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HINDE HOUSE ACADEMY
GCSE GEOGRAPHY
WORK BOOK AND REVISION GUIDE
NAME:
CLASS TEACHER:
TARGET GRADE:
About this revision guide:
1. It contains only a SELECTION of topics that need to be covered ready for your exams
2. You must also attend Geography revision sessions
3. You can buy extra revision materials on the Eduqas WJEC Geography B website
4. You must also use all your old books, folders and personal revision notes
5. All lesson resources are on the VLE for you to access in school or at home
6. Make sure your attendance is as close to 100% as possible to access further learning,
revision and advice from Geography teachers and in lessons
7. This guide is designed to support exam 1, exam 2 and part of exam 3. The other part of
exam 3 is about your own fieldwork experience of which you should refer back to your
own classwork completed around the 2 field trips
How do these factors compare to The UK?
Can you think of more?
Urbanisation can cause problems such as transport congestion, lack of sufficient
housing, over-rapid growth and environmental degradation. Many cities
display particularly sharp inequalities in housing provision, health and
employment.
Some people try to escape these problems by moving away from the city - a process called counter-urbanisation. Long term, however, the solution must be to make cities more sustainable.
Causes of urbanisation
Urbanisation means an increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas compared to rural areas. An urban area is a built-up area such as a town or city. A rural area is an area of countryside.
As a country industrialises, the number of people living in urban areas tends to increase. The UK and many other HICs urbanised during the 18th and 19th centuries. People migrated from rural areas (due to the mechanisation in farming) to urban areas where there was employment in the new factories. The area of cities known as the inner city developed during this time as rows of terraced housing were built for workers.
Today the UK is a mostly urban society, with 90 per cent of the population living in towns or cities.
On a global scale, urbanisation is taking place rapidly, particularly in LICs.
Although the UK is an urban society, more and more people are choosing to live on the edge of urban areas - with many relocating to the countryside. This is called counter-urbanisation.
There are many stakeholders involved with urbanisation and counter urbanisation. Can you explain why groups have very different views?
Problems of urbanisation in the CBD - traffic congestion
Traffic jam on the M6 motorway
As more people move to the edge of towns and cities, traffic congestion may get worse. Many people will drive their cars into the city centre to get to work.
It is compounded by people being brought into city on large roads or motorways. These roads then link up with smaller, older, narrower roads in the city centre. This causes a bottleneck and congestion.
Some cities have tried to manage this problem by introducing traffic management schemes. These schemes may include:
park and ride schemes cycle lanes congestion charging schemes, such as those in Durham and London car-pooling, as used in the USA, to encourage people to share cars Low Emission Zones, as in London
Local councils have also tried to make the roads in urban areas safer by introducing traffic calming, pedestrian zones, vehicle-exclusion zones and permit-only parking schemes.
Reducing congestion in cities
Park and Ride scheme operating in Plymouth
The introduction of Park and Ride schemes. People park in car parks on the edge of a settlement and catch regular buses into the centre. POSITIVES/NEGATIVES:
Pedestrianised areas are designated as 'pedestrian only' zones. POSITIVES/NEGATIVES:
Permit holder parking in Westminster
Permit holder parking - certain parts of the city, particularly near the centre, are designated as permit parking only. This means that people must have a permit to park in that area. POSITIVES/NEGATIVES:
Vehicle exclusion sign
Vehicle exclusion zones - certain types of vehicles are excluded from certain parts of a city, eg large vehicles may not be allowed to enter narrow roads or residential areas. POSITIVES/NEGATIVES:
Taxi cabs on a New York street
Car pooling - people are encouraged to share cars. This has been used in a lot in the USA. POSITIVES/NEGATIVES:
Speed bump in a residential area in London
Traffic calming - roads narrowing and speed bumps make traffic move slower around narrower streets. Narrow roads may restrict the type of vehicle that can enter certain parts of the city. POSITIVES/NEGATIVES:
Brownfield and Greenfield sites The UK is short of suitable housing. Approximately 3 million new homes are needed by 2030. They need to be built somewhere. The options are using Brownfield sites or Greenfield sites.
