Gender in Bolivian Production: Reducing Differences in Formality and Productivity of Firms

8/14/2019 Gender in Bolivian Production: Reducing Differences in Formality and Productivity of Firms

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Mlj`lr gj DicgvgbjVriùotgij

Tlùogjm @geelrljols gj Eirkbcgty bj`

Vriùotgvgty ie Egrks

B ] I T C @ D B J A O I \ J P T W _ P \ @ W


2/82


3/82

B ] I T C @ D B J A O I \ J P T W _ P \ @ W

Mlj`lr gj Dicgvgbj Vriùotgij

Tlùogjm @geelrljols gj Eirkbcgty bj`

Vriùotgvgty ie Egrks


4/82

Oipyrgmnt 4667

Pnl Gjtlrjbtgijbc Dbja eir Tloijstruotgij bj` @lvlcipkljt / Pnl ]irc` Dbja

2>2> N _trllt, J.].

]bsngjmtij, @.O. 460??, \._.B.

Bcc rgmnts rlslrvl`Kbjueboturl` gj tnl \jgtl` _tbtls ie Bklrgob

Egrst Vrgjtgjm8 Hucy 4667

Vrgjtl` ij rloyocl` pbplr

2 4 ? 0 24 22 26 67

]irc` Dbja Oiujtry _tu`gls brl bkijm tnl kbjy rlpirts irgmgjbccy prlpbrl` eir gjtlrjbc

usl bs pbrt ie tnl oijtgjugjm bjbcysgs dy tnl Dbja ie tnl loijikgo bj` rlcbtl` oij`gtgijs ie

gts `lvlcipgjm klkdlr oiujtrgls bj` ti ebogcgtbtl gts `gbcims wgtn tnl mivlrjkljts. _ikl ie

tnl rlpirts brl pudcgsnl` gj tngs slrgls wgtn tnl clbst pissgdcl `lcby eir tnl usl iemivlrjkljts, bj` tnl bob`lkgo, dusgjlss, egjbjogbc, bj` `lvlcipkljt oikkujgtgls. Pnl

kbjusorgpt ie tngs pbplr tnlrleirl nbs jit dllj prlpbrl` gj booir`bjol wgtn tnl priolùrls

bppriprgbtl ti eirkbccy-l`gtl` tlxts. _ikl siurols ogtl` gj tngs pbplr kby dl gjeirkbc

ìoukljts tnbt brl jit rlb`gcy bvbgcbdcl.

Pnl egj`gjms, gjtlrprltbtgijs, bj` oijocusgijs lxprlssl` nlrlgj brl tnisl ie tnl

butnir(s) bj` ì jit jlolssbrgcy rleclot tnl vglws ie tnl Gjtlrjbtgijbc Dbja eir

Tloijstruotgij bj` @lvlcipkljt/Pnl ]irc` Dbja bj` gts beegcgbtl` irmbjgzbtgijs, ir tnisl

ie tnl Lxloutgvl @grlotirs ie Pnl ]irc` Dbja ir tnl mivlrjkljts tnly rlprlsljt.

Pnl ]irc` Dbja ìls jit mubrbjtll tnl boourboy ie tnl `btb gjocu`l` gj tngs wira. Pnl

diuj`brgls, oicirs, `ljikgjbtgijs, bj` itnlr gjeirkbtgij sniwj ij bjy kbp gj tngs wiraì jit gkpcy bjy hu`mkljt ij tnl pbrt ie Pnl ]irc` Dbja ie tnl clmbc stbtus ie bjy

tlrrgtiry ir tnl ljìrslkljt ir boolptbjol ie suon diuj`brgls.

Pnl kbtlrgbc gj tngs pudcgobtgij gs oipyrgmntl`. Oipygjm bj`/ir trbjskgttgjm pirtgijs

ir bcc ie tngs wira wgtniut plrkgssgij kby dl b vgicbtgij ie bppcgobdcl cbw. Pnl

Gjtlrjbtgijbc Dbja eir Tloijstruotgij bj` @lvlcipkljt/Pnl ]irc` Dbja ljoiurbmls

`gsslkgjbtgij ie gts wira bj` wgcc jirkbccy mrbjt plrkgssgij prikptcy ti rlpriùol

pirtgijs ie tnl wira.

Eir plrkgssgij ti pnitioipy ir rlprgjt bjy pbrt ie tngs wira, pclbsl slj` b rlqulst

wgtn oikpcltl gjeirkbtgij ti tnl Oipyrgmnt Oclbrbjol Oljtlr, Gjo., 444 Tislwii` @rgvl,

@bjvlrs, KB 6274?, \_B, Plc8 7=>-=066, Ebx8 7=>-=2> N _trllt J], ]bsngjmtij,

@O 460??, \_B, Ebx8 464--6->42?->620-=

lG_DJ8 7=>-6->42?->625-2

G__J8 64


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ggg

Oijtljts

Vrlebol ........................................................................................................................................vg

Boajiwcl`mkljts ................................................................................................................. vgg

Lxloutgvl _ukkbry............................................................................................................... vggg

Bddrlvgbtgijs bj` Borijyks ..............................................................................................xgv

Klj bj` ]iklj gj Dicgvgbs Gjeirkbc _lotir..................................................................... 2

Prlj`s gj Gjeirkbcgty bj` Elkbcl Lkpciykljt ............................................................ 2

Ebotirs _nbpgjm Mlj`lr Cbdir Eirol Prlj`s8 @iklstgo Vrlssurls, Lùobtgij,

Tlmucbtgij .................................................................................................................... ?

Ltnjgogty, Lùobtgij, bj` Gjeirkbcgty8 Oikpiuj` Leelots........................................... >

]ny Mlj`lr Kbttlrs gj tnl Dicgvgbj Cbdir Kbralt..................................................... 26

Mlj`lr, Eirkbcgty, bj` Vriegtbdgcgty ................................................................................... 24

Mlj`lr-Dbsl` @geelrljols gj tnl Eirkbcgty ie Dusgjlssls.......................................... 24

Mlj`lr-Dbsl` @geelrljols gj Vriegtbdgcgty..................................................................... 2

Oijocusgijs ij Mlj`lr-Dbsl` @geelrljols gj Eirkbcgty bj` Vriegtbdgcgty............... 4?

Mlj`lr-_plogego Oijstrbgjts ti Vriùotgvgty ..................................................................... 40

Kbcl bj` Elkbcl Uglws ij Vriùotgvgty Oijstrbgjts ................................................. 4


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gv Oijtljts

Pbdcls

Pbdcl 2.2. Wlbrs ie _oniicgjm dy _lotir (Eirkbc/Gjeirkbc) bj` Mlj`lr............................ =

Pbdcl 2.4. Mlj`lr bj` Ltnjgo ]bml Mbps, dy Lkpciykljt Obtlmiry............................... 7

Pbdcl 2.?. Mlj`lr bj` Ltnjgo L`uobtgij Mbps, dy Lkpciykljt Obtlmiry....................... 7Pbdcl 4.2. Eirkbcgty dy Mlj`lr ie Iwjlr bj` Egrk _gzl (%)............................................ 2?

Pbdcl 4.4. Tlbsijs ti Eirkbcgzl............................................................................................. 2?

Pbdcl 4.?. Lbrjgjms (Niurcy Vriegts) IC_ Tlmrlssgijs eir _kbcc bj` Kgori

Dusgjlssls ......................................................................................................................... 2=

Pbdcl 4.0. _obcl ie Iplrbtgijs bs Klbsurl` dy Bsslts bj` Jukdlr ie Lkpciylls,

dy Mlj`lr.......................................................................................................................... 46

Pbdcl ?.2. \sl ie Egjbjogbc _lrvgols, dy Mlj`lr bj` Egrk _gzl......................................... 4>

Pbdcl ?.4. Gjtlrjbc Tbtls ie Tlturj eir b @iudcgjm ie Obpgtbc, dy _lotir bj`

Mlj`lr............................................................................................................................... ?6

Egmurls

Egmurl 2.2. Elkbcl _nbrl ie Cbdir Eirol, dy Lkpciykljt Obtlmiry (466


7/82

Oijtljts v

Dixls

Dix 2.2. Tgmg`gtgls gj tnl Cbdir Kbralt .................................................................................. >

Dix 2.4. Dljlegts ie ]iklj Mljlrbtgjm Gjoikl bj` Oijtriccgjm Tlsiurols.................. 26

Dix ?.2. Eious-Mriup Kltni`icimy bj` ]iragjm wgtn @btb Dbsl` ij Vlrolptgijs .... 40

Dix ?.4. Elkbcl _kbcc bj` Kgori-Egrk Iwjlrs Vlrolptgijs ie Oijstrbgjts ti

Boolssgjm Egjbjol............................................................................................................ 47

Dix ?.?. Elkbcl Egrk Iwjlrs Vlrolptgijs ie tnl Dljlegts ie Irmbjgzgjm ...................... ?4

Dix ?.0. ]ny Elkbcl Egrk Iwjlrs Vrlelr Gjeirkbcgty ...................................................... ? plroljt nb` ijcy b kujgogpbc cgoljsl, 42 plroljt nb` b tbx

jukdlr bj` b kujgogpbc cgoljsl, bj` ijcy 0 plroljt nb` b cgoljsl, tbx jukdlr, bj`

wlrl gj tnl jbtgijbc egrk rlmgstry.]iklj brl `gspripirtgijbtlcy rlprlsljtl` gj tnl gjeirkbc slotir bs slce-lkpciyl`

Dicgvgbj wiklj boolclrbtl` tnlgr ljtry gjti tnl cbdir kbralt gj rloljt `lob`ls1 bt tnl

sbkl tgkl, hid mriwtn gj eirkbc slotirs oijtrbotl` bj` tnl gjeirkbc slotir lxpbj`l`

rbpg`cy. Pnl gjorlbsl gj elkbcl cbdir eirol pbrtgogpbtgij wbs `rgvlj cbrmlcy dy ebccgjm

elrtgcgty rbtls bj` tnl rbpg` urdbjgzbtgij gjgtgbtl` gj Dicgvgb gj tnl 27


12/82

x Lxloutgvl _ukkbry

clss soniicgjm tnbj klj, bj` twi ylbrs clss eir slce-lkpciyl` wiklj. Niwlvlr, tnlsl

ebotirs ì jit euccy lxpcbgj tnl ngmn gjeirkbcgty ie wiklj.

@iklstgo rlspijsgdgcgtgls bj` kbrgtbc stbtus sllk ti snbpl wikljs cbdir kbralt

iutoikls dy orlbtgjm b jll` eir tnl eclxgdgcgty oikkijcy bssiogbtl` wgtn gjeirkbc slce-

lkpciykljt. Lkpciykljt iutoikls eir wiklj brl, eir gjstbjol, kirl sljsgtgvl ti

kbrgtbc stbtus tnbj eir klj. ]ngcl kbrrgl` bj` `gvirol` wiklj brl kuon kirl cgalcy

ti dl gjeirkbccy lkpciyl` tnbj klj, sgjmcl wikljs cbdir kbralt iutoikls kgrrir

tnisl ie tnlgr kbcl pllrs. Pngs summlsts tnbt ebkgcy bj` ìklstgo rlspijsgdgcgtgls kby

gjeculjol kbrrgl` wikljs prlelrljol eir tnl b``l` eclxgdgcgty ie gjeirkbc slce-

lkpciykljt.

Pnl sgzbdcl mlj`lr wbml mbps eiuj` gj Dicgvgb brl bcsi lxpcbgjl` dy tnl tlj`ljoy

ie wiklj ti oijoljtrbtl gj ciw-priùotgvgty hids bj` slotirs, timltnlr wgtn tnlgr

ciwlr lùobtgijbc bttbgjkljt. Ivlrbcc mlj`lr-dbsl` wbml mbps brl ùl gj pbrt ti tnl

oijoljtrbtgij ie wiklj gj ciw-priùotgvgty slotirstnl rlsuct ie prlelrljols, siogbc

lxplotbtgijs, ir mlj`lr stlrlityplswngcl mlj`lr mbps wgtngj slotirs brl ùl ti

wikljs ciwlr lùobtgijbc bonglvlkljt bj` oijoljtrbtgij gj ciwlr-sagcc hids.

Pnl onbrbotlrgstgos ie tnl elkbcl cbdir eirolsuon bs ngmnlr gjeirkbcgty, clss

lùobtgij, bj` ciwlr wbmlsbrl kirl prijiujol` eir gj`gmljius wiklj. Kirl tnbj

56 plroljt ie gj`gmljius wiklj ljmbml gj gjeirkbc slce-lkpciykljt, oikpbrl` wgtn

clss tnbj 06 plroljt ie gj`gmljius klj, 06 plroljt ie jij-gj`gmljius wiklj, bj` ijcy

4> plroljt ie jij-gj`gmljius klj. Gjeirkbccy slce-lkpciyl` gj`gmljius wiklj lbrj

bdiut 5= plroljt ie bj gj`gmljius kbjs bvlrbml niurcy wbml, bj` ijcy 56 plroljt ie

wnbt jij-gj`gmljius wiklj lbrj. Gj`gmljius wikljs ngmnlr rbtls ie gjeirkbcgty

bj` ciwlr lbrjgjms cbrmlcy rleclot tnl leelots ie ltnjgo bj` mlj`lr-dbsl` lùobtgijmbps.

Mlj`lr-dbsl` `geelrljols gj eirkbcgty bj` priegtbdgcgty obj dl lxpcbgjl` dy tnl sobcl ieiplrbtgij, tnl slotir ie iplrbtgij, lùobtgij, bj` tnl kitgvbtgij ti mlt gjti dusgjlss

Elkbcl-iwjl` egrks iplrbtl ij b skbcclr sobcl. Kbcl-iwjl` dusgjlssls nbvl ij

bvlrbml tnrll tgkls tnl bsslts ie elkbcl-iwjl` dusgjlssls, bj` lkpciy ?.< plipcl

oikpbrl` wgtn 4.= eir elkbcl-iwjl` dusgjlssls. B skbcclr sobcl ie iplrbtgij beeir`s

wiklj kirl eclxgdgcgty ti obrl eir tnlgr ebkgcgls bj` ti b`bpt tnl dusgjlss ti sngetgjm

`lkbj` bj` ti tnl gjoikl oyocl ie tnlgr nusdbj`s. Iplrbtgjm iut ie tnl nikl bcsi

bcciws tnlk ti dbcbjol nikl bj` wiragjm rlspijsgdgcgtgls, wngon cgkgts tnlgr bdgcgty ti

lxpbj`. ]iklj skbcc- bj` kgori-egrk iwjlrs brl twgol bs cgalcy ti iplrbtl iut ie tnl

nikl bs klj.

