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A SWOY OF THE EFFECT
OF OELINEATION
ON TRAFFIC SPEED
PATTERNS
MAY 1959NO. II
"',n••"
k. B. "'oodo, D1Ne1.Cr~a1ll.t llipl.J' ,. 011 ProJect
H. L. J\1cha&l latLnt lI1Noto..loiAt~ It..eucb ProJoct
J.ttaeted 1JI • 111\011 ....,.,.-t. "UUM., "J. 3tl><f7 at U.a Uf=t t4000l.J,n..t.1<lrl OQ Trat!1c ".... Patl<lns," b:J' L. D. "-n. llraduh .....1d.aat.......... n...rr. Ttl.....MZ'Ch .... all<> lIt.ilized by I!r'. _ ... pan at t~..~tl or tha II.S.C.t. do",... , Tho ...........,11 .... di.Nct..r by Prot.II. L. lIichnl.
TloU ...........h P"OjKt. 1m'••U,ated tbo .rtoet or d.u......Uon WIdrl_ Mar&ctlOrld.lcs, ...... l..a1l.7 •....,. at u..-.. loc.U"". wh<n'o Yddcla_rueu ...... aPf'NC1allla. tM~ -.. aetuaUJ tile 1Jl1tW _ or HftJ'al1Ol>1<:tl ..... p1a<lnod .... Ml'D1"IO and 1l!1.....~..t n~ or t.ba _ 1oeat~
-.u _ be oc-tGeted to ftlI1.." w ••~ or d-J.1.D_U"". n 111 abo/!IIloI*l t.Il.at .., Ul~U at.clo!y .t LII_ loeaU QlI; be ~ .. thatt.U dlaraeur-uUes _ WII:!l1mU"", ..... be vi..... Uo Ulat ........t_ 1>rII!... ....,., dcl1lr...Uon.
TIl. report. b wba1ttod for tho ....cord.
R...ptctfUllJ' ."'bIdtted.
21~ ?Js;.~ •.l.K. 1.. K1e!lul.. S0eNt.u7
lU...ct.em.
cc, J. K. eoop...w. L. Dolohw. H. GoahJ. T. Ilallattr. r. lin..,.G. A. a.wk1r.. (II, B. Scott)C•••~J. Po KeL.~
t. D. 1I1J.e.R. E. Jl1llaII. H. Pt1;t,C. I. YoC*13aaanaJ. L. WaUo>cJ. S. WU-S. J • looSer"
Digililed by the Internet Archivein 2Q1l with tunding trom
LYRA$I$ members and Sloan Foundation; Indiana Department ot Transportation
•
• S'MIT ot :nm: unz::t or DrJ.DlSolofic.
Col tRAFFIC SI'fI1l p.a.n!lllO
loiDt It1&bn7 !n....-..tl Projcc\ProJKt, 11<>, Cw36-111
ru. 110, ".....u
u
n,., auU><>r >d.h.a to .xp...... hi. appreciation ror the
1:IV&1u&ble 8.Iu.t.an•• rendored 1111 b:r Profuoor Harold L. Kioho.e.l •
.ua1al.4flt Dire.tor, Jo1:lt lIighwaJ' Ruearch ProJeot, in all phalu
of the atudJ" and 1:1 the prep&r&t1on an<! renew of the llW"lUaorlpti
to Dr. Irving II. Burr, Departo>ent of Kat_tic., tor hia a<ln•• on
tbe atatist1e&.1 de.ign and ~1. of the d.o.t.& and Cor hi. NnW of
the l>aIt\ISoript; to the OWlY .....ben of the SUU Hl.gllwa.y DePal"t.<>ent
of Indiana ..non oooperatlon "",de the atudjr pc8.l1bl.$; and to !,he
.we of the Joint H1dro'aY Research Projeot for their "".htan•• in
perrona1ng the .tudJ'.
Aelcnowled<;nent 15 abo _<Ie to Professor Robert D. 1111....
Joint Higll"al Research Proj••t, tor hia as.btance in pro-rl.~
&1rphot"" an<Ild. revi_ of the -'~W1.r1pt; an<I to til<! Indhna Stat.
1'o110e, tl"OOI wl»ae files the ••c.1<1ertt .....or<ID " .... eo:lpiled.
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Th. at,,~ ahOl<a<! that po.lI.""ger c.r .peeds were lo r at
n:i&ht t.han during do,yllght how-o. 'I't'lIck .pee<b. h"...,nr. 1n ed
in a""", pLa and de.reue<l in othe~. V....1.o.b111Uu of the apea<!
dhtrlbu.Uons not ....r~eoJl,y ebane"d !'rolf. ~ to night.
The at,,~ &!so indi.ated h1V>er nicht apo.ds on thfl p&rt of
p&lOunger .an after the &d<l1t1on of delineaUon. A.cele ....tion and
decelero.t.1on ....re appe.NlnUy deu.ye<! Or diaW.hed 1n the neWtr of
.rlU.o.l features re:ntlt1ng in. for thfl ..,ot put. DOre unif9.... apeed
pr<>!'11es through the loeaU""". V iabilitiu in the .pulI <!1.trl-
bu.Uono at the ind.1Y1dual .te.t1""" largely una!!e<:te<l.
Truck apee"" ><ere not ...rke<UT arf••ted in arIJ' war. at l .... t
.. far u eould be detol"'d.ned !1"00 the 11A1ted data availabl••
AJ1.T <!1!!eren... noted. how.ver. bet><een apeeds before and
"rter d-.Lineation had bean added were -u., the aver&l!e for all
atat1""" be1ng la•• than plua t =11es per hour, and the pr".ti.&l
aipti!'1ean.e of these <11!!eren 1& probo.bl,y quite -u..
,IHTROllUCTlOll
Il!J:M llrhinc and Vhi1>Utty
It is senerallJ' agreed that nitht dr1v1nt 18 tu ..,....
IIazardouo tllan that during daylight houn. One ha.s onl,r toe~
d&,yt.l.lIe a:ld rdllhttl.lle .cddent ratea tor eOlln ......t1on or thill. ll1ghi
tJJoo t ....v.1 aW<ea up only)O per...t or total nu-al 11'"...1. ~t it
•&Ccoun\..o tor 70 perc""t or "",at ,.,tor ....lIJ.el. tatallUea(7) •
'!be eo""". ot We di.p...,po~lonate dirrer«>ce l.n &ecldent
rates can e.uilJ be ....lgnad. fatigue &lid 1nt.<>ocl.eAtlon ace ..,....
UJcelJ" to be ,,",valone at n1glIt and a greater l"''''''''t.o.ge ot rdghtt1ioe
travel vill o"""be or long 'iet""". trip" and non-1oI::U drl""... ,
Rove..... , tho prl,ma,.,. factor conducive to accident Oxp;>3UN ill,
llter-all,y, the difference between nitht MId day: til<> <Il.treren.e 1n
visibilityl DurlJIs the hours or du'.<nftSS, elarlty ,on<! di.tanee or
v!aim &:'II oha:'plJ" curW.iled, but, WltOl"t\lI1&tel,y. clrlrln;i ch&rae-
to"hUe....... Me altered &ecor<l1n8l.Y. for Ud...euon d4rlcne... eon-
eutah. &n additional hu.Ilr<l to traffic sarety.
One -.r ot thh dewt!on would be to .tt...... to ....pro
c!l>ee daJ"ll.sbt <:ondit1Of1/1 by....". ot higlo<q Ulllll>1nation, &II in urban
........ 'n1<l coe. ot p....Yiding adooqu:>te Ullftl.ution to M:J largo.
ute" the ,.,..OJ. hiQnta;T ftyst... ""uld, _"...r, be proll1b1t1ve.
S<ao other "'" ot <m.&bll.n<; the drlY'Or to "."" flhead" ItU!t be pronded.
A ..thad whioh haft been finding ta'fOr ...c"ntlJ 1.0 th" 118<0 ot
ro.dolde ...n.oton and PA.--nt "d8- liM. a.o alois t.o th. dloe""...,nt
ot the eouree ot the ro~. 'nuIu d"no"," ...,...., not to Ill0.0:d.nah
til.....p.o,y, but to OIItJ.l.rI", or delinut. 1t •
•~... in ~nt""e"" ret"r to U1It1ilge In th. b1bl1ogr~.
,Speed Mel W.tr
In or<\l!r too J""ury the incruses in 1li&tt>l&J' .peed. attendallt
II1th the eArl,1 gr<>ltth or ~ "". of IDOtor vehioles, and 1n an attt<llPt
t.o rel'\lte tho then turI"1!nt aret-ot, that such speede we .... <:langel''''''''.\.hi• ....,w. ..... p~tod: ·Spud, per se, 18 not a .,,"".U.... taeter
in ••cldonW.."(4)
Rxper1"".e has .ho>m that this nat..".,nt 18 not aJ,.WaylI en
tirely corre.t. l:ert.a1nly, higher ape""" will increase the chane.. or
axpoS\Il'tI to aUuatioruo ..tl1ch could INA to an ••ddont by 1llc,...""t.ng
the ....pi<ll.tl' with which suell 81t""Uona develop &/'lei b1 deer&lUll"6 the
driver'. ability to ....col"1u and ....act to th"",. The speed w1ll WO
detem1na the &.""rtiy or an accident.
Forl.un.otd,y, t.h<! aboY<! o13t""",ot has sin." been ..<lifhd 1.<>:
-Speed 10 only d3nl;e""us rdative t.<> attendant eonditio""."(4)
The pt....... • ....lati .... t.o .n....dant conditions" 18 the crux of
the toll<JWing di••"".1.,.,.
Speed and VhlbU1ty
Tha onl7 lloo1tation. on apeed, ..~.•n it 15 not limited by the
cha..a.t"..bti.o of the hJr;tr.Iay or b1 traffic, will be tho.. iDpo• .,d by
the dr.l.ver, by llt:l1t&tio"," of the vehicle, or 1:>1 I'O"tad llodts. Th.....
....& = locations where the ellaraetenatica of tha hil!h"q do, or
rather .hould, iapooe on additional liJdt on what IIl"7 be conaidered a
aare a~, part1cu1&rlJ' at nil!ht ""en rl.a1b1l1ty 1& Sharply deerqaed.
In a 1956 atudy in r.ngland, an att«Opt ."," ma<lo to eorrelata
road l.a,yout v1tJ1 apeOoda and aee1danta(2). It ..... reported that the
etreet of horizontal curn.ture .... to ....:I.... the .....n<ge .peacla of
J
both pp.-.,ger eU'l ..,.:I _rdal Y1Ih1o.l.. 3.m o.nd 1.67 m.Un per
hour, ....peeUftlJ". tor uch 100° or ....rag. CUMlltUl"l per 1111.. It
..... thoo op1ll1on or the ...eM", that. large .......,t or the erreet could
be attributed to 1o'of ..ulbl.l.1ty (1. ••• a1Qtt diat..anea).
'n>outh "I.rfl1ng .~ and .clY1....ry apHds poetOld .t IlIIUlJ'
hatardoua loeationa. the... '"":1 ,till be inauft1cl t in!o.-tion
euW1!fI<I to the ..torhe. It haa _n ."""" that the go<><I drl,,"'r rill
Y8Z"1 Ida driY1n,g chara.earl.ties acc<>rd1.Da to uiotil\! .ondit1cnol
....th.,. t~ acoor<l1I\& to tr&ffic oont",1&(J). It foll__ that ha
_t be~ """" or thou conditione W",.., hoi un ""t to th••
:.h.... u..... h dDubt &$ to U.a nature of conditio.... ahead,
caution V<>U1d dictate .. polley on the p&M. of the dr1..... of going Uoot.
Heat <1I-1ft ..... he"",..... , prefe .. to dl-i.... at .. unite... I"""d, th....by
l"IlIlnin,g the rhk of~ e<>ntintdng at .. &I""e<l t.oo U"'at tor
uht!ng conditt"",,_ and not reilldng it untU to<> late. The speed
<lifter.nULl bet"",, the <mIrl1 CautiOUI ..,toriot and the 1.nUUUOUl
.M ....y lI<!<I to tile ex:I.otirlg haz&>'<la.
n..... 1.0 "" condudve eYl.d8""a, hOW<lur, to .h.... tho.t
accident fN,quenc::r 10 ....1&ted to the l'&gnhudll of ."""d. TIw ...jorit:r
or ...oidente are ••"".d bJ'1n.t.ttenUon. t.tigu... a.nd poor j~nt.
vh1ch t.cto........ p",,"ent on high ..,d 1Dw sp"ed tacilities alike.
Theae C.ctorl eontrl.but.e to lp"e<llI vh1ch not ut. tor the eon-
d1Uonll. It is rea.oon.able to .u..,... the to.... that Ute bett-.r
Wonle<l ond alel'1. ttl. dr1nr 11, tho better h.. v1.ll be .ble to
achi... a aate sp"....
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,inT01...d ""d 1II1&1>~ re~ult in • C~..Mge 1" the dUperst"" or the .peed
di.trlbution. Since local dri"",.,. would be r",,!llo~ >11th the location,
\.lair speeds would, p"'."""bly, not ba aUscted by til. &<lel1tion or
delineation. OM .....uld hope t.hat such delineation wou1<l .....ult in •
reduction in the tre<JU6l1cle8 or \.he e::u:auivdy MgIJ and lew apeeda.
The opt.im\.I:l condition t.o be aehi.".,d ""uld be to have every vehich
t ...,·ell.ing at the 108<10 ",,"d, thb .peed bein~ the~_ .ars 0J>fil'l.
Since it is llkoly tMt U.e atta.t or delineation on dr:1...,,,,,'ot'CIuld be an 1n<l1v1<h..1J. ..... , the pel"<:entBEs or local drivers at any ona
locaUon ""uld detena1ne the intenaHyor eM errect at elull location
""d ,....u1ts >o<>Uld vary tNm ono location t.<> ¬her.
Speed - Delineation Stugy
Th.1••cady 1. an attempt t.o p"'ride in!o",...t1on to ""ower
thn. que.tiona by l:IOuul'ing the dt""t.II or delineation On ....tfic
"peed IlLn.,.".. at l<>o.atiOM which could be cOIUIide""d potentia1l.T
hazar<loua, either be.BUS_ or s ......trlc 1n&dequacl•• Or be.au. they
repr-ulIllt pointe or confllct or friction in the traffic at"""",.
n.. st.udJ''''''' parlo"""d at three diat!ncU", lo~atlo,,": a
I'IaTI'O'f br1.d<;e, a ha rdoua lntel"8e~tion. ond an ade<;uale lntene.tion.
W tJw locatio"" on n>ral t.-..nk h!shll~. Howe"'r, a ....po.rI..otl
bet"",,,,, til... wguld be made diltl.u.lt b:r a lae~ ot relative betore con
diti""". The atu~ becan IIHh dilterenee. in .:daUng delineation
between the locatior.. and the needs tor .-ldition.o.l <lellneaUon et
each wen not the a..e.
figure I abows theae locatio"" in relation to lndian&'a
hlghlleJ a,."t_. ""rId photoa ot the locationa and the alationa
•(as 1l>d:l...t..d !oJ" btu....) at wh1ch "PMIla were .....ured &>"00 lhown in
Plat. I. 1ll.,. l<>e.Uotll >flU be <11Ic ...M'd l.n detail in • laur
eh.apter.
ror the~•• of tl\i& n~ In.' t<'''''nlJ. d<ofiniUon or
"<kl.ine&tioJl" ..........d. In 1dd.l.t1on to ~1d. ren..,w",
(~toroI). ~_l •• UMI, no pul1Jl4: liM., tl"&!n. Il.£tI
and, at .... location, ohanMUdnr. aancs., 1•••• ill • ...tn." e""trol
dn1... wh1eh ....uJ.d Mlp .II.",..U .. or into.. t.hl <!riftr so .hoot "'"
~d be bluer Aba to _ .....ta .peed, _ .... d .....-l ...00... tl,.hud1rll or d<ol.ine&t1on.
In .~nt <li_ai_ u.o 0.", ."'"llJIu.l.O.... w1ll be
......-..cI ror ...re....ea 1.0 ro&41de ",n••tors ""u. ".s.u.-Uon"
vill be aqd as • e-rlc u .. ror ill Ulo.. <!en......m.1• .-d 11: u..preT10ua puauaph.
,
STUDY LOCATIONS
"GU~1 ,
•
STUDY LOCATIONS SHOWING
SPEED MEASUREMENT STATIONS
,
Delln....Uon, in the 'enS. in wtdoh v. have detteed it, 18 not
a nOW innovation. It 1. a l'ul'ther "UP 1n tha develornent or al<lll to
nltht vblbil.Hy whioh had prev10Ullly been liJJ.iUd to .uch device...
...neet.or toItt0n5 and pa1n~ing tor the pur"""" ot IOSl'k!ng t ........ , PCIU.
