General Safety3.pdf

7/27/2019 General Safety3.pdf

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I N D U S T R I A L S A F E T Y L E C T U R E F O U R 1


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INTRODUCTION

Handling Materials Safely

50 tons per one ton shipped.Some is moved by machine and some by hand.When handling material, technique is everything.



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CAUSES OF INJURIES

25% of all injuries are related to material handling.80% are to the lower back.Incorrect lifting causes most injuries.Incorrect use of equipment.



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CARELESSNESS

Be aware of your environment.


Hey Charlie! Did you see that

game last night?


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AVOIDING WORKPLACE INJURIES

Stay in shape.

Consider where you will walk.Dont use your body if you dont have to.



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RULES FOR LIFTING

Get close to the load.Keep feet apart.Keep back straight.Bend your knees.Tuck your chin.

Grip the load with your palms.



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HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH MATERIALS

HANDLINGCheck your environment for sufficient moving roomCheck for projecting objects, wear gloves.Are materials secure?Are chemicals to be moved?



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TEAMWORK AND HANDLING VARIOUS SHAPES

AND SIZES

If an object seems to heavy to lift, it probably is.When working with others, communication is critical.Your back should be kept straight when you carry objects.Special lifting tools should be sought out and used for large objects.Protect yourself when handling things.



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EXAMPLES OF LIFTING EQUIPMENT



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HAND TOOLS AND ACCESSORIES



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POWER OPERATED HAND TRUCKS

Examples of a walkie and a rider type powered hand trucks



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POWERED INDUSTRIAL TRUCKS

Trucks are usually classified by power source.Electric MotorsInternal Combustion Engine Gasoline Diesel LP Liquefied Petroleum



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STANDARD POWERED INDUSTRIAL LIFT TRUCK



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STRADDLE TRUCK



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ORDER PICKER TRUCK



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INDUSTRIAL TRUCK SAFETY

POPULAR MISCONCEPTIONSAnyone can drive a lift truck.They handle just like a car.They are easier to drive than a car.You dont need any training to safely drive a fork lift.



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FACTSThe center of gravity of a lift truck changes.Most trucks are rear steer.Most trucks have no suspension system.It is NOT safe to alter the lift trucks counterweight!



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What does OHSA say about powered industrial truck training?OSHA regulations state that only trained and authorized operators shall be permittedto operate a powered industrial truck.

But why?



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Get the picture?

Training helps to Prevent Accidents!


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Data plate.I N D U S T R I A L S A F E T Y L E C T U R E F O U R

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POWERED INDUSTRIAL TRUCKS -OPERATOR TRAINING

1 9 1 0 . 1 7 8 ( L )

1 9 1 5 . 1 2 0 ( A )

1 9 1 7. 1 ( A ) ( 2 ) ( X I V )

1 9 1 8 . 1 ( B ) ( 1 0 )

1 9 2 6 . 6 0 2 ( D )


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DISCLAIMER

This presentation is intended as a resource for providing training on OSHAs revisedpowered industrial truck operator standards. It is not a substitute for any of theprovisions of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, or for any standardsissued by the U.S. Department of Labors Occupational Safety and HealthAdministration (OSHA). It is also not a substitute for a powered industrial truckoperator training program.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

OSHAs Office of Training and Education wishes toacknowledge the following for contributing someof the graphics used in this presentation:Caterpillar Lift TrucksMason Contractors Association of America

Industrial Truck AssociationState of Utah Labor Commission - Occupational Safety &Health DivisionSteamship Trade Association of BaltimoreTaylor Machine Works, Inc.UAW - Ford National Joint Committee on Health and

Safety

Appearance of products does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Departmentof Labor.

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POWERED INDUSTRIAL

TRUCK - DEFINITION

A mobile, power-propelled truck used to carry, push,pull, lift, stack or tier materials. [American Societyof Mechanical Engineers (ASME) definition]

Excluded are vehicles used for earth moving and over-the-road hauling.

Commonly known as forklifts, pallet trucks, ridertrucks, forktrucks, or lifttrucks.

Can be powered through electric or combustionengines.

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SCOPE OF STANDARD

The scope provisions of 1910.178(a), which arebased on ANSI B56.1 - 1969, remain in effectand cover: ... fork trucks, tractors, platform lift trucks, motorized hand trucks, and other

specialized industrial trucks powered by electric motors or internal combustionengines.