Brownfield sites
A derelict industrial pottery site, due to be redeveloped Are often on disused or derelict land. Are more available in the North and Midlands (but most housing demand is in the south east). Are valuable as existing buildings can be split up into more homes on any one site.
The site has already been developed so reduces urban sprawl. Use unsightly areas for building developments, so improves the urban
environment. Are found in urban areas, so building housing there reduces demand on car use. Are more expensive to build on as often the land needs to be cleared first
(especially if land is contaminated from previous industrial use).
Greenfield sites
A residential housing development at Priors Park, Tewkesbury, Gloucester.
Are sites which have not previously been built on. This includes the greenbelt land around cities. Are cheaper to build on. Are not favoured by environmentalists, as it encourages urban sprawl. will mean that countryside is built on.
Encourage commuting and traffic congestion as people travel into urban areas from the countryside
Sustainable cities
Many people are working towards trying to make cities more sustainable. A sustainable city offers a good quality of life to current residents but doesn't reduce the opportunities for future residents to enjoy.
Changes at the urban rural fringe
Demand for housing
'For Sale' signs outside a house
Social and demographic changes are leading to a greater demand for housing. People are living longer, and choosing to marry later, and in recent years there has been a rise in the number of single-parent families. Added to this, the UK is experiencing immigration from other countries, for example from Eastern Europe, as countries like Poland are now members of the EU. The result is an ever-larger number of smaller households, all requiring accommodation.
However, building new, affordable homes in urban areas is difficult. Land values are very high and land is in short supply.
Out of town retail centres
Regional shopping centres, such as Cribbs Causeway near Bristol, are often built on land in the urban rural fringe. Their location allows easy access to transport routes. There is also room for car parking. The land is cheaper here than in the city centre.
Hotels, conference centres and science parks
Modern technology gives firms a freer choice of location. Hi-tech industries, located in science parks, are attracted by good transport links. The areas can offer pleasant landscaped environments, with less traffic problems and pollution.
Sewage works and landfill
Urban centres cannot dispose or treat their own waste as the land is limited. Therefore, space is used outside of urban area.
Key features of a sustainable city
Resources and services in the city are accessible to all Public transport is seen as a viable alternative to cars Public transport is safe and reliable Walking and cycling is safe Areas of open space are safe, accessible and enjoyable Wherever possible, renewable resources are used instead of non-renewable
resources Waste is seen as a resource and is recycled wherever possible New homes are energy efficient There is access to affordable housing Community links are strong and communities work together to deal with issues
such as crime and security Cultural and social amenities are accessible to all Inward investment is made to the CBD
A sustainable city will grow at a sustainable rate and use resources in a sustainable way.
Are ecotowns and housing developments like BedZED sustainable?
Why do some groups disagree?
Explain solutions to the housing crisis:
The issues above are all contribute to a housing crisis, can you think of more
factors that add to the crisis and are not sustainable?
Grade 2 - 3
Grade 4 - 6
Grade 7 - 9
CBD – central business
district
Why do you think that
many cities follow the
Burgess Model?
How do you think Quality of Life and Standard of Living differ through the
different zones of the Burgess Model?
We are interested in how access to services varies for
people depending on where they live. This is known as
service provision.
EXAMPLE MEADOWHALL - Sheffield
Meadowhall shopping centre is a large out-of-town shopping centre that has been developed on the outskirts of Sheffield. It was built in the late 1980s as a response to the lack of shopping provision in the area. It was constructed on a brownfield site (56 hectare site of a former steelworks).
Access to the shopping centre is excellent and it is close to several large urban areas with 9 million people living within an hours drive of the centre (see map opposite).
Can you
complete the
diagram?
Think about
access,
competition,
services.
