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NITRATE: AND PEIOSPETATE CONCI N'I'RA'TION
IN KOTA KINABALU CITY BIRD SANCTUARY
(KKCBS)
ANESII AiL GANASON
THIS DISSERTATION IS PRODUCED TO FULFILL A PART OF THE CONDITION
IN OBTAINING A BACHELOR OF SCIENCE WITH HONOURS DEGREE IN
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
PLFUfTAKAAN UNIVERSRI MAIAý'. 14 SAPAN
SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLO(IY
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAH
KOTA KINABALU
FEBRUARY 2004
I
PF: 1(; AKI*Ati
Saya akul ini adalah hasil kerja saya sendiri kecuali nukilan dan rinbka_san yang setiap
satunya telah dijelaskan sumberma.
8 FFBRUAR12004
ANESH A/L GANASON
1152001-2597
ii
DIPF: RAKI'KAti ()I. F: 11
1. SUPERVISOR
(Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohd. Harun Abdullah)
2. EXAMINER I
([)r. Anja Gassner)
3. EXAMINER 2
(Ms. Farrah Anis Fazliatul Adnan)
4. DEAN'
Si6mature
J
ý ý» ^ º'Z. ý-, ý
(Assoc. Prof. Dr. Amran Ahmed)
III
A('KtiOW I . F: D(: F: N1 F: ti7'ti
I would like to convey my sincere gratitute to my supervisor, Assoc. Prof. I)r. Mohd.
Harun Abdullah for his time, patience and guidance throughout the study.
The blessing and support from my father Mr. Ganason Vamathevan, my mother Mrs.
Selvamalar Muthuthamby and my sister Ms. Anucia Ganason will always be cherished
I would also like to thank Prof. A. Sasekumar from UM and Dr. S. Sivapalan from UKM
for their help in obtaining information for this study. I gratefully appreciate the co-
operation given by the manager and the stabs at the Kota Kinabalu City Bird Sanctuary
(KKCBS) for allowing me to obtain water samples from their vicinity. The guidance and
assistance by tijh. Zainab Aman and Pn. Habibah Awang Arsat will always be
remembered. Thank you to all my colleagues that had stood by me in making this study a
success. I would also like to thank UMS for providing financial aid in the form of IJMS
Grant no. B-0801-01-ER/U068.
ANESH A1L GANASON
HS2001 - 2597
iv
ABtiTRA('. 1.
This study provides information about the phosphate and nitrate concentration in water at
Kota Kinabalu City Bird Sanctuary (KKC13S). The levels of nutrients at KKC13S were
compared with the Interim Malaysian Water Quality Standards 1987. The findings will
act has a guideline for future recreational developments at KKCBS. Ultraviolet Screening
method was used to obtain the nitrate concentration and the Stannous Chloride method
was used to obtain the phosphate concentration. The phosphate levels were found to be in
the range of 0.01 - 0.07 mgl-' and nitrate levels were 0.003 - 0.012 mgl-'. The main drain
flowing through the sanctuary was found to be the main contributor of phosphate in the
water bodies and soil sediments are the main source of nitrate. KKCBS has a low
concentration of nutrients in the water compared to the Interim Malaysian Water Quality
Standards 1987 and Likas Lagoon. Future development at the area is considered feasible:.
ý
ANAI. ISIti
KAtiDI*ti(; Ati til'I'RA'1' DAti H`()tiNA"I'
DI TANIA\ BURU\(; K(YfA KI\ABAI. I (KK('Bti)
AßtiTRAK
Kajian ini memberikan maklumat tentang kandungan fosfat dan nitrat dalam air di Kota
Kinabalu City Bird Sanctuary (KKCBS). Paras nutrient dalam air dibandingkan dengan
Standard Kualiti Air Malaysia. Ilasil kajian mengenai paras nutrient ini juga akan
digunakan sebagai garis panduan kepada pembangunan rekreasi di kawasan tersebut pada
masa akan datang. Bagi memperolehi bacaan fosfat, kaedah penyaringan spektrometer
ultraunggu telah digunakan. Bagi bacaan nitrat pula, kaedah stannous klonda telah
digunakan. Paras fosfat yang diperolehi adalah berjulat antara 0.017 - 0.100 mgl" dan
paras nitrat yang diperolehi berjulat antara 0.001 0.012 mgl" . Didapati penyumbang
utama kepada nutrient dalam KKCBS adalah sebuah longkang besar yang mengalir
melalui kawa_san paya tersebut dan juga sedimen-sedimen tanah disitu. Perbandingan
dengan Piawai Interim Kualiti Air Malaysia 1987 Kelas lIB menunjukkan kandungan
nutrient dalam KKCBS adalah rendah. Selain itu perbandingan dengan Likas Lagoon
menunjukkan KKCBS mempunyai kandungan nutrient yang lebih rendah.. Ilasil kajian
ini menunjukkan bahawa pembangunan rekreasi dikawasan KKC13S holeh dijalankan.