",""a, plllan. and other ob8trucUo,," in Or ne.... the l'O&d>r~. -n..distant 1.Iq>o on an U.lu:o.\.nahd ~ho"'ae.ht...... ~ lerv<l the 1& purpose
as <aJ.in....tors by indioating tl1<> o.llo-nt ot tho l'<I.w"3 ah d.
In 1941., th" Bur..... or l'Ilbilo Ro&~ conducted a l.1.-ited study
or two-lane tangent •••110"" in 1;-.... Je"",oy .mieh incl1eated lilU. eb&n(;a
in night drlvl.Ag epeed bah n lighted and unllthted 8"ot10118(9).
Ro.o.deld. ""n••to tor tho f'Ul'pC>3<l or dal1ne".tin8, the "",,"II
or the roadw..,. ....... introduced by th. S\.3te ot l'J.chigan in 1933(5)(6).
Delln83ton .-& installed alone two ""Jor t,..ll\k !"Outes ..~d the erreet
on nUlllber-s <I 11P'1I8 or acddmlts was .tud1-d. ill. Hlgtlw"1 RUeI1rch
Sou<! e.-1the on :Ug,t Vlslhilltl.....pcrtlna on a toW'-)"'ar beto",
a,'" &ft".. otudJ' ot these t"", i .... tall.aUo"". stated that "Result. .h""ed
that 'the .""eilJJ. haut'da ot nigl:ltt1llle dI"iY1ns ....re reduced 20 to 25
per<:ont a.ftor tho 1""w.LaUon of dollnoat.o"","·(ll)
::tu1nbJ'in 1948 porfo ......d a .twly, while at !"u.rdue W",,""1tJ'.
on tile errect or vario". type. or al.gno ...,d renectorhat10n on vehicle
'p"ed and 4teral. plac_nt at the approach to a narrow bridge(lO). He
rou.~d that nid>t .p....d! and placenent were a!rected bJ' the type of e1",
or renector uaed. !l&J' ape<!da and plac_nt, _ever, ....re relaUnJ.;y
w>atfec~ed. reg.a.r<lleca of ~he .~ 1natUlB~ion. in<l1cating that tile
<lri.... r ..... at all time. prl.marilJ' innuenced bJ' tho bI"i4e iuel.!.
Pa1Ilted ed£. or pe_t lin•• are a 110... r.cent develol""'"nt
in delineation fanu. severo.! ...cent etu<l1•• ha"" been perf",.,..,d with
...gerd to edge tine•• Koat of th.... , h"",....,r, have <l&.>1t either 1IlIoll,y
or Pl'1.au1.l.1 ><1th their .ff.ct on lateral plac_nt.
Th. St4t. of Coru,ecticut began t ...h ua1llg .<\ge line. on a
ro.......u••tretch or the M.rritt Parlcvay in 195)(8). Raaulta or data
recorded at .Lx .t.atiotul .h"...d an 1.clprove<>e1ll JJc the d1atribution or
both apeed and lateral plac.....nt. lIae or the ecl{;e linea produced a
...,... uniCo..... sPMd pattern, da,)'tt.o apeed3 being <!ecNlu.d whil.
nigll<t1me .j>Mds 1ncr.....ed. ca.e t,rpico.! st.tion uport.d • <k<:....",. in
the da,)'tia>e pee. tr= $1-61 1111113 per hour to »-60, ....ue the nightt1M
pee. inc~8(l.BOd tr= 47-')1 to 49'-$9.
In 19$6 and 1957. the 1.ou1.ol.aM Depar\.IlIent of 11l.,ghv"Tl' "'Hh
the !IUMln.. or Public Roads conwel.d tnla on the .ffecta ot 'IlLJ"1ous
t1P"s of.d&' llnol. On sp.ed and pla<:....,nt(12). Edt..., Une. "',,,.., round
to have no .ff.ct on ."".<10. but it "'.. reported t~...t n1hicles tended
to ..,yo closer to the centerline at h1gtl.~ .~. A""rap plac_nt
ItU .ll~tl,y ........~ the centerline at n1&ht when a cont1Jl\lOWl lin. "'..
in p.la<:e. but .. ~hed line seCl>lld to haft no .ff.ct on p1.ac nt at
M7 tiooo. It b not kno><n. h"""ver. Nh.th.~ th.........ult. ha M7
.tad.tical dgniticance. A stu<!J' of accidents for a 8j,r-.....,th poriO<!
berore and au IIOnth. anor .triping .""""d no i.alp1'O.....nt in accid<mt
experi.IIC••
At the Sa- tt- that the H.....ittP~ tnte in Connedicut
...... be1ng conducted, W... rolic's Westchester County pUnted rlgbt
shoulder ili.s on .. ~icul4rl,y~....ua } 1/2 .u. et....tch of the
II
Hutohinson River Parl<wll,J' which joina the ~:"rrl.tt Parkway at the shU
liM(S). A. dNp in the accident rate f~ 40 in the fiYe-raonth period
p......d1.nI: stl"1p1n& to 14 in the aubaequent f1~t.h perlod >lU
....ported.
A. s""""",,,"l <I1rr....nt type or "dse line """ plaoe<! On a l~
teat leetion or u. S. 89 in ,l,rl:o<ma(LJ). nus hio>"&J' c<>,,,,istc<l ot
12 C<>Ot Lan_. wei. II f"ot Shouldotrs, both asphalt.".""d with no die
dnction in colDr or texture-in erreet, .. tv"-l...... MgIIW'&,1 with ~o
root bn... A <!&ailed shoulder stripe >tu paced "t the £!!'.!.!! ec!ge or
the shou,lder 1n an s!tort to dec ...."". u.. accident ra~. parUnU.arlJ'
Ul"•• acddenU 1.nY\>lvinll valIiel.. lWI1U.n& ott the .houl<le,. Or .",.sing
the centerUne. A. t&bulation or acddenU tor the period
Karch - Oet.ober, 1954 ._.d a )-1 ..atio ot accident oeeu..,.""". ["r
non-strlped MOtiO"" to those sCl"iped•
.los tar as is i:nown, this acud;r 1. til" t1:"a1 aU<lCpt t.e con
centrate on the relation bet......." dellJ".aU"Jl and ."".,:\,
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The betore st~ ....... conducted during the ..nl.ll. ot JulT and
AugII"t. 1'158. A!'ter the iMtallation o! additional delln....tlon. data
tor I.lle a.n.er .tu~:,. ~ .... collected In SOJlteaber OI1d OCtoboor. 1958.
Speed l:euu.-..nt St.IlU"""
Betol'<l the !1n.al eites ha~ been "elect..:!. a gener.)! plan t ....
ap6Cd IMaSlJ.rel:\Cnt .tatio"" had been envisioned. which plan .".s to h&ve
booeD ......ted aloD(; each avenuo ot l.llr<>ugh QO,,","ont. PaM. ot tlU. plan
callod tor a atation ""leti vel,y tar l"I'AOnd t""", tile iI:nodiah aito on
each leg 1eadiD(; to tile .ito. 1'1>0 purpo.e ot t.hon stationo "ao to
pol'lllit I.lle obtldn1l>g of data on nol'll&1 or oper, hie:ttvnJ' .peoda ot
volliclea approach1:tt: and loav11lg tile .ites. other naUono "".... to be
loeeted in the approeeh and reeD....,..,. :0"". on either "lde ot Ole dte.
!'U>al1J'. one Dr""" .tatton....."" to be lneeted at the entrance. e;dt
Dr center ot tile ptt.rtlcular teat""o (e.g., intorsection) inYDlved.
Tho.e Nere de!1nod ... "critical" ataUons.
1'hi1l plan, Irlth ....diNcatlons according to the particular
teature. toWld at oach location. "as put into pracUce for the at.ullJ'.
In cono.ldaraUon o! a poaoiblo fUt\U'tl ill\Olination .tudJ", the _t.ationa
In the approach and recovery :<ones "ere aituala<l ao ... to colncide with
the entrance" to IlDd exito !Mel t.he 11ghlltd aeetiono. Ona turthor con
dlieratlon in the cholce ot .tation loeotion ..... the opportunity tor
eo::eoal-.t ot the oboorwr.
aorial vi.... ot the three locationa sholrlng tho speed
","u......,..nt staUons are aholm in Plate I.
Locct1or..
As ,,,.......ntionad previo""l;r, ...ch of tha l~ati""" is di....
t1!leU..... EIleh 15 ot a dltfanmt type, and t",> or th........ ratt.a~
unIIllual tor tJl<Iir t1»l. n;e n""""" bridg<t at location I 15 unuouailJ"
long &nd "-"""-. 'nle inte...aet1on at location 11 ill a particw.a.rl;r
1\a.:I~ """. the t>lO ro~ ""rtin<!: on a c""""' e:ld at a very "".u
anale. The other inurs""Uon, at location Ill, 15 wn on a curve and
ilio hu roa<lll ...r-ging at a aca.ll angla, but it 10 of "",.., "oo"rn desi&n.
location I (.ae F'1gura 5 and Plate 11) 15 on ll. S. )1, ""uth
ot Hex1co and Mrt.h ot !'eru in ltia.cd Count,. The area onder lItUd» con
ai.. tad of tho """roache. to the Ed River bridg<t and the curve north or
thol bri<\t:e. The huard cl'.",ten by tlta bri<4;a lit""", rl"Olll the ract that
it is 256 r ...t in Ielleth and nlU'~r- then tha roadway &<\J&<:ant to it.
Tha road><3¥ in the vie1n1ty ot the bri<\ta ill ~~ reet wide, "".erea the
""able p&Vf:CI<!nt width on the brid&a ill 19 rut ~ inchu. fo=idabla
l.oold.n& ..teel truu<t. on either oide gi"" a greater appearanca at
~asa.
No>'1.hlx>lII'Il! drive ... on U. S. )1 ancounter a uries or eurve.
-"'ad \.'1th adV1lol'7 .pe<ta between Paru and tba trid/:a. l-lan,y ot tllfr>
IIlaJ" att..."t to ".c.al<a up tor 1o/It tiM" on tha l.otlt tana""t p.....eadl.rig
th.. brld/:e. An '''',,,·..iZ<t "narr<»< bridGe - )0 tIph" .10' i. louted on
th" approuh to th" bridea but lIl&J' be lArtel,y if1'O....d, pal1.iculul;r
e1!le" di....ct vltrW ot the b:r1d<;e ",,-trance i .. partl.ally ob.cure<! by •
• UlIbt """""" in th" road. The re.ult 18 rapid de<:elerat1on at the
bndlle or dan&e""",ly big!> ."",,<IlI acroe. the bnelta. Lellding &><a.Y tl'Clll
tha brid<;e, to the mrth, ill .. pI,," five percent wade at the c,..,ot or
wldeh is a eh.." horizontal cuTV'Il.
'l'h4t thi.s a a hLzardoua L>e.J.tion can be verlt1ed ll"<Cl th
acc1<1ent """o~d aholm 1:> P11:'l" 2. .\lM.ha~ stud¥ ol Uta aco1dont ",cord
at tll1a location ",sulto<! in 1:>ro.....tJ.on which I:IllJ' be ind1caU"", or ~h.
role or delineaUon 1:> sv-<l control and .o.let1. Early in 1951, six
deUnoators ....ra placed on ~ho curve nort.h or ~he bridLe. Five accidenu
had <><:curreel a~ thU curve in the 1'OU 1956, all ot<ra:lirJ<l huo. exce..1ve
.peed and oonuqllont lailwoe to llOl>0tiate tho curve. F'!"0IIl Ute tae or
iMtallaUon of tho <allnoato... url.:t 1:> 1957 unt11 A........ t 1955, only
ono acc1<1ont 11.1.<1 <><:C'UM"Od at thio cur-va.
l»eatJ.on II (see Figure 6 and Plates m and IV) is ~he
vicWt,. or the southern jUllcUon or rouhs U. S. U ""d II. S. 52.
nort.h or Fowle~ in Benton Coun~l'. Travel tllr<lusl> thia section is cce
plic.hd b1 the presence or s~.arp .","""a to the north and to ~he soutll
or the intersecUon. The intersection itselr a on a sharp "",..."..
further hLzud ari.oos r ..... the fact that the t ..... ~.7" ""'rse at a
ver,. Sl&Ill ansIe. so tha~ the wid~h ol Jl6ved area a~ the po1:>t wile",
the t ..... l"O&dw&ra join a abou~ 100 reet. S1g.t ~ce r ..... oit.her
ISl<I or the llItenection CIll"l"O a poor be.ause ol e high 1>8111I and nar"""
shwldor on th. iMide or the cu...... COIIlpllcat1ng ,..,~hrs turl.her is
the pre.ence of a &ervice stetion and ~n><:k stop awtting Ute llIh....
section CW'vtl w1~11 parlcing an"" &long both .i<lea or tho roo,dwa,y. SoI<e
ro&<b<&J' illllll1na~lon is provided b,. lil;h~ freD. the service otaUon.
r.-tahl,y prio~ to Ute intersoction, on 1I. S. U, a •
creet "nica]. curve witll nft pel"Cent uadoo. I'ellicl.. freD. U. S. 41
are requ.1"'d to etop at tile """"ti"", but the expanse ol pav...on~ that
«d.ted prior to the cona~Nction or channel1c1nl; !sUnde ..""ed con
fUelon sa to """... tile etop all<>U1d be IS4<la and I04lV or Ut_ encroached
ACCIDENT RECORD "LOCATION I
'UoOo' I-'-H '0 ,-,-IIm. IIODlrnJlG
~n " ~, "'"-~ Cl!IOAlSfol.llCIS
1-l9'-}7 • '.' , U)-9-~7 • , , __ O'Oh1cu
otoppo<l. _<I.)-2}-~7
, '.' ,.~
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}-2}-~7 • , , ". "~-~7, , , nt, t8
&-}-~7 • , , ES, ...~lO-}-S7 , , ,
~
1.11-}lI , , , C........sed b7~ O'Ol>1cloo
2-11-~ • , , Ul.ES,PC>->7-" • • • "
,.".~
,- - ,
"""" "'~- !I<>rtn& O'Oblel, P'iX!',~""
IlOOlnDlC CI!lCUlST"~&s
"" Pt.",_ Or noppo<l. ....._111.. 100 ~~ ". IhNr bin-
- t .....tc»' t ...u.".. l~lc. ... ifrene e1.s.(_ """inC}
I """ - ". b<:"...t... "peM..011b1.... IIi&lTl-:ilh C-Cl_r P'(:, 'ollw1l>C too clo..tr
_ IIHr _ "oilleS_ l_Relll m, ,.u.... toT1"U~ St... ev1pe ..... rl&llt ot "7___ o.t at _tl'01 '-'as n, ran..,. to e1pl
~*~ III' Dor..,u ... breno
"'~, ,~ " ...~, hUep
""...~ iaJu7 DU,~'"
1111 leekloo.. clr:"1tI&Prope~, -p .~.... Ut, m .. t ...ttl.. to
m'" ,-~ el....b~
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-... --------, -'"'~,:..:;:'..
~an&en~ le&<ll.n,g a"aJ' fra:t the vertical ~.
'nIe acci<lm.~ ""cor<! for ~hb loc"tlon is oh<nm 1:1 Pi!:""" ~.
J'OPro_h
S1:o0e this .tudy""", oonceme.d with tho ertec~ of added
delineation under tield oonditions, ~he extent to wldch e:lOh lo""Uon
wall deline...ted for the after stud;r "". pul1>O:Iely 1j,:,jted to tile
specific requiret••mts of tile location. In other wor<!l, a.dd1tional
delln.....tion lOU not wtaUed for a. ""11 olll<e, but rather, ottl,y .mo""
it va.a felt th.o.t it ""uld produce ... de.lnble ertect. Exce.sive uae
::>.1<;h~ only t...., .erved ~o d1:rlni.sh tho value of delineeUon. SoDe
wnslderation also had to be given to the ...va1labil1ty of "",tel"ials.
lJoprov""",nt....~ location I (ue PiguJ"e 5) caMI.ted of tile
pluOlllel1t of a<ldl.Uonal del.1:teators on the ew-ve so a.a to a.chieve
appl"OJdl>o,tel.,y ... Jo-foot sp8.C~, a.nd tile pla.c"""",t or whas edge lliea
on botll .ide. of the pev<>:>ent. 'nIeoe edge l.1neo were continllOWl tIlrough
til. location end ex\.onded tt'OII: veil book or the """til l\Wt'O&ch ~o lJle
brid,ge to well bel">nd the ourve. A .1ng.le yellow line v." pl.aced .u..m.sthe bridge cenhrl.1.ne, a.nd the bridj;e eurbe vere painted yel.l.ov. 'nI.
eUo~1.ng n<I'"""""o1.ng barrier llieo were ext.ended on both approa.cheo to
the bri<4;e.