Why this location?
plenty of space for expansion and for providing large free car parks
rates and rents are lower than in the city centre (shops can be bigger) - i.e. cheaper land on edge of Sheffield
near to suburban housing (provides a labor force) near a number of motorway intersections (nearly M1/A roads) -
great accessibility and access to large sphere of influence old brownfield site (was a steelworks) with plenty of room for
expansion if required
The main characteristics of the shopping centre:
bright and modern with many different facilities, including a leisure centre, cinema, creche and other attractions for children;
a large variety of shops; large, free car parts (12,000 spaces!) provides under-cover shopping (not restricted by weather and
shoppers, shop in the comfort of an air-conditioned complex) supertram link with the city centre; two new railways stations built
The Impact of Meadowhall on Sheffield?
The building of Meadowhall has had an impact on Sheffield City Centre,
as many shops have moved out and takings have been down for some
shops by as much as 25%.
Rural Change and Planning Issues
How and why are rural areas changing?
Urban and rural are at different ends of a sliding scale known as the rural-urban continuum. The rural regions of Europe fall indifferent places on this continuum. Some are relatively accessible to large cities while others are extremely remote. Kent and Cambridgeshire in England, for
example, contain many villages and small rural towns. But these rural communities are close to major transport routes, allowing them to access to work, shops, education and entertainment available in London. The population of accessible rural areas such as this is growing. This process is known as counter-urbanisation. It is not possible to commute easily from the more remote regions of Europe. In some of these regions rural depopulation is occurring, as people leave the countryside to seek work in the city. As more people move into remote areas they lose their traditional economy. Farming and producing food is less important and it has now switched to providing leisure opportunities and a better quality of life. People move to countryside as it is quiet and with advent of the internet people can telework. This means they can work in rural areas and use the internet to communicate with the offices in urban areas. Farmers instead of just farming for money they have holiday cottages to rent to tourists or creating mazes made from maize (diversify). People can get to rural areas due to better transport links. Many families have more than one car and people can get to rural areas very quickly. Road access has become much better. People’s incomes have risen over the last 50 years so have more income which allows them to visit rural areas. People also have more leisure and holiday time (most jobs give you 6 weeks) so people have more time to visit rural areas.
What issues and conflict can arise from the use of this land?
Affordable homes and second homes: rural areas are very popular with house buyers. This pushes the prices up and there is a lack of affordable housing for local people. As a result rural workers have to move. Wealthy tourists often buy second homes, which also puts up
house prices and reduces the amount of housing available for local people. Footpath erosion: As more people use the countryside and walk on it they will erode footpaths. This erosion is not equal and the paths can be rutted which can make them unusable for the future. Noise and traffic congestion: with so many visitors noise and litter are unavoidable. In areas which are very popular with tourists (honey pot sites) often roads are not designed to cope with the volume of traffic.
What issues/conflict arises from use of rural land?
Second homes –
Footpath erosion –
Traffic congestion -
Case study 6 - Conflict in the Lake District
Case study from specification: A case study of conflict at the local scale related to the opportunities for leisure use of a rural
environment and ways in which management attempts to balance change and sustainability. Pressure on Rural Areas – The Lake District, North West England Why do people visit the Lake District for leisure?
Outdoor activities – walking, climbing, cycling, caving, fishing.
Educational trips.
Visit honey-pot villages such as Ambleside
Sightseeing. What else is the rural areas of the UK being used for?
Land fill sites – increased population = more waste
Alternative energy – wind farms
Second home ownership Conflicts that arise from tourists visiting places like The Lake District;
Congestion on the roads from farmers, tourists and residents.
Walkers leaving gates unlocked so sheep escape.
Litter
Land fill = bad smell
Wind farms = noise and sight pollution affecting QoL and house prices
Second home ownership = issues for services (only busy at certain times of year), locals cannot afford houses, ageing population (schools shut down)
How is the Lake District managed sustainably?