It does not apply to compressed air or nonflammable compressed gas-operatedindustrial trucks, farm vehicles, nor vehicles intended primarily for earth moving orover-the-road hauling.

This scope covers general industry, constructionand shipyards.

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SCOPE OF STANDARD (CONTINUED)

For marine terminal and longshoring industries, all powered industrial trucks arecovered, no matter what specialized name they are given.This includes, but is not limited to, straddle carriers, hustlers, toploaders, container

reach stackers, and other vehicles that carry, push, pull, lift, or tier loads.

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REASONS FOR NEW STANDARD

Powered industrial truck accidents cause approximately 100 fatalities and 36,340serious injuries in general industry and construction annually.It is estimated that 20 - 25% of the accidents are, at least in part, caused by

inadequate training.

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ADDITIONAL REASONS FOR NEW STANDARD

Updated consensus standards have beenpublished.

OSHA has been petitioned to improve therequirements for industrial truck training.

Advisory Committee on Construction Safetyand Health has recommended improving thestandard.

Resolutions have been introduced in theSenate and House urging OSHA to revise itsoutdated standard. 28


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FORKLIFT FATALITIES, 1992-1996

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Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Job Related Fatalities Involving Forklifts

86 89

120

95

114

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996


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FORKLIFT FATALITIES BY AGE

GROUP

1992 -1996

3%

10%

22%

21%

12%

5%

27%

Under 20

20 - 24

25 - 34

35 - 44

45 - 54

56 - 64

65 & over

30Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics


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INDUSTRIES WHERE POWEREDINDUSTRIAL TRUCK ACCIDENTS OCCURRED

31Source: OSHA Fatality/Catastrophe Reports, complied by OSHA Office of Electrical/Electronic and

Mechanical Engineering Safety Standards.


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NONFATAL OCCUPATIONAL INJURIESAND ILLNESSES BY SOURCE, 1996

32Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Job Related Fatalities by Selected Characteristics, 1996.


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BACKGROUND

The previous OSHA standards, while requiring operator training, did not define thetype of training or authorization required.March 15, 1988 - Industrial Truck Association (ITA) petitioned OSHA for specific

training requirements.

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BACKGROUND (CONTINUED)

American National Standards Institute (ANSI), in cooperation with ASME, has revisedits standard 4 times, including current lifttruck technology and specific trainingtopics.

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BACKGROUND (CONTINUED)

OSHA published a proposed ruling on March14, 1995 for General Industry, Shipyard,Marine Terminals, and Longshoringregulations, adding specific trainingrequirements.

On January 30, 1996, OSHA proposed arevision of the construction standards,mandating the development of an operatortraining program based on the priorknowledge and skills of the trainee andrequiring a periodic evaluation. 35


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FINAL RULE

OSHA published the final rule for Powered Industrial Truck Operator Training onDecember 1, 1998.

The effective date is March 1, 1999. Start-up dates are included in paragraph (l)(7).It applies to all industries except agricultural operations.OSHA estimates that the new rule will prevent 11 deaths and 9,422 injuries per year.

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FATALITIES/INJURIES POTENTIALLY AVERTED

ANNUALLY BY NEW STANDARD

37Source: U.S. Department of Labor, OSHA, Office of Regulatory Analysis, 1997


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PERFORMANCE-ORIENTED REQUIREMENTS

The powered industrial truck operator training requirements are performance-oriented to permit employers to tailor a training program to the characteristics oftheir workplaces and the particular types of powered industrial trucks operated.

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REVISED OPERATOR TRAINING REQUIREMENTS

General Industry: 1910.178 is amended by revisingparagraph (l) and adding Appendix A.

Shipyard Employment: New section 1915.120 andAppendix A are added.

Marine Terminals: Section 1917.1 is amended byadding new paragraph (a)(2)(xiv) and Appendix A.

Longshoring: Section 1918.1 is amended by addingnew paragraph (b)(10) and Appendix A.Construction: 1926.602 is amended by adding new

paragraph (d) and Appendix A.39


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OPERATOR TRAINING

Safe operationsThe employer shall ensure that each poweredindustrial truck operator is competent to operate

a powered industrial truck safely, as

demonstrated by successful completion of thetraining and evaluation specified in the OSHAstandard.