An extension of the .peed """. to include the bri<4;e __ at
tiret cont_l&~ed, bu~ thls ..... l.o.~er rej.c~.d On the grourd> tI'...~
such a procedure did not eOCl8 wl<lor the h..<tl.ng Of dellieation and
...,uld lut.ve obscured any eUech on 'po<d due to ~he delineation
installed.
St...te 1!1ghwaJ'~t plans for .....a1gn1n.i; and chan
nelirlng the inte...ec~lon at location 1J h&d _n in prog....". et U-.e
"""" "'~- 110m, ...~ ,.1.- I'Vlr.' :~'"
"" P.,.t:K o~ It.Opped. -,...!ltea ~-- f.-nor ~rlll.. ~ I-Iu-, Rlpt. an&l..o.oUh1... latAtl-.E.lI.: C-et....r- .....r _ .0111d... ~~
= 51doo _~ ~
~ Oat. or ....trol p.r,,",., .u• • ".., ,.". '"......-1 in,..,. ur.T: ....,• 1To~r\.J" -. ....1"'t.- ~_1llIol<
UI, Uft...~ intl.-ulIS, ...""', lldoo(not .....1:1&)1$, be..d ... lpeeciPC, Pol~ t.oo et.o.lp"11: P.u..... 1.0 pl.14
riFt. or vopn, Pdl t.o .tD-!lB, Dot••U bral<o •AS, l.aopIlh ".klo.. drlnn,ATe: iU.... t...Ute to
.l..~
ACCIDENT RECORD "LOCATION m
'[RIOO; I· 1• ~ 1 .. 1- ,-to,~ "'1I1l"YDlG
~m c, au ... -,~ CIRC"MS'U."~
3-:n-~7 • , , Ill, U, IIIl2-U-~7 • , , Cut In Ith~
I-IS-se~..lnl• '.'1_)I_se , , ,
Iapro~~ h ....
~,.,. • , ,,...,. , , , I'S b7 tint. u~....,. ~_U-, , , _~ ftttl.11 -._r OOI:It.rol
S-Zl-se , , ,~
ROT TO I. HI
DELINEATION,--
'-
[.-[ '- ~1......·1••
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•
[~
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,".-" ....
• ---;;-;:;:;.. .. ..",...". "...._..."'.. ,...-" .- ....- 1..·....·...._.._-
• _..- .......
.. 'u"t •
"DELINEATION
t.OUTlON I
........
,,,,
... '......
0' .....
o _ ...,_................ ....
0=
•
~[:4-1 •
•1"'''·1
•
I-~ ~
~. .. " _.,--- ,........ ,.......- '-"'''' .~,
'''uO< •
"
Entrlne. to brl04. r.....""t.h.
5ml~h end or curve_ t.eft: looking .ou~h (brlJ<;e in bo.ok!'"ound).R1Sht: looking ""cUi,
VIEWS AT LOCATION I
PLATEn
,
.~ al.Q>a in con"....U"" vi\.h .. roU'.e _l"..,Uon .~ .rd ••t.op
ah_ a!.D>a. ",..,••~.ri.!7......... ~L.l.U.." '07 Ule S,""te IlJ.C:wo:;r
~t ao>d _ .... l..<l pLac. tor to"," n,q, S<od> ll1uall..o.ti"" 1.3 DOt
Thoo .MnnellUnt islands _no c\os1u.ed 1.0 brul< up U'A
u;1uUlr; cpMlIa or pa_nt. "t t~. j<::>l:tl"". '!heir p1rp<IOIa """ 1.0
.t.•:I...U,.. ooot.h_ ~cl... into l,M,lr de"lAd rat,," u><I 1AcIleate
tM pro: •• otoppins po1.~~ !~ Yehicln l'\'U:r. ll. S. U. rep,,,,,,.,.
1al.tI<I<II outline<! with lW".~.,. .","ted with ren.c~i.... flltJ.nt ........ in
ploc. tor t./'.e U\Kl;7.
both 51lk_ or tho hnllent between the oouth c...-..e and the Junction,
and, ""..... po..lble, on both side. of th" inh,""cUon cu,..•• ;,Mu
•barrier t.o p....ftnt iKe... to U".i4 ......... £4r- line. _ .... l.aid c<>n-
t~1J' UlI'OII(h t"," atu:l;:r :0.....;0. en: "pul.n.l; Ula nol"t.h, \,n~,...ectlon.
on U. S. 41.
III • .;,~, ~~
II'•
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-'": : , •--~
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----
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"
lop, O'.......d dp pri .... to hlao>d. look1nc _t.!>.Coftur, _ or dlnr-&1toc !.oland. 10<liclrl& _til.
1lo1~1 s-.t.b cu.... U.S. so!. lo>ok1nC _th.
VIEWS AT LOCATION l[
PLIroT( at
"
Top, StItranoe lo ln~....ooUon r U.,. S<:. loclt1n8 "".-th.center, Ent..nd to Inhc••ctlon r U. ,. U, lool<1fll. norU1.
Botu., Tun>I"C """',...,h. Vohlcle r U.S. ll. oloppood for tu....
VIEWS AT LOCATION n
PLATE Dr
D1reetion.o.l an<! f;lddo dgning ....... ~l"O ...dl an o.... rtI...d dl\il
....... """"l""ct*<l nor1.h ot the dinding island. &nd extranG""" eigna .... ""
l'igure 6 e_ thG beto... and arter dolino:lation at
loeation II.
Since the oigning layout "t loeation In was tound to be
ade<!Ua<e. the Ia&jor 1.IIp."...enu con.hUd or the addition or de
l1n"'~o", and edg" lin"" only. One WI.¥ delineato......."" installed to
th" rigl,t or each road><ay r the cr..t or the ''''r1.1c&1 curve on
U. S. 31. thl"OU8h the int" ection to bel">lld the end or the "",rging
lane hper !r<:n S. H. 01. Exieting GUide poa~ fitted.nth re-
necto,.. to .Gr'Oe ... delineo.to,..,. l::d,f:e lino:Ia painted on botb
oid.. or uch roadwaJr f't'OIlI etation " to bGyond the <>erP-n<; l""e taper
on U. S. )1, and to otation J on S. R. 01. Theae ed,f:e linee "e""
contin"""" thr<>tl.8b the location except. ror being broken at the channel
"""'the. A paint.<! whit<! line .."" ir>atallod to .epa....u the ....rgin(l
lane l'l"OOl the U. S. )1 uaUic lane to prevent ita being l13ed by
.eMcl... On U. S. )1. ':n had been inlen<le<l tn.at th1e lino Ul'Idnote
prior to the be~ or the "'rgin{: lane taper but inadYertentlr it
....... continued to the end or the taper. It 15 re<=:>ended that thie be
correcte<l in tutu.........paint1nge.
S.. figure 7 tor bero... and arter del1neatioll at loeaUon III.
••
---
• _.
••~
IJ~'
- -----• ---------0 _
i--1--
•
'Of" c.nt.r "r Int......cU"". 1<>01<1nc n<>rUl. S.R. U1 I"rlctot t>eOklf""ltlll..c.nter, Mort;l......... 1<>e>k1nc n<>rth "" U.S. )1.Ilotta., ._oh to _rei........ r.... S.H. ~)l.
VIEWS AT LOCATION m
"
Top, U.S. n, ~ ......iU"". ~... l to '>to 1An_, lool<1ni oouth""n.c.:.ur: r ......Hl"". looldn& noM.....t.8Qt...-, U.S. )1, ."",hboIlnd .F_c..~ u, bt.n.aeUon.
VIEWS AT LOCATION m
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Ro.d.for .pe._~.r ..~ up tor ..bur...~1onl. n ... t ..ar 10v\.tll1n ""p tor l ..t ...Uon.
RADAR SPEEOMETER
"It WUI noeuury to oet Ule IJoOtar bae~ lY<N>. tho P"....,.."t
~ in order to laini_he ~ .rrect lta p....oen•• OI1&11t In"" on
t ....rn. approach1.ng the station. The be"",_ th.....C",..,. had to be
~ into tho .....Ct1e atr6,Jl::l. M. reault, the 1nd.1eator~
rep...,unt.d on1J". COlJ.ponent or the tru<l vehicle "PHd. I'Ur1,h.=o ,
pulflng<lr c&l'3 in t.M tar lane "OUld be vithln """&* onl,y whll" int ....
• ."t1n,g th" be.... at ••""""....t1valT large &n&J.e. Indindual motu
f>&llb....tion elTOn, 8l1OWlt1nll .omeiliea to ..... Or tttr.. :011... per
bo...... "".... "non "neounhl"Od.
Meter .....d1rJes " .......1M a!t.c~.d by the charge in the
bacterin. (no da;f'. operation wu .utrle!ent to dhcha;-go the
batt.rlu to t.h. point ""..... they ""uld M lon~r be ....U.ble. It
_ ••""""Core, noc.0Mr7 to r.charg" t.~. baU.erlu ..rt",. each night' •
....ri<. It ..... found convon1ent to alter""ta batterin, ""en extra on...
...... ......jleblll. 00 that nch battery would ha.... the t..."t1t ot .. tull.
daJ". 110w ehu~.
Th" iaopoulb1litl or <""",cUng all th.... oTTO"" ind1rl.duall7
...... app&l'<ltlt iNa tho beginn1zlg. A proc..d...... tor <""""cting Uls
......dl.np "i.cLltMeoua],y tor ill Or"""" W&II, th..... r"..... inco",.,....ted
into't.he dau. eoll.c~ian. The speedo.::>e~er ot ~l\e l'uJ'due tnlvel'S1~7
""ll1eb Uled tor tr&nSpon..~1on to the d~. l<U oallbra~ed tor indi
cahd re:l.d1iI,p trool )0 to 1IO Il1.lea per hOlll" at .""r" t.n IIll.l. per 00""
~.-.~. ftth -w.cl. "AS ua.d as a cantl'Ol CIU' to co.llbrate eaoh
eet"p.. C_rl......, ot tha "t""", ""n~l'Ol car apeeda with the 00.......
epoDd1n& ..ter readingol 71.lded ""r,..ctiona tor the rest ot tho d&ta.
For the after pbu. ot the studJ'. a tuning to:rk"aII ......11
abl. tor tb. cal1b...tion ot the ...t.r. M. tuning tork vib....t.s at
"• tr.quoncT OoqIU'tal.,t to UlU wh1eh ..,ald ~.ghter 6O.uu per hour
on u." 1.lld1utor. Tbo .allb....U"" error tor each ut"" eouJ.d be ob
ta1lM4 111 tJt.h..-r. Iloo<uer. u." eor>u.,l ~ ..!.hod .tID bad too
be lIud .1n<:. U......... "" 01..',,,.. vq to eorr-o"t tor~ .,..,..,...
)6
I'l.eld
!lofer. the actual collection of <lata "eo undel1.al<an, Pt'II'""
l1Al.nary e...-vel'" ....ra ....de <It aach of the l"".UOM. Station lOMtta...
were chooa... l:W'kad with at..keo set fiuah with tile ground and tied into
ex1atinc lan<b>rIca. seathred p....ll:I1na.ry .~lu "a,.a t»:an, l't'<\Cl
which eatwtu wa........de of the ran&* of .!.<I.ndard de'fiaU.".... to be
.n.ount.....d. Thb infor=Uon ..... UlIlKI in detandn1ng tha llIl:Iji1a ah...
that _uld be re<JUired tor ataU.ti<:&1 e<>aparlI0na. (Sa. ~nd1% A.)
It >1M found that bottor ,.""ults could be ohtoinad On """"'"
where it "all desired to ....cord apecde in both directions if tha ...tar
..... located on the in.1dol or the CW'YO rather than on the outside•
..... neWt,. h vu necauar:; to have tlle:l ... !u rttlO 4 l"n>:o each
otha,. ... poooalble in order to <l1n1n1•• tha .rrect of a ""nd .otup on
""Meles which had a1readJo """.ed """. tot",,..., pouible. ctaUe"," On
dirt.,..,nt approach•• "'are operated ail>ultaneouolJ'. lOCI that tor>l velUdea
Tho ale... of !.he ...up was ouch tl'let 1t wall not readily per-
ceived br the drive" until he AlDol. upon It, it ha noticed it at
all. At that tiM H did not :Ur sinee h1s sPHd had a.1rea~ been
reeorded. The darlc green or t.he "",Ur &lid t.~e dull ~""'" color or the
.:001 comb1ned to nlnder the ••~UV 1nconep1euoUll. pa.rt.lcu1arlJ' at
night. Put. VII .~. the drlMl"'. vi.... or tho "",Ul" setup.
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hue<! _ U", c~ckr1.oUcs ot 1..... indiY1<!11&l I~UJI ..,<1 l"Io<l&r =.ot.cr,
on<! t.I\1.I .........,Uon opplll<l to tM beto... tNclc <!o.k. em. "'>MM. !.he
angular uror wu ll..!D>t!.J' LoSI tor t......a n tor pulenpr car- &no!
UlII 00......,1.1_ tor tM beto... stuel.J ... ,.. tall 0 col"t-l1.n proport1_
ot thl pusonpr ca... co.-...ct1ons.~ I&"1A IIjXlR tM in<ti'O"\.dDol
..te... &no! MtllJl. 1l7r tho a.......... s~ UlII t~ tone ,..1"'nD' ......
uK to <iok.-1nl tNdc .~ 00......,1.1......
eo......,to<l lpoedo ...n UllIn~ and C>DdIcI to to.cilit&t.I
tl>o e&1cILllU.... ot aoan _<Is IllIl st.ondor<l clrdaU...... "~~h.
~1 craP!> .... dr_, !roes oII1ch ...... obt&1nld porce.ntU... nl_
..,<10 IAn all. por hour po.o•• ""...pl •• ot th. <lata proeMlinf; .....
touncl in~ ....
"STATISTICAL A.'I1JXSI5 AlID RESULTS
The field data "e..e proce.....d to yield nluu at apeed
~tenl tor .....h statton by oond.1t1on and d1re<:tlon. Th...
dbtrib.lticn' the ..agnUu~ and th.. d1aperalon, '!he p&r&","u", of
~tude are the "'an (or avc..acoj epeed, th" 85t/l ""r."ntne "P"'!
and !.lie ten m.h ptIr hour ""ee; \.hose or dbpe...ion, or ••F ...." ••
are the ..ari"",." (or ot.&ndar<l denatton) and th" ""rcent in tile 1>&00.
The tiro .. plIa'. or the ~ia ."""bud of an Invnt1gation
ni&l>t be!o.... "",d trcn night beto.... to nigbt &!'to,... Tho.. three phaeol
will be .... t .. r ....d to here.Cur as Ul" &1. nil!l't and atter ....diu,
b" which aoea.ns it "as po...lb!o to infer -.tletholr tho obo ........d differ.".....
rit;u:'<l 8, tho 04n... labelled -, 0, • ind1cat1n;l tile dire.tiM or
ehAntl...... decr"""", 4cl< of change, or inc ........", ,..upectivaly. The
OM-ded portioM <!eMU th"•••\.&tl",,", whON tho atatlatleaJ. un 1n<l1-
cated ewide.,.e of an &• .,<&&1 ell""/\<, in th. pa.....".,Ur at th" fin po",..,t
•le.... l or al.gdfic&/lCo. n." unohadold portio"" in the - and • class••
denote a pontillo chanE", .me,... th" absoluU Va.lue or th. t ..taUot1•
•n.o probability or .. <hang..... largo or l ....gor than thatobeerv&<! being du. to .han•• alone b ttv. pare..,t or on. in 1wen1y.
FR£Ql£NCY POLYGONSCHANGES I'" PARAMETERS
PASSENGER CARS
MAGtj,lUD£ OlSl'ER5QN
.to•• ....T...,.'" ..on """0"_.00(""
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....ee1 1:1 the ten on ~h dUt.rene. ot ....". .... 1.00 or .... &rid t.Il.
aboolute yaJ,... ot ehoo , .\.aU.Ue u..d 1n e••eint; th. ftr1&ne......
1.2 or ..... 'nUll 1nOOrpora~..s into t.Il. ~la turt.h.r aid
1n apotUll4> Ilt\1 t ,. n.. eriteria ._... WOlUd oo opond to a
~r 1• .-.1 or .1t;n1t1....... (,.,,~~ 30 pa...,.,t).
No .\.aU.Ueal taau ......n.1labl. to~. c!l.&rJga 1:1 tbe
~e or par.em. 1n UI. pac.. Chanpa 1:1 UIa 8SUI pa...,.,tU. eould
11&" -.. anaJ.¥sed ataUaUea.ll1 but ••1nc:. UIa ftrl ot thoo 011....
~rlbuU_ ot II1tt....... botwMn 8Sth parc.,tU r a1it t.~
the Yarlan•• of UIa 41tt bot...... _. UIa a",,<lo"'_ ....,.u
.u.. ...,.. too -U to ha Ji.lded UIJ rallabl.. I"OW.1h. eor.....