The Lake District is a National Park and so it is protected from too much development by building laws.
Litter bins are provided on the streets and outside shops.
Large car park with toilets is built. This reduces on street parking and congestion.
Signs educate tourists about the area and its importance.
Encouragement for the use of public transport
How else could management be more sustainable?
• Destruction
of unique
habitat
• Visual
pollution of
landscape
QUARR
ENVIRONME
FARM
Confli
Conf
Conflict
Conflict Conflict
• Quarries are
unsightly
• Dust and noise
Confli
• The
landscape
• Loss of
privacy
• Parking
problems
• Traffic
congestion
• House prices
rise
• Many houses
empty for
LOC
• Footpath
erosion
• Mountain
bikes cause
erosion
Confli
• Unsightly
litter
• National Park
status forces
farmers to
comply with
planning
constraints
• Farmers neglect
• Dogs
‘worry’
livestock
• Tourist
traffic
disrupts
TOUR
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NT
AL
IST
S V
’S Q
UA
RR
YM
EN
SO
LU
TIO
NS
e.g
Sw
inden
Qua
rry
•Lan
dsc
apin
g
quar
ry
peri
met
er,
reduc
e
s vi
sual
pollut
io
n
•U
se o
f ra
il
tran
spor
t
reduc
es
atm
osph
eri
c
pollut
ion
•Pl
anni
ng
perm
issi
on f
or
quar
ryin
g
give
n w
ith
QU
AR
RY
ME
N V
S
TO
UR
IST
S
AN
D L
OC
AL
S S
OL
UT
ION
S
•Q
uarr
ied
rock
car
ried
in c
overe
d
truc
ks e
.g
Sw
inden
•V
ehic
les
leav
ing
quar
ry a
re w
ashed
•U
se o
f ra
il
tran
spor
t re
duc
es
atm
osph
eri
c
pollut
ion
•R
egu
lar
liai
son
meeti
ngs
wit
h loc
al
com
mun
ity
LO
CA
LS
V’S
TO
UR
IST
S
SO
LU
TIO
NS
•N
AC
R
ura
l Tr
ust
b
uild
s af
ford
able
h
ou
sin
g
•Fa
rmer
s o
pen
fi
eld
s fo
r p
arki
ng
in s
um
mer
(e
ases
co
nge
stio
n)
•R
ura
l D
evel
op
men
t C
om
mis
sio
n
FA
RM
ER
S V
’S
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NT
AL
IST
S S
OL
UT
ION
S
•E
.S.A
schem
e
s enc
oura
ge
env
iron
ment
all
y frie
ndl
y prac
tic
es
•Cou
ntry
side
TO
UR
IST
S V
’S
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NT
AL
IST
S
SO
LU
TIO
NS
•R
esu
rfac
ing
of p
aths
in
heav
ily
used
plac
es
e.g
.
Mal
ham
Cov
e
and G
ordal
e
•B
uild
ing
of s
teps
in
loca
l st
one u
p t
he
side o
f M
alham
Cov
e
•Legi
slat
ive
prot
ect
ion
for
pave
ment
s
(Lim
est
one
Pave
ment
Ord
ers
)
•H
ardco
re c
ycling
path
s bui
lt o
n
Ing
lebor
ough
Fell
•B
riti
sh
Mou
ntai
neeri
ng
T
OU
RIS
TS
V’S
FA
RM
ER
SO
LU
TIO
NS
•Im
pro
ved
w
aym
arki
ng
to
red
uce
tr
esp
ass
•K
issi
ng
gate
s re
pla
ce s
tile
s (r
edu
ce w
all
dam
age)
•C
ou
ntr
ysid
e St
ewar
dsh
ip
Sch
eme
reco
mp
ense
s fa
rme
rs f
or
incr
easi
ng
acce
ss t
o t
he
pu
blic
•D
iver
sifi
cati
on
e.
g. B
&B
allo
ws
farm
ers
to
mak
e
Can you complete the table?