Elkbcl-iwjl` skbcc bj` kgori dusgjlssls brl ij bvlrbml tii skbcc ti rlbp kbjy

dljlegts erik eirkbcgzbtgij. ]ngcl eirkbcgty gs bssiogbtl` wgtn mrlbtlr priegtbdgcgty gj

skbcc egrks (tnrll bj` egvl wiralrs), tnl gkpbot ie eirkbcgty ij priegtbdgcgty gs jlmbtgvl

eir kgori egrks (clss tnbj tnrll wiralrs). Eir tngs mriup, tnl jlmbtgvl gkpbot ij

priegtbdgcgty gs plrnbps tnl mrlbtlst oijstrbgjt ti sllagjm eirkbcgty. Bttlkpts bt

gjorlbsgjm tnl eirkbcgty ie ditn kgori bj` cbrml egrks sniuc` tnus eious ij rlùogjm

tnl oists ie eirkbcgty bj` gjorlbsgjm gts dljlegts. Mgvlj tnl ngmn snbrl ie elkbcl-iwjl`

dusgjlss tnbt brl tii skbcc ti rlbp bjy dljlegts erik eirkbcgty, stgkucbtgjm tnl mriwtn

ie elkbcl-iwjl` dusgjlssls wiuc` bcsi diist tnlgr gjoljtgvls eir eirkbcgzgjm. Kbjy

mlj`lr-dbsl` `geelrljols gj niw egrks iplrbtl `gkgjgsn ir `gsbpplbr bs egrks mriw.


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14/82

xgg Lxloutgvl _ukkbry

wikljs kidgcgty gs oijstrbgjl` dy trb`gtgijbc mlj`lr ricls, typgobccy gj tnl eirk ie b

nusdbj`s wgsn tnbt tnl wikbj stby bt nikl.

Vicgoy gkpcgobtgijs ie tnl bjbcysgs gj`gobtl tnbt tnl eious sniuc` dl ij bcclvgbtgjm mlj`lr-

dbsl` priùotgvgty oijstrbgjts.Pnl gkpcgobtgijs eir picgoy ie gjorlbsgjm eirkbcgty bj` priegtbdgcgty ie elkbcl-iwjl`

kgori ljtlrprgsls eious ij bcclvgbtgjm mlj`lr-dbsl` priùotgvgty oijstrbgjts. _gjol

wiklj's dusgjlssls brl ij bvlrbml tii skbcc ti tbp tnl eucc dljlegts ie eirkbcgzbtgij,

picgogls sniuc` eious ij gjorlbsgjm tnl priùotgvgty bj` sobcl ie elkbcl-iwjl`

dusgjlssls. Pwi mljlrbc picgoy prgirgtgls tnus lklrml8 prikitl wikljs boolss ti

priùotgvl bsslts ti ebogcgtbtl mriwtn bj` priùotgvgty ie elkbcl-iwjl` dusgjlssls,

bj` privg`l bj ljbdcgjm ljvgrijkljt eir wikljs ljtrlprljlursngp dy lxpbj`gjm

wikljs onigols bj` obpbogty ti rlspij` ti kbralt ippirtujgtgls. Gjgtgbtgvls ti

gjorlbsl boolss ti priùotgvl bsslts gjocu`l ebogcgtbtgjm wikljs boolss ti orl`gt,

eirkbc priplrty rgmnts, trbgjgjm bj` lùobtgij1 Gjgtgbtgvls ti privg`l bj ljbdcgjmljvgrijkljt gjocu`l prikitgij ie bssiogbtgvl botgvgtgls, privgsgij ie ongc` obrl bj`

eurtnlr bsslsskljts ie tnl riit obusls ie wikljs slmrlmbtgij gjti olrtbgj ciw-

priùotgvgty slotirs bj` iooupbtgijs.

_plogego gjtlrvljtgijs tbrmltl` ti elkbcl-iwjl` skbcc bj` kgori ljtlrprgsls

gjocu`l tnl eicciwgjm8

_nirt tlrk8 Ebogcgtbtl elkbcl egrk iwjlrs usl ie eirkbc orl`gt bj` itnlr egjbjogbc

slrvgols dy bcclvgbtgjm `lkbj`-sg`l oijstrbgjts tnriumn gjeirkbtgij bj`

kbraltgjm obkpbgmjs (l.m., niw ti egcc iut cibj bppcgobtgijs bj` niw timbtnlr suppirtgjm ìoukljtbtgij). Pnl butnirgtgls kby bcsi wbjt ti bsslss

mlj`lr `geelrljols gj tnl `gstrgdutgij ie eirkbc cbj` bj` priplrty rgmnts

oikkijcy usl` bs oiccbtlrbcbj` niw tngs beelots wikljs usl ie orl`gt.

Vrikitl dusgjlss bssiogbtgijs bj` itnlr irmbjgzbtgijs tnbt nlcp elkbcl

dusgjlss iwjlrs dugc` ljtrlprljlurgbc bdgcgty bj` slce-sueegogljoy bj`

orlbtl soipl eir wiklj ti snbrl lxplrgljols, `gsouss oikkij oijolrjs,

bj` ciddy timltnlr ti slla sicutgijs.

Kl`guk tlrk8 Gkprivl boolss ti kbjbmlrgbc trbgjgjm bj` dusgjlss cgjabml primrbks bj`

strljmtnlj bssgstbjol gj boolssgjm jlw kbralts (l.m., jgonl kbralts, lxpirt

kbralts, pudcgo priourlkljt) wgtn oikpltgtgvl priùots. Gj bcc picgoy

brlbs, tnl butnirgtgls sniuc` tbal gjti booiujt slotir-splogego

oijsg`lrbtgijs bj` sicutgijs bj` mgvl splogbc bttljtgij ti tnl jll`s ie

gj`gmljius wiklj.

Vrikitl boolss ti ongcòbrl eir wiragjm kitnlrs wni wiuc` cgal ti

lxpbj` tnl sobcl ie tnlgr dusgjlssls dut wni brl oijstrbgjl` dy gjb`lqubtl

ir jij-lxgstljt ongcòbrl slrvgols. Pnl mivlrjkljt sniuc` oijùot bj

bsslsskljt ie gjtlrlst gj suon b primrbk bj` stu`y niw ti `lsgmj b pgcitbj` lstgkbtl tnl egsobc oist ie tnl gjtlrvljtgij.


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16/82

xgv

Bddrlvgbtgijs bj` Borijyks

BEV B`kgjgstrbìrb `l Eijì `l Vljsgijls(Vljsgij Euj`s B`kgjgstrbtirs)

B_IEGJ Bsiogbogj `l Ljtg`b`ls Egjbjoglrbs Lsplogbcgzb`bs lj Kgori Egjbjzbs `l

Dicgvgb (Bssiogbtgij ie Dicgvgbj Egjbjogbc Ljtgtgls _plogbcgzgjm gj

Kgori-Egjbjol)

DOD Dbjoi Oljtrbc `l Dicgvgb(Oljtrbc Dbja ie Dicgvgb)

OLVTIDIC Oljtri `l Vrikiogj Dicgvgb(Oijel`lrbtgij ie Vrgvbtl Dusgjlssklj)

OM Oijsuctbtgvl Mriup

@EG@ @lpbrtkljt eir Gjtlrjbtgijbc @lvlcipkljt (\A)

EIJ@L_GE Eijì `l @lsbrricci `lc _gstlkb Egjbjoglri y `l Bpiyi bc _lotir Vriùotgvi

(Euj` eir tnl @lvlcipkljt ie tnl Egjbjogbc _lotir bj` eir _uppirt titnl Vriùotgvl _lotir)

M@V Mriss @iklstgo Vriùot

G@B Gjtlrjbtgijbc @lvlcipkljt Bssiogbtgij

G@D Gjtlr-Bklrgobj @lvlcipkljt Dbja

GCI Gjtlrjbtgijbc Cbdiur Irmbjgzbtgij

GKE Gjtlrjbtgijbc Kijltbry Euj`

GJL Gjstgtuti Jbogijbc `l Lstb`stgob(Jbtgijbc _tbtgstgos Gjstgtutl)

KB_ Kivgkgljti bc _iogbcgski(Kivlkljt ti _iogbcgsk)

K@Ms Kgccljjguk @lvlcipkljt Mibcs

K@TG Kuctgcbtlrbc @ldt Tlcgle GjgtgbtgvlKLOIUG Ljoulstb `l Klhirbkgljti `l Oij`gogijls `l Ug`b (_urvly ij

Gkprivlkljt gj Cgvgjm Oij`gtgijs)

KLEs Kgoriegjbjol Ljtgtgls

JBEGDI Jbogijbc Egjbjoglrb Dicgvgbjb(Dicgvgbj Jbtgijbc Egjbjogbc Euj`)

JMI Jijmivlrjkljtbc Irmbjgzbtgij

JGP Pbx Ljricckljt Jukdlr

ILO@ Irmbjgzbtgij eir Loijikgo Oiiplrbtgij bj` @lvlcipkljt

VEEs Vrgvbtl Egjbjogbc Euj`s

VT_V Vivlrty Tlùotgij _trbtlmy Vbplr

_DLE _uplrgjtlj`ljogb `l Dbjois y Ljtg`b`ls Egjbjoglrbs (_uplrgjtlj`ljoy ie

Dbjas bj` Egjbjogbc Ljtgtgls ie Dicgvgb)

_GM _gstlkb `l Gjeirkbogj Mlimrpngob(Mlimrbpngo Gjeirkbtgij _ystlk)

_GJ _lrvgogi `l Gkpulstis Jbogijbcls(Jbtgijbc Pbx _lrvgol)

\@BVL \jg`b` `l Bjcgsgs `l Victgobs Loijkgobs y _iogbcls (Loijikgo bj`

_iogbc Vicgogls Bjbcysgs \jgt)

\J@V \jgtl` Jbtgijs @lvlcipkljt Vrimrbkkl

\_BG@ \jgtl` _tbtls Bmljoy eir Gjtlrjbtgijbc @lvlcipkljt


17/82

Bddrlvgbtgijs bj` Borijyks xv

Tlpudcgo ie Dicgvgb Egsobc Wlbr

Hbjubry 2 ti @lolkdlr ?2

Ourrljoy Lqugvbcljts

(bs ie _lptlkdlr 4>, 466=)

Ourrljoy \jgt ; Dicgvgbjis

2 \._. @iccbr ; Ds >.66

]lgmnts bj` Klbsurls

Kltrgo _ystlk

Ugol Vrlsg`ljt, COT8 Vbklcb Oix

@grlotir, COO5O8 Obrcis Elcgpl Hbrbkgcci@grlotir, CO_VT8 Kbrolci Mgumbcl

_lotir Kbjbmlr, CO_VL8 Ti`rgmi Onbvls

_lotir Clb`lr, CO_VL8 Obrcis _gcvb-Hburlmug

Pbsa Plbk Clb`lrs8 _lyjbdiu _bani, Kbrgb Brrgdbs-Dbjis


18/82


19/82

2

O N B V P L T 2

Klj bj` ]iklj gjDicgvgbs Gjeirkbc _lotir

nl gjeirkbc slotir gj Dicgvgb gs bkijm tnl cbrmlst gj Cbtgj Bklrgob, wgtn wiklj

ivlr-rlprlsljtl`, lsplogbccy gj gjeirkbc slce-lkpciykljt. Gj tngs onbptlr, wl ciiabt `geelrljols dltwllj klj bj` wiklj gj tlrks ie tnlgr lkpciykljt gj eirkbc bj`

gjeirkbc egrks. Iur bjbcysgs gs dbsl` kbgjcy ij tnl jbtgijbccy rlprlsljtbtgvl 4666

266

246

6 < 26 2< 46

Gjeirkbcgty(%ie

lkpciyl`pipucbtgij)

Wlbrs ie l`uobtgij

_iurol8 ]irc` Dbja (466=), dbsl` ij KLOIUG 466


25/82

Mlj`lr gj Dicgvgbj Vriùotgij =

]ikljs ciwlr lùobtgijbc bonglvlkljt obj nlcp lxpcbgj ditn ngmnlr rbtls ie

gjeirkbcgty bj` oijoljtrbtgij gj ciw-priùotgvgty slotirs bj` hids. Egmurl 2.5 sniws

tnbt bvlrbml ylbrs ie lùobtgij ie wiklj brl ciwlr tnbj kljs, lvlj wnlj ljmbml` gj

tnl sbkl slotirs. Cijm-stbj`gjm mlj`lr mbps gj lùobtgij kby tnus nlcp lxpcbgj tnl

oijoljtrbtgij ie wiklj gj olrtbgj ciw-priùotgvgty slotirs bj` iooupbtgijs. Ij

bvlrbml, wiralrs gj tnl gjeirkbc slotir nbvl dbrlcy egjgsnl` prgkbry soniic>.5 ylbrs

ie lùobtgij ij bvlrbml, vlrsus 24 ylbrs ie soniicgjm eir eirkbc lkpciylls. Pnrll-

qubrtlrs ie wiralrs wgtniut lùobtgij ljmbml gj slce-lkpciykljt, oikpbrl` wgtn 56

plroljt eir plipcl wgtn sikl lùobtgij. ]ngcl wiklj nbvl sgmjgegobjtcy ciwlr

lùobtgijbc bttbgjkljt gj tnl gjeirkbc slotir, tngs gs jit trul gj tnl eirkbc slotir1 gj

ebot, wiklj nbvl 6.= kirl ylbrs ie soniicgjm tnbj klj lkpciyl` gj tnl prgvbtl slotir

(Pbdcl 2.2).

Pbdcl 2.2. Wlbrs ie _oniicgjm dy _lotir (Eirkbc/Gjeirkbc) bj` Mlj`lr

Gjeirkbc _lotir Eirkbc slotir

_bcbrgl`_lce-

lkpciyl` BccVudcgoslotir

Vrgvbtlslotir Bcc

Kbcl >.> 7.2 7.6 20.= 22.5 24.?

Elkbcl =.= =.2 =.? 2?.> 24.? 24.>

_iurol8Butnirs obcoucbtgij dbsl` ij KLOIUG (466


26/82


27/82


28/82

26 ]irc` Dbja Oiujtry _tu`y

Pnl prlobrgius lkpciykljt bj` lbrjgjms ie gj`gmljius wiklj gj Dicgvgb oijegrk

rlmgijbc trlj`s. Lvg`ljol erik itnlr CBO oiujtrgls oijegrks tnbt loijikgo

ippirtujgtgls brl elwlr bj` siogiloijikgo iutoikls ebr wirsl bkijm tnl gj`gmljius

bj` dcboa pipucbtgijs wnlj oikpbrl` wgtn jbtgijbc bvlrbmls (Nbcc bj` Vbtrgjis 4665,

Vbtrgjis bj` itnlrs 466=). ]gtngj tnlsl mriups niwlvlr, wiklj ietlj sueelr mrlbtlr

clvlcs ie lxocusgij, wngon ngmncgmnts tnl oukucbtgvl `gsb`vbjtbmls dbsl` ij ditn mlj`lr

bj` rbol/ltnjgogty. Pngs gs gj cgjl wgtn itnlr stu`gls tnbt sniw gj`gmljius bj` Beri-

`lsolj`ljt wiklj dlgjm lxocu`l` erik hids eir wiklj dlobusl ie tnlgr rbol bj`

lxocu`l` erik hids eir klj dlobusl tnly brl wiklj, bs wlcc bs `gsorgkgjbtgij gj tlrks ie

pby eir dlgjm ditn gj`gmljius bj` elkbcl (Orljsnbw 4666, Duvgjgo bj` Kbzzb 466


29/82


30/82

24

O N B V P L T 4

Mlj`lr, Eirkbcgty,bj` Vriegtbdgcgty

nbptlr 2 sniwl` tnbt wiklj nbvl ngmnlr pbrtgogpbtgij rbtls tnbj klj gj tnl

gjeirkbc slotir, bj` gj pbrtgoucbr gj gjeirkbc slce-lkpciykljt. Gj ebot, tnlkbhirgty ie wiklj gj tnl Dicgvgbj cbdir kbralt (.? plroljt ie kbcl iwjlrs. Pnl ngmnlrtlj`ljoy ie wiklj tiwbr` gjeirkbcgty nic`s bcsi wnlj oikpbrgjm egrks ie sgkgcbr

sgzl (Pbdcl 4.2). Ijcy wnlj dusgjlssls nbvl kirl tnbj 22 lkpciylls brl wikljs

egrks kirl eirkbc tnbj kljs (]irc` Dbja 466=).