`I
CONTENTS
PENGAKUAN
PENGAKUAN PEMERIKSA ii
ACKNOWLI: I)G1: MI: NI'S iii
ABSTRACT iy
ABSTRAK V
CONTENTS Vi
LIST OF I ABL S viii
LIST OF FIGLJRFS ix
LIST OF SYMBOLS x
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
I. I. Identification of Research 1
1.2. Objectives of Study 5
('IIAPTE: R 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
21. Water Quality Analysis 6
2.2. Nutrients 10
2.3. Mangroves 14
2.4. Usage of Wetland Products 17
2.5. Sampling Methods 24
2.6. Other Studies 29
2.7. Summary 38
CHAPTER 3 ME7'IIODOI, o(: 1'
3.1. Location 40
3.2. Sampling 44
3.3. Latx ratory Analysis 48
3.3.1. Ultraviolet Spectrophotometric Screening Method 48
33.2. Stannous Chloride Method 50
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1. General Findings 51
4.2. Phosphate Concentration 54
4.3. Nitrate Concentration 64
ýin
LIST OF TABLES
4. I. Temperature, pH and Electrical conductivity at KKCBS high tide 53
4.2. Temperature, pH and Electrical conductivity at KKCBS low tide 53
4.3. Phosphate concentration at KKCBS during low tide 54
4.4. Phosphate Concentration at KKCBS during high tide 55
4.5. Estimated Phosphate loading Values 57
46 Phosphate Comparisons of 1997 and 2003 Findings at KKCBS 59
4.7. Phosphate comparison in Likas Lagoon and KKCBS 61
4.8. Comparison of present study with the Malaysian Interim Water Quality 63
4.9. Nitrate concentrations in KKCBS during low tides 64
4.10. Nitrate concentration at KKCBS during high tide 65
4.11. Estimated nitrate loading values 66
4.12. Nitrate Comparisons of 1997 and 2003 Findings at KKCBS 68
4.13. Nitrate concentration in Likas Lagoon and KKCBS 70
4.14. Comparison of present study with the Malaysian Interim Water Quality 71
1\
LIST OF FI(; I RES
3.1. Plan of the sampling site in KKC 13S 43
3.2. Location of Sampling Stations 47
X
I. Iti'1, OF SYMBOLS
C Concentration
"C Degree Celsius
I'C Electrical Conductivity
IWQ Interim Malaysian Water Quality Standards
Gram
kg day-' Kilogram per day
KKCI3S Kota Kinabalu City Bird Sanctuary
mg Miligram
mgl-' Miligram per litre
ml Mililitre
m's- ' litre per second
nm Nanometre
NO2 Nitrate
Q Velocity x area
QxC Load
PO; '- Phosphate
ugml-' Microgram per millilitre
I
(IIAPlIRI
INTRODUCTION
I. I. Identification of Research
Water is the catalyst of' evolution and the sign of life Water is the only significant
element that differentiates earth from the rest of the planets in the universe. It is used in
every aspect of life. Water is an important element in the growth of cells and also in the
equilibrium system in the body. Domestic chores like bathing, cooking, washing are
usually done around water (Botkin & Keller, 2000). The basics of industrial development
revolve around water. Cooling agents, lubricants and some raw materials are water based.
The development of human civilization has brought the idea of water quality. The more
development there is the more pollution and the deterioration of water quality will occur.
(Tehbutt, 1971).
In Malaysia water quality is determined by looking into some major parameters
like dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (ROD), ammonium nitrate (Nll, -
N), chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended solids (SS) pH value and nutrients
([X)l, 1987). Nutrients concentration in water is considered an important aspect to water
I
quality determination This is because many of the parameter involved are altered %%hen
nutrient levels in water are high 1I Jammer &I lammer Jr., 1996).