'l"er.t.1J'. d>an<;" 1n U_. p&r_.........u not. be ...bJ-.tad 1.0 •
tit;<>,."... anal.1ala but ...... 001"<011 VOUl""<I 1:1\0~1 pol.,noDa rru.
OIId.h it ... ""po<!. W~ ,...,.N1 obM......ti.... ot ...,. t'- in UIa
dl&npa eould bo -.de. Raf.rrlrlc to f'1&ura 8... ebanpo 1n U.~ trca.
tor ca=pl•• 3b-1.6 aU.. poor -.. 1.0 3~-u. .u.. par boI:T ...... a~
ot .a;l.n,... two Idlea par -..; ••ban£'O in Ibo pal'«'nt 1>1 UIa pa... er-S5 pareent. 1.0 1.5 ""...,ent. plu t.., parc...t c=l>an&'" (ta. parctolt
_,.., of th<t t...ct1..... t. liJlc at. IIPftda rit.h1n UIa l1a:1U of tbe
pace).
'nloa• ..-. 1&bellad ..,.....~ - _ .....h:!.ac" ....Ut ot
\be chanl." 1:1 panMte....t at..ti..... 1oOb1e1l ...... ai-.Ud at a 1IIttt1
dent. dl.atanu f'I"CIl:I UIa a1t.&1O ... tbat ..,~ aholol.d ....... _.w,ad
bat-.. UIa mitt ...d att... pt>aa•• _ 1.0 tha add1t.1oa ot _:u-at1ca.
"0tJ> t .... 1.0 U-e .t.atl.... wtlldl, it .... telt........... l1I<el¥
to 1>0. -.. &tt••tad. 1•••• t_. 1:1 UIa appl"Oadl. critical &Dd .....
"""1"1 _. "Critical" .taU.......... a1ao ualJ'ztod atp&ntalT &Dd
were tho.e at or 1n the erit1cal <Ones, 1.e., .t the entrance to, exit
rrom, or eentor oC • edU<:al Ceature (curve, brl4:e, etc.).
lnapeetion oC these Crequ""cy polyaona (including breakdowns
tor other tl"Pft. =(1 eocb1llation. of :z.one. that are not oh"""l in<11cate<!
that para;>elera of cao;1tu<le deerea.ed C,..,., day t.o nicht .mile thoee ot
<11.pe,.,,10n sh""ed B very ,Ui:ht tend....y to increase, thi. tendenoy
haYing no atati.tieal .1en1fi.""ce.
The decrea.e in IOe<UI "1""'<1:1 ..... rcuthl,y in the or<!er of one
to f1va ..u... per hour fro<ll <!ay to night. Tho.e _tat1""" at which
_peedo <lid not <leereau were at place• .mere <!uoed Tl..1bil1ty <lid r>ot
all..... recognition of the need for, Or the _dI>1 bHUy ot, re<!uced
.peed; or _,.. lowor n10It volUOle3 cdgtIt tend to obviate, in the !Sind
ot the lllOtorbt, the adv1"...b111ty or re<!uced opeed.
The effect of d=lcn..s on tNck ope.do wao not cOMiatent,
incre.............U ... <lecreaa•• havins been oboe...,ed. for the OlOst
pax, the .peed pronle. (eee Figure Ul _,.e OlOre unito", at night
than during daylight ~.ol:n.
PIll'''''''tora of ""'en1tu<le ."""renUy 1n<:raaaed .nee the ;>lace
"<!lit ot ecl<Sed <lelineaUon while no ehan,ses were IIjlparent in the
<\1aperaiOM. The add1tional <leU"""t1on lIjlp8ara to haye pro<luced a
I&Ore unifo"" .p....d prc!'1l" by in~cing a dec ....... " in <leeele",Uon and
&CceleraUon rate.; bownor, ttl<! delay 1n d"••lcra.t1ng _y have "".ulted
in a"""" rapid reduction in .peed at a criUcal tentu....
'i'nl.k speed! _re apparently unaftected by the additional
<lelineat1on.
Th1a .vidence would lead""" to e""dude that aoidod de
lineaUon ten<led to 1ncr""ae night .peeda ....r. it not tor th<> fact tluot
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any ditterences 1n <leeree bet"""n the olwl(lu at eacll type of """".
It wall thoU<:l't th3t a ""re d<o!tn1U piotun> of lIlIat na~ nappened, could,
~1Ie ....:ore, be Clbtained 1! tnts were perfol"lll.d on tile differenoea
bl>tnen U1e ~o's for different lIOnos.
TIle re.ults of ~Ilia Last series of te.~a were far now. 1l1~
nating, Il""",v.r. TIle.... was no ....llible evidence derive<:! f""" ~Ile... of
er>.y difference between ~Ile ellanj;u at One zone fi'co tlloee a~ AtIY oU1U.
en the !>.>sis of ~he.e fino!inga the poaaihl.IHy 10 e~roll&1;lr
sugge.ted that th..... <lAY have been ... ehAnO' in the characteriatics of
the traffic beJ.n.l; s"'''l'1ed beto.e.n U1e tl;:te. that tile befo.... and attu
Held stud1u ....n> conduetad. It lids possibility. ho"",var, 15 <tl.5
counted it appears tnat tile addition.al dellneation tmded to 1nc.......e
niQlt apeocla but 1n ... noJH:Ona1ot""~ tIalInCr, indic3.t1JlS; that oU-.or
fac~o... IIIIl¥ haV10 been operating ""... strongly on the llO~orbU' choice
of speed. In er>.y even~, ~Ile dittcrencos in .peed po.~~erns. ><hi..le
etatiaticall,y JOOanin<;tul, ........ not larga &n<! of V1Ol")' little prectical
aif7li!ieance.
Soc.e of the el.,...,u wMcll -.y he_ &1...,n riee to a ehan<:e 1n
conditions and factors whicll led to tlle !nconatat"".)' of resulU a....
dieeuased in a fo1l.<»ting chapter.
An;!.l.Eta of In<ij;vi<lual. locntioNl
Ficurea 9 -12 show tlle apeed p""nlea, by direction, at ....cll
locntiOli. Mcel.",tim 8Ild deeehration po.turns ....re 1n!er'rfld f1'OIl
theu profileo. althoUf1l H J:I\l.t be r"""""bered that thes. arc ploU or
diacrete .pot apee"'. Sinee no ~"" adjacent atatio"," ~'ere obc.,..".d
ail:wltaneoual1' theae pattenu are infor ....d !roI9 <lata colle.Ud on
•dirt.rent ~ ..,." "" _t conc1ulli""" ean "'" <1>'1..... ~ til .
1IfI&l u intended b IJ • ,,"c:1:ptlon of >lhat I-.d 1.0 n wJcen
pUc.. Thh &,,11 1001 '01.11 be <:olI!1Md p...c.!"llT t.o • ~.:ln
b.t_ l~'" <>1/t.t-bdt>... and ~t-&."Ur ....., opotla.
LouUon I (f'1&. 9)
1ICIrUl_, Open~ &p;>l"O&Ch apHds _ ....loat u,.,
u:., but. tbo yutanc. of the a!te~ "_40 .... h1Pr (tho .peed.
d:1.trito.ltlon ...... -0.....~ out). Ib <l1tr.,..., cd -.:blood at U..
approach 1.0 lJlo bri~. Deeeler"ti=.~~ ~c........t m ... :.he
.ce.l.....Uon d.ld not OCCUI" on t!la bridG- .. It had be!o.... ,... that
apeed8 leen.... U'•• bl"1<l<:a ........ ab<>ut t!>t .....". &1thouQI UtI Yarlanoe
..u u-->ur. Spolodl on the tu:"ft ..."" M&b"r bit accllllr.o.tlon~
SOIlthbow>d: l!o changu ..."" ol>ll.r....d l'l'o.:o UtI _peed '0""'
tl\rouDI t.h. ell to the entr"""e DC the brld,cl; dI••le",Uon d1d not
OCCIU" to 10 that "PH"" l103.'lins tl>. brl~ ....... t\1£har.
",ccel tlon bo,one! !.he brld,;e <l1lI1n1.hed 10 th.11 """_ in the reo-
eo.... ..,. and open lug:.,,,J' 1O:>e'~ unc~~. TM "arl""ce .t ......11.
IUU"" ... .....,1I.>r~ 10 :l"~t, on the ~""ng•• _t Yeh1d.. • .-.1 to
ba... bMn arr..,1.OId tho ...... VaJ'.
'""" .~tlonal <lellnut1on • .....s l,<> Iwon pR><luced • ,.,...
un.1fo",~ p&lU,,",. but not nec...a&rl.1J & .allr <JnII Itnel r.-eda
In• ....-..:! .t ..~ loe>.t.1on. 7ll1a apparem. .s.<:...aH 1n aece1
......Uan and dKltl.ra~1on COIdd bot _ nlbor 1.0 • <l1&~""cU"'! u;-=t.
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Perhape n.. opt1.mo:l solution, sllort of relocattn<: the l'O\lt., would be
to enend the 40 :>1lu per h.".,. sI'"d zone beyt>nd the br1<1t., perti.
cul.£rly since residential end """","rdal <icvelopoent 10 occulT1J>6 ill
that ........
t<>cetion 11 (Pigs. 10 and ll)
Northbollnd (puse,,£:er cal'S)' 5pa.cia on U. 5. 52 ........ ",,4
thely unchanged prior to !.he south cu""". Sl"\'ecia on th1s cW"Ve ""'....
10W<tr ""d t~.e vui,..,ce g.....t.r after d.lineation. Speil<la entering uJd
thro\lltl the llItel'Section curve ........ unchanged but br>th me&Il sl"\'ed and
VU'1anc. 1lI."""",,d st the recovery zone beyOod the lnt.,.,..ction. n-..
open higtn.r&y - l.aving 'l"\'Sd<I ...re hil;her. On U. 5. U the ol"\'n
hipay - approach .peed .."... unc~, lout the ...an 'I"\'ed end ".u1.onc•
........ cru.ter at the ~e of the hill at st.tion i. It i. at tid, point
that vehicles encount.r .<It. line,.
Southbound (passenger cera), Open hi~1 'p.e<!a on U. S. 52
.... re thot ....... ; .peed:> at the app~ch to the inte,.,.ection cu,......, we....
..........hat hil;her (th. "IaQlitude of the chang. '0;". s::l.&ll but a le:v
SMple size led to statistical slfl111l'1canc.) ""d the ..,...isnce h.d <Ie
creued. Decel......Uon .... unchan{;"d, a, ".re op"eda, on the interoecUen
curve. .....deration <mt of tho c...."e <i1I01n1.h<l<l .0 thet .peeda lu.'t'1ng
the inte,.,.""tlon we .... lov"r. o..celuaUon ""d accel.ration ill the
rlctn1ty of the south CW'Y. appar<lntly dWnlo~e~ sinc. spee<ill ".,..
hir,h.r on th" curvo but ""chang.d .t the ""cov.ry tone. l,ccele••tion
beyOnd the curve ........ppe....ntly de1aye~ be"",,"e speeds .t the open
hll1n<lJ' zone were hi/1!e •• Both the _ speed ."d the Yar10nce
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I ,A i' 1~ l>I
-\--+--i~,);!'+;++++
•
• • •
ac••l.,..t~ uU....1Il be ..,... .ont1<len~17 and qu.icJc1T lnh1a~O<I.
s-. of !.h. "'1I;r hup~ bam> cll1!\ed to the .- ....hl~
...... di...tl7 pl"1or to ~h. lIIla.~d. 7Ml"'e a_ to be lea. eont'!lalon
.t tlMo J"".Uon on tlMo part of ao>Ut.llbound -o1.or15tl but "'.... pre<loort.
allua<.1on ...,. be hot.&ardo>..... th... h 1........... to _r
...-.l ""del topped at U".e no- of tho iahnol.
s- and tnds~ tunw 1n til. """"lI <lI.rooc;tions
throuDl U-.e .l>&nnala Or cut "...,r ~!>01~ to ,.t b&d< ant.o
II. S. 5'!. 'nI. latta; _r h» p"-blJo~ DO'" difficult ......
t""t ~.-.-t hl&ncb and .uncia....... 11>~••
1ha ....w.h of a""'tlaU.al Usta ... tt>a~ of til• .,..,..
bin-.cl tl"\ldc ""d puaongar C&1" spot a?""1 d:l.atnbut~ ohond. no
clpdn.c""t ~rwnd. '1'.... -Joritr of tAste indl.••Ud ... chanc...... .maYo-
Loc~t1on III (Fit. 12)
Sou~hbo""d: Open higlrway 0l'O'a<ta .ppro""h1ng the loc:oUon
trcn tha north " ..... hith.r. S~ c~ tha appl"O""h oona, ......ra
veh1cl...nt.,...c the delineated netlon, "" &l'f'a'"""t1,. (but not
otathUeal17) 1.o><oor••if;nityins that da••la Uon tI&,l' have oc:tIl;t"O<\.
aoona; ..... to tI>I a<lded delineaUon. 1I"""...r, cl4>c:al.....t1on on the
_l"O&cb to tlMo inte......t1_ propar apf>&NnU,. da.~ sin.. 5paeds
...... lI14t.r th~ and ~1'>nd the int......Uon. w..th.,. tlda .... _
to !.h. cIou.na.U"" or to ,_r:ollJ> hisl>ar~ m.rin& t./".e an.arpi-.. _amot be 6ateno1ned.
~bo_: Ii<> d:1!t......,..,...... '*--"""" 1>1 u.. opan
~ - _.......a. .peed. _r. th. 9U1.a.nc. bad .sa.......ed.
"
,•
!~ 'I..~000
."..•
";1""; \; \
": I, '•
-
•
•
II-
• • • •WlOl< lIid Sl'Wl - GlldS lOolS
"Sp..clI on the appr<>Kh to the t .......ltion ....,Uon ....... lI1,ghu u .......
u.... 1n 1.1I. intersection. SP"ds on U>e app ......11 t.o the !,nurs••Uen
011 5. a. l<Jl .......~ Nt acceleration to UM _r;;i"4l area ....
U-t.... The _rs1n<> or bot.h tl"",•• tl'N:Ol oceu..-.d "IrIder la.o •
....h ..liM _t1J'. bo:clmll_ the ..,..., 'pHd at U>e .....:on.,. ..".,.,._ ... ~tlOl\ ended, ><&01 I.<:>w.r. .Ioeeel.....Uon ..~...t1J' the"
*- U........n.... but at ~r spHds (llft1e.. it .... dd~ ani! tooic
place~ tM ..... tn ..tdch dat& ...... collec:ud).
A o....,n method of oo:><luo~!nt: ~n.-nWJ. ,..,8earoh 18 to
proY1<ie oause. an<! note err~cts. In order to be able ~o oonfidently
asoribe 'paciCio arr~o~e ~o "peo1£10 oauseo it 18 usually nooeos ....)' to
hold all othar boton oo""tant. In a .tu<!.,y of traeric bet'laY1or.
h<>waver, it 10 not alway. poao..1bla to .01l1~ve a aUta of conateno,.;
1n<lee~. ve are ortan not aw.,.., of ill th~ f.o!.ons ""ich cay be
oper..tlng nor wll10h of thoe~ ..~ Ma aw.."" of ..,... eio>lCiollnt.
In retroepeot, it >oould appelll" tllat tha"" "" d",,,,,,,,t.anoea.
a=e of ..tI1ch ......., unavol<bbl~ and oth<ol"3 of which " unfo",_..bl".
w!>ich~ have intarf.""d with th" control or this ""I"'r1.oIont. k>ong
the•• aNI the Intl1.nsic <ll..I....Uar1tlu between &nJ' l'O..lbl~ looatione
lOhioh would lMke for lack of cotll.rOl 1n ta",," of cor...,.lation bet..."n
th..... particularl,. sinca hU:>r<lous locations &Ttl ofl.en ..t)'pical OnaS.
Aguavatlng thio .1tuation was the .lack of un1foruit,. of oonditione,
e.t., the p,..,.etlO~ of epee<! ,.."eo. ,.equin<:lent. for d1.tr....nt type.
end anents of ""<led daUnaaUon. clifferent fIh:roiolll futures. ato.
In p",.fol'Ung a befo M~ attar atud:,. to <leta~a the
erreot of .. tiW1l dev:l.c~ it t be aallUOled that the trarfio in~lve<!
10 "aanotant," i ••• , that i~ would exhib1t ~he .~ charaoteristioa
both befo... <l:'d &fI..r ""r~ it not fo. the p.....""ce or the devioe in
questIon. lIIan daIl1irl,g with U\e hur>.'\Sl e1..,..nt, one enoounte... a
factor ""ioh 10 at the .~ t1=le both .......clo<> ",,(\ oubjoot to IIIOthation.
What the.e lIIOtivationo are, in ten.. of inc1te..ent to a .""oiN.o
oOurao of aoUon 15 ~thine about whioh one OM ofl.en only guu••
For this ....""on. tha .i&ninc...,oe of roany of the oondltlono >oI\.1ch
"<!ev<>loped e<>U1d not boo evaluate<:! wiUl ..... I>O.t to thei,. .. ffect on thb
stu~.