Prior to permitting an employee to operate a

powered industrial truck (except for trainingpurposes), the employer shall ensure that eachoperator has successfully completed the

required training (or previously receivedappropriate training). 40


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TRAINING PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION

Trainees may operate a powered industrial truck only:Under direct supervision of a person who has

the knowledge, training, and experience to

train operators and evaluate their

competence; and,

Where such operation does not endanger the

trainee or other employees.

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Training Program Implementation(continued)

Training shall consist of a combination of:

Formal instruction (e.g., lecture, discussion,

interactive computer learning, written material),Practical training (demonstrations and exercises

performed by the trainee), and

Evaluation of the operators performance in the

workplace


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TRAINING PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION

(CONTINUED)

Training andevaluation shall beconducted by aperson with theknowledge, trainingand experience totrain poweredindustrial truckoperators andevaluate theircompetence. 43


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TRAINING PROGRAM CONTENT

Operators shall receive initial training in the following topics, except in topics which theemployer can demonstrate are not applicable to safe operation in the employersworkplace.

Truck-related topics

Workplace-related topics

The requirements of the standard

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Operating instructions,warnings and precautions

Differences from

automobileControls and

instrumentation

Engine or motor operation

Steering and

maneuveringVisibility

Fork and attachmentadaptation, operation, use

Vehicle capacity and

stabilityVehicle inspection and

maintenance that theoperator will be required toperform

Refueling/Charging/Recharging batteries

Operating limitations

Other instructions, etc.45

TRAINING PROGRAM CONTENT (CONTINUED)

Truck-related topics


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Surface conditions

Composition and stability

of loads

Load manipulation,

stacking, unstacking

Pedestrian traffic

Narrow aisles and

restricted areas

Operating in hazardous

(classified) locations

Operating on ramps and

sloped surfaces

Potentially hazardous

environmental conditions

Operating in closed

environments or other areas

where poor ventilation or

maintenance could causecarbon monoxide or diesel

exhaust buildup

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Workplace-related topics


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The requirements of the OSHA standard on powered industrial trucks must also beincluded in the initial operator training program.

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REFRESHER TRAINING AND EVALUATION

Refresher training, including an evaluation of the effectiveness of that training, shall beconducted to ensure that the operator has the knowledge and skills needed to operate thepowered industrial truck safely.

Refresher training required when: Unsafe operation

Accident or near-miss

Evaluation indicates need Different type of equipment introduced

Workplace condition changes

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REFRESHER TRAINING AND EVALUATION

(CONTINUED)An evaluation of each powered industrial truck operators performance must be

conducted: After initial training,

After refresher training, and

At least once every three years

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AVOIDANCE OF DUPLICATIVE TRAINING

If an operator has previously received training in a topic specified in this section, andthe training is appropriate to the truck and working conditions encountered,additional training in that topic is not required if the operator has been evaluatedand found competent to operate the truck safely.

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CERTIFICATION

The employer shall certify that each operator has been trained and evaluated asrequired by the standard.

Certification shall include: Name of operator

Date of training

Date of evaluation

Identity of person(s) performing the training or evaluation

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DATES

The employer shall ensure that operators ofpowered industrial trucks are trained, asappropriate, by the dates shown in the followingtable.

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If the employee washired: The initial trainingand evaluation ofthat employee mustbe completed:

Before December 1,

1999

By December 1, 1999

After December 1, 1999Before the employee isassigned to operate apowered industrial truck.


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APPENDIX A - STABILITY OF


Appendix A provides non-mandatory guidance to assist employers in implementing thestandard.

This appendix does not add to, alter, or reduce the requirements of this section.

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APPENDIX A - STABILITY OF


DefinitionsGeneralBasic PrinciplesStability TriangleLongitudinal StabilityLateral StabilityDynamic Stability

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A

B

C

Vehicle Center of

Gravity (Unloaded)

Center of Gravity

of Vehicle and

Maximum Load

(Theoretical)

Stability Triangle - Figure 1

Notes:

1. When the vehicle is loaded, the combined center of gravity (CG) shifts toward line B-C.Theoretically the maximum load will result in the CG at the line B-C. In actual practice, thecombined CG should never be at line B-C.

2. The addition of additional counterweight will cause the truck CG to shift toward point A andresult in a truck that is less stable laterally.


