Gendered performances, masculinities, and

(dis)empowerment through the intersection of food insecurity, migration, and violence in rural

Honduras

Presentation to: The Women and Gender in International

Development Discussion Series

Dr. Rebecca J. WilliamsUniversity of Florida

02/13/2012

PERVERSE

EMPOWERMENT

Theoretical framework

Access to

resourcesAgency

Outcomes/

Achievements

Kabeer, 1999

Access to

resourcesAgency

Outcomes/

Achievements

Economic

Social

Aspirations

Community

Identity

Self-Esteem

Participation

in violence

Kabeer, 1999

Theoretical framework

Theoretical framework

Pilot Study

VIOLENCEDRIVERS

YOUTH PERSPECTIVE

FAMILY CONDITIONS ECONOMICS EDUCATION

AMBITION“MOVE FORWARD”

DRUGS

“EASIER” THAN WORK

LOVE & BELONGING

SOLUTIONSTO VIOLENCEYOUTH PERSPECTIVE

STATE & POLICING EDUCATION REFORM PARENTING/FATHERS

JOBS ATHLETIC & YOUTH CENTERS

STATUS QUO MIGRATION VIOLENCE

Fear, violence .

ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM

CLIMATE CHANGE

Winds .

Hail .

Floods .

Silverleaf whitefly (Mosca blanca)

Bemisia tabaci .

AGRICULTURAL

PRODUCTIVITY

Land planted .

Use of inputs .

ON-FARM LABOR OFF-FARM LABOR

Jobs

Loss of businesses

Crop loss =

inputs for value

addition

Inability to pay

loans

INFRASTRUCTURE/

URBAN

RELATIONSHIP

Access to

markets

Profits

Seasonalism of

Agriculture Labor

ECONOMIC SYSTEM

Price

of

inputs

Wages

Worldwide prices

FOOD

INSECURITY

Contraband crops

Imported crops

Coyotes undersell

Middlemen

Prices

for

crops

EXTERNAL

VIOLENCE

MASCULINITIES/

GENDER

PERCEPTION OF VALUE

OF EDUCATION

Corruption/

Distrust

GBV

Fear of Violence

Opportunity Cost

Education ≠ jobs

Sobornos/Renta .

Daily wage >opportunity cost of

school

Boys work on farm

Girls go to school

Alcohol & Drugs

Inability to

provide

SOCIO-POLITICAL SYSTEM

Loss of lands

Deforestation

Distrust of

Institutions Drug sale/availability/use .

Forced cooperation .

Voluntary cooperation .

Purchase of rural land .

trust GOH .

trust Police .

/ trust Local Gov.

/ trust Coops .

Exclusion

Distrust/Fear of Boys

Boys ≠ intelligent

Coffee rust (Rolla)

Hemileia vastatrix .

Click Beatle (Gusano del alambre)

Agriotes spp .

Asfalto

Phyllachora maydis; Monographella

maydis; Coniothyrium phyllachorae .

Pests/Disease

Several others identified

Severity of Storms .

Rain .

Surface/ Sub Water .

Drought .

Temp .

Irregular

Seasons

&

Weather

Patterns trust Com Leaders .

Maras/

Narcos/

Unaffiliated

Gangs in

Rural

Areas

Gender norms (M&F)

Loss of community .

Cost of failure .Migration

Purchasing

Power

Stigmati-

zation of

youth

COMMUNITY

DISRUPTION Production

Crop losses

POINT OF DECISION

TO MIGRATE

Fear, violence .

ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM

CLIMATE CHANGE

Winds .

Hail .

Floods .

Silverleaf whitefly (Mosca blanca)

Bemisia tabaci .

AGRICULTURAL

PRODUCTIVITY

Land planted .

Use of inputs .