During one phase Or &nOth".. or the nell! study, ,..,&d eon
stnlCtlon Or rep.o.irs "e..e tak1n& place several alle« !ro:o ea.~. of tha
locatio"". To N\tat extent thi.. and the posaibl.. detourlng of lr&!'f1.
aIr..,\.ed the CO&pOslUon of traIn. at th" situ b not known. It
~o t..Wfmed that the alDHr ">nth. <luring which the befo.... phases
........ e<>nduetcd e:dUbHed an abnol"≪r ~.1gll izlcicl"".,,, of ra.1n/all.
'nl"t and the length of tir>o it to<>!< to gather <!lota ."u.ed the art..r
otod;.. to extend into the tall ><han darlrne•• and, therefore, the • .,."..
"""""",Ill of <lata collection o••ut'red at an ear-He.. hour (part.ieul.>rly
art".. the el'langeo",,. r""" ~'ll(;ht ...vin<; t~). Thh ~ abc ha....
10<1 too dur",.."""",, 1n U ... ecapo.Uion an<l '1'01 of trAttie bet"",,,"
Ct\e lIl&jor obstacle Wa.:l t~... low volll:lCS .n.oun~,,",d And tha
OOnlle<JUent inabilHl to a.~ui.... sa::>plea larfo e"OUflh 1n size to cope
with t~~ larg,. variance.. and =aJ.l chanlle. obllerved. T<> <!o 00 ..,uld
~.."" at 14;>11t doubled the t1.lll0 "....uary to coll<!uct tl .. t1<old atu"","
and zrlght l\ave fuM,her int<mal f1e~ the errede ol the l"ctore tlentioned
eltecu oboerve~ "",uld ha,.. boen tnle on1;1 ol tholle loc.ti""" et"died.
F1MllJ'. j,,<lg1111l tree the experience ol U,b etud;r, it wmU.d
• .".,... tl\at the", io .... ed lor 1JIIprov"""",t 1n the field ol opeed
""...urlng deric... Chuacteriotico »h1ch are desirable 111 ouch a
donee are: rdiability - fl'eed"", ha. the """oibllity ol the occurrence
ol non-r_ eTTOre; precloion - emall ran<lcn eTTOr so tN.t better
acc ......y CMI be attaJJ1e<1 fl'ooI 0 given e...ple; portability - it ohould
not .."Wil ~Labor~te ~quil""erlt whioh ...,\lld requi~ an ",,0~..1v~ IlX>Ullt
of t~ and oare in setting up; US~ of operot1"" ~ th~ o.... enoer ehould
be eble t.o t""~ da~a wll.h a IIl1ni=a of operatione; di",ot readl.n& - these
data sho\lld be as 0100e t.o final fo"", "" po..ible and ....qui.... little,
if lUlJ". additional oalouLatio",,; """"a~ilitl - ability t.o be oon
veni""tly opemled over 0"'" Or t"" 1.>nes, as desired, with no loss in
,..,liabil1ty; appe=e - as ineo""p1cuo"" as possible,
"
FroII tile ""'to. h.....in described it -ay be CQncl~ that:
1, :tlth few AXC"pUO"". p&geenge.. oar n1l;ht .peeds
""re lower tl>an dayti.<>o .pee<b ><itll ..,,,t changes
in the rang<l of one to five "liles per hour. The
,"".. epHc"," ""',.., at .t<ltl""e >mere ,""weod visi
bility did not al..low ....oogn1t1on <>~ the need for.
or the arlT1"ebll1tl' of, reduoed speed; Or at
et3tion. ""..... loo<er vol""",. woul<l obviate, in
the IOind of the rootorht. the advisability of
re<luced S~d.
Chan;:u in ll"\lok .p.eed5 "e "",t consistent t1'<l'lI
cIa,y to night, win. acce 1n MU U ",,11 ""
decreases. Speed profiles for tnlCke "1'1''',,",<1 to
be '"''''II wdforc.
2. , ...... change.. in diepel""lon of tho "peod ,!btribution.
betwun <!It,y and night ...re noted and there was no
conehtency to lhooe cMneee that were obs.,......,d.
3. Att.er <iel1neation, nieht pasaen",.....r c= epeeds al\crwoe<l
.. tenden,,)' to be sliOitlJ' hJ.Oler and speed ,,"'files
Wee .. litt.le ""'re unito,.,.] ho_o, it could not
be deteruined "',ether tll15 pl\er>o<tlenon "'as <!ue to
dollln...t!on al<>ne, to a cl'wlce in basie traffic
eltar,,,terhtie., or to .. e~l ....t1on of circ,....
stances. In ally event, the chaIl,(;es noted """"
sr..a.ll and probabl,y or little praetled aiel1fieanee.
I'1l:ht tt'\lU .~ af\.er do11.-ti,," ....re
v1rl.~ unaffected,
L. llUpenion of tbe speed dUtributi..". >f...
appr.renlJ.;r ""l atf""te<l b1 lhe edc11lion of
dlt~lion.
'!be -U... _sent iJl t.he ~U -.ld n,uest U>al
f...,\.o.... other U.3tl gl1ns;.U", ""'" <kteNine llle ...t.<>rl,4l'. c1",ice
of speed. It -..:r -U be 1JI:I,t ~he eft""u of deUllauon do :ool
~J.;r O>arI1!e~l It-u.... 1n ch&n.c..... 1n apoe<! ""tUrns. S1»e.
Ul. f\ndoDe:'1l&1 ..lhoe _.1nd ..11-..ti_ is ..felT. end u.. .tr",,~
_ a&felt is .....u.f...~ed bT &Ccl<len~ oc""""",,,e. e~ of ~he
befo", and a.~er accldont recor<l:s far th l<>utiona 1n ~t1on >fOUld
be of U'SU Yalue and -S '<cr"J U be the onl:' ~ iJl vII1c~ U,.
.tt",,~ of deUneAtion J:l&;7 be ob ~.
-n:. before accidenl cords for a 2O-Gonth ",riO<: ..... in-
clu<lad heroiJl. It 10 ""co:o:>ended thnt aocident cords be co::lplled,
at SOIIoO !'ul~ date, for a o1.:>llar ",riod ..,d ~ \lith the extant
on.,., taldnti 1nl.o accn",.~ lraffic Y01..........alh.r .xperlel>Oe (0l.:UlJI
accldenU 1n""hod nl Po'YCDMit) ..,d l 0 of acddenh.
CoMi<lerable 1nlcren h&l!I l>Hn SllJ ....ao<I in •
~illlllinalion otud;)r. StlClI a st,q ooll1d be I8>dotl"lak.., \lith lhe
a~l1nuUCllstudt as s buc. Il~r. U. WO\lld be adv:.~ to
l1=I1t u.. scope of aucl: s stu~ ..... \.0 ....M. u......u.e..lion of
lan.r aa:oplu at ...... owli""". touUOIl!II -.It rrotabl:r btl lhfI
beat aite far sod!. a 1tvd7. ill of :.bo uat1n,s ltal.1__.... cho"""
viUl tha pouit:U!t7 of ... il.luo:l.r.al.1on A~ 111 _. but. it 11
.1ltP"Y<l thl.t .d<ll.Uon.ol II.I.I.1oDI l,. opu.t-.l in o~r to nil 1n
u..~ iJ:I u.. &e<>al1""U"" - ~cu.l'<lU"" prot1l .
SI><:h ~., 1"h.l....uen 11.U<Q' ~d pro to tHo .....,.
prot11.1.hU .. it IIOU1d~.~ po.u..... and ~cddetlt ...l.etI
-.door eoaell.U- or opU... dcU-U... (_~. Of>'-l..-a
","u_U... a _ 1.lt pLo.c:. at U>a louUoa) wlU, u,... ~r ........
ell.U_ or "1"'.' liD't.1zlI and .-u:-u.on (a1no:. __PIU'e of
dellnon1ort V1.U be _ .....,. n'a:l wlU, ~Uoa). In u-...t":;'.
u.o..:o.... tb&t del1ne.t.1.Gn lot>1ch a _ ltout.d It tba &1t.. and
>ltU.d1 -U ba ..............,. Qw to u.. 1'" or 1.IeinUna &batll.d
be allmnate<!.. Tho >"e:Iull.. of I .poood-'ll,nl Uoa n~ _ c__
pu<Id wtu, u.. ruw.1.I. of th1& It~ and tlMo... '_<*1 a<:ddent
.w<Q' .I>ou.ld pr'O'tide lapoI1.&nt 1.ltfo.-tt........ the ...!aU.....alu. of
opl.1.m& .-u:-uon and \.he c<x>b1naU"" of ligtlU", and <Iallno&Uon
It h&&ardouI 1.oo&U......
'"IlIBUOO/W'III
1. 8lJ'I.l>-."_ D., -l!iPq ~t1nll and Accidents 1n. Jndano;,ay.htl!) 1.1.6, Il1pq Iloo• ..,.<:ll Ilovd, No. 08, J&:ll>U7. 1956.
2. ClIul_rth. C., and Coboorrl, 1. K., ·Inn....... of a.:..d I.Q<>uton~ and .l.ec1<lonU 11:1 Ilw'al ......... JoWnll1 of u..IpuUp\loo pf lllells"el find ...n. Vol. 11), 1:0. 7.Jan.....,.. 19S7.
4. 1kKono,gl•• J. Carl, '''1'"4," rn.ra, ""'rhrly. Vol. IV, .... 4.o.:t.obw,1950.
5. N1d'b. D. ar..t. 01lelp1q lkadl1t':u >nth~ l'.Jofaewn,"I'!'oe!!!linn. IAIUt.ut.a of Tntn. ~,... p. )7, 1938.
6. ~. D. Grall', ",ud1rl& Il1&l>l Dr1.nn >d.l.h 1lItrlaeto.. ~u.·Proc!!!ll.nQ. lDaUhU of TTAtt1c ~". p. )1, 1'1)9.
7. bt10Dal satu, eouo.cU. 6Sd.~t !)s't,. 1955 -.!., pp. 46. 47.
8. "IttPt Old."'" - '" $1ck ot Pa_ Llnor," rnr!..,.r1M -.. r.~=.-d.
1"61. 154. 110. lIo. p. 45. April 7. 1955.
,. ... Tn, O. l •• "Stwl.l._ of Motor Veldc1. OpenU........ LiD't..d.and tlIIl1cIlt"" bal~ hi .... J_1o" ~!!d1nr.!.
~ a..-rdI lIo&r<I. '01. 24, p. SIJ. 19l4.
10. QIdM>,. 1lan'c> S., "'l'r'&tt1Ao P&u..... It • liar..- !lr1~.' J. tbelIanlJa1u.ed 1.0 u.. taetLlt7 of~ 1kl1ftnU)' l.r:t puUal. tIJ,ltw-t or u..~~ tor the 4qrM or KaaUr or 5<:1....1JI crnJ. DlP-rl.rlc. r....-,.,., 1'1.\,S.
11. •.......... or e-1ll.....~ 'lUlbU1l1," 1'l-oc;..;1nt!. Il1#I><a1.........b flNrd. '01. 28, p. SU, 1948.
U. :nau or t-io.hn&.~t of 1l1PaTo. ·".hiel. P1M:.....tnDl!1...• Syr!r Ben., 1956. 1957.
13. NUl.ey. Wllll_ L ••U1..... '. tIuIM<I s-lA8r SU'l.p8•• T!"8!t1e'l',n.t!'lr. Tol. tE. 110. 2, p. 212, .a.sru, 19S5.
2. ilrlIIIU., J~., J. Q•• "1lOl< Accurate &N II&dar Sl»"" tt.te~?·
Ela.~ron1••• Yolo 28. ~o. U. p. 112. Do...be~. 19S~.
). _~. lrY1z>C ..... Enr;l,n!!~1m' St.<otht1.. ""~ ~"J!tl COMrol._ lori" )t,eJr.,.-Hill _ ~. lne•• lOS).
4. GrHnel:tiddl, Bruc:. D•• L'1d ....1d.o. I't'" l~., S\!~1,n1 .. !11thAA?l19!l1....... to Hll'!N!," 'l'l-afl'1 h5... ~t..a.
e..-tl""t: .".1:1>0 'O".Jnd.n1"", f~ Il~ 'l'r'aft1e Control,19S2.
S. Hald. ~", ~l~'~"'",uk~OI'>"""_"~"-J~"''?''''''~'' ~... lori<: Job!..cu..,. and SorIa. Inc:., 19~.
60. o.Ua. 1Iema.,."'<l. St.ttL!des t,., ~<!~&:"~'t. ~. 1_: iI::. I_aSt.tl.oo CoUap I'raa. 1951..
7. St.tl.oo Rl~ Do~t of Ind1"">a. I"d1e~i V.I!!}Il Of) lNfon'l'ratt1~ Control [l....i~ee ~or Stnoat. l\11d n"",,". Vol.. 1.
•
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.,."
• "• • ".."'"..,""""""'"""""
•
•
•
•
•
• •
•
• •
• • ••
••• ••
•
• •• •••
• •• •• ••
• •
••
~pJ. 3!x_pl_ 10....,~. ,
~. 1 • . . . .hIapl.. 2 •••.•
St.&un1eal C<qIar1lIo""
CQ!PA.'UlCl 1lUU.1E AIC~ .>1'UtUES •
TMtJ.ac ~u..... ... u..~ .
COlPU'fAnorw. FOtMJ.S A.l:D COOlIIG J.:1:'nl0lll POll SA:lPtElIEN! IJlD S'I'J,llD.\!lD IEVUTIOIl
!till r.s~ StaWUe •.••••C&l~uoa 01 u.. to ..l.at1aUe
Teninl: SI.lr.4u<l DnUU""" (or V&rianeuj
KlIlIJUt S.l:.p:ou; SIZE lUI SPECIPl.::D WlilEI; 0' CSRTllm
,,.
....13. IIlrtributiGn of ~. of~ nrl.&b1AI, ".
<lr_~ no.-l popoa].:&U"" w1Ul ....... ~ •• l..arAuod dnUlJ.... .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . 66
14. IlUtri'WUom Of -.a. _ ""- rr-popuJ.aliGn lliUl ...... 1'. n.o.ndar<I "'niuion, .. 67
15. 1l1rtrlblU= of 4iIr~.. tle'IMMn pll1n of--a ...... drDI:l tr<:c tJo p<>poo1aU... • • (:B
).6. s.. .. np,. 15,~ t -UbI. obM,...,d~_tt.....<_ of _.. ••••••••••••• 69
".".
'l'lo> 4Utri'Wt~. ~ _ .>TO...Mk1JIC ».:r .... about • • • • • •
~T~ ••••••••••• •
"""
............ ,.'
"
'-"ot.~
••,
•••
.' t.m ot :5!&nU1........ (RiM); prot.billt., ot .... jecUllll• to",," bn'oU>M1&.
_(ej, PI 'oMllt,,. ot ....t ...."..tin,£. twa IIn>otlleeh 11 9 1.tbt t ... ftl»* of tboo par_t.er.
to, St.an<IaMI ·."udellt'.· l at.eU.nle. lYe<!. 1.0 tnt 1\3'pOU1e...on u.. .......
to' (lbea.-..d t (calcuht.,J. rr- _le) to to. te.ted.
tel Th tical t (!rca -.tudent'.· t d1ltribuUon) tor~ n ". and t1ven nlOlber ot obe.,....Uon. in "_leo
r: F'IInctlon of tho F dUtrlbution, uud to test hypotheo..on nrt.,..,...
'a' Cil>&,.-..d' (ca!cuht.,l !rca ....pl.) to be telU;:I,
'e, tt> Ucal, (n- ,. clUtributlon) tor gh.... a and.11 .-... or oble,.......U_ in tho .~•••
r, ~U ~ •
•'.",-, _ of all u.. ~. _ .. '"111u UI<o nJ..- ;.. ~.
'0" ."'\,
GLOSSARY or sfAnsTIcAL 1'DIM!I
PopIaLo.tltM:J.: The tot.al P"OIIP of el_U ,..<le~
1.n.....tipt1on.
~: J. m.boo~ or .t-u &ele.ted t'n:IlI t'-o
pcIl""lat1on.
~ ''''pltoc: J...u>od or '''I(M", 0Ibe....ed> el M.
or the popU.o.U.., hM an eqv.&1 .I>anee or
be1.nf;~ro~ the u:arpl••
I'ler:dcIe nr1ebJ..: J. _TUebl. cll&J'ecteriaU. _1.ted.
vlUl .ed> .....- .hoi•• or an el-m.
!'!'cc • popul.at1on. to _ or the
poa:l1bl...~•• or ¥&1uea or l>tdch, the ...
1e .ttached • p""b.abilit,. p, that it liea
in that 1"Mge.