Pnl `geelrljt onbrbotlrgstgos ie kbcl bj` elkbcl egrk iwjlrs bj` tnl iplrbtgijs

tnly ruj lxpcbgj tnl ciwlr clvlcs ie eirkbcgty bkijm elkbcl-iwjl` dusgjlssls.

Tlmrlssgij rlsucts (Bpplj`gxls 2 bj` 4) summlst tnbt wiklj brl clss gjvicvl` gj tnl

eirkbc slotir dlobusl ie `geelrljols gj egrk bj` iwjlr onbrbotlrgstgos. Pnlsl gjocu`l

`geelrljols gj kitgvbtgij eir ljtlrgjm slce-lkpciykljt1 `geelrljols gj slce-leegoboy4

(wiklj gj tnl sbkpcl nbvl ciwlr ljtrlprljlurgbc bdgcgty tnbj klj)1 `geelrljols gj

O


31/82


32/82


Pnl gkpbot ie eirkbcgty ij priegtbdgcgty? `lplj`s ij tnl sgzl ie tnl egrk,

rlmbr`clss ie tnl egrk iwjlrs mlj`lr. Pi lxbkgjl tnl leelot ie egrk sgzl ij eirkbcgty

bj`, tnus, ij priegtbdgcgty, tnl oikpbjgij stu`y (]irc` Dbja 466=) brrgvls bt

pripljsgty-soirl-kbtongjm lstgkbtls ie tnl leelot ie b tbx jukdlr booir`gjm ti egrk

sgzl (Bpplj`gx 2). Pnl rlsucts (Egmurl 4.2) sniw tnbt tnl dljlegts ie nic`gjm b tbx

jukdlr brl mrlbtlst eir kg`-sgzl egrkstnisl wgtn obpgtbc stioa dltwllj >,666 Ds

bj` ?0,666 Ds bj` dltwllj tnrll bj` egvl wiralrs. Eir tnisl egrks, eirkbcgty

gjorlbsl` tnl priegtbdgcgty ie tnl egrks dy up ti ?5 plroljt. Gj oijtrbst, eirkbcgty

`lorlbsl` tnl priegtbdgcgty ie kgori egrks (wgtn obpgtbc ie clss tnbj >,666 Ds bj` clss

tnbj tnrll wiralrs) bj` cbrmlr egrks (wgtn obpgtbc ie mrlbtlr tnbj ?0,666 Ds bj` kirl

tnbj egvl wiralrs) dy 44 plroljt (Egmurl 4.2). Vripljsgty-soirl-kbtongjm lstgkbtls dy

mlj`lr sniw tnbt pigjt lstgkbtls eir elkbcl-iwjl` dusgjlssls brl mljlrbccy gj cgjl

wgtn tnl piicl` rlsucts eir klj bj` wiklj. Pnl rlsucts summlst tnbt tnl vbcul ie b

tbx ljricckljt jukdlr (JGP) gs jlmbtgvl eir elkbcl-iwjl` egrks wgtn ijl ir elwlr

wiralrs, dut pisgtgvl eir tnisl wgtn dltwllj twi bj` egvl wiralrs. Pnl sbkpcl ie

elkbcl-iwjl` egrks wgtn kirl tnbj sgx wiralrs gs tii skbcc (22 idslrvbtgijs) ti

mljlrbtl klbjgjmeuc lstgkbtls.

Pnl jijcgjlbr rlcbtgijsngp dltwllj eirkbcgty bj` priegtbdgcgty gs lxpcbgjl` dy

niw egrks ie `geelrljt sgzl `lbc wgtn `geelrljt oists bj` dljlegts ie dloikgjm eirkbc.

Pnl skbcclst egrks kby jit dljlegt erik dloikgjm eirkbc dlobusl ie tnl gkkl`gbtl

rgsl gj oists, wngcl dljlegts gj tlrks ie bj gjorlbsl` oustiklr dbsl ir dlttlr boolss ti

orl`gt rlkbgj `geegouct ti rlbcgzl mgvlj tnl skbcc sgzl ie tnlsl egrks iplrbtgijs. Pnl

oikpbjgij stu`y bcsi sniws tnbt tnl kbgj dljlegt ie mlttgjm bj JGP bpplbrs ti dl tnl

bdgcgty ti lxpbj` tnl oustiklr dbsl dy gssugjm tbx rlolgpts. Eir skbcc egrks gjtlrlstl`gj mriwgjm, tnl oist ie eirkbcgzgjm tnlj gs ieeslt dy tnl dljlegts bwbgtgjm tnlk bs

tnly dloikl scgmntcy dgmmlr. Bs b rleclotgij ie tngs, tnl oikpbjgij rlpirt egj`s tnbt

egrk iwjlrs wni eirkbcgzl wnlj skbcc tlj` ti bcsi dl tnisl wgtn mrlbtlr

ljtrlprljlurgbc sagccs bj` kirl `lvlcipl` dusgjlss mriwtn pcbjs.

Egmurl 4.2 Bvlrbml Gkpbot ie Nbvgjm b Pbx Jukdlr ij Vriegtbdgcgty, dy Egrk _gzl

246

266

>6

56

06

46

6

46

0656

>6

266

%o

nbjmlgjpriegts

3>,666 Ds.

Obpgtbc

3? ]iralrs :?0,666 Ds.Obpgtbc

5+ wiralrs

>,666?0,666 Ds.

Obpgtbc

4< ]iralrs

_iurol8 ]irc` Dbja (466=b) dbsl` ij ]irc` Dbja Kgori Ljtlrprgsls _urvly 466=.

Jitl8 Dbrs sniw pigjt lstgkbtls erik Vripljsgty _oirl Kbtongjm. Cgjls sniw 7< plroljt oijeg`ljolgjtlrvbcs.


33/82

Mlj`lr gj Dicgvgbj Vri`uotgij 2

]ii`, 2.0

Pitbc, 2.=

6.6 6.< 2.6 2.< 4.6 4.< ?.6

_iurol8 Butnirs obcoucbtgijs dbsl` ij ]irc` Dbja Kgori Ljtlrprgsls _urvly 466=.

Jitl8 Pnlrl brl ijcy sgx idslrvbtgijs ie kbcl iwjlrs gj tnl obklcg` slotir, tnrll idslrvbtgijs ie

elkbcl iwjlrs gj trbjspirtbtgij, bj` jgjl idslrvbtgijs ie elkbcl iwjlrs gj wii` pri`uots.


34/82


Egmurl 4.?. Mlj`lr Mbps gj Niurcy ]bmls, dy _lotir(Kbcl Niurcy ]bml bs b _nbrl ie Elkbcl Niurcy ]bml)

Obklcg , 4.5

]ii , 2.>

Eii , 2.5

Prbjspirt, 6.7

Mriolry

stirls, 6..? Ds eir klj. Pnl mrlbtlst `geelrljols brl eiuj` gj tnl wii` bj`

obklcg` slotirs, niwlvlr tnl jukdlr ie idslrvbtgijs wnlj scgogjm tnl `btb dy

mlj`lr bj` slotirs gs tii ciw gj tnlsl twi slotirs eir tnl lstgkbtls ti dl sgmjgegobjt.

Bs eii` vljìrs ir iwjlrs ie skbcc rlstburbjts, klj lbrj 56 plroljt kirl tnbj

wiklj. Pnl ijcy slotir gj wngon wiklj ì dlttlr tnbj klj gs mriolry stirls wnlrl

tnly lbrj bdiut twgol bs kuon bj niur bs klj.

Mlj`lr mbps gj lùobtgij bj` lxplrgljol lxpcbgj ijcy bdiut ijl sgxtn ie tnl

priegtbdgcgty mbp dltwllj klj bj` wiklj. Pi uj`lrstbj` tnl uj`lrcygjm obusls, wlusl` Ir`gjbry Clbst _qubrls (IC_) rlmrlssgij bjbcysgs ti `loikpisl tnl mlj`lr mbp

gj niurcy priegts. ]l gjocu`l` ijcy egrks tnbt brl euccy iwjl` dy tnl iwjlr-

kbjbmlrs ebkgcy. ]l nbvl b`lqubtl gjeirkbtgij ti obrry iut b rlmrlssgij bjbcysgs

eir bdiut 005 egrks, ie wngon nbce brl kbjbml` dy wiklj. Pnl IC_ lstgkbtls

summlsts tnl eicciwgjm (Pbdcl 4.?)8


35/82

Mlj`lr gj Dicgvgbj Vriùotgij 2=

Pbdcl 4.?. Lbrjgjms (Niurcy Vriegts) IC_ Tlmrlssgijs eir_kbcc bj` Kgori Dusgjlssls

Lxpcbjbtiryvbrgbdcls

(2)cj(Niurcy

wbml)

(4)Gj(Niurcy

wbml)

(?)Gj(Niurcy

wbml)

(0)gj(Niurcy

wbml)

(2 *** 6.060 *** 6.205 6.6?2 6.2=2

Lùobtgij (ylbrs) 6.64= ** 6.62< 6.640 * 6.627

Lxplrgljol (ylbrs) 6.622 * 6.665 6.667 6.665

cj(titbc bsslts) 6.6>0 *** 6.6=4 *** 6.675

6.422

6.662

6.07

6.76>

6.4??

6.664

6.646

***

Dbja cibjs 6.4=4 **

Kgori orl`gt 6.655

JGP 6.605

Lxpirt 6.0=?

_nbrl elkbcllkpciylls

6.? plroljt skbcclr priegts tnbj klj, betlrbooiujtgjm eir niurs wiral` (Oicukj 2).0

Oijtriccgjm eir lùobtgij bj` lxplrgljol, tnl mlj`lr mbp gs rlùol` scgmntcydut wiklj stgcc lbrj ?? plroljt clss tnbj klj (Oicukj 4).

Oijtriccgjm eir sgzl (gj tnl eirk ie priùotgvl obpgtbc


36/82

2> ]irc` Dbja Oiujtry _tu`y

lùobtgij bj` lxplrgljol obj dl ljtgrlcy lxpcbgjl` dy `geelrljols gj

priùotgvl obpgtbc.

B``gjm ùkkgls eir slotirs ie iplrbtgij obusls tnl mlj`lr mbp ti turjpisgtgvl, gj ebvir ie wiklj, dut stbtgstgobccy gj`geelrljt erik 6 (Oicukj 0).

Pngs rleclots tnl ebot tnbt wiklj tlj` ti oniisl slotirs wgtn rlcbtgvlcy ciw

clvlcs ie rlturjs, suon bs mriolry stirls, obklcg`, bj` tlxtgcls (eii` sbcls,

niwlvlr, gs b rlcbtgvlcy bttrbotgvl slotir).

Bs bcrlb`y summlstl` dy itnlr stu`gls, nbvgjm b tbx jukdlr (g.l., dlgjmeirkbcgzl`) ìls jit beelot mlj`lr mbps gj priegtbdgcgty.

Eurtnlr bjbcysgs privg`ls ji lvg`ljol ie mlj`lr-dbsl` `geelrljols gj tnl gkpbot

ie eirkbcgty ij priegtbdgcgty, bj` tnl ciwlr priegts ie elkbcl-iwjl` egrks brl euccy

lxpcbgjl` dy `geelrljols gj sobcl bj` slotir ie iplrbtgij, bs wlcc bs iwjlr

onbrbotlrgstgos (rlcbtl` ti lùobtgij bj` lxplrgljol). Pnl lstgkbtl` rlsucts ie b pridgtlqubtgij lxbkgjgjm tnl gkpbot ie nbvgjm bj JGP tbx rlmgstrbtgij jukdlr bj` itnlr

onbrbotlrgstgos ij priegtbdgcgty ì jit klbj tnbt eirkbcgty nbs tnl sbkl gkpbot ij

kbcl-iwjl` dusgjlssls bs gt ìls ij elkbcl-iwjl` dusgjlssls (Bpplj`gxls 2 bj` ?).

Kirlivlr, tnl rlsucts ì jit lxocu`l tnl pissgdgcgty tnbt tnl priùotgij eujotgij eir

priegts gs tnl sbkl eir klj bj` wiklj. Tlmrlssgij rlsucts summlst tnbt wiklj

plreirk wirsl dlobusl ie `geelrljols erik kbcl dusgjlss iwjlrs gj tnl slotir bj`

sobcl ie iplrbtgijs, gj kitgvbtgijs eir ljtlrgjm slce-lkpciykljt, bj` gj

ljtrlprljlurgbc bdgcgty.

]ny Elkbcl-Iwjl` Egrks Brl Kirl Gjeirkbc bj` Clss VriegtbdclPnl kbgj vbrgbdcls oijtrgdutgjm ti ciwlr priegtbdgcgty bj` ngmnlr gjeirkbcgty bkijm

elkbcl-iwjl` dusgjlssls brl rlcbtl` ti `geelrljt rlbsijs eir dlgjm gj dusgjlss, tnl

ciwlr lùobtgij bj` bdgcgty (slce-leegoboy) ie wiklj, tnl skbcclr sgzl ie elkbcl-

iwjl` egrks, bj` tnl oijoljtrbtgij ie elkbcl-iwjl` egrks gj ciw-priegtbdgcgty

slotirs.

@geelrljols gj Tlbsijs eir Dloikgjm _lce-Lkpciyl`

Pnl jll` ti obrl eir tnl ebkgcy gs ditn tnl kbgj rlbsij wiklj ljtlr gjti slce-

lkpciykljt bj` b oijstrbgjt ti gjorlbsgjm tnl priùotgvgty ie tnlgr egrks. Bs

`gsoussl` gj Onbptlr 2, wiklj kby dl sllagjm gjeirkbc bj` slce-lkpciykljtdlobusl tnly wbjt mrlbtlr eclxgdgcgty ti dbcbjol nikl bj` wira rlspijsgdgcgtgls. Gj

tnl egrk survly, =? plroljt ie kbrrgl` elkbcl iwjlrs sbg` tnbt tnl bdgcgty ti obrl eir

ebkgcy klkdlrs gs b orgtgobc rlbsij eir dloikgjm slce-lkpciyl`, oikpbrl` wgtn ijcy

0< plroljt ie kbrrgl` klj. Cgalwgsl, jlbrcy =6 plroljt ie kbrrgl` wiklj brl

ciiagjm kbgjcy eir eclxgdcl wira niurs wngcl ijcy 0< plroljt kbrrgl` klj brl

(Egmurl 4.0). Pnl kist gkpirtbjt kitgvbtgijs ie sgjmcl wiklj wlrl ti dl

gj`lplj`ljt (>4 plroljt) bj` ti lxpbj` tnlgr dusgjlssls (=5 plroljt).


