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Womens efforts to gain political, economic, and social equality in America are as old as the United States, itself
The Labor Force
1950
2001 Growth in 50 YearsPercent Women
30 %
67 %
37 percentage pointsin Labor Force
Percent Women
Earn for Doing the
59
73
14 percentage pointsSame Job as Men
Source: Frey, William H., Bill Abresch and Jonathan Yeasting. (2001) America by the Numbers, New York: New Press.
Why Have Women Joined the Labor Force?
World War IIEarly Baby BoomLate Baby Boom
MARRIAGE PATTERNS
Percent Married
Women 77 % 64 % 60 %
Men776454
CHILD REARING PATTERNS
Percent without Children (women)193033
EDUCATION PATTERNS
Percent with College Degree(s)
Women122123
Men192624
Source: Bianchi, Suzanne. (1995) Changing Economic Roles of Women and Men, In R. Farley (ed.) State of the Union: America in the 1990s, New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Professional Degrees Conferred to Women
197019801990
Percent of Degrees Conferred to Women in:
Law 5 % 30 % 41 %
Medicine8 2333
Dentistry11326
Business42234
Source: Bianchi, Suzanne. (1995) Changing Economic Roles of Women and Men, In R. Farley (ed.) State of the Union: America in the 1990s, New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Major Occupation Groups, by Percentage Women197019801990
Private Household Occupations 96 % 95 % 95 %
Administrative Support / Clerical737777
Service Jobs616363
Professional Specialty444954
Sales414949
Managers / Executives193142
Technicians344446
Machine Operators404140
Farming, Forestry, Fishing 91516
Percent Women in Labor Force384346
Source: Bianchi, Suzanne. (1995) Changing Economic Roles of Women and Men, In R. Farley (ed.) State of the Union: America in the 1990s, New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Household Division of Labor (General Population)
Men
WomenNot Married / Not Living With Partner
21 %
26%Responsible for All Household Tasks
4
11
Responsible for Most Household Tasks
7
35Equal Division of Labor in Household
24
21Spouse / Partner Responsible for Most
36
4Household Tasks
Spouse / Partner Responsible for All
5
0Household Tasks
Other arrangements
2
2SAMPLE SIZE
1,015
1,104Source: Lawless, Jennifer L. (2002) Knowledge Networks Survey. Conducted September 1 30.Child Care Arrangements (General Population)
Percentages are Based on Sub-Sample of Respondents with Children Living at Home
Men
WomenResponsible for All Child Care Tasks
7 %
33 %
Responsible for Most Child Care Tasks
2
23Equal Division of Child Care Tasks
35
26Spouse / Partner Responsible for Most
32
0Child Care Tasks
Spouse / Partner Responsible for All
16
2Child Care Tasks
Other arrangements
7
16Source: Lawless, Jennifer L. (2002) Knowledge Networks Survey. Conducted September 1 30.Household Division of Labor (Professional Elite Sample)
Men
WomenNot Married / Not Living With Partner
11 %
26%
Responsible for All Household Tasks
1
5
Responsible for Most Household Tasks
4
29
Equal Division of Labor in Household
31
30
Spouse / Partner Responsible for Most
48
8
Household Tasks
Spouse / Partner Responsible for All
5
0
Household Tasks
Other arrangements
1
1
Source: Lawless, Jennifer L. and Richard L. Fox. (2002) The Citizen Political Ambition Study.
Child Care Arrangements (Professional Elite Sample)
Percentages are Based on Sub-Sample of Respondents with Children Living at Home
Men
WomenResponsible for All Child Care Tasks
2 %
23 %
Responsible for Most Child Care Tasks
3
34Equal Division of Child Care Tasks
35
35Spouse / Partner Responsible for Most
46
6Child Care Tasks
Spouse / Partner Responsible for All
14
1
Child Care Tasks
Source: Lawless, Jennifer L. and Richard L. Fox. (2002) The Citizen Political Ambition Study.