ON-FARM LABOR OFF-FARM LABOR

Jobs

Loss of businesses

Crop loss =

inputs for value

addition

Inability to pay

loans

INFRASTRUCTURE/

URBAN

RELATIONSHIP

Access to

markets

Profits

Seasonalism of

Agriculture Labor

ECONOMIC SYSTEM

Price

of

inputs

Wages

Worldwide prices

FOOD

INSECURITY

Contraband crops

Imported crops

Coyotes undersell

Middlemen

Prices

for

crops

EXTERNAL

VIOLENCE

MASCULINITIES/

GENDER

PERCEPTION OF VALUE

OF EDUCATION

Corruption/

Distrust

GBV

Fear of Violence

Opportunity Cost

Education ≠ jobs

Sobornos/Renta .

Daily wage >opportunity cost of

school

Boys work on farm

Girls go to school

Alcohol & Drugs

Inability to

provide

SOCIO-POLITICAL SYSTEM

Loss of lands

Deforestation

Distrust of

Institutions Drug sale/availability/use .

Forced cooperation .

Voluntary cooperation .

Purchase of rural land .

trust GOH .

trust Police .

/ trust Local Gov.

/ trust Coops .

Exclusion

Distrust/Fear of Boys

Boys ≠ intelligent

Coffee rust (Rolla)

Hemileia vastatrix .

Click Beatle (Gusano del alambre)

Agriotes spp .

Asfalto

Phyllachora maydis; Monographella

maydis; Coniothyrium phyllachorae .

Pests/Disease

Several others identified

Severity of Storms .

Rain .

Surface/ Sub Water .

Drought .

Temp .

Irregular

Seasons

&

Weather

Patterns trust Com Leaders .

Maras/

Narcos/

Unaffiliated

Gangs in

Rural

Areas

Gender norms (M&F)

Loss of community .

Cost of failure .Migration

Purchasing

Power

Stigmati-

zation of

youth

COMMUNITY

DISRUPTION Production

Crop losses

POINT OF DECISION

TO MIGRATE

Fear, violence .

ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM

CLIMATE CHANGE

Winds .

Hail .

Floods .

Silverleaf whitefly (Mosca blanca)

Bemisia tabaci .

AGRICULTURAL

PRODUCTIVITY

Land planted .

Use of inputs .

ON-FARM LABOR OFF-FARM LABOR

Jobs

Loss of businesses

Crop loss =

inputs for value

addition

Inability to pay

loans

INFRASTRUCTURE/

URBAN

RELATIONSHIP

Access to

markets

Profits

Seasonalism of

Agriculture Labor

ECONOMIC SYSTEM

Price

of

inputs

Wages

Worldwide prices

FOOD

INSECURITY

Contraband crops

Imported crops

Coyotes undersell

Middlemen

Prices

for

crops

EXTERNAL

VIOLENCE

MASCULINITIES/

GENDER

PERCEPTION OF VALUE

OF EDUCATION

Corruption/

Distrust

GBV

Fear of Violence

Opportunity Cost

Education ≠ jobs

Sobornos/Renta .

Daily wage >opportunity cost of

school

Boys work on farm

Girls go to school

Alcohol & Drugs

Inability to

provide

SOCIO-POLITICAL SYSTEM

Loss of lands

Deforestation

Distrust of

Institutions Drug sale/availability/use .

Forced cooperation .

Voluntary cooperation .

Purchase of rural land .

trust GOH .

trust Police .

/ trust Local Gov.

/ trust Coops .

Exclusion

Distrust/Fear of Boys

Boys ≠ intelligent

Coffee rust (Rolla)

Hemileia vastatrix .

Click Beatle (Gusano del alambre)

Agriotes spp .

Asfalto

Phyllachora maydis; Monographella

maydis; Coniothyrium phyllachorae .

Pests/Disease

Several others identified

Severity of Storms .

Rain .

Surface/ Sub Water .

Drought .

Temp .

Irregular

Seasons

&

Weather

Patterns trust Com Leaders .

Maras/

Narcos/

Unaffiliated

Gangs in

Rural

Areas

Gender norms (M&F)

Loss of community .