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Egmurl 4.0. Tlbsijs eir Vrlelrrgjm _lce-Lkpciykljt, Kbrrgl` Klj bj` ]iklj(% tnbt Tlspij`l` Ulry Gkpirtbjt)

6 26 46 ?6 06 6 76 266

Jit nbvgjm ti oijtrgdutl ti pljsgij euj`s

]ira clss niurs ge jll`l`

@geegouctgls egj`gjm sbcbrgl` wira

Clss dirgjm tnbj sbcbrgl` wira

Obrl eir pbrljts wngcl wiragjm

Mriw tnl dusgjls s

Nbvl eclxgdcl wiragjm niurs

]ira kirl niurs ge jll`l`

Obrl eir ongc`rlj wngcl wi ragjm

Jit `lplj` ij itnlrs

]iklj

klj

_iurol8 Butnirs iwj obcoucbtgijs dbsl` ij ]irc` Dbja Kgori Ljtlrprgsls _urvly 466=.

Eurtnlrkirl, kitgvbtgijs eir ljtlrgjm slce-lkpciykljt rlcbtl ti tnl kbrgtbc

stbtus bj` bml (cgel oyocl) ie elkbcl egrk iwjlrs. Onbptlr 2 sniwl` niw `geelrljols

gj lkpciykljt iutoikls boriss klj bj` wikljs cgel oyocl rleclot tnl mrlbtlr ricl ie

ebkgcy bj` nikl rlspijsgdgcgtgls eir wikljs iutoikls. ]iklj brl ebr kirlgjocgjl` tnbj klj ti sby tnbt tnly ljtlrl` slce-lkpciykljt ti oikpclkljt ebkgcy

gjoikl betlr tnl bml ie 27riumncy 56 plroljt vlrsus sikl 2< plroljt eir klj.

_gkgcbrcy, bdiut 4< plroljt ie wiklj ivlr tnl bml ie 27 sby tnly ljtlrl` slce-

lkpciykljt ti obrl eir tnl nikl, wngcl ji klj `g`. _tu`ygjm tnl eciw ie plipcl

dltwllj eirkbc bj` gjeirkbc lkpciykljt gj Brmljtgjb, Drbzgc, bj` Klxgoi, Vlrry

bj` itnlrs (466=) egj` ujusubccy `yjbkgo kidgcgty eir wikljkist ie tnlk

kbrrgl`kivgjm dltwllj tnl cbdir eirol bj` gjeirkbc slce-lkpciykljt. Pnl

butnirs oijocu`l tnbt tngs mriup ie slce-lkpciyl` wiklj gs pridbdcy kist

oijolrjl` wgtn suppclkljtgjm ebkgcy gjoikl rbtnlr tnbj `lvlcipgjm b dusgjlss.

Ciwlr L`uobtgijbc Bonglvlkljt

Elkbcl egrk iwjlrs nbvl ij bvlrbml kuon ciwlr l`uobtgijbc clvlcs tnbj tnlgr kbcl

oiujtlrpbrts, bctniumn wgtn `geelrljols boriss slotirs. Kbcl egrk iwjlrs nbvl ij

bvlrbml 4.4 kirl ylbrs ie soniicgjm tnbj wiklj (Egmurl 4.


38/82


Egmurl 4.

Prbjspirt, -?.>

]ii`, -2..6 26.6

_iurol8 Butnirs iwj obcoucbtgijs dbsl` ij ]irc` Dbja Kgori Ljtlrprgsls _urvly, 466=.



_kbcclr _obcl ie Iplrbtgijs

Elkbcl-iwjl` iplrbtgijs brl ebr skbcclr gj sobcl tnbj kbcl-iwjl` iplrbtgijs. Ij

bvlrbml, kbcl-iwjl` dusgjlssls nbvl tnrll tgkls tnl bsslts ie elkbcl-iwjl`

dusgjlssls bj` lkpciy bj bvlrbml ie ?.< plipcl, oikpbrl` wgtn 4.= plipcl eir

elkbcl-iwjl` dusgjlssls (Pbdcl 4.0). _lotirbc `geelrljols brl sgmjgegobjt. Mlj`lr mbps

brl pbrtgoucbrcy prijiujol` gj tlxtgcls, wnlrl klj nbvl


39/82


Egmurl 4.5 @gstrgdutgij ie Kbcl bj` Elkbcl _bkpcl, dy _lotir


40/82


Egmurl 4.=. Kijtncy Vriegts, dy _lotir bj` Mlj`lr

2,>

4,4?5

7?2

4,65?

2,2=0

2,>??

=22,?55

6


41/82

Mlj`lr gj Dicgvgbj Vriùotgij 4?

Oijocusgijs ij Mlj`lr-Dbsl` @geelrljols gj Eirkbcgty bj` Vriegtbdgcgty

Elkbcl dusgjlss iwjlrs brl clss cgalcy tnbj tnlgr kbcl pllrs ti ruj eirkbcgzl`

iplrbtgijs, iwgjm ti `geelrljols gj tnl onbrbotlrgstgos ie kbcl bj` elkbcl iwjlrs bj`

dltwllj kbcl- bj` elkbcl-ruj iplrbtgijs. B aly `geelrljol gs tnl skbcclr sobcl ieelkbcl-ruj iplrbtgijs, wngon gs oruogbc dlobusl tnl priùotgvgty dljlegts ie dloikgjm

eirkbc `lplj` ij tnl sgzl ie tnl egrk. Dlyij` `geelrljols gj tnlsl onbrbotlrgstgos,

tnlrl gs ji lvg`ljol ie mlj`lr-dbsl` `geelrljols gj tnl `ltlrkgjbjts ie dloikgjm

eirkbc. Eurtnlrkirl, kbcl bj` elkbcl ljtrlprljlurs tnbt nbvl eirkbcgzl` tnlgr

iplrbtgijs ogtl tnl sbkl rlbsijs eir ìgjm si.

]iklj egrk iwjlrs bcsi lbrj sgmjgegobjtcy ciwlr priegts tnbj tnlgr kbcl

oiujtlrpbrts, bmbgj iwgjm ti `geelrljols gj tnl onbrbotlrgstgos ie kbcl bj` elkbcl

iwjlrs bj` dltwllj kbcl- bj` elkbcl-iwjl` iplrbtgijs. Tlmrlssgij bjbcysls sniw

tnbt tnl `geelrljols gj tnl priegtbdgcgty ie kbcl- bj` elkbcl-ruj dusgjlssls brl kbgjcy

lxpcbgjl` dy `geelrljols gj dusgjlss sgzl, bj` bcsi beelotl` dy `geelrljols gj slotirs ieiplrbtgijs bj` gj tnl lùobtgij bj` lxplrgljol ie iwjlrs. Ijol tnisl ebotirs brl

oijtriccl` eir, tnl gkpbot ie gjeirkbcgty ij priegtbdgcgty dloikl sgkgcbr eir kbcl bj`

elkbcl-iwjl` egrks.

Jitls

2]l slclotl` tnl sgx slotirs ti dbcbjol rlprlsljtbtgvljlss ie tnl botgvl pipucbtgij lkpciyl` gj

tnl gjeirkbc slotir. Iur egrk slclotgij sllas ti ljsurl pbrtgogpbtgij erik b rbjml ie gjùstrgls,

erik ditn eirkbc bj` gjeirkbc slotirs, bj` erik urdbj bj` rurbc brlbs. Pnl slclotgij tnlrleirl

gjocu`ls eiur ie tnl tip egvl gjùstrgls eir urdbj gjeirkbcgty. Pwi ie tnl b``gtgijbc slotirs

survlyl` wlrl wii` bj` obklcg`s dlobusl tnly brl cgjal` ti tnl bmrgoucturl slotir(rlprlsljtgjm kist ie rurbc gjeirkbcgty)1 tnly bcciw eir survlys gj ditn urdbj bj` rurbc brlbs1

bj` tnly ljmbml gj sikl lxpirt botgvgty. Gj b``gtgij, tnly brl bkijm tnl prgirgty slotirs eir

strbtlmgo pudcgo gjvlstkljt (oikpclhis priùotgvis).4\j`lrstii` nlrl bs b oikdgjbtgij ie tnl bdgcgty bj` slce-oijeg`ljol jll`l` ti ruj b dusgjlss1

sll `l Klc, KoAljzgl, bj` ]ii`ruee 466=.?Pngs bjbcysgs eiousls ij egrk priegtbdgcgty, rbtnlr tnbj egrk priùotgvgty, eir slvlrbc rlbsijs.

Egrst, priegtbdgcgty gs tnl kist gkpirtbjt klbsurl eir egrk iwjlrs wnlj `log`gjm wnltnlr ti

dloikl eirkbc, rlmbr`clss ie wnltnlr eirkbcgty gjorlbsls priegts tnriumn mrlbtlr priùotgvgty,

boolss ti dlttlr gjput prgols, loijikgls ie sobcl, ir itnlr onbjjlcs. _loij`, sgjol b cbrml snbrl

ie dusgjlss priegts brl wgtn`rbwj bs gjoikl eir tnl slce-lkpciyl`, priegt gs tnl klbsurl ie

gjtlrlst eir oijsg`lrgjm pivlrty bcclvgbtgij. Plonjgobccy, klbsurgjm tnl priùotgvgty ieljtlrprgsls obj dl vlry nbr` bj` yglc` kgsclb`gjm rlsucts (Abtbybkb, Cu, bj` Pydiut 4665). _ll

bcsi ]irc` Dbja (466=).0 Pnl oileegogljt ie 6.0>2 ij tnl mlj`lr ùkky gkpcgls tnbt wiklj ij bvlrbml lbrj ?>

plroljt clss tnbj klj (2 lxp(6.0>2))


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O N B V P L T ?

Mlj`lr-_plogego Oijstrbgjtsti Vriùotgvgty

j tngs onbptlr, wl lxbkgjl b slt ie mlj`lr-splogego priùotgvgty oijstrbgjts ebol`

dy elkbcl iwjlrs ie skbcc bj` kgori-egrks, wngon cgkgt tnl mriwtn ie tnlgrdusgjlssls. ]l egrst eious ij vbrgbdcls tnbt rlùol wikljs boolss ti priùotgvl

bsslts, gjocu`gjm egjbjogbc, pnysgobc, bj` nukbj obpgtbc. ]l tnlj ciia bt itnlr ebotirs

tnbt gkpl`l wikljs pbrtgogpbtgij gj loijikgo botgvgty, ditn gj tnl kbraltpcbol bj`

bt nikl.

Pnl bjbcysgs gj tngs onbptlr gs dbsl` ij `btb erik tnl kgori bj` skbcc ljtlrprgsls

survly, oikdgjl` wgtn qubcgtbtgvl `btb mbtnlrl` ùrgjm eious mriup `gsoussgijs

wgtn wiklj gj eiur kbhir ogtgls gj Dicgvgb. Pwljty eious mriups klt gj Eldrubry bj`

Hujl 466= bj` gjocu`l` slce-lkpciyl` wiklj ljmbml` prgkbrgcy gj eiur slotirs

(obklcg`, mriolry stirls, eii` vljìrs, bj` tlxtgcls). ]l `gsouss tnl kltniìcimgobc

strljmtns bj` wlbajlssls ie tnl `btb mbtnlrl` gj eious mriups gj Dix ?.2.

Dix ?.2. Eious-Mriup Kltniìcimy bj` ]iragjm wgtn @btb Dbsl` ij Vlrolptgijs

Pi g`ljtgey tnl oijstrbgjts ti ngmnlr priùotgvgty bj` eirkbcgzbtgij plrolgvl` dy elkbcl egrkiwjlrs gj Dicgvgbs cbrml gjeirkbc slotir, tngs stu`y oijùotl` lgmnt eious mriup `gsoussgijs gjLc Bcti, Cb Vbz, Oionbdbkdb, bj` _bjtb Oruz wgtn slce-lkpciyl` wiklj gj eiur slotirs8mriolry stirls, rlstburbjts bj` eii` sbcls, tlxtgcls (ocitngjm kbjueboturgjm erik wiic bj`

ocitn), bj` obklcg` (ocitngjm kbjueboturgjm erik ccbkb bj` bcpbob wiic).2

Gj b``gtgij ti tnl eious mriup gjtlrvglws, wl usl `btb erik tnl 4665 Gjvlstkljt OcgkbtlBsslsskljt (GOB) eir Dicgvgb, bs wlcc bs `btb erik tnl 466= kgori-ljtlrprgsl survlys ie eirkbcbj` gjeirkbc egrks. Bjbcyzgjm qubcgtbtgvl `btb erik tnl tnrll siurols ieelrs b drib` vglw ie wnyegrks ljtlrl` tnlgr cgjls ie dusgjlss, tnl oijstrbgjts tnly ebol ti mrlbtlr priùotgvgty bjèirkbcgzbtgij, bj` wnbt obj dl ìjl ti bcclvgbtl tnl oijstrbgjts. Pnl sbkpcl gjtlrvglwl` gs jitstbtgstgobccy rlprlsljtbtgvl ie tnl eious mriup, dut gs rlprlsljtbtgvl ie tnl GOB bj` tnl kgorisurvly. Dut tnl eious mriup kltniìcimy ujoivlrl` jlw lvg`ljol bdiut plrolptgijs bj`nlcpl` rlvlbc tnl rlbsijs dlngj` egrks dlnbvgir.

(Dix oijtgjuls ij jlxt pbml)

G


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Egmurl ?.2 Vri`uotgvgty Oijstrbgjts dy Mlj`lr(% Pnbt Cgstl` Gssul bs Ulry Gkpirtbjt)

6.6 26.6 46.6 ?6.6 06.6


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Dix ?.4. Elkbcl _kbcc bj` Kgori-Egrk Iwjlrs Vlrolptgijs ieOijstrbgjts ti Boolssgjm Egjbjol

Pnl prgjogpcl idstbocl ti lxpbj`gjm tnlgr dusgjlssls, booir`gjm ti wiklj gj Cb Vbz, Lc Bcti,Oionbdbkdb, bj` _bjtb Oruz, gs tnl cboa ie iplrbtgjm obpgtbc. Bcc pbrtgogpbjts wiragjm gj sgx`geelrljt slotirs snbrl` tngs vglw, dut wiklj rujjgjm skbcc mriolry stirls bj` eii` vljìrsstrijmcy suppirtl` tngs vglw. ]iklj wiragjm gj obklcg` bj` tlxtgcls bcsi strijmcy cbkljtl` tnlcboa ie pnysgobc obpgtbc, lsplogbccy kbongjlry.

Mgvlj tnl strljmtn ie tnl kgori-egjbjol slotir gj Dicgvgb bj` tnl rbjml ie irmbjgzbtgijs tnbtprivg`l piir plipcl, gj pbrtgoucbr wiklj, wgtn `grlot boolss ti orl`gt, skbcc cibjs wiuc` sllkbj idvgius sicutgij ti obsn- bj` lqugpkljt-strbppl` elkbcl dusgjlss iwjlrs. Dut tnl wikljpbrtgogpbjts gj tnl eious mriup `gsoussgijs `g` jit oijour.