Generation X versus Baby Boom Attitudes about Womens Roles
Percent Answering Yes
Generation X MenGeneration X WomenBaby Boom MenBaby Boom Women
Is it more important for a wife to help her husbands career than have a career for herself? 20 % 13 % 17 % 16 %
Is it better for everyone involved if the man is the achiever outside of the home and the woman takes care of the home and the family?29183223
Is a preschool child likely to suffer if his/her mother works outside the home?47274634
Can a working mother establish just as secure and warm a relationship with her children as a mother who does not work?69806179
Source: Farley, Reynolds. (1996) The New American Reality, New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Voter Turnout in Presidential Elections
WomenMen
1964 67 % 72 %
19686670
19726264
19765960
19805959
19846159
19885856
19926260
19965653
20005653
Note: In each year, the total number of women voters was greater than the total number of men who cast a ballot. In 2000, the difference was approximately 7.8 million. Source: Center for American Women and Politics. (2002) Sex Differences in Voter Turnout.
Voter Turnout in Off-Year Elections
WomenMen
1966 53 % 58 %
19705357
19744346
19784547
19824848
19864646
19904545
19944544
19984241
Note: In each year, the total number of women voters was greater than the total number of men who cast a ballot. In 2000, the difference was approximately 4.4 million. Source: Center for American Women and Politics. (2002) Sex Differences in Voter Turnout.
The Gender Gap: Candidate Preferences
Which candidates did voters favor?
WomenMen
2000 Election
George Bush 43 % 53 %
Al Gore5442
1996 Election
Bob Dole3844
Bill Clinton5443
Ross Perot 710
1992 Election
George Bush3738
Bill Clinton4541
Ross Perot1721
1988 Election
George Bush5057
Michael Dukakis4942
1984 Election
Ronald Reagan5462
Walter Mondale4638
1980 Election
Ronald Reagan4753
Jimmy Carter4235
John Anderson 9 9
Source: Voter News Service (for 1992 2000); ABC News / Washington Post (for 1980 1988). The Gender Gap: Attitudes on Public Policy Issues
Men
WomenBelieve the government does
66 %
50 %
too much.Would prefer a smaller government
67
55
providing fewer services than a bigger government providing more services.Favor cutting spending on social
60
47
programs.
Think poverty and homelessness
44
63
are among the most important problems facing the country.Favor raising the minimum wage.
72
83
Think we should abolish affirmative
52
36
action programs.Source: Center for American Women and Politics. (2002) The Gender Gap.Men and Womens Attitudes About War
Do you favor or oppose . . .FavorOpposeUnsure
The U.S. declaring war on Iraq?
Men
Women 45 %29 32 %33 23 %37
Even if means sending in
250,000 ground troops? Men
Women40
2434
3825
38
Even if it means occupying
Iraq for as long as 5 years?
Men
Women44
2429
3827
37
Declaring war on nations suspected of harboring terrorists?
Men
Women56
4221
2323
35
Capturing and executing foreign leaders who harbor terrorists?
Men
Women57
4622
2022
34
Torturing suspected terrorists to gain information about future attacks?
Men
Women38
2441
4321
33
Source: Lawless, Jennifer L. (2002) Knowledge Networks Survey. Conducted September 1 30.
Percentages of Women in Elective Offices: 1979 2002U.S. CongressState LegislaturesGovernor
1979 3 % 10 % 4 %
1981 412 0
1983 413 0
1985 515 2
1987 516 4
1989 517 6
1991 618 6
19931021 6
19951021 2
19971122 2
19991223 8
2002142210
Source: Center for American Women and Politics. (2002) Women in Elective Office Fact Sheet.
Women Candidates for U.S. House Seats: 1976 - 2000TotalRepublicanDemocrat
1976542034
1978461927
1980522527
1982552827
1984653530
1986643430
1988592633
1990693039
19921063670
19941124072
1996 *1204277
1998
1214675
20001224280
* One Independent ran.
Source: Center for American Women and Politics. (2002) Women Candidates Fact Sheet.
Attitudes about Women Entering the Electoral Arena
Total MenWomen
Believe that men are better suited emotionally than women for politics
26 % 34 % 19 %
Believe that men tend to be more qualified than women to hold elective office
202713
Believe it would not be a good idea if more women held elective office
283620
Would be willing to vote for a woman president if she were qualified and were nominated by the respondents political party
655870
Sample Size2,1191,0151,104
Source: Lawless, Jennifer L. (2002) Knowledge Networks Survey. Conducted September 1 30.
Should Women Run the County??? Do you agree or disagree with this statement: Women should take care of running their homes and leave running the country up to men.
Percent in Agreement1970
33 %
1975
35
1980
28
1985
26
1990
20
1995
16
Source: National Opinion Research Center.