Cost of failure .Migration

Purchasing

Power

Stigmati-

zation of

youth

COMMUNITY

DISRUPTION Production

Crop losses

POINT OF DECISION

TO MIGRATE

MIGRATIONDRIVERS

YOUTH PERSPECTIVE

ECONOMY/WORK STATE VIOLENCE COMMUNITY VIOLENCE

CLIMATE CHANGE & AGRICULTURE “BETTER LIFE” “MOVE FORWARD”

FACTORS THAT PREVENT/REDUCE

MIGRATIONYOUTH PERSPECTIVE

DANGER OF MIGRATION JOBS & ADEQUATE PAY

QUALITY EDUCATION FAMILY COHESION REDUCE VIOLENCE

POSITIVE IMPACTS OF MIGRATION10/56 girls, 3/32 boys

“When they go,

they can help us

to move ahead

and improve our

lives.”

“Yeah, the majority leave

because they can’t find a

job. They have to leave

the family, but then they

can send money back.”

One of the [migrants] is my dad. My dad is [in the U.S.]

and he, well I don’t know him very well because he

works so much. He can’t dedicate time to his children.

The parents that are here they can spend time with

their children. They can help them in the moment, show

them love, and yeah my mom does, but my dad, no.

Everything is for work. I do not know my dad. I feel like

it is like slavery. There, they feel more like slaves.

NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF MIGRATION32/56 girls, 14/32 boys

VIOLENCE

DRIVERSMIGRATION DRIVERS

VIOLENCE

PREVENTION/REDUCTION

MIGRATION

PREVENTION/REDUCTION

Family conditions Economy, lack of jobs Parenting, fathers Danger of migration

Economy, lack of jobsCorruption and state

violence

Corruption and police

reformJobs with adequate pay

Lack of quality education Community violenceImprove access/quality of

education

Improve access/quality of

education

Ambition, to move

forward“Better life”

Recreation and youth

centersFamily cohesion

Drugs and alcoholClimate change and

agricultureJobs with adequate pay

Community violence

reduction

“Easer than work”

Love and belonging

VIOLENCE

DRIVERSMIGRATION DRIVERS

VIOLENCE

PREVENTION/REDUCTION

MIGRATION

PREVENTION/REDUCTION

Family conditions Economy, lack of jobs Parenting, fathers Danger of migration

Economy, lack of jobsCorruption and state

violence

Corruption and police

reformJobs with adequate pay

Lack of quality education Community violenceImprove access/quality of

education

Improve access/quality of

education

Ambition, to move

forward“Better life”

Recreation and youth

centersFamily cohesion

Drugs and alcoholClimate change and

agricultureJobs with adequate pay

Community violence

reduction

“Easer than work”

Love and belonging

VIOLENCE

DRIVERSMIGRATION DRIVERS

VIOLENCE

PREVENTION/REDUCTION

MIGRATION

PREVENTION/REDUCTION

Family conditions Economy, lack of jobs Parenting, fathers Danger of migration

Economy, lack of jobsCorruption and state

violence

Corruption and police

reformJobs with adequate pay

Lack of quality education Community violenceImprove access/quality of

education

Improve access/quality of

education

Ambition, to move

forward“Better life”

Recreation and youth

centersFamily cohesion

Drugs and alcoholClimate change and

agricultureJobs with adequate pay

Community violence

reduction

“Easer than work”

Love and belonging

VIOLENCE

DRIVERSMIGRATION DRIVERS

VIOLENCE

PREVENTION/REDUCTION

MIGRATION

PREVENTION/REDUCTION

Family conditions Economy, lack of jobs Parenting, fathers Danger of migration

Economy, lack of jobsCorruption and state

violence

Corruption and police

reformJobs with adequate pay

Lack of quality education Community violenceImprove access/quality of

education

Improve access/quality of

education

Ambition, to move

forward“Better life”

Recreation and youth

centersFamily cohesion

Drugs and alcoholClimate change and

agricultureJobs with adequate pay

Community violence

reduction

“Easer than work”

Love and belonging

VIOLENCE

DRIVERSMIGRATION DRIVERS

VIOLENCE

PREVENTION/REDUCTION

MIGRATION

PREVENTION/REDUCTION

Family conditions Economy, lack of jobs Parenting, fathers Danger of migration

Economy, lack of jobsCorruption and state

violence

Corruption and police

reformJobs with adequate pay

Lack of quality education Community violenceImprove access/quality of

education

Improve access/quality of

education

Ambition, to move

forward“Better life”