Ij tnl oijtrbry, tnl wiklj mrlbtcy kgstrustl` orl`gt gjstgtutgijs bj` elbrl` tnl oijslquljolsie tbagjm ij `ldt. Pnlsl jlmbtgvl plrolptgijs bppcgl` ditn ti eirkbc dbjas bj` kgori-egjbjolgjstgtutgijs bj` wlrl dbsl` ij ditn tnlgr iwj bj` pllrs lxplrgljols. Pnl nlbvy dur`lj ie

rlpbykljt wbs b oikkij tnlkl eir sikl (Gvl nb` ti wira tnrll tgkls bs nbr` gj ir`lr tipby tnl dbja,) wngcl itnlrs tic` plrsijbc stirgls ie `lebuct bj` ciss ie bsslts. ]iklj bmrll`tnbt gjtlrlst rbtls brl slt pringdgtgvlcy ngmn bj` tnbt gj tnl lj`, yiu lj` ie wiragjm ijcy ti pbyiee cibjs. _ikl wiklj wlrl lvlj kirl plssgkgstgo8 G nbvl sllj wnbt tnlyvl ìjl ti erglj`sie kgjl G prlelr jit ti mlt cibjs dlobusl gj tnl lj` yiu cisl lvlrytngjm yiu nbvl.

Gj kist mriups, b elw wiklj stgcc vglwl` orl`gt bs b pitljtgbc wby ti lxpbj` tnlgr dusgjlssls.Dut tnlsl wiklj jitl` tnbt lvlj ge ijl wbjtl` orl`gt, gt wbsjt bcwbys lbsy ti mlt. Pnly ogtlìdstbocls gj idtbgjgjm orl`gt, suon bs tnl cboa ie clmbc ìoukljts bj` oiccbtlrbc. _bg` ijlwikbj8 Pnl dbjas `lkbj` b cit gj tlrks ie pbplrs bj` mubrbjtlls. Pnly bsa eir pbplrs bj`tgtcls ie tnl niusl, ìoukljts rlcbtl` ti gjoikl, mubrbjtirs, tnly bsa niw kbjy ag`s yiu nbvlbj` b dujon ie itnlr qulstgijs.

Egjbccy, wgtn tnl lxolptgij ie sgjmcl wiklj wni jitl` tnbt dbjas ietlj bsal` eir b nusdbj` tioi-sgmj cibjs, tnl wiklj `g` jit ellc tnbt tnly wlrl trlbtl` `geelrljtcy erik klj wnlj bppcygjmeir orl`gt. Bjy `geelrljols tnlrl brl, tnl wiklj lxpcbgjl`, brl ùl ti itnlr `geelrljols8 Pnlyclj` clss kijly ti wiklj dut tnbts dlobusl wl nbvl ciwlr gjoikls.

_iurol8 Gjeirkl Lstu`gi Oubcgtbtgvi8 Gjeirkbcg`b` y Vriùotgvg`b`, Ljoulstbs y Lstu`gis (466=).

Bctniumn wikljs bvlrsgij ti orl`gt gs pbrtcy bttrgdutbdcl ti tnlgr plrolptgij ie

pujgtgvlcy ngmn gjtlrlst rbtls, gjtlrlst rbtls brl gj ebot rlbsijbdcl dy rlmgijbc

stbj`br`s. Jbturbccy, orl`gt gs kirl oistcy tnl kirl gjeirkbc tnl privg`lr, bj`

wiklj rlcy kirl nlbvgcy ij gjeirkbc siurols ie orl`gt. Oikpbrgjm eirkbc dbjacibjs bj` kgori-orl`gt cibjsbj` oijsg`lrgjm tnbt gt gs oistcglr bj` rgsaglr ti clj` ti

b skbcc, gjeirkbc egrk tnbj ti b cbrmlr egrktnl `geelrljol gj gjtlrlst rbtls dltwllj

tnl twi gs botubccy rlcbtgvlcy skbcc gj Dicgvgb (]irc` Dbja 466=). Eurtnlrkirl, gj

oikpbrgjm tnl rbtls onbrml` dy `geelrljt kgori-egjbjol gjstgtutgijs gj tnl rlmgij,

Dicgvgbj gjstgtutgijs sllk ti iplrbtl wgtn sikl ie tnl ciwlst gjtlrlst rbtls

(Bpplj`gx 0).

Cboa ie cbj` bj` priplrty tgtcls, wngon brl ietlj rlqugrl` bs oiccbtlrbc, kby bcsi

`gsoiurbml elkbcl `lkbj` eir orl`gt. Pnl eious mriups `ldbtl` niw tnl cboa ie

ìoukljts lstbdcgsngjm iwjlrsngp ie tnlgr cbj` ir niusl kbals gt `geegouct ti

lstbdcgsn oiccbtlrbc. Bctniumn cbj`-tgtcgjm prbotgols gj Dicgvgb brl ourrljtcy onbjmgjm,


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?6 ]irc` Dbja Oiujtry _tu`y

wgtn kbjy kirl higjt tgtcls ( plroljt), tgtcls lxocusgvlcy eir wiklj brl stgcc rbrl (5

plroljt) rlcbtgvl ti tgtcls bwbr`l` ti klj (40 plroljt).4Ciiagjm bt b sbkpcl ie Cbtgj

Bklrgobj oiujtrgls, @llrl bj` Clij (466?) egj` tnbt riumncy =676 plroljt ie eirkbc

iwjlrs ie ebrkcbj` brl klj, bj` tnbt wnlj wiklj ì iwj ebrkcbj`, tnlgr nic`gjms

brl typgobccy skbcclr tnbj kljs.?

Gj tlrks ie suppcy-sg`l oijstrbgjts, tnl qubcgtbtgvl `btb rlvlbc ji lvg`ljol ie

mlj`lr-dbsl` `gsorgkgjbtgij gj boolss ti orl`gt. Elw nbvl ocbgkl` tnbt egjbjogbc

gjstgtutgijs `gsorgkgjbtl bmbgjst wiklj, bj` elkbcl egrk iwjlrs typgobccy stbtl tnbt

dbjas sgkpcy clj` clss kijly ti wiklj dlobusl wl nbvl ciwlr gjoikls. Bs jitl`

lbrcglr, Dicgvgbs vgdrbjt kgori-egjbjol gjùstry gs ìkgjbtl` dy wiklj bj` tnlrl gs

cgttcl `gsorgkgjbtgij bmbgjst wiklj gj tngs slotir. Pnl elw wiklj wni ogtl` ujebgr

bj` prlhu`gol` prbotgols dy dbjas wlrl lgtnlr sgjmcl ir `gvirol`1 tnly ocbgkl` dbjas

lxocu`l` tnlk dy rlqugrgjm b nusdbj`s sgmjbturl ir mubrbjtll.

Booir`gjm ti eious mriups, tnl strijmlst suppcy-sg`l oijstrbgjt gs tnl

gjbppriprgbtljlss ie egjbjogbc slrvgols ieelrl` ti wiklj. _lvlrbc eious mriups

jitl` tnbt tnl egjbjogbc gjstrukljts ieelrl` dy dbjas ir kgori-egjbjol gjstgtutgijs brl

lgtnlr gjsueegogljtcy eclxgdcl ti bcciw wiklj ti rlspij` ti onbjmgjm ippirtujgtgls ir

brl ujsugtbdcl eir tnlgr splogego jll`s. Pngs oijolrj wbs pbrtgoucbrcy strijm gj eious

mriups wgtn wiklj erik olrtbgj slotirs. Eir lxbkpcl, wiklj wni ruj mriolry

stirls ir slcc eii` oijolrjl` wgtn kbjbmgjm `by-ti-`by obsn snirtebccs brl dlst

slrvl` dy egjbjogbc slrvgols bagj ti wiragjm obpgtbc orl`gt cgjls. ]iklj gj itnlr

slotirs ogtl` tnl jll` ti gjvlst gj jlw kbongjlry (obklcg` bj` tlxtgcls) bj` tnus tnl

jll` eir rlmucbr gjvlstkljt orl`gt. Gj tnlsl slotirs, oijolrjs oljtlrl` ij tnl

plrolgvl` ngmn gjtlrlst rbtls.Lstgkbtls summlst tnbt rlkivgjm oijstrbgjts ti obpgtbc eir elkbcliwjl` egrks

obj dl ngmncy priegtbdcl, `lplj`gjm ij tnl slotir. Lstgkbtls ie tnl gjtlrjbc rbtl ie

rlturj ie ìudcgjm tnl obpgtbc ie egrks gj lbon ie tnl sgx slotirs dy mlj`lr sniw tnbt

gj eii` sbcls, tlxtgcls, bj` obklcg`, rlturjs brl ngmn eir wiklj, bj` gj`ll` ngmnlr

tnbj eir klj (Pbdcl ?.4). Gj oijtrbst, eurtnlr gjvlstkljt gj mriolry stirls ìls jit

bpplbr bttrbotgvl eir elkbcl egrk iwjlrs. ]ngcl tnlsl brl riumn lstgkbtls, tnly

gj`gobtl tnl jll` eir b slotir-splogego bppribon ti gjtlrvljtgijs bgkl` bt lxpbj`gjm

elkbcl ljtlrprgsls. Pnl rlsucts bcsi rleclot tnl ourrljt uj`lr-gjvlstkljt gj wikljs

dusgjlssls rlcbtgvl ti kljs gj ditn obklcg` bj` tlxtgcls. Bs jitl` lbrcglr, tnlsl brl

bcsi tnl twi slotirs wnlrl klj iplrbtl priùotgvl bsslt clvlcs tnbt brl eiur-sgx tgklsbs cbrml bs wiklj.

Pbdcl ?.4. Gjtlrjbc Tbtls ie Tlturj eir b @iudcgjm ie Obpgtbc, dy _lotir bj` Mlj`lr

Plxtgcls PrbjspirtbtgijMriolrystirls

Eii`sbcls

]ii`priùots

Obklcg`priùots

Klj 7 26 0 ?4 4 0

]iklj 4= 2? = ?= 0 2>

_iurol8Butnirs lstgkbtgij dbsl` ij gjeirkbtgij gj tnl 466= kgori bj` skbcc ljtlrprgsl survly.




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Mlj`lr gj Dicgvgbj Vri`uotgij ??

Egmurl ?.0. Dljlegts ie Bssiogbtgijs, dy Mlj`lr (% ie Egrks)

6 26 46 ?6 06


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Egmurl ?.


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Mlj`lr gj Dicgvgbj Vri`uotgij ?5

56

040=

>0

6

266

Plxtgcls Mriolry stirls Eii` sbcls Obklcg` pri`uots

Klj

]ikljNiurs

_iurol8 Butnirs obcoucbtgijs dbsl` ij ]irc` Dbja Kgori Ljtlrprgsls _urvly, 466=.

Jitl8 Pnlrl brl ijcy sgx idslrvbtgijs ie kbcl iwjlrs gj tnl obklcg` slotir.


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Lvg`ljol sniw tnbt wnlj ongc` obrl oijstrbgjts brl ciisljl`, wikljs cbdir

eirol pbrtgogpbtgij bj` loijikgo botgvgty rgsls. Lkpgrgobc lvg`ljol erik Oicikdgb

(Vlb-Vbrmb bj` Mcbsskbj 46601 Tgdlri 466?) bj` erik Ongcl (Boistb, Vlrtgobrb, bj`

Tbkis 466


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?=

O N B V P L T 0

Gkpcgobtgijs ie Vicgogls tiGjorlbsl tnl Eirkbcgzbtgij bj`

Vriùotgvgty ie Elkbcl Iwjlrs

ie _kbcc bj` Kgori Egrks

j tngs onbptlr, wl `gsouss picgoy iptgijs bgkl` bt prikitgjm gjorlbsl` mriwtn bj`

priùotgvgty ie elkbcl-iwjl` skbcc bj` kgori egrks gj Dicgvgb, rbtnlr tnbj

prikitgjm eirkbcgzbtgij bs bj lj` gj gtslce. Pngs gs dlobusl, bs jitl` lbrcglr, kist

elkbcl-iwjl` gjeirkbc dusgjlssls gj Dicgvgb brl sgkpcy tii skbcc ti dljlegt erik

dloikgjm eirkbc, bj` tnl `gsb`vbjtbmls (l.m., tbx bj` rlmgstrbtgij pbykljts bj`

durlbuorbtgo rlqugrlkljts) brl tii mrlbt eir b strummcgjm skbcc dusgjlss. Pnlrleirl,

picgogls tnbt kbal gt lbsglr bj` kirl priegtbdcl eir wiklj ti lxpbj` tnlgr

dusgjlssls, bj` tnus rlbp tnl loijikgo dljlegts ie eirkbcgzbtgij, brl cgalcy ti dl kist

suoolsseuc. Niwlvlr, picgoykbalrs sniuc` bcsi sustbgj bj` boolclrbtl b``gtgijbc

klbsurls rlcbtl` ti b`kgjgstrbtgvl sgkpcgegobtgij bj` gjeirkbtgij eciw wgtn rlsplot

ti eirkbcgzbtgij gj pbrbcclc wgtn tnl picgoy iptgijs wl pripisl dlciw.2

]iklj's dusgjlssls brl ij bvlrbml tii skbcc ti dljlegt erik eirkbcgzbtgij bj`

picgogls sniuc` eious ij rlcglvgjm oijstrbgjts ti priùotgvgty bj` mriwtn. Mgvlj tnl

oijoljtrbtgij ie wiklj gj tngs slmkljt, kgori egrks brl tnl kbgj eious ie tngs

onbptlr. Pnl picgoy iptgijs wl g`ljtgey brl bgkl` bt lgtnlr gjorlbsgjm boolss ti

priùotgvl gjput ebotirs (suon bs egjbjol, nukbj obpgtbc, tlonjicimy, rbw kbtlrgbcs,

bj` kbongjlry) ir rlùogjm oijstrbgjts ij wikljs priùotgvl pbrtgogpbtgij gj

loijikgo botgvgtgls gj tnl kbralt (suon bs dbrrglrs ti ljtlrgjm kbralts, kidgcgty

oijstrbgjts bttrgdutbdcl ti orgkl, ir oirruptgij bj` bdusl dy pudcgo ieegogbcs) bj` bt

nikl (suon bs ìudcl wiracib`s obusl` dy niuslnic` onirls bj` ongcòbrl, mlj`lr-

dbsl` vgicljol, bj` itnlr oijstrbgjts ti wikljs butijiky).