Ilo~ <l1etribut.1on: .l. cel"ta1rl theo...Ucal ... leUon bet"",,
"a1"". or the o_und ....-t.bl. and the
...1&t1.... tre<;u.ncl or the "al.... Tha
graph ot th1. cl1.tritoJUon b • ......u.:,
kn""" .... 'bell" .........
""~t1on~..r: .l. DlDOrie«l chu••ter'iat1. or tbe pop>
uUon. e.I., the I'O\'IlleUon .....
SUp1e at.U.t1.: J. m--1ClO1 .........te..uu. of tbe s-a,
a.I•• the .-ple (~)_.
Arlu-t.1c ....: The &r1U-Uc ....rAt'S Yal... or tba
U-u under 1nouUpU.... (ee-e.nlJ'
...r.......: to .. the ..... )
"s.z,qou _, Ben ..t~h ot the popuLation """".
",. M&n af Ule eaotpl.oo,
r",.-"
u,
Vuhnu, • _ ..... at tM ..arlabWt.,. or dbper.olon
<>r U. nl.... , s, or !.he r"- ..ar1&ble.
Dool'1M<1 .. the • ...,r-oo Gt u",~
cln1atl.<>na h'<a th41 ......
,, _r::.:;(":;....-~''-', . , (>,
cIini.U.... C&l.cul&t-.l by I..IIdtI,t dn1.au..ns
tn. the .~_.
'"
IIoW: I'br run....... o:c;>1M.aUon of UIeH t.er'UI UId t..~,. nol1:la14l..trl.butto.~. eM teM.-..l ..reNl'ees, (l) 1". 1.,.. ~. :1". lt1-<r;(J) pp. /,J.-4~. <"1. 6~>9; ( .. ) pp. 4'''';1, ~ot-,'l'I. Chart. J¥; (6;· C1aP'le ....?, J. '. r. U.
51:1e. u.. dau lIeN u.-l>l"" ..... 10M"" _ ttn1w _u.pl..
tJMo .~ ot d>Nw:a hu been 1:Itl"Oduc"". !lee..... or Ulla reet ...
_ et~ to _ OIlt t_ diUa.--.. wtl1eh eria. n-- ehaz>o:a
n-- u-. w1Uell repre....,t a true cl\an«a. TV do UIla, .....a "" or
tho _ ...1.. or u.. IlOr-el &tribuUoa. wb1cll La baa"" OIl t.b& I.a
A flO..".}. 41&tr'1bu't101l CUl"ft !or nl_ ot a~ nr1aI:Wt,
'" IU,J' be ~au1J' _crib&<! bJ' t .... ~lc&1 ..-tent.a: t~.. popu
l&UOIl ..... II, """ tho popol&tl.ccl .t&nd&rd <Wf1.aUon, o. 1'100 th1r4
K1netrt"1~ ""....ant or tJMo &l"U 11... bet_.. tl>& n1u&_ II - 20 and
I' • 20. the probeb1l.1ty or _ nlWl or "~ bet_n IIIJ t .... nl"a.
A end B is equ&1 to til. &l"U .....a.r tl>& ourve bet....... tlle.a ...1"•••
g
!!••!'i.I. 13. llUtr1llut101l or nllln or ranclooI~. Il.~
n-- ....-.1 popqJ.a.tiOll witll _, II, nand&rll
ded&UOIl, o.
y&!".. of ....... c&!cll.1a~ed t'!'oII ." lIIt1n1te nlDber of
et>an<:. cl1tf......,. 111 ~h. """pl'" rlll .w.~ 111 <11ft.....""... 1.1> the
~_. !he _ of U. dl..LrlbJU w1ll be II, the ~rue ....,,;
the.~ demu.... o4U be equ,al \0 i!r '~ knooel .. the
.tan<:I&rd ......... of u.. _an.
, ,..""
>t1~h _ ... , II, ,t.,,<lard den.tion, o.
Dirt o.. bet-.. p.Un of .oaple _ .... t ....n f .... the
0rld-l popIL1.eU will~ appl"ClX1aate .. nono&! d1etrib"l.1on
o _J"1.2 • ~2. .. ., ,<!
noe qa&l>l.1tT '"4 18 the .t.andud • ...."r of the cl1tf......... 1.a
-.-.
n.;. ll. DiatribuUon or dU'f.nmc.. bU_n pei... or ....,l.
_ cln>m er- the .... popo1&t1on. :une. tile
......... <lr...., lrao tile __ popW.a.tlon, the
apected nJ.ue or the <11ft_nee 111 ..... , S, Ie
11-11-0.
"f"~E
~::!ti;'~1
jip
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if
~i
i~
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.'8
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....
Cj
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i•
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.'
~,
,E
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..t_
~t
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~_
ei~
..~
...~~
•..
3..
l!il~~;
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rl~,!d
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l ",
i [..
q.'
f~
...""
. •• ,I.
",
I•
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• ".
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,.
~
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~I
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II
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..'"
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t!
•f
~I
i:"
&¥
i~
~n
..
~i
~u
~!
.1
t"
"f"
~.;~~e.
g.0
~..
..Z
...·"
'i
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ihH
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gI
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jrf
~t
~~
<n
!I
Ii
l'r<:c .. poJl"l&t1.on with .. ..." cUtrer.... not • jua.l to zero. s...
""bit ......)' diYldon po11lt .... t be .haHn (111 ._•• j 111 ...E'U"'! to I>ov
e:nll .. probabillty or the diCC........~ due to .hanc. i.e ac.eptable.
'nih prooe<lll... 1& .allad ·t.e1~1nlI: <In !I)'potb.ei.e,· the Ilypotheels
In I"'rrorv.1ni: ttu. te.:lt we run 1.1:. riolt or lUk1nt tloo tJ'l'"
or .......... OI&.-1d!t.,.,. l.n _1~ tbat the t .............<DO Crao.
popu.laU".., lC1Ul diCC• .....", _an ~..sa >It"" u:.,. ••wallJ' ..... :'l'o:o
the __ popul.&l.1on• .". _~llt1 of~ UlJ.e t1PO of .rror 10
."dO"'te<l bJ o. widell _t be _ ...
'-'-'f. ...u. •
111 ..n-..... It 1.0 u.o ri:ol<, or
~1d1.e« tJlere 1a .. ditf......... _n -.. ..a.ts.
"'" I01#lt aloo .,.,. in ded<11n& Uoet tJI. tvo .m. do IlCIt
or~ th1a t1PO or .......r vill dot;>eAd on th. t di !C or the
popalAU""," 'ahO<l1d u:.,. ac:tl>&1lJ' <lI.rr.r). It • .." 11,. be tb.>.t
t.he -u..r tile t ..... diU......... the «N&ter tile l.ll:.I.1llood or~
Ul1.e .rTOr, tile pro-.i1t,. of ..bid> 1a ~t..e<I .. ,.
Sl.no ha.. Db ...,. or~ in a<!r.III•• _1.I:.r en:T
u;1fl..lnI; d1!r wv.>ld be podt1... or "901.1....... _~ uk. b>tb
_ibillti_ 1n\o acOOWlt and I"'rtb.... t-.icled test with a rlal< or
; ..t uo:b .1<10.
Sin:. th••!>ape of thoe .-..l. cu ..... 10 dependent ..,1.l.7 on
Lb••tan<1ard d.'I'1al.1on and the _ll.1on1nc alcr.,; the .ba.iN.. UJIOIl the
_. it i.e _lIib1.e to traneroN the p..... nJ. .... or U:n. pa:-a:.>et....
of valUllS un be. and have been. eoJ>PUt.e<!. Bl ualrl: the transfo....t.ion'
oland.ard nortU-l de'<4te ~ !..:..J!o
V1I oan reduce an1 no.-l distribution to deviat.iOll" fr<n a ....... ot
uro, the standard deviation ot the cu ....e being one. Any observed
yalu.... oan be appropriately transfon:l6d ana oO:op&r<ld with yalues ot
the atandard owon.
In O!"der to be abh to uae Yalu.. fl'Oll a table of standAr<!
no.-l deviates, hawever, V1I n....d to len... the true popuJ..o.tiOll atan<lard
derlAtion, 0·. Sinee all that h av;d.1Able to UlI ill tha sll.l:li'la
oland.ard deviation. s. V1I <lUSt reaort to the ao-oalled "t" diotl"1-
but1on- lob1ctl a11o... to!" the faot th4t ... are ua1nj; a standard
deviation ael"1ve<! fI"o<a a re.lative.ll saall sacple and not the tl"Ull
popoJ..otion standard dlIviation.
Suppose tll3t we are willin.c to take a 19 to 1 chanee that ....
....n·t OIOI<e the fir~t tl'P't of error. 1'18 can do thill bl ctl<>os1nj; "" a
levelot five por<:Mt.
,,)rt'oIl e table of val"",. of lho t diatl"1but.ion, .... lool< 1lIl,
tor • five pen::ent leYeJ.. of s1gn1ficanee and deereea of f....den.
•thr<:JuOIout the prec~ diaeua.1on we have ...."",,0 th4t no""'tter .mat the values of t...~e poplllat1on ~W\O, the standard deviU1""sara equal. Should the atandlt.l"d devi.tion. dirfer, SOllIe ;llOdlttcaUonsin the tesl lt1ll haY1l to be =de. nua w1ll be d1.eua.ed later.-!'or tho theor'J' and uan or tho t dhtribuUon and te,,,,, ofhypothe... , e.. gener,,1 reterenceo: (1) p;>. 105-100, l.4o-lJ,l, l.4B-1.49,176-l82; (~) pp. l.I':H.t.~; (6) pp. 26-28, p. 10).
"1 • "2 - 2"'; "critical' val .... of t. for the two-aided teat the
notaU"" tor the
lover Uadt, t!,oppoeite ill oiO!.
> '7. - 2' ""d tor U1e
be equal. ill value but
tl1netrt1ve !>"reent ot the obe.rved t' ••hould till
ariae. fi'<u cllanc. varl.Uon).
To perto,," the te.t all woo need de ia 0""'1"'.... to with the
'oritioal" t'.. It tile v<>1"., ot to tU1.o bet"""n the 'oritical" t'.
"" can oonolud. that th..... is no ".lgnUio""o." to the obe.rved
dUtor.no. and .... ha"". therefore, no ....Uable ovideno. tor rejeoting
However, th..... 10 e poe.1b111tl that val .... ot to o~ed
!'roIII a populati.n with. ""''''' v<>1ue oC 5 (wh.re 8 10 dinorcnt !roll
zoro) w:Lll aleo Cill bet......n -to ""d >tc ' ill <4\10h cu.... ""uld be
:oaldn,s "" .rror ot tl>e .econd l<1nd ( .... P'1~ L7). 1C the Man oC
U1io populetion to S:! "" can comput. P(S:!) (....d ~ ct S:!). Tho
'I."""Utl 1 - ~(S:!) 10 oalled the "power" of the test Cor. value S:!'
n.. -.liar the val... ot ~(S:!), the lOCre powoortuJ. tile t ••t.
1'opAo'"" ..",- _S'8,
•T\
rig. 17. Two diotribut10M olIOOng how .rro.... in
d""Lsion aol<1ng "'"'1 0<>:>0 abol>t •
•we got n poo.ible delTeo. oC cr..don frool. a • .,.pl. ot noburvatiOll'. etta deD"OO ot cr..do.:;. is loot .............r d.viationo a'"talco" !J"oIa the oapl....an inot ...d ot the population ""'an. Se. gon.ro.l.... foronc. (1) p. 27.
7J
C&lell1&Hon of the to SUtutie
n.. teat st.aUatte, to' I.e eal""hUd ...1,,« the uU:oaeed
1t.a.'>dar<I Irt<lr of eM <11ft......... in """ano. U•• -act l't>r.. tor >oh1eb l.e
(6'buto 11 "lltll<l ~ ..... lutt1e1en\lJ' 1&.-.-:- ..,d or -..~ ua,;n.1Ut<!e.
UWI • n- un boo .....l! ne<l 1.0 eM app~k to ...
. .J~, ."
,. .2
" '"In d. U"'r ........ r......
-.(0)
or, lin......... U~t1"t the hypothe.h 5 • 0, ... ~... ~U3tlon (5)'
n>e toNgoing .u"..... Ulat 0.1 et.ndArd d..,het""" of tho
pop,iUt.1onl being """""r-.<i &rot o<p.>oJ.. Should ehb nae. ~ UtI CUI,
~nc.Uona in thl t tut _t boo _.
W>iI ... eM tnt on \.hI st.andal"<I <1...1-.\.10"" 111 dodti.....,t. u..
~.. of tho use .....tl.etic is p: ..... hr
(9)
&lid the u1 tical value b1
- ,,"',
.""'re tile teat on the e~ devieUom 111 1nconeIlllli....
(olooe to eiuUtiC&IIt). either ror.>olllay be .... ed.
Testa on atandard doviationa eotually involve tnt! on the
varianoe, wt>ioh ia equiv:Uent to the a'l.UlU'e of the atan4rd dllvietion.
The eomper1:son of varianeea 1<1 bllOed on the F dinr1but1on".
At! in the t teet, til" F toat 1nvoI"". the eoap;>.r1e"" ef An
obooervad teet .taUetio. Fo ' .nth tabulated Tduee ot F. derived!\:'o::l
the proportiee .t U.. F di.tributl.on. Fo
10 oalClWted b1 taking the
ratio .t the .b8e,.,....d verianoe.
,Nhore. tor the purpoee••f th1a te.t. sl i. alW&1O the greater .f til.
t ... nrl.an<:ee. 'n>a,...tore, Fo w1.ll al..aya be &reater than 1.00.
Aga1n. a level. of ei&nitiOMO•••r risk (,,), ,,\lOt be olio"""
in wyanoe. CrItical F ull1lla (Fc ) are ....ad tro" " table ot the F
diatr1bution nth degree. of freedom "1 - 1 tor "12 , end "2 - 1 for,"2. The notation tor F. 1<1
'". '0,-1,1\...-1)~'Z). ~
•For t.he ~h..ry and woe of the F di.~r1.bution, eee renera.1refe~en<:e", (1) w. 100-110, 1'12-195; (I.) p. 147; (~) pp. }I, 4'1,91-9:).
"no.. lQ'po~lled. t.II,,~ Ule ¥&tUnc•• (and II...,., UIe at.aDcl&rd
drd.t.U".,.j ""' ooqu.o.l is no\ rejeetfl<l 1t '0 < 'c"
T.-WI on U.. 'l'a1"tl.bllit,. of the~ d.1nr.l.bolUon of
U"ek and puHllpr cu apeeda '''"no a&do br~ the .-h1ne<I
\'aT4.IlI=.. (./> >tdeh ...... "sil¥ caleu4tfl<l "1nC d.ata that. .....
allw&<t1 a'l'lll.labU.
:n.. .._ned .....u.nce t. :da11a:r CoO " vod&bt-e<l .-n.(;1I of
toM l.Jo:I.1¥1dual nr1anc_. "'Hh &llotane.~ ..dol tor trle clHferer.ce
in __ no-. ..,1..h dn1.t.1:1o"," _ ... t¥... '!'hie qo;&AtlUtJ' is giwn by
.'.••
(U)
""- Ie 1& UIot we1IhtoRCI ...."'1:. of tho pu...~r car • ." .peed and
UIe tnl<:l< 1M"" .poood.
(~)
C'..l'....hon. of the ..o.cb1ned ...-.r1&1\cn were ....cl. by "",ans of
the p teat.
76
Sinoe all tllet 1.1 ....all¥ .-- h U.. o.ppl'»d.mal.<t-.1nlJ:i.1:>
ellllP1e ehe .... lUJ .-le•••I'1.a1n el.aplll')'1nl; .~ra;d_tior... l<"c w1ll.,.It 1.1 antlelp.o.tecl that u .. *-Pl_ n". n, v1ll be ""rncl.,t!J' ar~
e" that thoo nl... or the t dhtributlon wUl elOlle1J' approx:l.».t.e t.he
nl... tor tM no.-l <tUtrlbln.l.....
~. .. --W d~ • ....- or obJ..--d <1l!!.....,.,c co.......poncll...,.; t.o
U. erlU<:&l t or tbo d.htrib"U."" witll ...... eqwJ. \0 Uto.
d _ Q
~'''-~'"t~(&). I , .'L._• •
It • 1.1 ..-.. ...os and it 1a _1.-..1 that. lbr .. hn>o
lbnlo&l ..101", or & • 3. '0) boo ~. than .10, tlom tho t n.l_~
t.<l7S -1.96
t.10 - -1.28
t>. eal...lat..:l.
C(JIJ'lrunOl~.u 1Ol'eMJ.S MID COlln:C ~'lHOIll
obI."",Uono. WIIcI o.J."'", "t. b obl• .-...I I "..bot,. of t~ ...