Recreation and youth

centersFamily cohesion

Drugs and alcoholClimate change and

agricultureJobs with adequate pay

Community violence

reduction

“Easer than work”

Love and belonging

VIOLENCE

DRIVERSMIGRATION DRIVERS

VIOLENCE

PREVENTION/REDUCTION

MIGRATION

PREVENTION/REDUCTION

Family conditions Economy, lack of jobs Parenting, fathers Danger of migration

Economy, lack of jobsCorruption and state

violence

Corruption and police

reformJobs with adequate pay

Lack of quality education Community violenceImprove access/quality of

education

Improve access/quality of

education

Ambition, to move

forward“Better life”

Recreation and youth

centersFamily cohesion

Drugs and alcoholClimate change and

agricultureJobs with adequate pay

Community violence

reduction

“Easer than work”

Love and belonging

VIOLENCE

DRIVERSMIGRATION DRIVERS

VIOLENCE

PREVENTION/REDUCTION

MIGRATION

PREVENTION/REDUCTION

Family conditions Economy, lack of jobs Parenting, fathers Danger of migration

Economy, lack of jobsCorruption and state

violence

Corruption and police

reformJobs with adequate pay

Lack of quality education Community violenceImprove access/quality of

education

Improve access/quality of

education

Ambition, to move

forward“Better life”

Recreation and youth

centersFamily cohesion

Drugs and alcoholClimate change and

agricultureJobs with adequate pay

Community violence

reduction

“Easer than work”

Love and belonging

VIOLENCE

DRIVERSMIGRATION DRIVERS

VIOLENCE

PREVENTION/REDUCTION

MIGRATION

PREVENTION/REDUCTION

Family conditions Economy, lack of jobs Parenting, fathers Danger of migration

Economy, lack of jobsCorruption and state

violence

Corruption and police

reformJobs with adequate pay

Lack of quality education Community violenceImprove access/quality of

education

Improve access/quality of

education

Ambition, to move

forward“Better life”

Recreation and youth

centersFamily cohesion

Drugs and alcoholClimate change and

agricultureJobs with adequate pay

Community violence

reduction

“Easer than work”

Love and belonging

VIOLENCE

DRIVERSMIGRATION DRIVERS

VIOLENCE

PREVENTION/REDUCTION

MIGRATION

PREVENTION/REDUCTION

Family conditions Economy, lack of jobs Parenting, fathers Danger of migration

Economy, lack of jobsCorruption and state

violence

Corruption and police

reformJobs with adequate pay

Lack of quality education Community violenceImprove access/quality of

education

Improve access/quality of

education

Ambition, to move

forward“Better life”

Recreation and youth

centersFamily cohesion

Drugs and alcoholClimate change and

agricultureJobs with adequate pay

Community violence

reduction

“Easer than work”

Love and belonging

LOSS OF HOPE MIGRATION

Theoretical framework

Fear, violence .

ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM

CLIMATE CHANGE

Winds .

Hail .

Floods .

Silverleaf whitefly (Mosca blanca)

Bemisia tabaci .

AGRICULTURAL

PRODUCTIVITY

Land planted .

Use of inputs .

ON-FARM LABOR OFF-FARM LABOR

Jobs

Loss of businesses

Crop loss =

inputs for value

addition

Inability to pay

loans

INFRASTRUCTURE/

URBAN

RELATIONSHIP

Access to

markets

Profits

Seasonalism of

Agriculture Labor

ECONOMIC SYSTEM

Price

of

inputs

Wages

Worldwide prices

FOOD

INSECURITY

Contraband crops

Imported crops

Coyotes undersell

Middlemen

Prices

for

crops

EXTERNAL

VIOLENCE

MASCULINITIES/

GENDER

PERCEPTION OF VALUE

OF EDUCATION

Corruption/

Distrust

GBV

Fear of Violence

Opportunity Cost

Education ≠ jobs

Sobornos/Renta .