_ikl ie tnl picgogls ti diist priùotgvgty bj` mriwtn obj dl oikdgjl` wgtn

klbsurls ti lxpbj` tnl dljlegts ie eirkbcgzbtgij, bs bj b``l` gjoljtgvl eir wiklj

dusgjlss iwjlrs ti eirkbcgzl. Pnl dljlegts ie eirkbcgzbtgij oiuc` dl gjorlbsl` gj b

wg`l vbrglty ie wbys, gjocu`gjm dy kbagjm dusgjlss `lvlcipkljt bj` trbgjgjm

slrvgols bvbgcbdcl ti eirkbc egrks1 wg`ljgjm tnlgr pudcgo priourlkljt ippirtujgtgls1`lvlcipgjm ìklstgo kbralts wgtn priùots ie dlttlr qubcgty bj` prgol1 gkprivgjm

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Mlj`lr gj Dicgvgbj Vriùotgij ?7

Vicgogls objjit tbal ijl-sgzl-egts-bcc bppribonls. Vriùotgvgty oijstrbgjts ti

elkbcl ljtrlprljlursngp tbal juklrius eirks, bj` beelot wiklj `geelrljtcy

`lplj`gjm ij gj`gvgùbc bj` dusgjlss onbrbotlrgstgos. Mriwtn oijstrbgjts bj`

rlqugrlkljts `geelr booir`gjm ti slotir, gj`gobtgjm b jll` eir slotir-splogego

bsslsskljts bj` sicutgijs (wngon gs iutsg`l tnl soipl ie tngs rlpirt). ]ikljs jll`s

gj tlrks ie boolss ti egjbjogbc bj` pnysgobc bsslts bj` kbralts vbry boriss slotirs bj`

dy ljtlrprgsl onbrbotlrgstgos, lsplogbccy sobcl ie iplrbtgijs. Nukbj obpgtbc

oijstrbgjtsgj eirkbc soniicgjm bj` dusgjlss sagccsbrl kirl mljlrbcgzl` gssuls gj

Dicgvgb, dut splogbc picgogls brl jll`l` nlrl bs wlcc ti b``rlss tnl kuctgpcl

oijstrbgjts ebogjm gj`gmljius wiklj. Egjbccy, tnl gkpirtbjol ie nikl-dbsl`

oijstrbgjts `lplj`s orgtgobccy ij ebkgcy/kbrgtbc stbtus bj` niuslnic` oikpisgtgij

(jukdlr ie yiujm ongc`rlj bj` lc`lrcy), bj` bjy gjtlrvljtgijs jll` ti dl `lsgmjl`

wgtn tnlsl vbrgbdcls gj kgj`.

Vrikitgjm ]ikljs Boolss ti Vriùotgvl Bsslts

Pnl eicciwgjm picgoy iptgijs brl tbrmltl` bt ocisgjm mbps gj tnl ljìwkljt ie

priùotgvl bsslts ie kbcl bj` elkbcl egrk iwjlrs. Vicgogls brl `gvg`l` gjti twi

brlbs8 gjorlbsgjm boolss dy wiklj ti orl`gt bj` itnlr egjbjogbc slrvgols, bj`

prikitgjm mrlbtlr nukbj bj` siogbc obpgtbc booukucbtgij dy wiklj. Gj prbotgol,

sikl ie tnlsl picgoy iptgijs oiuc` dl oikdgjl`, eir lxbkpcl, dy primrbks cgjagjm

mrlbtlr boolss ti dbja orl`gt wgtn dusgjlss trbgjgjm.

Orl`gt bj` Itnlr Egjbjogbc _lrvgols

Dlttlr boolss ti egjbjogbc slrvgols nbs tnl pitljtgbc ti rbgsl tnl priùotgvgty ie siklelkbcl-iwjl` egrks. Boolss ti egjbjol bcciws eir dlttlr gjputs, gjorlbsl` wiragjm

obpgtbc, euj`gjm jlw gjvlstkljt, lqugpkljt kbgjtljbjol, bj` trbgjgjm eir

lkpciylrs. Niwlvlr, elkbcl egrk iwjlrs oijstgtutl b nltlrimljlius mriup wgtn

`geelrljt bspgrbtgijs bj` bdgcgtgls, bj` gjtlrjbtgijbc lvg`ljol summlsts tnbt tnl

rlturjs ti obpgtbc vbry wg`lcy bkijm wiklj. B rloljt lxplrgkljt wgtn kgori

ljtlrprgsls gj _rg Cbjab sniws tnbt wngcl kijtncy bvlrbml rlturjs eir elkbcl iwjlrs

wbs zlri ir jlmbtgvl, kirl tnbj 06 plroljt ie wiklj stgcc lbrjl` klbj rlturjs ie plroljt boriss tnl sbkpcl (Dlrtrbj`, Abrcbj,

Kuccbgjbtnbj, bj` itnlrs 466


58/82


Dix 0.2. Mlj`lr-Dbsl` @geelrljols gj tnl Tlturjs ti Obpgtbc

B rloljt lxplrgkljt bkijmst _rg Cbjabj kgori ljtlrprgsls eiuj` `rbkbtgobccy `geelrljt rlturjs

dy mlj`lr. ]ngcl tnl bvlrbml kbcl egrk iwjlr ljhiys rlturjs gj lxolss ie 7 plroljt b kijtn,tnl bvlrbml rlturjs eir elkbcl iwjlrs brl zlri ir lvlj jlmbtgvl. Pngs, ie oiursl, gs gjsueegogljtti oivlr tnl rlcbtgvlcy ngmn oists ie kgori cibjs. Bs jitl` dy tnl butnirs ie tnl stu`y, tngsgj`gobtls tnbt plrkbjljtcy rbgsgjm tnl gjoikl ie wiklj tnbt ruj kgori ljtlrprgsls kby dlkirl `geegouct tnbj rbgsgjm tnl gjoikl ie klj gj sgkgcbr oij`gtgijs.

Mlj`lr-dbsl` slotirbc slmrlmbtgij sllks ti dl tnl aly lxpcbjbtgij eir tnl cboa ie rlturjsbkijm elkbcl iwjlrs. Ciw rlturjs wlrl jit tnl rlsuct ie wiklj tbagjm tnl mrbjts iut ie tnldusgjlss bj` splj`gjm tnlk ij niuslnic` gjvlstkljts, jir tnl rlsuct ie `geelrljols gj tnlbdgcgty ie kbcl bj` elkbcl iwjlrs. Pnl stu`y summlsts tnbt pbrt ie tnl leelot gs dlobusl wikljoijoljtrbtl gj `geelrljt gjùstrgls tnbj klj. Wlt, lvlj wnlj wiklj wira gj tnl sbklgjùstrgls bs klj, tnlgr rlturjs tlj` ti dl ciwlr.

Niwlvlr, tnl zlri bvlrbml rlturj ìls jit gkpcy tnbt ji elkbcl-iwjl` ljtlrprgsls lbrj ngmn

rlturjs. Eirty plroljt ie elkbcl-iwjl` egrks lbrjl` b klbj rlturj ie < plroljt ir kirl. Pnus,tnlrl gs stgcc b sudslt ie elkbcl-iwjl` egrks tnbt mljlrbtls sueegogljt rlturjs ti oivlr tnl oist iecibjs.

_iurol8 @l Klc, KoAljzgl, bj` ]ii`ruee (466=).

Boolss ti orl`gt gs beelotl` dy mlj`lr gjlqubcgtgls gj tnl `gstrgdutgij ie priplrty

rgmnts bj` itnlr prbotgobc idstbocls, suon bs cboagjm g`ljtgegobtgij, bj` gj tnl obsl ie

gj`gmljius wiklj, cbjmubml, bj` oucturbc dbrrglrs. Kist eirkbc priplrty tgtcls

tnriumniut Cbtgj Bklrgob brl nlc` dy klj, bj` tnisl nlc` dy wiklj tlj` ti dlskbcclr tnbj kljs. Pngs cgkgts tnl bdgcgty ie wiklj ti usl priplrty tgtcls bs oiccbtlrbc

ti boolss orl`gt. Pnl mivlrjkljt nbs rloljtcy gjtriùol` b``gtgijbc klbsurls ti

ljeirol mlj`lr lqubcgty gj cbj` rlmucbrgzbtgij. Eir lxbkpcl, rurbc priplrty

iwjlrsngp tgtcls rlsuctgjm erik rlmgstrbtgij bj` cbj` `gstrgdutgij kust jiw gjocu`l

tnl jbkls ie ditn tnl nlb` ie tnl niuslnic` bj` tnl spiusl, bj` tnl wikljs jbkl

gs cgstl` egrst. Niwlvlr, ujclss tnl wiklj bj` tnl erijt plrsijjlc ie kgori-egjbjol

gjstgtutgijs uj`lrstbj` niw higjt tgtcls brl usl` bs oiccbtlrbc eir cibjs, sgkpcy b``gjm

tnl wikbjs jbkl ti b tgtcl wgcc jit gjorlbsl wikljs boolss ti orl`gt. Pnl jll` eir

gjeirkbtgij gs pbrtgoucbrcy mrbvl bkijm gj`gmljius wiklj wni nbvl clss lùobtgij.

_ikl wikljbmbgj, prlìkgjbjtcy gj`gmljius wikljlvlj cboa vbcg` jbtgijbcg`ljtgty obr`s. Egjbccy, gkpbot lvbcubtgijs ie cbj` tgtcgjm primrbks gj tnl rlmgij

summlst tnbt priplrty tgtcls brl jlolssbry dut jit bcwbys sueegogljt ti boolss orl`gt

(Dix 0.4).

Pnl pisgtgvl leelots ie b orl`gt lxpbjsgij kby rlkbgj cgkgtl` ujclss wikljs

boolss ti oikpclkljtbry rlsiurols gs gkprivl` bj` b``gtgijbc oijstrbgjts

b``rlssl`. Lbsgjm tnl oijstrbgjts bttrgdutbdcl ti kbralt gkplrelotgijs, ciw nukbj

bj` siogbc obpgtbc, bj` tnl nlbvy dur`lj ie niuslnic` onirls wiuc` nlcp ebogcgtbtl

rlsiurol kidgcgty bj` tnus ljnbjol tnl leelotgvljlss ie orl`gt lxpbjsgij.


59/82


Dix 0.4. Vriplrty bj` Cbj` Pgtcls8 Jlolssbry dut jit _ueegogljt ti Boolss Orl`gt9

Cbtgj Bklrgob nbs sllj b slrgls ie cbj` tgtcgjm primrbks gj tnl pbst `lob`ls, kbjy wgtn b

prgkbry idhlotgvl ie prikitgjm boolss ti orl`gt. ]gtn eirkbc tgtcls gj nbj`, gt wbs lxplotl` tnbtebkgcgls wiuc` mbgj boolss ti dbja orl`gt usgjm tnlgr priplrty bs oiccbtlrbc. Wlt, bvbgcbdclgkpbot lvbcubtgijs nbvl sniwj kgxl` rlsucts. Gj Brmljtgjb, lvbcubtgijs eiuj` tnbt lvlj betlrniuslnic`s mbgjl` cbj` tgtcls, itnlr rlqugrlkljts eir idtbgjgjm cibjssuon bs eirkbclkpciykljt stbtus bj` plrsijbc `ioukljtbtgijstgcc dcioal` tnlgr boolss ti orl`gt (Mbcgbjgbj` _onbrmri`say, 466


60/82


b`kgjgstrbtgijs gjtriùotgij ie b obsn trbjselr eir mrb`ls 2-< gj prgkbry soniic

(obccl` Hubjogti Vgjti) gs b egrst stlp ti ocisgjm mlj`lr bj` ltnjgo mbps gj lùobtgij.

Pnlrl kby dl b rbtgijbcl eir lxtlj`gjm tngs primrbk ti sloij`bry stu`ljts, gj ir`lr

ti gjorlbsl bttlj`bjol bj` lùobtgijbc iutoikls ie ongc`rlj, lsplogbccy gj`gmljius

mgrcs. ]ngcl tngs kby nlcp clvlc lùobtgijbc iutoikls, tnl qubcgty ie tnl lùobtgij

ieelrl` gs bjitnlr prlssgjm gssul bj` b pitljtgbc siurol ie gjlqugtgls.

]lcc-`lsgmjl` trbgjgjm primrbks obj dugc` slce-leegoboy bkijm elkbcl egrk

iwjlrs bj` gjorlbsl tnl gkpbot ie orl`gt. Vicgoy oiuc` dl bgkl` bt dugc`gjm tnl slce-

leegoboy ie iwjlrs ie skbcc bj` kgori egrks tnriumn trbgjgjm, gjocu`gjm usgjm

suoolsseuc ljtrlprljlurs ti snbrl g`lbs bj` kljtir itnlrs. Bs jitl` gj ]irc` Dbja

(466=), gjorlbsgjm tnl slce-leegoboy ie dusgjlss iwjlrs kby beelot tnlgr kitgvbtgij ti

lxpbj` b dusgjlss. Prbgjgjm obj bcsi nlcp gjorlbsl tnl gkpbot ie orl`gt dy eiousgjm ij

dugc`gjm egjbjogbc cgtlrboy bj` itnlr dusgjlss sagccs ie dirriwlrs ti put orl`gt ti kirl

leelotgvl usl. Pngs brmuls eir duj`cl` `lcgvlry ie egjbjogbc slrvgols bj` obpbogty

dugc`gjm. Ieelrgjm trbgjgjm bcijmsg`l skbcc cibjs ljnbjols loijikgo iutoikls eir

ditn elkbcl dirriwlrs bj` clj`gjm gjstgtutgijs. Pnl _lrvgogi Jbogijbc `l @lsbrricci

Vriùotgvi `lc Vlquli Vriùotir (_LJB@LVTI) bj` sudsg`gzl` cibjs erik

mivlrjkljt gs ourrljtcy `lvlcipgjm b duj`cl ie slrvgols dy ieelrgjm trbgjgjm bj`

obpbogty dugc`gjm bcijmsg`l tnl Dbjoi `l @lsbricci Vriùotgvi (D@V). Niwlvlr,

tnlsl primrbks ì jit tbrmlt wiklj splogegobccy. Pnl EGJOB primrbk gj Vlru (Dix

0.?) privg`ls bj lxbkpcl ie duj`cl` slrvgols tbrmltl` bt wiklj. Pnl Vlru primrbk

wbs bgkl` bt gkprivgjm dbsgo dusgjlss prbotgols (suon bs niw ti trlbt ocgljts) bj`

gkprivgjm tnl mii`s bj` slrvgols priùol`. Gt bcsi tbumnt wiklj niw ti usl

priegts, wnlrl ti slcc, bj` niw ti usl splogbc `gsoiujts bj` orl`gt sbcls._trljmtnljgjm wikljs eirkbc ir gjeirkbc systlks ie irmbjgzgjm, jltwiragjm,

bj` gjeirkbtgij snbrgjm gs bjitnlr wby ti drg`ml tnl obpbdgcgty mbp dltwllj klj

bj` wiklj bj` prikitl slce-leegoboy. Bctniumn tnl pitljtgbc dljlegts ie trbgjgjm

sllk idvgius, kbjy piir wiklj, lsplogbccy vlry skbcc priùolrs bj` kbralt

vljìrs, brl ujbdcl ti put tnlgr boqugrl` sagccs gjti prbotgol. _ikl rlslbronlrs nbvl

summlstl` tnbt systlks ie jltwiragjm bj` gjeirkbtgij lxonbjml kby ietlj dl kirl

vbcubdcl gjtlrvljtgijs tnbj sagccs bj` dusgjlss trbgjgjm bcijl (Kbyiux 277


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Mlj`lr gj Dicgvgbj Vriùotgij 0?

Obrr bj` Onlj (4660) jitl tnbt wngcl wiralrs gj tnl gjeirkbc loijiky wlrl ujtgc

rloljtcy oijsg`lrl` ujirmbjgzl` dy `legjgtgij, rloljt lvg`ljol summlsts tnbt tnl

gjeirkbc wiraeirol gs dlgjm irmbjgzl` dy eirkbc trb`l ujgijs, bctlrjbtgvl trb`l

ujgijs, bj` pri-cbdir JMIs. Lxbkpcls brl tnl _lce-Lkpciyl` ]ikljs Bssiogbtgij

gj Gj`gb (Dix 0.0) bj` tnl gjtlrjbtgijbc bccgbjol ie strllt vljìrs, _trlltJlt.

