Garis Panduan Moral

8/3/2019 Garis Panduan Moral

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MORAL GUIDELINESGARIS PANDUAN MORAL

BMFA 4813

Jurutera Dalam Masyarakat

Prepared by:

Pn Nur Aidawaty RafanExt : 6509

http://cikguhumaira.blogspot.com

CONTENT

Objective

Why Be Moral?

Moral Vs Ethics

Moral phenomenology

How to identify ethical issue?

Utilitarianisme

Right ethics & Duty Ethics Virtue Ethics

Self Realization & Self Interest


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OBJECTIVE

At the end of this session, student should be

able to:

Differentiate between moral and ethics

Describe what is moral phenomenology

Identify ethical issue

Describe moral values

WHY BE MORAL?

Should act from self-interest

Right action is always to your advantage

The Socratic Paradox said: People act immorally,but they do not do so deliberately

Morality is a contributing condition to happiness

Answer thatmorality

pays

Because of our ethicsRightness is not a motive for being moral

Should attempt basis of morality knowledgeabout what is right

Because itis right


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MORAL VS ETHICS

Ethics

a set of concerns, rules,principles, virtues,values, and decisionprocesses that allowpeople to live togetherand pursue theircommon and individualinterests.

Moral

a study of humanbehavior as aconsequence of beliefsabout what is right orwrong, or good or bad,as that behavior isuseful or effective.

Correspond to whatactually is done in asociety.

Isaac Asimov : Never let your sense of morals get in the wayIsaac Asimov : Never let your sense of morals get in the wayIsaac Asimov : Never let your sense of morals get in the wayIsaac Asimov : Never let your sense of morals get in the way

of doing what is rightof doing what is rightof doing what is rightof doing what is right

MORAL PHENOMENOLOGY:EXPERIENTIAL ASPECT OF MORALITY

what-it-is-like of being faced with situation in which we takeourselves to be confronted with a moral choice (when we have tomake what Mandelbaum called direct moral judgments)

Being faced with the suffering of another person.

Being faced with the choice to lie or tell the truth.

What is moral phenomenology

an obligation to perform (or refrain from performing) a particularaction(s)

imposed upon us from outside, directed against us

independent of us: our desires, preferences, aversions

demanded by features of the situation itself

categorical (to use Kants terminology)

What are our moral experiences like?


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HOW TO IDENTIFY ETHICAL ISSUE?

Smell test

What other ethical people in society would think

Enlist the emotion of shame, a powerful motivator to be sure we are getting thisright

Utility Test

Consequences or outcomes determine what is right or wrong

Rights Test

A way of thinking that recognizes human beings as valuable in and of themselves

Exception

Test

Claiming it is ethical for us to do an action but not ethical for others to do it in thesame situation

Choices Test

Valuable vs equality

Justice Test

Fair distribution

Common good test

To pursue individual goods

Character/VirtueTest

Good life as what specific actions we do


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UTILITARIANISME

Greatest happiness for the

greatest numberUtilitarianism principle

UTILITARIANISME

1.1.1.1. BenthamBenthamBenthamBentham

Happiness = pleasure and absence of pain

The theories led to extensive social reform affectingParliament, criminal law, prisons etc.

Being considered when making laws

Hedonic Calculus: Remoteness how near it is

Purity how free from pain it is

Richness to what extent it will lead to other pleasures Intensity how powerful it is

Certainty how likely it is to result

Extent how many people it affects

Duration how long it lasts


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John Stuart MillJohn Stuart MillJohn Stuart MillJohn Stuart Mill

Of what benefit is our happiness if it derives from

the unhappiness of others?

must consciously minimize conflicts between ouraims and the aims of others such is the oppositeof selfishness

Our outward motives must be to care for others

In short, a cultivated mind finds inexhaustible

interest in all that surrounds itincluding prospectsfor the future of all

WHAT IS UTILITARIANISME?

the consequences or outcomes determine what

is right or wrong. For this principle the ends

justify the means: an action is right if it creates

the best overall outcome. Good outcomes can

be measured by:

a. happiness and unhappiness (pleasure and pain)

b. the preferences of individuals

c. money, as an indicator of preferences


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DUTY ETHICS & RIGHT ETHICS

Similar to each other

These theory holds that those action that

respect the right of individual are good

Good outcome for society is not the only moral

consideration

Duty Ethics

be honest

Do not cause suffer toother people

Be fair to others

OUR DUTIES to expressrespect other people

Will result to a properperformance of onesduty

Right Ethics

Human have the right tolive

Liberty

Property

People havefundamental right thatother people have a dutyto respect

Individual person mustbe respected and actionare ethical when respectfor the individual aremaintained


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CONFLICT BETWEEN DUTY AND RIGHT ETHICS

Basic right of one person (or a group) may

conflict with the basic right of another group

How do we decide whose right have priority?

Utilitarian

approach

To determine the

most good is

useful

VIRTUE ETHICS

Virtue may be judged by his innermost desires asVirtue may be judged by his innermost desires asVirtue may be judged by his innermost desires asVirtue may be judged by his innermost desires as

well as by his intentions; and this fits with ourwell as by his intentions; and this fits with ourwell as by his intentions; and this fits with ourwell as by his intentions; and this fits with our

idea that a virtue such a generosity lies asidea that a virtue such a generosity lies asidea that a virtue such a generosity lies asidea that a virtue such a generosity lies as

much in someones attitudes in his actionsmuch in someones attitudes in his actionsmuch in someones attitudes in his actionsmuch in someones attitudes in his actions

(Virtue and Vices, 1977,5)


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MORAL CONCEPT OF VIRTUE ETHICS

Character is most important than conformity torules and that virtues should be inculcated andcultivated over time through educationalinteractions, role models, etc (B&C,29)

Example of cultivation of virtues : Compassion

Discernment

Trustworthiness

Integrity

Conscientiousness

Benevolence (desire to help)

SELF REALIZATION & SELF INTEREST

Life based on theactualization of humanpotentialities

Self-development

SelfRealization

Ethical egoismabout weshould do

Virtue of Selfishness

SelfInterest


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SELF REALIZATION

Self-realization; obtaining our full potential;becoming confident, eager to express our

beliefs, and willing to reach out to others to

help them

Maslows Hierarchy of Needs: If certain needsare not previously met, self actualization is not possible

Self realization is aSelf realization is aSelf realization is aSelf realization is a

process ofprocess ofprocess ofprocess of

discoveringdiscoveringdiscoveringdiscovering

important needs andimportant needs andimportant needs andimportant needs and

goalsgoalsgoalsgoals

SELF INTEREST

all people should do what is in their own

interest.

Formulations of ethical egoism:

We should do what we believe with good reason will benefit us

the most,

We should do what is in our own interest.

We should do what gives us the most pleasure or happiness. We should do whatever we prefer the most.


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Objections to ethical egoism

Everyone would be at war

Inconsistent advice

Inconsistency of belief

Interpersonal disputes

According to rule egoism, it may not be in yourinterest as an individual to do certain things,but it might be in your overall interest for

everyone to follow the same rule.

Documents

Garis Panduan Moral