Daily wage >opportunity cost of

school

Boys work on farm

Girls go to school

Alcohol & Drugs

Inability to

provide

SOCIO-POLITICAL SYSTEM

Loss of lands

Deforestation

Distrust of

Institutions Drug sale/availability/use .

Forced cooperation .

Voluntary cooperation .

Purchase of rural land .

trust GOH .

trust Police .

/ trust Local Gov.

/ trust Coops .

Exclusion

Distrust/Fear of Boys

Boys ≠ intelligent

Coffee rust (Rolla)

Hemileia vastatrix .

Click Beatle (Gusano del alambre)

Agriotes spp .

Asfalto

Phyllachora maydis; Monographella

maydis; Coniothyrium phyllachorae .

Pests/Disease

Several others identified

Severity of Storms .

Rain .

Surface/ Sub Water .

Drought .

Temp .

Irregular

Seasons

&

Weather

Patterns trust Com Leaders .

Maras/

Narcos/

Unaffiliated

Gangs in

Rural

Areas

Gender norms (M&F)

Loss of community .

Cost of failure .Migration

Purchasing

Power

Stigmati-

zation of

youth

COMMUNITY

DISRUPTION Production

Crop losses

POINT OF DECISION

TO MIGRATE

PHOTO CREDITS▪ Rebecca Williams▪ Nicholas Diaz▪ 3bl Media▪ Abriendo Brecha▪ cflvdg.avoz▪ CNN▪ Coop Nueva Vida▪ Encuentra24▪ FlatIcon▪ Heifer International▪ IFAP▪ Jessica Mentz▪ Latin Dispatch

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Fear, violence .

ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM

CLIMATE CHANGE

Winds .

Hail .

Floods .

Silverleaf whitefly (Mosca blanca)

Bemisia tabaci .

AGRICULTURAL

PRODUCTIVITY

Land planted .

Use of inputs .

ON-FARM LABOR OFF-FARM LABOR

Jobs

Loss of businesses

Crop loss =

inputs for value

addition

Inability to pay

loans

INFRASTRUCTURE/

URBAN

RELATIONSHIP

Access to

markets

Profits

Seasonalism of

Agriculture Labor

Price

of

inputs

Wages

Worldwide prices

FOOD

INSECURITY

Contraband crops

Imported crops

Coyotes undersell

Middlemen

Prices

for

crops

EXTERNAL

VIOLENCE

MASCULINITIES/

GENDER

PERCEPTION OF VALUE

OF EDUCATION

Corruption/

Distrust

GBV

Fear of Violence

Opportunity Cost

Education ≠ jobs

Sobornos/Renta .

Daily wage >opportunity cost of

school

Boys work on farm

Girls go to school

Alcohol & Drugs

Inability to

provide

SOCIO-POLITICAL SYSTEM

Loss of lands

Deforestation

Distrust of

Institutions Drug sale/availability/use .

Forced cooperation .

Voluntary cooperation .

Purchase of rural land .

trust GOH .

trust Police .

/ trust Local Gov.

/ trust Coops .

Coffee rust (Rolla)

Hemileia vastatrix .

Click Beatle (Gusano del alambre)

Agriotes spp .

Asfalto

Phyllachora maydis; Monographella

maydis; Coniothyrium phyllachorae .

Pests/Disease

Several others identified

Severity of Storms .

Rain .

Surface/ Sub Water .

Drought .

Temp .

Irregular

Seasons

&

Weather

Patterns trust Com Leaders .

Maras/

Narcos/

Unaffiliated

Gangs in

Rural

Areas

Loss of community .

Cost of failure .Migration

Purchasing

Power

COMMUNITY

DISRUPTION Production

Crop losses

USAID

INTERVENTION

Exclusion

Distrust/Fear of Boys

Gender norms (M&F)

Boys ≠ intelligent

Stigmati-

zation of

youthTHANK YOU, VIRGINIA TECHDr. Maria Elisa Christie, WGDDr. Larry Vaughan, CIRED

Dr. Loy Van Crowder, CIREDSofia Rincon Gallardo

Daniel SumnerPallavi Raonka

ECONOMIC SYSTEM