Oiiplrbtgvls brl bjitnlr eirk tnriumn wngon slce-lkpciyl` wiklj irmbjgzl bj`

dugc` systlks ie kutubc suppirt bj` gjeirkbtgij lxonbjml. Dicgvgbj lxbkpcls lxgst,

suon bs tnl @iklstgo ]iralrs \jgij. Pnl ricl ie suon jltwiras gj dugc`gjm

obpbdgcgtgls gj elkbcl egrk iwjlrs jll`s ti dl obrleuccy bsslssl` bj` suppirtl` wnlj

bppriprgbtl.

Gjtlrvljtgijs jll` ti tbal gjti booiujt ciobc bj` jbtgijbc prlelrljols bj` tbstls

eir bssiogbtgvl botgvgty. Ditn eious mriup `gsoussgijs bj` tnl egrk survly rlvlbc b

cboa ie trust bkijm Dicgvgbj wiklj gj tnl dljlegts ie irmbjgzgjm. ]ngcl wiragjm

wgtn itnlrs ti b``rlss suon gssuls bs kbralt boolss, sbelty, ir trbgjgjm oiuc` dl bj

bctlrjbtgvl eir sikl, jijl wlrl wgccgjm ti snbrl priùotgvl rlsiurols ir bsslts ge gt

klbjt eirlmigjm ippirtujgtgls ti lxpbj` tnlgr dusgjlss. Bt tnl sbkl tgkl, tnl

mivlrjkljts ricl gj eikljtgjm suon bssiogbtgijs gs jit oclbr, bj` gts leelotgvljlss gj

ìgjm si gs ujoclbr. B egrst stlp wiuc` dl ti orlbtl pudcgo spbols gj wngon slce-

lkpciyl` wiklj obj kllt ti lxonbjml g`lbs bj` clbrj erik lbon itnlrs

lxplrgljols, ge pissgdcl, dy tlbkgjm up wgtn ciobc ir gjtlrjbtgijbc JMIs.

Dix 0.0. Pnl Ticl ie Dusgjlss Bssiogbtgijs gj Tbgsgjm tnl_lce-Leegoboy ie _lce-Lkpciyl` ]iklj

Pnl _lce-Lkpciyl` ]ikljs Bssiogbtgij (_L]B) gj Gj`gb gs b prgkl lxbkpcl ie tnl suoolsseucirmbjgzbtgij ie slce-lkpciyl` wiklj. Eiuj`l` dy b trb`l ujgij irmbjgzlr gj 27=4 bs b ujgijie wiklj wiralrs gj tnl gjeirkbc loijiky, _L]B nb` ti splj` ivlr 4 ylbrs ti dl rlmgstlrl`bs b trb`l ujgij, ivlr 26 ylbrs ti dl rloimjgzl` dy sikl ie tnl Gjtlrjbtgijbc Prb`l_lorltbrgbts, ivlr 46 ylbrs ti dl gjvgtl` ti higj tnl Jbtgijbc Cbdir Oijmrlss ie Gj`gb, bj` ?6ylbrs ti dl gjvgtl` ti dl bj ieegogbc klkdlr ie tnl wiralr `lclmbtgij erik Gj`gb ti tnlGjtlrjbtgijbc Cbdir Oijelrljol. Gj trygjm ti mbgj ieegogbc rloimjgtgij wgtngj tnl gjtlrjbtgijbc cbdirkivlkljt, _L]B nbs slrvl` bs b wirc`wg`l gjspgrbtgij eir tnl wikljs kivlkljt, tnl kgori-egjbjol kivlkljt, bj` b mriwgjm kivlkljt ie gjeirkbc wiralrs bj` priùolrs.

Gj @urdbj, _iutn Bergob, tnl _lce-Lkpciyl` ]ikljs \jgij (_L]\) nbs botgvlcy eirol`primrlssgvl bj` mlj`lr-sljsgtgvl klbsurls ij tnl ogtys picgogls tiwbr` tnl gjeirkbc loijiky._L]\ eiousls ij lkpiwlrgjm gts klkdlrs, bj` erlquljt wirasnips brl `lsgmjl` ti dugc`jlolssbry sagccs, suon bs onbgrgjm klltgjms, jlmitgbtgjm, rlsicvgjm oijecgots, rujjgjmirmbjgzbtgijs, bj` uj`lrstbj`gjm ciobc mivlrjkljt iplrbtgijs. Itnlr skbcclr tiwjs gj _iutnBergob nbvl lstbdcgsnl` uslr-erglj cy systlks eir rlsicvgjm oijecgots tnbt brgsl dltwllj tnl ciobcbutnirgtgls bj` gjeirkbc trb`lrs gj wngon b trb`lr wni ellcs wrijml` dy bjy kujgogpbc `logsgijobj mi ti bj bpplbcs oikkgttll ie egvl klkdlrs, ie wnik bt clbst ijl nbs ti dl b strllttrb`lr.

_iurols8 Obrr bj` Onlj (4660), Cuj` bj` _agjjlr (466?), _agjjlr (4665).


62/82


63/82

Mlj`lr gj Dicgvgbj Vriùotgij 06 plroljt ie tnl wiklj wni gjgtgbccy `g` jit wira

iutsg`l tnl niusl nb` ljtlrl` tnl wira eirol (Dix 0.7).

Mivlrjkljts tnriumniut Cbtgj Bklrgob brl gkpclkljtgjm b jlw mljlrbtgij ie

oikkujgty-dbsl` ongcòbrl primrbks, gj rlspijsl ti tnl jll` eir kirl gjocusgvl,

ciwlr oist ongcòbrl b`bptl` ti ciobc jll`s. Pnriumniut Cbtgj Bklrgob, ongcòbrl

primrbks tbrmltgjm wiragjm kitnlrs wgtn yiujmlr ongc`rlj (60 ylbrs ie bml) nbvl

sprujm up gj rloljt `lob`ls. Lxbkpcls gjocu`l tnl ]bwb ]bsgprimrbks gj Vlru bj`

Dicgvgb, Nimbrls Oikujgtbrgis `l Dgljlstbrgj Oicikdgb, bj`, kist rloljtcy, tnl Tl` tnl

Gjstbjogbs Gjebjtgcls gj Klxgoi (Dix 0.7). Pnl primrbks `geelr gj sgzl bj` soipl, ylt

tnly snbrl gkpirtbjt `lsgmj bttrgdutls, bs tnly bcc8 tbrmlt ciw-gjoikl wiragjm

kitnlrs1 eious ij oikkujgty gjvicvlkljt1 rlcy ij sikl eirk ie oi-rlspijsgdgcgty

sonlkl gj wngon tnl stbtl sudsg`gzls tnl slrvgol bj` pbrljts pby b ell `lplj`gjm ij

bdgcgty1 bj` trbgj obrlmgvlrs gj nlbctn, jutrgtgij, bj` nymgljl, bs wlcc bs gj psyoni-

pl`bmimgobc botgvgtgls bj` lbrcy ongc` `lvlcipkljt stgkucbtgij.

Pnl ourrljt privgsgij, bj` pcbjjl` lxpbjsgij, ie ongcòbrl slrvgols sniuc` dl

bsslssl` wgtn rlmbr` ti wnltnlr gt rlspij`s ti tnl jll`s ie wiragjm wiklj,

lsplogbccy tnisl erik ciw-gjoikl niuslnic`s. Pnl mivlrjkljt bj` gjtlrjbtgijbc

JMIs nbvl iplrbtl` wgtn `geelrljt typls ie oikkujgty-dbsl` ongcòbrl gj Dicgvgb

(l.m., \JGOLEs ]bwb ]bsg bj` tnl mivlrjkljts Vriyloti Gjtlmrbc `l @lsbrricci

Gjebjtgc primrbk). Mgvlj tnlsl primrbks eious ij lbrcy ongc` `lvlcipkljt, tnl

gkpbot ij pbrljts loijikgo botgvgty, lsplogbccy ij wiragjm kitnlrs, gs jit wlcc

ìoukljtl`.

Dix 0.> Ongcòbrl gj Mubtlkbcb Ogty

Gj piir urdbj jlgmndirnii`s ie Mubtlkbcb Ogty, egj`gjm beeir`bdcl ongcòbrl gs b onbccljml,lsplogbccy sgjol kbjy piir kitnlrs brl kgmrbjts wni cgvl bwby erik tnlgr lxtlj`l` ebkgcy bj`nbvl clss boolss ti gjeirkbc bctlrjbtgvl obrlmgvlrs.

Gj Mubtlkbcb, tnl primrbk Nimbrls Oikujgtbrgis, b mivlrjkljt-spijsirl` by-obrl primrbk,suppirts wiragjm pbrljts bj`, gj pbrtgoucbr, kitnlrs wni brl prgkl gjoikl lbrjlrs. Pnlprimrbk wbs slt up ti dljlegt twi mriups ie wiklj8

Kitnlrs ie ljriccl` ongc`rlj. Pnlsl brl kistcy yiujm wiragjm kitnlrs, kbjy sgjmcl. Pnly

dlobkl kirl cgalcy ti dl ljmbml` gj eirkbc stbdcl lkpciykljt, pissgdcy b rlsuct ie nbvgjmslourl` rlcgbdcl bj` beeir`bdcl ongcòbrl eir lxtlj`l` niurs. Pnly bcsi rlbcgzl ngmnlr wbmlsbj` b cbrmlr jukdlr ie lkpciykljt dljlegts tnbj wiragjm kitnlrs usgjm bctlrjbtgvl ongcòbrlbrrbjmlkljts.

Obrltbalrs brl kitnlrs tnlkslcvls. Pnlsl brl ic`lr, clss lùobtl` wiklj wgtn kirl cgkgtl`pissgdgcgtgls ti wira iutsg`l tnl nikl. Pnly dljlegtl` tnriumn lbrjgjm sikl (bcdlgt ciw) gjoikl.

Bctniumn tnl ongcòbrl ieelrl` uj`lr tnl primrbk wbs tnl onlbplst bctlrjbtgvl gj tnl brlbs gjwngon gt iplrbtl`, gt wbs usl` dy ijcy 0 plroljt ie lcgmgdcl niuslnic`s. Pnl lvbcubtgij stbtlstnbt tngs wbs ùl kbgjcy ti cgkgtl` suppcy. Pnl primrbk wbs bcsi eiuj` ti gkprivl eii` slourgtybj` jutrgtgij tnriumn obsn trbjselrs ti obrltbalr kitnlrs eir eii`.

_iurol8Nbcckbj lt bc 466?.


66/82

0> ]irc` Dbja Oiujtry _tu`y

Dix 0.7. Tl` `l Lstbjogbs Gjebjtgcls8 B Jlw Jltwira ie @by-Obrl Oljtlrs gj Klxgoi

Gj Hbjubry 466=, Klxgoi lstbdcgsnl` tnl Tl` `l Gjstbjogbs Gjebjtgcls, b jltwira ie `by-obrloljtlrs tbrmltgjm bt rgsa ongc`rlj bmls 20 wnisl kitnlrs ir sgjmcl ebtnlrs brl ourrljtcywiragjm, ciiagjm ti wira, ir stu`ygjm. Gj tnl jltwiras egrst ylbr ie iplrbtgij, 7= plroljt iedljlegogbrgls wlrl wiklj.

Pnl oi-rlspijsgdgcgty euj`gjm sonlkltnbt tnl primrbk nbs `lvlcipl` gs dbsl` ij sudsg`glseir ditn privg`lrs bj` uslrs, wngcl niuslnic`s bcsi pby privg`lrs b ell8

Nlb`s ie niuslnic`s rlolgvl b sudsg`y ie up ti $50 plr ongc`, `lplj`gjm ij niuslnic`gjoikl.

Nlb`s ie niuslnic` tnlj pby b ell ti tnl privg`lr ie tnl `by-obrl slrvgols. Pnl ell vbrglswgtn tnl sudsg`y rlolgvl` (cbrmlr tnl skbcclr tnl sudsg`y).

Gj`gvgùbcs ir bssiogbtgijs wni wgsn ti orlbtl b `by-obrl oljtlr brl privg`l` b sudsg`y ieup ti $?,466 ti prlpbrl bj` lqugp tnl pcbol gj wngon tnly wgcc privg`l ongcòbrl. Gj`gvgùbcs

ir bssiogbtgijs bcrlb`y gj onbrml ie `by-obrl oljtlrs bj` wni wbjt ti higj tnl jltwirarlolgvl b sudsg`y ie up ti $2,?=< ti nlcp tnlk ljsurl tnbt tnlgr ebogcgty kllts lstbdcgsnl`stbj`br`s.

Gj _lptlkdlr 466=, 2,666 dljlegogbrgls bj` jlbrcy ?66 `by-obrl oljtlrs wlrl survlyl`. Pnlrlsucts gj`gobtl pitljtgbccy gkpirtbjt gkpbots ie tnl primrbk gj tlrks ie ebogcgtbtgjm tnlloijikgo pbrtgogpbtgij ie wiklj8

]nlj tnl by-obrl oljtlrs ipljl` gj Hbjubry 466=, 47 plroljt ie tnl dljlegogbrgls `g` jitwira. Jgjl kijtns cbtlr, =7 plroljt ie tnisl wni wlrl jit wiragjm nb` ljtlrl` tnl wiraeirol.

Dy _lptlkdlr 466=, ijl-eiurtn ie tnl dljlegogbrgls rlpirtl` dlgjm gj tnlgr egrst hid, bj , ietnlsl, =< plroljt stbtl` tnbt tnl cboa ie ongcòbrl nb` prlvgiuscy prlvljtl` tnlk erik

wiragjm. Gj titbc, 72 plroljt ie dljlegogbrgls wira, 4 plroljt brl stu`ygjm, bj` tnl rlkbgj`lr gsciiagjm eir hids. Bckist 2< plroljt wlrl slce-lkpciyl` bj` ivlr =6 plroljt wlrl ljmbml`gj eirkbc lkpciykljt.

@urgjm 466=, tnl Tl` `l Lstbjogbs Gjebjtgcls orlbtl`


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(oikkujgty-dbsl` vlrsus gjstgtutgijbc), oijtrgdutgij sonlkls (pudcgocy sudsg`gzl`

vlrsus prgvbtlcy euj`l`), bj` iplrbtgijbc splogegos (niurs ie iplrbtgijs bj`

ciobtgij). ]ngcl rlmgijbc clssijs ij primrbk `lsgmj rlkbgj lcusgvl, Luriplbj

lxplrgljol summlsts tnbt tnl kirl eclxgdcl tnl ongc` obrl slrvgols, gj pbrtgoucbr gj

tlrks ie niurs, tnl lbsglr gt gs eir wiklj ti dbcbjol kitnlrnii` bj` wira (Ulmbs

bj` itnlrs 4665). Eurtnlrkirl, strgot qubcgty oijtric oiupcl` wgtn gjeirkbtgij

obkpbgmjs ij tnl dljlegogbc leelots ie ngmn-qubcgty ongcòbrl ij b ongc`s `lvlcipkljt

obj nlcp bcclvgbtl pbrljts oijolrjs bdiut clbvgjm ongc`rlj gj `by obrl. Nbr`lr ti

oikdbt brl oucturbc bttgtu`ls tnbt oij`lkj wiklj eir wiragjm iutsg`l tnl nikl

wnlj ongc`rlj brl yiujm.