Can you list places or examples these patterns have affected?
Compare the effects of
continental and marine
climates on places you
have studied
Using all the factors can you explain why London and Moscow
have very different climates even though they have very similar
latitude (distance from the equator)?
Match the keywords to the definitions above
resources for business e.g. Fishing exploration
maintain oxygen levels in the atmosphere providing habitat for animals and humans
nutrient dispersal and recycling
seed dispersal
primary production of organic material
food production
helping water to move through the atmosphere
providing valuable minerals
medicines
energy through biofuel and hydropower
climate regulation
waste decomposition
purification of water and air
crop pollination
pest and disease control
cultural and intellectual inspiration
ecotourism
You must know the
different types of
erosion,
transportation and
features that occur at
each stage of a river.
Test yourself:
Can you
describe each
type of erosion?
Corrosion
Can you
describe each
type of
transportation?
Test yourself:
Can you identify the correct
characteristics and features found at
each stage of a river? Clues below!
In an exam, you may be
asked to label some or all
of the features shown in
this diagram of a
meander.
See if you can cover the
picture and recreate it
from memory below
Some oxbow lakes occur naturally, whereas some are
manmade.
Can you explain the possible benefits to humans of making a
meander into an oxbow lake?
Deltas are at risk from natural and human activities. Can you explain why
using real life examples?
Flood Hydrographs
There are several different factors which may affect the shape of a hydrograph.
Can you list and describe as many factors that affect the shape of a hydrograph
as you can?
Steep slopes – the steeper the slopes of a river valley, the quicker the rain
water will enter the river, causing the rising limb to be steeper, peak
discharge to be greater and lag time to be shorter.
Factors that increase the risk of Flooding
Coastal Management
You need to know the advantages and disadvantages, the relative costs and
what each method does.
Hard engineering method Soft engineering method
A sustainable strategy meets the needs of people today (they reduce
flooding and erosion) without
In many areas planners decide to combine hard engineering schemes with soft
engineering and managed retreat. This kind of integrated approach is used on
the East coast of the UK in Yorkshire (including Scarborough).
Can you explain why using a mixture of hard and soft engineering is more
sustainable? (Include social, economic and environmental points)
Desertification
Definition: process by which
land turns into desert
Case study: Sahel
Can you
describe the
knock-on
effects of
these?
Think Social,
economic and
environmental
Method of tackling desertification
How it benefits
Can you
explain how
these factors
affect standard
of living and
quality of life?
Plant Trees.
• Roots bind the soil together. Leaves provided shade, and intercept water.
• Cheap, long term. • Provide fuel wood and building materials.
Terracing.
• Prevent rainfall from washing away topsoil and nutrients.
• Cheap to build, only man power needed.
Magic Stones.
• Similar to terracing, stones are placed along contours. • Topsoil cannot be washed past the stones. Water infiltrates,
instead of running over the surface. • Cheap to build, only man power needed. • Effective, shown to increase yields by 50%.
KEY IDEA 1.1 URBANISATION IN CONTRASTING GLOBAL CITIES
ENQUIRY QUESTION: TO WHAT EXTENT IS URBANIZATION A GLOBAL PHENOMENON?
Definitions:
Urbanisation –
Re-urbanisation –
Urbanisation represents the demographic transition or change from rural areas to urban areas. Urbanisation is defined as “the increasing proportion of people that live in towns and cities” and can be viewed at regional, national, continental and
International scales. In 2010 a key date was passed, the World’s urban population passed 50% for the first time in history (source). The World Health
Organisation of the UN estimate that “By 2030, 6 out of every 10 people will live in a city, and by 2050, this proportion will
increase to 7 out of 10 people.”
(www.coolgeography.co.uk – World Cities)
Read the information above.
To what extent do you agree with the statement “urbanization is a global phenomenon”. Use evidence to support your answer.