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Load CG

VerticalStability

Line

(Line of Action)

Combined CG

Truck CG

Load CG

Combined CG

Vertical

Stability

Line

(Line of Action)

Truck CG

The vehicle is stable This vehicle is unstable and

will continue to tip over

Stability Triangle - Figure 2


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EFFECTIVE POWERED INDUSTRIALTRUCK OPERATOR TRAINING

PROGRAMour major areas of concern must be addressed: The general hazards that apply to the operation of all or most powered industrial

trucks;

The hazards associated with the operation of particular types of trucks;

The hazards of workplaces generally; and,

The hazards of the particular workplace where the vehicle operates.

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TYPES OF POWERED INDUSTRIAL TRUCKS

There are many different types of poweredindustrial trucks covered by the OSHAstandard.

Commonly used types include:High lift trucks, counterbalanced trucks, cantilever trucks,

rider trucks, forklift trucks, high lift trucks, high liftplatform trucks, low lift trucks, motorized hand trucks,pallet trucks, straddle trucks, reach rider trucks, high lift

order picker trucks, motorized hand/rider trucks, andcounterbalanced front/side loader lift trucks.

A single type of truck can only be described bycalling it by all of its characteristics, (e.g., ahigh lift, counterbalanced, sit down ridertruck .

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UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS OFPOWERED INDUSTRIAL TRUCKSach type of powered industrial truck has its own unique characteristics and some

inherent hazards.To be effective, training must address the unique characteristics of the type of vehicle

the employee is being trained to operate.

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COMPONENTS OF A FORKLIFT TRUCK*

60*One of the most common types of powered industrial trucks


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CLASSES OF COMMONLY-USED POWERED

INDUSTRIAL TRUCKS*

The Industrial Truck Association has placed poweredindustrial trucks into 7 classes.Class I - Electric motor rider trucks

Class II - Electric motor narrow aisle trucksClass III - Electric motor hand trucks or hand/rider trucksClass IV - Internal combustion engine trucks

(solid/cushion tires)Class V - Internal combustion engine trucks (pneumatic

tires)

Class VI - Electric and internal combustion enginetractorsClass VII - Rough terrain forklift trucks

61*Note that this classification refers to commonly-used vehicles and doesnot include all powered industrial trucks covered by the OSHA standard.


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CLASS I - ELECTRIC MOTOR RIDER TRUCKS

Counterbalanced rider type, stand upThree wheel electric trucks, sit-downCounterbalanced rider type, cushion tires, sit-down (high and low platform)Counterbalanced rider, pneumatic tire, sit-down (high and low platform)

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Counterbalanced RiderType, Stand-Up

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CLASS II - ELECTRIC MOTORNARROW AISLE TRUCKSigh lift straddleOrder pickerReach type outriggerSide loaders, turret trucks, swing mast and convertible turret/stock pickersLow lift pallet and platform (rider)

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CLASS II - ELECTRIC MOTOR NARROW

AISLE TRUCKS

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CLASS II - NARROW AISLE TRUCKS

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CLASS III - ELECTRIC MOTOR

HAND OR HAND/RIDER TRUCKSow lift platform

Low lift walkie palletReach type outriggerHigh lift straddleHigh lift counterbalancedLow lift walkie/rider pallet

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CLASS III - ELECTRIC MOTOR HAND OR

HAND/RIDER TRUCKS

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CLASS III - HAND & HAND/RIDER TRUCKS

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CLASS IV - INTERNAL COMBUSTIONENGINE TRUCKS - CUSHION (SOLID)

TIRES

71Fork, counterbalanced (cushion/solid tires)


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CLASS IV - INTERNALCOMBUSTION ENGINE TRUCKS -

CUSHION (SOLID) TIRES

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CLASS V INTERNAL COMBUSTION


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CLASS V - INTERNAL COMBUSTIONENGINE TRUCKS - PNEUMATIC

TIRES

73Fork, counterbalanced (pneumatic tires)

CLASS V INTERNAL COMBUSTION


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CLASS V - INTERNAL COMBUSTION

ENGINE TRUCKS (PNEUMATIC

TIRES)

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CLASS VI - ELECTRIC & INTERNAL

COMBUSTION ENGINE TRACTORS

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Sit-down rider


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Straight-mast forklift Extended-reach forklift

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CLASS VII - ROUGH TERRAIN

FORKLIFT TRUCKS

All rough terrain forklift trucks


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ROUGH TERRAIN STRAIGHT MAST

FORKLIFTS

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ROUGH TERRAIN EXTENDED-

REACH FORKLIFTS

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Container top handlers

Container reach stackers

Straddle carriers

Semi-tractors/ Utilityvehicles

Sidehandlers

Combination vacuum lifts

Yard tractors

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SOME TYPES OF POWEREDINDUSTRIAL TRUCKS USED IN

MARITIME

The following types of vehicles are

covered by the OSHA standard if the

vehicles carry, push, pull, lift, or tierloads.


