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GENERAL PATHOLOGY- hemodynamic disorders- cellular adaptations- cell injury and cell death- inflammation- healing, repair and regeneration- neoplasia
MORPHOLOGICAL REACTIONS TO
ACUTE AND PERSISTENTSTRESS
CELLULAR ADAPTATIONSCELL INJURYCELL DEATH
Elements capable of causing cell injury
Chemical
Physical
Elements capable of causing cell injury
Biological
Cellular reaction varies
depending on the type
duration
and severity of injury
eg
Adaptation
atrophy
hypertrophy
hyperplasia
metaplasia
dysplasia
Limits of adaptation
Subcellular alterations
Reversible cell injury
“point of no return”
Irreversible cell injury
cell injury
Subcellular responses to cell injury
Lysosomal catabolism
Subcellular responses to cell injury
Induction of smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Mitochondrial alterations
Cytosceleton abnormalities
Reversible cell injury
e.g.
cellular swelling
fatty change
Cellular swelling
MACRO
MICRO
Intracellular and extracellular accumulation (storage)
Normal cellular constituent accumulated in excess
e.g.
Abnormal substances
Pigments
LIPIDS
Steatosis (fatty change)
Liposis (obesity)
Cholesterol and cholesterol esters
PROTEINS
GLYCOGEN
PIGMENTS
-exogenous
-endogenous
CALCIFICATION
physiologic
pathologic
Dystrophic calcification
Metastatic calcification
HYALIN CHANGEHYALIN CHANGE
-iintracellularntracellular
HYALIN CHANGEHYALIN CHANGE
-- extracellularextracellular
STAINING METHODS
metachromatic staining
One dye has the ability to produce different colors in various histological or cytological structures.
ATROPHY
Shrinkage in the size of the cells by loss of cell substance
Cell death
necrosis
apoptosis
Necrosis-
„Death by injury”
cell death after exogenous stimuli
Apoptosis-
„Death by suicide”
cell death through activation of an internally controlled suicide program
Necrosis
morphologic changes following cell death in living tissue largely resulting from the action of enzymes on the lethally injured cell (live cells placed in fixative are dead but not necrotic)
Morphology:
Two concurrent processes:
enzymic digestion
denaturation of proteins
Denaturation predominanceCOAGULATIVE NECROSIS Enzyme digestion predominanceLIQUEFACTIVE NECROSIS
Ulcer (ulceration)Ulcer (ulceration)
ErosionErosion
Caseous necrosis
Fat necrosis (Balser necrosis)
APOPTOSIS“falling off”
- during development- as a homeostatic mechanism- as a defense mechanism- as a result of disease of noxious agents action- in aging
Programmed cell death is as needed for proper development as mitosis is
Programmed cell death is needed to destroy cells that represent a threat to the integrity of the organism
MORPHOLOGY:
Mechanisms
1. Signaling pathways
2. Control and integration stage
3. The execution phase
Apoptosis and cancersome viruses associated with cancers act to prevent apoptosis of the cells they have transformed
CELLULAR AGING
Cellular responses to injuryReversible injuryIrreversible cell injury
Cellular adaptationsatrophyhypertrophyhyperplasiametaplasiadysplasia
Intra- and extracellular storage
Cell deathapoptosisnecrosis
Cell aging
SUMMARY