Vicgogls tnbt eious ij prlvljtgij brl lssljtgbc eir b``rlssgjm tnl riit obusls ie

mlj`lr-dbsl` vgicljol, bjitnlr nikl-dbsl` priùotgvgty oijstrbgjt. B rloljt rlvglw

ie gjtlrvljtgijs ti oikdbt mlj`lr-dbsl` vgicljol (MDU) gj Cbtgj Bklrgob oijocu`ls

tnbt prlvljtgij gs dlst bonglvl` dy lkpiwlrgjm wiklj bj` rlùogjm mlj`lr

`gspbrgtgls, bj` dy onbjmgjm jirks bj` bttgtu`ls tnbt eistlr vgicljol (Kirrgsij bj`

itnlrs 4660). Vrlvljtgvl picgogls rbjml erik oikkujgty kidgcgzbtgij bj` kbss

kl`gb obkpbgmjs ti onbjml bttgtu`ls bj` dlnbvgirs, ti soniic-dbsl` primrbks

eiousl` ij onbjmgjm kbcl mlj`lr jirks bj` trbgjgjm ie cbw ljeirolkljt plrsijjlc

bdiut MDU-rlcbtl` clmbc rleirks bj` tnl drib`lr gkpcgobtgijs ie MDU. Pi ljsurl tnl

oinlrljol ie suon kuctg-slotirbc bppribonls, bcc gjtlrvljtgijs, dl tnly prlvljtgvl ir

tbrmltl` ti bssgst vgotgks (l.m., snlctlrs bj` suppirt mriups), brl dlst oiir`gjbtl`

uj`lr b jbtgijbc pcbj. Cbtgj Bklrgobs lxplrgljol sniws tnbt b hustgol systlk

sljsgtgzl` ti MDU gssuls, bj` rlgjeirol` dy jlw cbws ij wikljs rgmnts, obj bot

piwlreuccy bs bmljts ie prlvljtgij, lsplogbccy wnlj ljeirolkljt ie jlw cbws gspudcgogzl` (Kirrgsij bj` itnlrs 4660).

B``rlssgjm Mlj`lr-Dbsl` Iooupbtgijbc _lmrlmbtgij

Pnl cijm-tlrk mibc ie picgogls ti b``rlss tnl oijoljtrbtgij ie wiklj gj ciw-

priùotgvgty, gjeirkbc lkpciykljt gs ti kbal wikljs slotir bj` iooupbtgijbc

onigol trucy vicujtbry. ]ngcl sikl iooupbtgijbc slmrlmbtgij rleclots wikljs

prlelrljols eir olrtbgj slotirs bj` iooupbtgijs, tnlsl bcijl objjit lxpcbgj wny tnl

vbst kbhirgty ie Dicgvgbj wiklj oijoljtrbtl gj ciw-pbygjm, ciw-priùotgvgty hids.

Gjtlrvljtgijs ti eistlr elkbcl cbdir eirol pbrtgogpbtgijb``rlssgjm mlj`lr mbps gj

lùobtgij, privg`gjm nlbctn obrl, rleirkgjm cbdir cbws tnbt orlbtl `gsgjoljtgvls eir

ngrgjm wikljbrl bcc aly ti rlùogjm gjvicujtbry iooupbtgijbc slmrlmbtgij. _gjol

iooupbtgijbc slmrlmbtgij gs kirl prijiujol` bkijm piircy lùobtl` wiklj,

picgogls jll` ti tbrmlt tnlsl wiklj.

B``gtgijbccy, kirl botgvgst picgogls brl jll`l` ti b``rlss mlj`lr stlrlitypls

(@lutson bj` itnlrs 466


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< plroljt) brl wiklj (_glrrb bj` Obccl 4665). Gj kbjy

obsls, tngs primrbk nbs mgvlj wiklj tnlgr egrst-lvlr eirkbc hid wgtn b sbcbry. ]iklj

wgtn lxplrgljol erik VCBJL nbvl sgjol mijl ij ti wira gj skbcc kujgogpbc

oijstruotgij ir kbgjtljbjol prihlots. Bs b vbcubdcl sg`l-leelot, wiklj bcsi clbrj ti

slt up `by-obrl ebogcgtgls eir tnlgr ongc`rlj bj` sicvl itnlr pridclks ie wiragjm

wiklj (_glrrb bj` Obccl 4665).

Jitls

2Pnl ]irc` Dbja rlpirt Vicgogls eir Gjorlbsgjm Egrks Eirkbcgty bj` Vri`uotgvgty (466=b)

privg`ls b ltbgcl` gsoussgij ie suon klbsurls.4Eir b rlvglw ie tngs cgtlrbturl, sll _onuctz (4664).

?Vicgogls eir Gjorlbsgjm Egrks Eirkbcgty bj` Vri`uotgvgty(]irc` Dbja 466=b).


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46, ]bsngjmtij @O8

]irc` Dbja.

Dbj`i, T., C. E. Ciplz-Obcvb, bj` N. B. Vbtrgjis. 466=. ]irc` Dbja, ]bsngjmtij, @O.

Dlrtrbj`, K., @. Abrcbj, _. Kuccbgjbtnbj, L. _nbegr, bj` H. Xgjkbj. 466. Loijikgo Mriwtn Oljtlr, Wbcl \jgvlrsgty.Diuonlr, _., D. Dbrnbk, bj` K. Obrtlr. 466=. Brl Cbj` Pgtcls tnl Oijstrbgjt ti

Ljnbjol Bmrgoucturbc Vlreirkbjol9 \jpudcgsnl`.

Drbvi, T., bj` @. Xbpbtb. 466


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Mlj`lr gj Dicgvgbj Vriùotgij . ]irc` Dbja,

]bsngjmtij, @O.

Kirrgsij, B., K. D. Ircbjì, bj` M. Vgzzicgtti. Eirtnoikgjm. Pnl Gkpbot ie Gjtgkbtl

Vbrtjlr Ugicljol bmbgjst ]iklj gj Vlru8 Lstgkbtls usgjm Kbtongjm

Plonjgquls. ]irc` Dbja, ]bsngjmtij, @O.

Jb`vg, A., bj` _. Dbrrgljtis. 4660. Gjùstrgbc Ocustlrs bj` Vivlrty Tlùotgij8

Piwbr`s b Kltniìcimy eir Vivlrty bj` _iogbc Gkpbot Bsslsskljt ie Ocustlr

@lvlcipkljt Gjgtgbtgvls. Ugljjb, Bustrgb8 \JG@I.


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(?)8

527?=.

Vbtrgjis, N.B., L. _aiuegbs, bj` P. Cuj`l, 466=. Gj`gmljius Vlipcls gj Cbtgj

Bklrgob8 Loijikgo Ippirtujgty bj` _iogbc Jltwiras. ]irc` Dbja Vicgoy

Tlslbron Vbplr 044=. ]irc` Dbja, ]bsngjmtij, @O.

Vljb-Vbrmb, ^., bj` B. Mcbsskbj. 4660. @lkbj` Eir Ongc` Obrl bj` Elkbcl

Lkpciykljt gj Oicikdgb. @ioukljtis Ol`l 66445=, \jgvlrsg`b` @l Cis

Bj`ls-Ol`l.

Vlrry, Mugcclrki lt bc. 466=. Gjeirkbcgty8 Lxgt bj` Lxocusgij, ]bsngjmtij @O8 ]irc`

Dbja.

Vgtt, K., bj` _. Anbjàlr. 277>. Pnl Gkpbot ie Mriup-Dbsl` Orl`gt Vrimrbks ij

Viir Niuslnic`s gj Dbjmcb`lsn8 @ils tnl Mlj`lr ie Vbrtgogpbjts Kbttlr9

Hiurjbc ie Vicgtgobc Loijiky265.

Vrimrbkb Jbogijbc Ugicljogb y Mljlri. 4660. Vrlvljogj y Btljogj `l Ugicljogbs8

Vcbj Jbogijbc 4660466=. Cb Vbz, Dicgvgb8 Kgjgstlrgi `l _bcu` y @lpirtl.

Tlèlrj, B., bj` V. _jlàlr. 4664. Orlbtgjm Kbralt Ippirtujgtgls eir _kbcc

Ljtlrprgsls8 Lxplrgljols ie tnl Ebgr Prb`l Kivlkljt. Mljlvb8 GCI.

Tgdlri, T. 466?. Mlj`lr @gkljsgijs ie Jij-eirkbc Lkpciykljt gj Oicikdgb.

@ioukljti OL@L 46646?.

Timlrsij, O. 4660. Vri-Viir Ciobc Loijikgo @lvlcipkljt gj Vist-Bpbrtnlg` _iutn

Bergob, tnl Hinbjjlsdurm Ebsngij @gstrgot. Gjtlrjbtgijbc @lvlcipkljt Vicgoy

Tlvglw45(0).

_onuctz, P. V. 4660. _oniic _udsg`gls eir tnl Viir8 Lvbcubtgjm tnl Klxgobj VrimrlsbVivlrty Vrimrbk.Hiurjbc ie @lvlcipkljt Loijikgos=0(2).

. 4664. ]ny Mivlrjkljts _niuc` Gjvlst Kirl ti Lùobtl Mgrcs. ]irc`

@lvlcipkljt?6(4).

_glrrb, M., bj` G. Obccl. 4665. Lstu`gi sidrl cis Lelotis `l cis Vrimrbkbs `l Lkpcli

`l Lklrmljogb lj cbs Oij`gogijls `l cbs Kuhlrls Vbrtgogpbjtls8 Cloogijls

bprlj`g`b`s y ipogijls pbrb cb rl-gjslrogj bc klrobì cbdirbc. Oiiplrbogj

Pojgob Dlcmb, Cb Vbz, Kbrzi.

_agjjlr, O. 4665. Pnl Gjeirkbc _lotir gj _iutn Bergob8 Prlj`s bj` Vicgoy

Onbccljmls. Vrlsljtbtgij mgvlj bt tnl lPnlawgjg Gjeirkbc Loijiky

Oijelrljol, Jivlkdlr 7, 4665._aiuegbs, L., bj` _. Vbralr. 4662. Oij`gtgijbc Obsn Prbjselrs bj` tnlgr Gkpbot ij

Ongc` ]ira bj` _oniic Ljricckljt8 Lvg`ljol erik tnl Vrimrlsb Vrimrbk gj

Klxgoi. Loijikgb4(2).

_tlpnlj, C. 466


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Mlj`lr gj Dicgvgbj Vri`uotgij


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Bpplj`gx 0. Gjtlrlst Tbtls eir Kgoriorl`gt Gjstgtutgijs gj Cbtgj Bklrgob(Hujl 466


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Gjorlbsgjm Eirkbcgty bj` Vri`uotgvgty ie Dicgvgbj Egrks 52

Bpplj`gx


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Loi-Bu`gt

Ljvgrijkljtbc Dljlegts _tbtlkljtPnl ]irc` Dbja gs oikkgttl` ti prlslrvgjm Lj`bjmlrl` Eirlsts bj` jbturbc rlsiurols.

]l prgjt ]irc` Dbja ]iragjm Vbplrs bj` Oiujtry _tu`gls ij pistoijsuklr rloyocl`

pbplr, priolssl` oncirgjl erll. Pnl ]irc` Dbja nbs eirkbccy bmrll` ti eicciw tnl

rloikklj`l` stbj`br`s eir pbplr usbml slt dy Mrllj Vrlss Gjgtgbtgvlb jijpriegt

primrbk suppirtgjm pudcgsnlrs gj usgjm egdlr tnbt gs jit siurol` erik Lj`bjmlrl`

Eirlsts. Eir kirl gjeirkbtgij, vgsgt www.mrlljprlssgjgtgbtgvl.irm.

Gj 466>, tnl prgjtgjm ie tnlsl diias ij rloyocl` pbplr sbvl` tnl eicciwgjm8

Prlls* _icg` ]bstl ]btlrJlt Mrlljniusl

MbslsPitbc Ljlrmy

?


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Mlj`lr gj Dicgvgbj Vriùotgij8 Tlùogjm @geelrljols gj Eirkbcgtybj` Vriùotgvgty ie Egrks gs pbrt ie tnl ]irc` Dbja Oiujtry _tu`yslrgls. Pnlsl rlpirts brl pudcgsnl` wgtn tnl bpprivbc ie tnl sudhlotmivlrjkljt ti oikkujgobtl tnl rlsucts ie tnl Dbjas wira ij tnlloijikgo bj` rlcbtl` oij`gtgijs ie klkdlr oiujtrgls timivlrjkljts bj` ti tnl `lvlcipkljt oikkujgty.

Dicgvgbs gjeirkbc loijikgo slotir gs tnl cbrmlst gj Cbtgj Bklrgob,bj` wiklj-iwjl` dusgjlssls tlj` ti dl ivlrrlprlsljtl` gj tnlgjeirkbc slotir bj` ti dl clss priegtbdcl tnbj egrks gj tnl eirkbc slo-tir. Pngs stu`y sllas ti dlttlr uj`lrstbj` mlj`lr-dbsl` `geelrljolsgj egrks tlj`ljogls tiwbr` eirkbcgty, tnl gkpbot ie eirkbcgty ijpriegts, bj` tnl priùotgvgty ie skbcc gjeirkbc egrks. \sgjm btb erik

egrk survlys, jbtgijbc niuslnic` survlys, bj` qubcgtbtgvl `btb erikeious mriups, tnl stu`y oijùots b mlj`lr bjbcysgs ie eirkbcgty bj`priùotgvgty gj sgx `geelrljt slotirs gj Dicgvgb. Pnl egj`gjms snl` jlwcgmnt ij niw mlj`lr-dbsl` `geelrljols oijtrgdutl ti b egrks `log-sgij ti dloikl eirkbc bj` tnl oijslquljols ie tngs `logsgij eirpriegtbdgcgty. Pnl iutoikls ie tnl stu`y summlst tnbt picgogls sniucèious ij gjorlbsgjm tnl priùotgvgty bj` sobcl ie wiklj-iwjl`dusgjlssls. Pwi mljlrbc prgirgtgls lklrml8 prikitgjm wikljsboolss ti priùotgvl bsslts ti ebogcgtbtl mriwtn bj` priùotgvgtybj` privg`gjm bj ljbdcgjm ljvgrijkljt eir wikljs ljtrlprljlur-sngp dy lxpbj`gjm wikljs onigols bj` obpbogty ti rlspij` tikbralt ippirtujgtgls.

]irc` Dbja Oiujtry _tu`gls brl bvbgcbdcl gj`gvgùbccy ir ij stbj-`gjm ir`lr. Pngs ]irc` Dbja Oiujtry _tu`y slrgls gs bcsi bvbgcbdcldy sudsorgptgij ti tnl ]irc` Dbja l-Cgdrbry (www.wirc`dbja.irm/jlwlcgdrbry).

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