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POWERED INDUSTRIAL TRUCKSUSED IN MARITIME

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Container Handlers



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USED IN MARITIME

81Empty-Container Handler


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USED IN MARITIME

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Container Reach Stacker


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POWERED INDUSTRIAL TRUCKSUSED IN MARITIME

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Straddle Carriers


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USED IN MARITIME

84Yard Tractor


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DOCK SAFETYPainting of area.Trailer brakes and securing.People in the area.Perform daily check of truck.


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6

DOCK SAFETY

Portable Docking Plate


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DOCK SAFETY

Dock Restraint Mechanism


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CONVEYORS


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CONVEYORS

Powered type is most dangerous.Most people get hurt while working on them.Most injuries involve fingers, hands, and arms.Accidents can be prevented if workers are careful to turn off the power and lock it out.


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HOISTS AND CRANES


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HOISTS AND

CRANES


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HOISTS AND CRANES

Hoists and Cranes should be inspected before use, every time.When cranes fail, it usually happens fast.Tension on a sling is relative to total weight be lifted and angle of sling.Never stand under a suspended load.


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WHEN STORING MATERIALS

Place large, heavy packages on the bottom andlighter ones on top.Never place materials where they can be trippedover or where someone could get hurtattempting to retrieve them.When materials are moved to where you areworking, they should be secured so they cantfall on anyone.Never block a traffic path or prop materials upagainst a wall where they might slide over and

cause an accident.


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CORROSIVE AND FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS

Understand what it is that you are about to move.Examine the containers to make sure they are sealed and properly labeled.Make sure you are wearing all required PPE.


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SAFETY GUARDS


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SAFETY GUARDS

Are required to prevent accidents.Protect people, not the machine.Hazardous parts include point of operation components, control mechanisms, parts

that transmit power, and parts that retain stored energy


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MOVING PARTS

MAKE GUARDSNECESSARY


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MOVING PARTS MAKE

GUARDS NECESSARY


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POINT OF OPERATION GUARD


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POINT OF OPERATION GUARD

OSHA 29 CFR 1910.217I N D U S T R I A L S A F E T Y L E C T U R E F O U R

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0


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INTERLOCKING GUARDS

Used when a fixed guard cannot be used.Connected to machine controls or power source.Can be mechanical, electrical, or pneumatic.

I N D U S T R I A L S A F E T Y L E C T U R E F O U R

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0


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AUTOMATIC GUARDS

Push, pull, or sweep the operators hands out of the danger zone.Example: Automatic Pull Backs


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0


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POWER TRANSMISSION GUARDS


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POWER TRANSMISSION GUARDS

Prevent pieces from flying out.Should be kept in place at all times while the

machine is running.Should only be removed for repair work.


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0

OTHER SAFETY DEVICES


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OTHER SAFETY DEVICES

Machine controls.Feeding and extracting tools.Ejectors.


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0

OSHA LOCK OUT/TAG OUT PROCEDURES 29 CFR


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OSHA LOCK OUT/TAG OUT PROCEDURES 29 CFR

1910.147

Locking out has to do with the removal orprevention of hazardous energy.Tag out is a communication technique that warnsothers of the machines repair work.


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CONTROL OF HAZARDOUS


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ENERGY

29 CFR 1910.147The standard covers the servicing and maintenance of machines and equipment in

which the unexpected energization or start up of the machines or equipment , orrelease of stored energy could cause injury to employees.

