). The peak bit rate increased by afactor 40 from 2G to 3G for mobile users (384 kbps), and by a factor of 200

from 2G to 3G for stationary users (2 Mbps). The peak bit rates are expectedto increase by a factor 260 from 3G to 4G for mobile users (100 Mbps) and

by a factor 500 from 3G to 4G for stationary users (1 Gbps).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU-Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_Advancedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Mobile_Telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gbps#Gigabit_per_secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore's_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore's_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kbpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU-Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_Advancedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Mobile_Telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gbps#Gigabit_per_secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore's_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore's_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kbpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbps

Documents

Generation of Mobile Communication