• an .COIP\lU the ..pl an u ....1gl:rt1Od o.Yer&L. bu.~ on tbe
~b. of 01>..,..,U1on or the ftl.....
r..t t.h. IlIbiorlpt 1 ..-p t..,.,...u, '"1' t.l'.- n].\IIt ot
till ••U, and f1
, tho "".bot,. of 01>1 1.101>1 in tN.t Clll. ~ in-
.\.In obaolld Iho ~t 01>11.-...1 ftllll boo )2 .po, -.iU, l.h....
oboo t1ono .t )2 ...,1>. II1d the Idit>ost. SS. with t ... obscrT.>t1or~,
; ·32, /1 • J; "2 • :n. Ito; "2t. - SS. /24 • 2.
TrlI... ron. the ...., .... be oo.J.eulItoocl b7~ u.......1'a£'O
of till proclUct.>l r1"t. It ,""""be ,_!.hIt Ir
1-D, sinul.h••""o/
till ...-... ot obI.""'U..... in ..Ih ••11 a ~ to u. total mmber
_ ~/1 It.~I • • .-...l...1r1 II
1D C'O"Plt1nI tJ>I .t.endu<t dcY1&IJ.OII lt ""..u bot t.ed10<101,
indeK, to 1:&.. to ~. U. IqUI'U of ill till 1:ld.1-.1dua1 cII...uUono,
10 ... CI/1 &Q-I.z> t.ek. -1.a4e of the tlet U..t IIUI)' nl". wUl boo
.....peatoocl. 'nd. leldl to t.bI tonoula
I -,•• If1 ("1 - xl, n - 1
_,., VI ""uld n1ll han too 1qIl.I...... till de-.1.U,-or thl .ill
nl.... "t' ~ \.hi ...... "2ldI .l.:opler f...-la tD us. in
(U)
"<dowU""" eM be d<or1._ braqua.l"1ng &lid n;pand1nt; tlqUAUorI (LIo) •
•2. n ~ 1. l:rt(x,/ - 2ll"X' t!)
Ir1"'1 _Sut.tituU", .. tor X &lid. """'I'1n,j; P",....,tl>e...... £WI.
i. n~ 1 [r t1"t
2- 2. rti"1( IrA"t)_ r ft(Itp)2J
Sw:.t1tut1ll,c n tt>r r t1 111 the th1r<l u .. wide the bndllOt. pftS
.2 • ....!.- [1:t1"'l.2 _2(1:10)2. n(Irl~) 2]
'1-1 n-r
the te~ or wb1c:h 'OM be IOMll;J _Wd..'!boo.. uJ.cuati_ e&Il be .~.uh4 tm-\.boor b7 P'><>P1Jl! the
<!ala 1I>t<> l.&rllr ctih and. s;lY1"C _ ct.......""" 1<1 U>. _ .boo
ftl.. of u.o .111 mdpol.Jlt. Fb;r ~" U-. nluos 32. n. and J4
eoul.d be iI'''; 1 in ..... n11 viUl el>t mol. nJ.... or the uJ.1 eqt>al. t<>
)3. I.n7 obu.....UOll. ..1\11 ..~ lin"." )1.5 and 34.5 ~d be
place<llll l.llll .111. lIIiI ....ll..... t.:ol..Un& It. UIO! bow>du7. ""-14
the bowIoary be ee-l<I. to tWO a4Jo1n1rIc ula. can be ~lh bot-..
Uti celli --"'Imood. Thon c.u. could Ulen be -..: by _1.1lI &Il7
..... cell .. an utl1U_17 0r1&1A and Ci'l'1nC IJ>. c~ ......1&JIaU.,.,.. nr
._, COrNlpond1J>,s to L'" di.I..an.... , 1:1 CIU vidtM. that .hI 1.nd;1
?1d..al call 15 lbo... Or ~.... the or1&1n. ",. t1r:It cell abo... tile
•
orlt1n ""u1d ~ &1Yen. code ot 01, ~I>o ..cond o~,.t.<:,; ~h. th1r<1
"Il ••"rap nl..... or eell (aiclpo1n~)
a, • codo<l qJ..... or call
• ~b:'aic o....r abo..., Or bcl_ or1&1n
, -,• Il 0
"ao • ai4po1n1. ot ull de:>1pIa~ .. oriC1A
til • maber ot _am1.1""" 1n call
.. • 1Oi<lt.h 0/ ull (uwor b'>t,nauy ai..,.,. lo...r 1loclnclAr7)
Coctinc; l.I\a c&lla enablas 115 to ....... 1Oit.ll ......uar 1n1.aval
rv.I'Ibo", 110 can .- 1. ......1.. the ~, as ... would t.Ilo :oc, OT "l'
..w.1..1pl.JriJ11 thU by .. &1Ye" 1..11e .varasa vo.l 1n lo~lYe 1.0 tha
orlt1n, eo "a add "0 ~o .....t 1.0 1;01.. l..ha oupJ.a ......
SWlorly, "a ealcu4to
\I-"CI='~'C'~C<I='C''-''" .1l:lltJ.~ "a by .. 1.0 tranJ!...... t.Ilo unit.o bo.cl< to .u.. par
0..... 1..1>0 ouplo "1.&r'Idu<I den.at.1tIn ..
, -.,
'''''
(19)
".,
Proc...W of Rav llo.t.a
t.al<., .t t.ouU.... U, .tation b, of 00IlUI_ pU_r ...... dI>rl"I
the .t'tcr n'Cd¥.
'. '..""H.S......,.".5,.
"3r..!,".,3r..445.345.345.3".5".5".5
'1.45.,0.'5.)5.'5.,0.55.00.5
,
'.Ut.cr tIM ...~t1"" crcpll vas =-_. tIM field cia"", ....rfI
...r~cd ."d c;roupo<I u ."""" ~.
,,.. '. ~onUnued} "~- <..u '-' "U
'. , , ,.u,- "-",, • , • ,.u,- ",-"•n 01.0 " " '.0 " • "'" '.0 » " >'0 '" ~» '.0 '" " '.0 " •" >'0 JS " '.0 ,. •• UJS '.0 " , ,. 0., >L.l ," '.0 li • ,. 0.' "., ,n '.0 " 0.' '., , ,,. '.0 " • ,
~ 0.' ""' •" '.0 "' • " 0.' ~S.S ,"' '.0 " • ,.
0.' ,.., ," U " • u ~ 0.' ~.,
," '.0 '" • " 0 "" >'0 " •• ~ 0 ~U U " •• " 60 0 60 , ," '.0 ... • 61 0 "
," '.0 " .'
The £>"OUI*I dat.a v....e ~~..., c-.l and p~....... to ~~ the
~ ..... .,,4 nancl.\r<l <!ortU.uon. and cIDulnl" l'NCfI-ey point.:.
... 111 Exar:Ipl. 2.
~.2r Calclllation or SMple J:..n and S1.M<bl"d tlt'f1.lUon, ~,
ClawU... Pt-equen<:)' Points.
Per..... t
.' ,-- ""'"1l1dpo1.nt tnt.cr"AJ. , • • aU... f laU", r
» )2-34 , -, -, "' , U
" n-:n , -J -u ", '.7
" )3-40 • -, -" " U 1$.9
" """ U -, -u ",., 30.7
" ...." " 0 0 0 " 5).4
" 47-49 " , "' "' " 71.6,. .,." U ,'"
,. on 'M~ 5)-55 7 J II " '" 9S.S~ ..." , , • " " ".760 .- , , "' " .. ""'.0.... I!~-)6 Ir:.2-JU
(;:,r.. 2, coo,tlnue<l) "Xo • J(~) . U • 4E>.23
•. VJ nIr..,,~n-_{"ftl ·3 v'P;(1~la:;I!l(,}2• 5.60
Other par_un ..... p1el<ed o!f t~... per«nt .....au.... f c........ (!'ill. la).
Statistiea! Caoptr100r.'
n. fo~W""'tntn u.. _UIOdOI for.-ld.llc -n-.. boIl.VMn u.. ........ and staoelar<l dio+rU.t1onl of u.. NIIl'h just
__Nd and u.o -DiQ>t" befo.. ~. al u.o _ n ..UClOl.
s-r,. of _ ..Nd do.t..o.: ....' ..""" W .., 45.S! ".'J• ,." ,."'
r ..."",.), C<apari.on of Standard Dlnationa (or V..,.t.neu).
Len1 of slgrdf1""""" ehosod at fin p!re.nt 1....l.
I'rooo. lable of value. of the P <ll.ltT1.buti"" for 2.5 p*r-
•c.nt point. , 1•••• 2.5 percent area (proboltdlitl) above Pe
(2.5 pereJnt .t ..eh li<!e • 5 p*rccnt) for 141 <ieuee' of J'reedom
in the eapUon and 87 <legre_ of freedoc:t 1:1 U" Itllb, ... tlncI
Sin.. Po • 1.01 La 1... l.hAn p•• 1.47 ... hen no Nll
abl. nidlnc. for NjoKt1zlc lb. hn><>tMJu Ulel lhe .t.&ndard
ciniaU.ona ..... ~. lie...,. __~ Ib.&t tile.. La .....!.Ddf1
....... to tile ••~ d1ffenne••
..IE. 2. <""".......)
T'- 85," ~con'ilt _d ....<>d d~oc"y ''''''' ,•• <u''';. ,.., milo por hourPOe. _ ,,- ....<.., ;" ,>lis po<o we .. olltool'O<l til' 0 ..oo:n. ., .,001 ..... 0""".
PERCENT ClJ,1ULATIVE FREOUENCY CURVE
Lo<oliOll nSlollOll b-South
Pa'Hng.' CanC~IIIon,Afte'
,V
~/
95"10 SF'£ED' 52,2 M~ I~--- --- --- - -- -
~
III
~
III
00
I
:00
III
•III
00
: 4'.~
:PACE' 42. 61"10
Wj I
II
" V,II
00 ~ ~ ~ 00 ~ 00 ~
SPlOED-MPIl
"£xaq>le 4' C""""",i:S01l of Dirterene" Of lteane.
1.<>...1 of eie;n.1f1canoe chosen at tive percent level.
h<a a !.able of clues tor the t d1elribut1on tor 97.5 per
cent pointo (2.5 percent at each side) and 228 <letrM" ot r ......_ we
'""
Sin.. -1.97 < 0.95 < 1.9'i' "" have no noll"hIe evidence tor
the... 10 no s1.r;n!ficen... to th" obllllU"Ted dirt.renee.
HOWO"O<lr. it it should happen thal tile"" ..ctually ill .. 1l"l1S
dJ.rreren•• in \.lie population :De4Illl or two lIil•• per hour, out" <!e.hion
not to reject the hypothesis -..J.d be 1""0,.....,"t. TI>e prob/lbl1.1tr that
the obsel"Vfld diCf"renee ...... fi'ol1 .. popuLt.Uon with 8 • .1 ill ~(2).
h<a F'1gunI 19 .... find thia to be equ.o.J. to 0.25. 'rb power or thi.
test, tor .. dire-renee of two :Il1.ln p.... boUT, 1. 1 - 0,25 Or 75 percent.
S1.Jd14rly th<o probabilitj' of Our havin{; C>a<le an ineo"",ot <!eehien tor
.. diftel'etlee of th...... =11.... poor !loW' 10 0.02 and the pole" of W. t ... t
tor Ii • 3 1s 98 pereent.
';'
. -;"
I·
--: ,.
.- .."
; ?1
m- ...
.." -
-. "" ' -
- 1 ...
" -
" ,.'::;':I' ,
... f~:i""·
:::: -
u"i, !':' r.:: ,:" . L 1'0' _.::,.,
,," :1 '
.a" !!:.,''''.' ~.;.=' .. 0..
ihi ::;; '" _
~,: , " .:!j ::" iii'
t!l: :"':ri iif
- :.i~ lItl:ti ,'l! a:.' ::Ii. 'C' :~:.,.
.' ;P"~'
,...
,,::, 6)~1._,,_. 1,-co:.it: 'L'-' co,' . _. ii" illi -,. '" .. ;ffi ,;":, ::< uE:ill.,-". "j" a; ,,: !i. fe- :."
',:~ flO! :If:.: ! ,,' :::1. ," t::: HE, ~, -;; .-•.~.!.It: ,"" ~l "',1;:' , __ .
.it -th:,+:-'" '.' _'"ro"
•'",' -
•• , •• " o.
j:;~ :"" ii" ".:Ui -" ;:,' ::.:
~ii":'~~"-
~e 5: Co<lpa:r1.on or C<:<:Ib1ned VariAnc,...
S=ry or pro.....d <\aU (_ SUtton as bdo...... night
Pas'=g.r cs.....
"
•• 42.82
_ 14?(45.51 - 45.82)2
142-88-2
• )8.14
S1.oI1larl,y, ••2 ror the after .000000e ..... calculated and thlI
two var1an••s ......... COI>p8rf1d by _ans or the F test. '!be. pro.e<lure ror
thi. tnt 1. eu.tly tho "'""'" &II that UlIcd in toating the separate
3. T..\.01 001 a.a.:,ps in VarUn.:••
,. T.. \.01 01> ctIan&'M 1:> to ..t .....
s. r..:.. 001 Wle..-.... 1.ll. to Bet_ %oneil
US'/' 01' TABU:J
,....~. S-..,. oe Proeessec Dot.. •••••
2. "'\.01 001 we.....,.,. !let._ Moou..
•
..
TABU; 1
'"
... --~,... CGnd:1U_ • , • '.. ..... ~ .....~li... I' --""• '" w. ~., •., U., ...~ 56'"....' u, ~., 7.' ~., ...~ ""'.. '" ~., '.7 67.' Ior5S .,
• 0 '" 109.S 7.7 ".' ".~ ,,'"• .. 49.7 ,.• ~., 4"·';7 "• U7 ,.,., ,., ...,".~ "• ,
"" "., '.7 ~., ,,..,"• '" "" •., ~., )7-47 ,.,
• ", 47.) ,., 56.' ...~ ..• ,
'" H.9 7.' ~., '9'-ll "• ", 47.' .., 55.S "'56 "• ". "., ••• 55.S ".• "• " '" ".7 ,.. ".7 ".... ", '" 36.2 ,., "'.• ,..'" "• ,,. 37.6 ,.. "., )2-42 70
, , ,,, 39.7 ,.' 45.0 3rloS "," 40.! '.7 ..., JS·t4S.$ ~• '" ".7 ,.• ..., , ." 67
t-&lion I' S<n>t.hbound CanI
• , UO '''' 7.7 'M ,.... "• '" ".' 7.7 ~.' .,.~ ..• '" ll.7 .., ..., ...~ "• , ,,,,,~ 7~ 55.2- U'~ "• '" ".7 •., ,.., U-ll ~
• '" .... .., ,.., U-ll "• , "" "'. ••• ll.' "'" "• m "'.• .., 4'.5 ,,... "'"• "" U.S .., ~., U-ll ..-.u-d __
'"Table 1, ~""Hnued.
"'" re.......t:It....tion Con<lit1orl " i • '" Pao. 1n Pace
, ,"" "., 7.' ''"' 35-46 '",'" ,).7 .., ~., n··49 "-, ". 45.) .., ~., ,...~ "• ,'" 40.) 6.' 46.7 ))-4:) n, "" 36.6 ,., U., )2-42 '",'" 36.0 ,., U.' ,<>-U VI, ,'" "., ,.• "'., )~47 ~, .. 40.2 ,., 45.) JSo-41> .", U, 39.0 ,., U.' ))-1.1. 67
Location 11, llorthbound C4J"S
• ,'" "., 6.7 "., ~.H>4.5 ", '" ~., 6.' ~.,
~'" '","" "., 7.' 1>5.2 $2.5-63 ", ,.., "., '.7 "., ,~. ~, '" 1.9.2 ,., ~., 4.1..5-510.5 "'", ill 50.' 6.' 55.8 45.5-56 "• , 'VI 45.7 ,., n., U-~ n, '" u.' ,., 49.6
"'"~ ", '" "" ,., "., 38-z.s ", ,'" U.' '.7 49.4 39-49 '", W. 40.0 ,., 47.5 )1.5-41.5 '", n U.' 6., "'., 35-47 "• ,'" 35.8 6., "., )00-40 ", '" 34.8 ,., )9.5 29-39 '", m )4.) ,., )9.4 28.5-)Il.S 77, , ". 50.' ,., 55.2 ,"" .", ,.. 46.4 7.0 ""' u-n ~, m "'., ,., M 4)-5).5 ..
• , W ".• 6.4 6).5 "-0' 67, '" "-., 7.' 59.7 u-~ "-, ,~ 55.2 7.2 "., 411.5-59 ~, , ')7 "., 7-6 65. 5 ,,..., U,'" ~., 7.' 59.0 ,..." "-, "" ~., .., "., "-0' ", , ". ".. 7.' ..., 51-65 '", '" 55.2 .., 63.5 "'" '",'" 55.7 .., 63,Ii 52.5-62.5 ,,'"
com.inued nut pag.o
f ..ble 1, .onUnue<l
0", hreentStation Condition "
, • '" hee in Pac..