10

9

PROVISIONS OF THE STANDARD


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PROVISIONS OF THE STANDARD

Requires employers to establish procedures for isolating machines or equipmentfrom their source of energy and affixing appropriate locks or tags to energyisolating devices

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EMPLOYER RESPONSIBILITIES


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EMPLOYER RESPONSIBILITIESEstablish energy control programEstablish energy control procedures for machines and equipmentProvide employee trainingConduct periodic inspections of the energy control program

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APPLICATION OF THE STANDARD


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APPLICATION OF THE STANDARD

An employee is required to remove orbypass a guard or other safety deviceAn employee is required to place any partof their body in contact with the point ofoperation of the operational machine orpiece of equipmentAn employee is required to place any part

of their body into a danger zoneassociated with a machine operatingcycle11

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EXCEPTIONS TO THE STANDARD


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EXCEPTIONS TO THE STANDARDHot tap operations involving transmission and distribution systems for substances

such as gas, steam, water, or petroleum products

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4

MINOR SERVICING TASKS


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MINOR SERVICING TASKSEmployees performing minor tool changes and adjustments that are routine,

repetitive, and integral to the use of the equipment and that occur during normaloperations are not covered by the lockout/tagout standard, provided the work isperformed using alternative measures that provide effective protection.

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DEFINITIONSTagout: The placement of a tagout device on an energy isolating device to indicate

the equipment being controlled may not be operated until the tagout device isremoved

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STORED ENERGY

If there is a possibility of reaccumulation of stored energy to a hazardous level,verification of isolation shall be continued until the possibility of suchaccumulation no longer exists

12

1

RE-ENERGIZING EQUIPMENT


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RE-ENERGIZING EQUIPMENT

Ensure that machine or equipmentcomponents are operationally intact

Ensure that all employees are safelypositioned or removed from equipmentEnsure that lockout or tagout devices are

removed from each energy isolationdevice by the employee who applied thedevice

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LOCKOUT REQUIREMENTSAfter January 1990, whenever replacement, major repair, or modification of a

machine is performed, or whenever new machines or equipment are installed,they must be designed to accept a lockout device

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DEVICE REQUIREMENTSDurable: Lockout and tagout devices must

withstand the environment to which they areexposed for the maximum durationStandardized: Both lockout and tagout devicesmust be standardized according to eithercolor, shape, or size

Tagout devices must also be standardizedaccording to print and format12

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PERIODIC INSPECTIONS


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The employer shall conduct a periodic inspection of the energy control procedureat least annually

Shall be performed by an authorized employee other than the person(s) utilizingthe energy control procedure being inspected

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Shall be conducted to correct any deviations or inadequacies identifiedWhere lockout is used, the inspection shall include a review between the inspector

and each authorized employee

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Where tagout is used, the inspection shall include a review between the inspectorand each authorized and affected employees

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0


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The employer shall:Certify that the periodic inspections have been

performed

Identify the machine or equipment on whichenergy control procedures were used

The employer shall also note:The date of the inspection

The employees included in the inspectionThe person performing the inspection

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1

TRAINING AND COMMUNICATION


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Each authorized employee shall receive training in: Recognition of applicable hazardous energy sources

Type and magnitude of the energy available in the workplace

Methods and means necessary for energy isolation and control

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TRAINING AND COMMUNICATIONach affected employee shall be instructed in the purpose and use of the energycontrol procedureAll other employees shall be instructed about the prohibition relating to attempts torestart or reenergize machines or equipment which are locked out or tagged out

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The employer shall certify that employee training has been accomplished and isbeing kept up to date

Certification shall contain employee names and dates of training

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OUTSIDE PERSONNEL


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Whenever outside servicing personnel are engaged in activities covered bylockout/tagout, the on-site employer and the outside employer shall inform eachother of their respective lockout or tagout procedures

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TAGOUT TAGS


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GROUP LOCKOUT


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TAGOUT TAG


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0

LOCKOUT SIGNAGE


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14

1

REVIEW


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1. What is the best way to avoid hurting yourself when moving material?2. What is most dangerous when wearing gloves around rotating equipment?3. Describe the best method for lifting.4. What is the best way to carry a small box or carton?5. What equipment can you use to move a barrel alone?6. Describe how to handle moving a loaded hand truck down a ramp.7. When is it permissible to ride on the platform of a moving truck?8. What must be checked before entering a trailer on a shipping dock?9. What is the best way to prevent accidents while working on conveyors?10. What does the angle of a lifting sling have to do with the stress placed on it?11. What is a pinch point?12. What is meant by the term point of operation?13. What word is used to mean a back and forth motion?14. What is the correct spacing for a grinder wheel from the work rest?15. What type of machine guard limits the operators access to the danger zone?16. Which type of machine guard prevents access to the danger zone altogether?17. What type of guard cannot be moved while the machine is running?18. What type of guard, when removed, prevents the machine from running?

Documents

General Safety3.pdf