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Command Words
“To what extent”
You must decide on a “scale” how much do
you agree with the clear statement.
strongly disagree/disagree
agree/strongly agree
Start your answer by stating your opinion.
Global Cities
Map
showing
the
distribution of global cities – this is available in the GCSE textbook.
Describe the distribution of the world’s global cities.
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Key Word
Distribution
If a question is asking you to describe the
distribution, it simply means where they
are.
If you distribute something you spread, it
out.
This question could ask – describe where
the world’s global cities are
“By 2030 60% of the world’s population will be living in urban areas”
Explain the reasons for this and discuss the impact this will have, Worldwide.
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ENQUIRY QUESTION: WHAT ARE THE WAYS OF LIFE AND CURRENT CHALLENGES CREATED BY URBANIZATION
IN TWO GLOBAL CITIES?
Key Word Definitions:
HIC
LIC
NIC
Begin by explaining what is happening to the World’s population. You will need to explain push and pull
factors, and discuss whether this is happening in all countries (discuss the differences between HIC/LIC/NIC).
Then explain the problems that may arise because of this – impact on urban and rural areas.
Will this be worldwide?
Case Study: Sydney, Australia.
Name and locate a global city in a HIC you have studied.
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____________________________________
Describe the
changes in
Sydney’s
population
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Cities fix: PM’s plan to send migrants to regions for five years
The Morrison government is due to consider a plan that would require some new immigrants to settle for
up to five years outside Sydney or Melbourne, as part of a yet-to-be-released landmark population policy to
ease congestion in the two largest capital cities.
It came with a requirement to locate in regional areas or capital cities other than Sydney or Melbourne,
where the rate of migrant settlement has reached almost 90 per cent of new arrivals.
https://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/cities-fix-pms-plan-to-send-migrants-to-regions-for-five-years/
Describe the problem with migration in Australia, and explain the potential impact of this.
(the pictures on the next page might also help you with this)
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Sydney land use changes:
(https://www.news.com.au/technology/environment/how-population-growth-is-changing-melbourne-and-sydney)
Case Study: Mumbai, India.
Describe the location of a global city in an NIC you have studied.
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Indeed, in terms of population size Mumbai is India's largest city, and is the financial capital of the country, being home to the
Mumbai Stock Exchange. Up until the 1980s, Mumbai owed its wealth to its historical colonial past, textile mills and the seaport,
but the local economy has since been diversified and now Mumbai is home to most of India's specialised technical industries,
having a modern industrial infrastructure and vast, skilled human resources. Industries include aerospace, optical engineering,
medical research, computers and electronic equipment of all varieties, shipbuilding and salvaging, and renewable energy. Mumbai
serves as an important economic hub of India, contributing 10% of all factory employment and 40% of India's foreign trade. Many
of India's numerous Trans National Corporations (including the State Bank of India, Tata Group, Godrej and Reliance) are based in
Mumbai. Other formalized workers include many state and government workers.
Alongside this incredible wealth is a large unskilled and informal workforce, who work as self-employed and often unregulated
workers. Many of these people earn their living as street hawkers, street sellers, taxi drivers, mechanics and other such
occupations.
Bollywood and other Media Industries also employ huge numbers of people. Most of India's major television and satellite
networks, as well as its major publishing houses, have headquarters here. The centre of the Hindi movie industry, Bollywood,
produces the largest number of films per year in the world.
(http://www.coolgeography.co.uk/A-level/AQA/Year%2013/World%20Cities/Mumbai/Mumbai.htm)
Explain why Mumbai is a global city
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Use the pictures to help you.
Discuss the problems faced
in Mumbai, and whether or
not you agree that these are
the same problems that
many other global cities
face.
For your exams you must know distinctive
features of a UK city. One of those cities we
studied in detail was Cardiff.
How much can you remember?
What can you remember about Cardiff’s Urban Zones? Grangetown, Rhiwbina, Canton, Butetown