Location II: Southbound C..rs
• , U, 55.2 ,., 'U ~-" '", U, 53.1 ,., "'.1 '5-" "• '" 55.2 '"' ~., 49-59 ", , "" ~ .• ,.' ~., /J.-55 '"" "" 45.5 ,., "., 41-51 "• " 106 . .2 ,., ~., il-~ ", ,"" "., ,., 46.5 37-47 ", W n.B ,., "., 3.2-42 "• UoJ 40.7 ,., ".., 35.5-45.5 7B 1/.2
, ,"'" .,., ,., 106.5 35-47 ~,'" 40.2 ,., 45.5 35-45.5 '"• ." 3B.L ,.' "., )2.5-43.5 "• , U, ]6.6 ,., "'.0 31-41 ", U, 32.6 '.' 3B.5 27.5-37.5 "'"• U, 3].5 ,., 3B.3 27.5-3B '"'", , 00 ~., ,.,
~.' ,..." ,., ". 46.0 ,.• ~.,
'~'" ~• n, 47.3 ,., "., 40.5-50.5 "'"• , 9J ~., U 63.5 51-tv. ,., uo ".' ,., ~., 47-':1/ "• '" 55.1 '., ".J ,,..'" ", ,'" 37.1 ,., il.' '~" ", UO 32.2 .., 36.5 28-lB n
• " 33.9 ,., 100.2 29.7-39.5 '" V,,'" ~., ,.• "'., 55'" '","" 109.8 .., 59.5 40.5-50.5 "• ~. ~.• ?O "'.0 48-58.5 "
J ,'" "., 1.0 "'., ,?-" 55'",'" ,.,., ,., ".1 ,?-" "• '" 53.6 '.J ~.o 47~59 "
LocaUon Ill' lIorthbound C&rS
• , m ~.' B.2 ~., 49-59 ~, '" "., '.J ll. , ",-~ "• '" ~.' ,.' 6? , ""'" ~'"conUn""d MXt. page
~T"bl.e 4 "",nUn-<! ... ""rc""t.Stat.ion "",,"Um • , • '" .- in PM:•
, , >87 S,", '"' "., "." '"• ", 47.1 ,., "., l"Id5 ~• .~ ,... ,.. •., ...~ ", , W n.2 ,., ".S '0-. •• ll. ".. M 6).0 """ "• "s n.' .., 65.0 ...., .,, , US ".. '.' ".. ,0-. ", ." .... ,., •., ".....59 "• ,., .... '.' •., ,,.,,
'", , ... 49.4 ,.. ".. '9-~ '"• .., .loS.6 ,.• ~.s U-~ "• ". .... 7.1 ".S !oS-sf> ", , W ".• ,., 10'.8 U1.rSll.5 ", ... ".S ,., "., )4.r4Io.5 ..• '" U., '-' 109. S ''''' '", ," "., .., ,... "... '"• " )9.7 ,.• 41>. 5 )2.$-1,2.5 ~• "" 40.4 ,., 47.0 34-1,,4 "Loeation III: s.....thbound Cu.
• , ." "., '-' ".S ,..'" '", '" 51.6 .., 59.0 1,s·5S "• ~. "., .., 61.5 51-62 '", , ", ~ .• ,., "'.. ,.,..,~, m ".. ••• "., 46-56 ,,>ft-
• •• ~., ••• "., ,..~ U
• ,'" "'.• '.S ".. '9-~ '"• llJ 46.3 .., "., Io)-H "• n. 49.) '-' ~.s "." "• ,'" ,... ,.• ".S .0-. "• "" "., .., ".S ".,. .,
• '" ~., .., "., ..." "• , ." ".. M 1.5.2 ,.,..,"• ,., ".S .., ".S ..... ..
• '" 55.9 '.S "-.S ,.,..,", ,
" ".• '-, ".S )4-1,,1. "• .. 37.2 ,., ".S ,....,"• ,., )7.0 S.' .,.,
,~'" "...... l1n__ ~
"Table 10 oontl.1Ned .. i'er<entSt.aUon Coll<l1tion "
, • '",~. in Po.ca
Location n, northbound Truek.
• ," 49.$ ,., 55.5 Q-~ ",~ 49.) ,., ".7 44.S-Sl..5 .,
• " "., '"' 9-.2 4).5-5).5 ,,'"• ,
" 4e..l '-' I.'}.) 41.S-51.S ",~ 0.9 ,.6 47.2 ,.." ." V,
• " 45.1 '., 49.7 U-U "• ," 40.5 ,., 46.0 36-46 "'"," "., ,., 47.0 )7-47 ,,'"• " '-'.9 '.9 47.S )S-l.e.5 ", , ,. 4).7 ,., 48.S J~49 ,,'"• '" U., ,., 46.S )8-1,8.5 "• " U .• ,.6 46.3 37-47 "'"• ," 37.9 ,.' 40.) 31. S-t.2 ,,'"• " ,.., ,., 41.7 n.5-43 "• " 37.5 ,., '-'., 33-43 ,,'", , U 37.S ,., 43.0 "-,, "• " U .• ,.' 47.S J9-1J! "• "" 39.5 ,.. 45,2 31..-46 "-
• ," 45.7 '.9 50.' ,~U "• " "., ,.9 ""' 42.5-5:).5 ."
• '" 47.3 '"' n.' 1,2.S-~.5 ", , ,. 46.6 ,.• "., 1oJ.S-5.l.S ."
• ~ 46.0 ).9 50. , 41.5-51.5 .,• " "., ,., 49.3 39-49 ,,'"
j ," "'.9 ,., 53.) O-~ "• " 46.0 ,., "., .,.~ 75
• " 46.9 '.7 50.' 42-9- "1.o<atiGn II: Southboun<:! Trucb
• ," 45.3 ).6 49.) ,~" ."
" 75 U., ,., 47.5 )8.5-48.5 .,'"• ,~ U.9 ,., 1.6.0 35-46 "'"• ," U., ,., 45.S 36.5-47 '"• " ,.., ,., ,-,.' J). S-45 751/2
• '" 37.9 ,., ,'-' ))-43 """nt1nu&<! nut paC"'
..Tabla 10 ""ntlnllK ... Percent
~".. Cond1t1on " i ,'0> '"' 1D , • .,.
• ," 36.9 ,., u., n-" "• n )6.1 ,., "., )2-1,2.~ .., ", )7.9 ,., "., )2.ru "• ," ",., ,., "., "... n'"• ,., ",., ,.• "., )).Ti.).5 "," n., ,., U.' "..."., "'"• ," n.' ,., 42.5 n-" "• ,., )6.) ,., 'M )<>U n• ,., n .• ,., "., ".H3 ", ," "., .., "'., ,.." ..• '" 42.7 ,., "'., J7.S-U.S '"• '" "., ,., ,~, )7-47. S "• ," 4.7.) '-' ~., ,,-" n",
• " "'., .., ~., 4J-SJ "• '1' "'., ,., "., 42.""5) "• ," 37.2 ,., "., "-,, ..• " Jt.6 ,., "'., 29.5-40. S "• '" )7. S '"' U.' )).5-4).5 ", , .. "., ,., "'., )9.';-1,9.5 ,,'"• " "., ,., 46. S 36.7047.5 TI
• " "'., ,., ".. ,,.., TI
J ,lJ "., ,., n.' ,,-~ "• "., '"' 48.5 J9.rIo'M "• .. "., ,., 46.2 37-},8 "'"
III ~ ot obeeroaUcna 1ft ~.i. Sooopl._., ~••~ <lert.aU_
'as' ~.~r-~ potre.,tll. _pHd
"
•!
I,o
••••00 0
••••o
•
~t;s;s;s;s;.. ~ ............
".• •00
"•2
~~~~ ~0000 0
•&!::;! :s:: ;#. ;:ciocio ,;;
s; s: &; l.; s; s;..... ~ .........
'": "'; ~ -: "! -?:x !< :j !:; ." 9
" ..,••• •
"• •• •,~
....... ." .... .. '" .. ",
..
1••"
• •
""
••.,; <5
., .., 0> '"
".d 0
s: fj:; fj:; &: &: &:: &:: fj:; !;. . .. "..................... '"' ...
••.,; 0
t:l:8~P~;;!"~C;-.s... ... 1 ~ ? ~ ~ 4 d
• ••
•••• •" " "
., '" ., '"•"•••
&; &; s; &; t: s:; s: S; S;... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
••
~
"'"~ ,!,
:!3-"
18•" .-
... ~"""''''ON''''''Ii~i~;;!:s~;ii
"'~OO"''''''''''NiSj3;;(-jir;i~
"1:'")";":"1:'1"l'"),,!t:;l;l.~~:::::5l.r;;r;;t:;.
..., " '" . .. .. .. -.
" " "• •~ 'S S
• ••
s: S: S: &:: s: s:• • • • • •.................. 8' fj:: s: s: s: s: 8::• • • • • • •....................
iI
I".;., .....,
~
~~~~~s;~...... 1" ... «0
•,o
•••••"
•
••.;
~.• •••
," ., "• <," .
7
.. ., ........,o,.
~,;,
.f' s: s: S; S; S; S; &::... ... ... ... ... ... ...~ 8 Sl ~':'''';''1'17
s: S; s: s:: &; s: S;.......................
]-! ": ... ~ '? .-: r! ":S~:;tli';~;;{~
... .... ..... ... -.
...., .............. 0 ...
ii~ci5:i3
.................. "' ...citiiri~,,~
......... .a ......
..
••" 0
::fl S 'C. ...'0"</ '1 ..
Ie i!:: i::'. <=:! g.0: d d d d• •0: .;
'" "'.. '"• •o 0
?::~~(;;:f:g
«"'''''1'''?
'" "'., .., •• •• •o 0
• •"o 0
•••
~~~~~'I' '" ';' 0 ...
•"•o•"
s: &; s:; &; &; s;... ... ... ... ... ...
'" ... ... r-- '" ..... ... '" ....
'?i"Sg':l~~~'S5
'" ""! ':' ':' '" 0OJ( l;i, '?i ~ :$\ ;;:;'" ...... ""! "' N
~5-S~~;;;
<-- ., .... '" .....~~Riii
..... ... '" .. '" ... ':'!i~~:i~~,:;
':' ": "i "i ": <Ii: ~'?i':l~'j~'j5
" .• •;S
"" ."',,"' .... "" .. ...,
..
• ••
•••
p!~!(j!B.!
o 0 0 O' 0
•g::: g:::s:s:g:::o 0000
&; 8( ~ &P; E; &; &; &; &;~~~~~~~~ ......
•
&:S:S;&:lf:lf:&:8~~• • • • • • • •~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ N ~ ~
• •
, ..• • •'l' 'i' N
,•<.
...... :l,'t
.' .!
"• •~.!< §
".
3 1! -,
,
•
'"' -t ... N .., '" '" ~l ~ ~
~:i~:5',t.;!i~~j"s
": .... ~ ... ~ ...... "":":~
'4:5',~l!l.~~!S~~::j
••• •
"......... "; ~
'j.t.;t.;t.;t.;
1"
.. '" .. .. .. .. ...., ... .,
.~ 1ntI ~,...,~
"., .,., 0 Le"t 9Z"t ,.."0
,., r, ,t·, ...., 0 HOl <n ,., ,., ,., ,"'., .,., · nOt 8Zo , ,., ,., ,., 0, "., "., , UO' ~., ,., ~, ,., •n" n'[ , n" "., ,., ,., (" •"., .,., • "., Lt· [ ,., ,., ,., ,, n'[ "., 0 "., ro' , ,., ,., (" •n" "., • Lt"t ""( ,., ,., ,., ,n" .,., (~, ..., r, '0,
,., •....., ~"ll :tt lIO'\ l."'"
'Wl ~., 0 "., Lt·, ,., ,., ,., •~t" [ nOt , 9t·[ 19" [ ,., ,., ,., •""' "'., · ~'", ,n ,.,
"0,., ,
nOt (OOt 0 "., <n "0,., ,., •
n'( to" · "'t ~., "0 "0 <L ,n" "., 0 n" H't ,., ,., ,., •
..,~ """"""lflOS : I "'"1'''''0'1
"., St'l 0 ~., U" t ,., ,., (" •"., (t "t · (," t n" ,., ,., ,., •, ~(" t n" 0 ~("t U O , ,., (., ,., ,"., u·, · (t"t "., ,.,
"0 "0 0
(On St· t , n" ,.,.[ ,., 0-' ,., ,, ,~, L'"t 0 n-, ,~, ,., ,., ,., •• ....., _\Pol°1
:I ""l'''''''3 ':< 3 11 , 0 ,
,~ - ,,.,,q u"' (If:ho) '"'fnPGO:;I ~ "'1''''1$~.." .."".." ....l'I'I"I."'O
lI3UY - llElU J.ItJII - J.YlJ -~,
k1"O .. - ',",_1 po~~
tlI:JlTtl!Ya III s::i:lllYlCl III =( :n1lY.l.
"'"
ta!>l. }. oontln".,j
-~~DAT _ IIIC1lr IIIGlr - AnD
D"'1atloM "."."'" ".,,""~St.atl.tm lo]' Ccal1U"" (.po) ".. ....." _.-~.• • • .. F• .. ..
1.<>0&U "" II' So<IUl_ Cu•
• .., '.7 7.' '.il '.U '.U '.J'• ,.• ,., ,.,'"~ '.J' '.m 1./'7
• ,., ,.. "7 ..'" 1.)S 1.IS '.il• ,., .., ,., 1./'S ,." , 1.47 ,."• ,., , .J ,., ,"" ,.~ ,.~ 1 ./,S, ,., ,., '.7 J.J> ,.~ U. J.>7 ,• ,.,
'"' '.J 1.S} 1./,'1 , 1.1'1 ,.~
• ,., ,.• >.7 >.U ,." '.M ,.~ ,• ,.• .., M >.U ,." , '.n 1.}9J 7.' 7.7 ).J '"''' I.}} J.., ,.~
Loc.aU"" ill: ~orthboln:l c.....
• '.7 '"' 7.' 1.2.1. 1.}9 .... 1.)8 ,• '"' '.7 7.' 1.~S 1.)9 ,.~ 1.40, '.7 7.' ••• 1.17 1.)9 1.21 ,.,., 7.' '"' '"' '">4 ,.~ 1.0S 1.)S
• 7.' ••• 7.7 '"~ ,.~ 1.26 '.u• '.7 ••• 7.' J.m '.u 1.1l ,."J '.J ,., 7.' '.9) ,.~ , ,.~ ,." ,
LouU"" m: SoolUlbc>q,<l Can
• ••• '.7 '.7 '.m I.n '.m L"• 7.' .., .., I.~ L)7 , L'" ,.,.• •., ••• '"' ,.~ L,. , '.u ,.", 7.' .., '.7 '.70 ,." L'" '.>7.. .., ... .., Lm l.ll> '.u 1.)0
J '.J ••• ,.. '.il L" 1./,6 '.u ,contl.naood ...n~
""TiOblA ,. contimaa<l
,....... nu - I1CIIT mGllr - U'IllRo.ri..t.U.... COlPJJll5al
""'~"""SI.&U_ b7 ConotI.t.l... <""'> M ....." "" .....,• • • E; f, '0 ~
lD<:..l.1aI> D' 1Iool"Ulb0un4 Trueb
• ,., ,., M 1.U •.n •.n 1.6~
• :l.l! ,., .., 2.65 ,.,. , ..~ ,...< <oj ).S .., 2.)0 .... , '.96 1.8S ,• ,.' , .., ..'" 1.'75 '.n ,...• ,.' ).S ,.. '.n '.m ••W 1.75 ,, ... ,.• ,.. '.J' 1.76 '.m ..", ,., ,., ,.. '.", '.n .... l.~, ,• ,.• M ,~ ,." '.00 ..., '.n ,, ,.. ,., '.7 '.u. ,... .... ,.'"
Loeat1on 11' Sout.~._ True...
• '"' ,., ,., 1.45 •." .... .."• ,., ,., ,., ,... .... ••m 1.1.5
< ,., ,., ,., 1.)0 .... •.m 1.47
• ,., ,.. ,., 1.20 .." ..~ 1.S)
• ,., '.7 ,., .... 1.74 ,... 1.55, ,., ,., ,., .." .." '.n 1.)5 ,, ,.. ,.• ,., .." '."T .." 1.4~
• ,., ,., ,.' ..'" •.n •.., .... ,, ,., ,., ,.• 1.19 .." ,." •."l '.7 ,.. ,.. .." '-', '.n '.>6
1De&u.... D' JIoN.bound c-H ned(c.rs and n-ul
• 7.4 7.' 7.7 •.~ 1.)S .." '."• .., ,., .., ,.'" 1.33 l.a! 1.))
< ,., ,., " ..n .." 1.33 1.)) ,_u.a.d __
TobJ.. J. conUnued
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