The main effect of high nutrient levels in water is eutrophication. Futrophication
is the overgrowth of' algae in the surface waters. l: utrophication can occur in fresh and
also saline water (i'rivedi and Raj, 1992). The overgrowth of algae and weeds will
decrease the level of dissolved oxygen in the water. Besides that some algae can also
produce toxins that could kill aquatic organisms and also in some cases cause death of'
human beings (St. Amand, 2002). As the level of [X) decreases the level of ROD
increases and also the population of bacteria and also viruses in water will increase. This
could lead to spread of diseases and also many fishes and birds that use the water will
perish (Coed, 2000). Besides that the increase of toxins in water will increase the p11
level and could lead to mutagenic aquatic organisms and even worse the water body
becoming dead.
These shows how important nutrients in water quality, because the impact of
nutrient pollution can cause all the other parameters to alter and also shows a overall
water standard. That is why looking into nutrient concentration in water is considered
important. Besides that social impact of nutrient pollution can be direct and indirect to
human beings. The decreasing of water standards could lead to the spread of diseases and
also lowering the health standards in a country (Hallis, 1990). Spreading of water borne
diseases like cholera, typhoid and denggi fever becomes much frequent. Besides that the
3
reduction of aesthetic values of water txxlies also reduces the activities of swimming and
also fishing. These sometimes could cause the increase of stress in peoples' lifestyle.
This study will discuss on nitrate and phosphate concentration in the water bodies
of a natural wetland in Sabah. Nitrate and phosphate are the major nutrients that are
looked upon in determining eutrophication in Malaysia (Spring, 1997). Besides that
nitrate and phosphate sources are related to daily human use. Activities related to
washing, farming and also maintenance contribute to these nutrients. The usage of
detergents, fertilizers and pesticides are some of the major contributors of' nitrate and
phosphate (Cunningham & Saigo, 1999). Subsurface runoffs and also groundwater
leachate delivers these nutrients into water sources (Magmedov, 1987). When there is an
excess of nitrate and phosphate in water eutrophication will occur that reduces the quality
of' water. Subsequently this occurrence will change all the other parameter in the
determining the water quality.
The study site is a coastal wetlands subjected to the impact of fresh water and also
saline water Pollution of phosphorus in fresh water will ignite cutrophication while
nitrate causes the same effect in saline water (Correll, 1998). So the effect of both
nutrients can be seen in the wetlands. Besides that the location of study is also a
recreational area. Having information of nutrient concentration in this area will aid the
government in making decisions on further recreational development in that area.
4
Wetlands can be transfiarmed to ecological recreational spots. Wetlands hale a
rich hiodiversity of species. Variation of trees and also wetlands are habitats of aquatic
organisms and also avian organisms (Bandaranavake, 20(X)). This rich ecological treasure
within the city like the Kota Kinabalu Bird Sanctuary can be developed to attract people
to enjoy the environment. Having such a facility within the city is convenient ft r school
children to be exposed to the environment and learn to appreciate it. Besides that by
providing substantial information of water quality will also help in introducing boating,
fishing and also swimming activities in that area. This will make interaction between
humans and nature even closer. When awareness of protecting the environment is
developed among the public, only than conservation of the cnironment will become
successful (Davison, 2001).
This study will look at nitrate and phosphate concentration in the water bodies of
Kota Kinabalu City Bird Sanctuary (KKCBS). The finding is used to evaluate the water
quality in that area and also provide information to the management whether future
development for recreational usage is feasible or not.
S
1.2. Objectives of Study
The main purpose of this study is to achieve these objectives through out the period of
study
I. To obtain the concentration of nitrate and phosphate in the water body of Kota
Kinabalu City Bird Sanctuary
2. To evaluate the quality of water at Kota Kinabalu City Bird Sanctuary for
recreational and natural usage.
3. To compare nitrate and phosphate concentration in Kota Kinabalu Bird Sanctuary
with other location in Sabah.
6
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Water Quality . 1nal}sis
Water quality is based on the characteristics of any physical, chemical and biological
components in the water body. This can he the pi I level, salinity, conductivity, suspended
solids, dissolve oxygen level, biological oxygen demand, L'AchericI ul cob population,
nutrient concentration, heavy metals, chancing temperature and many more attributes
(Kotkin 2000). The concern of determining water pollution is to see whether is there any
significant changes in levels of attributes that cause a negative impact to organisms and
also the environment surrounding it. In general we can say that water pollution refers to
any type of aquatic contamination between two extremes.
The National Water Commission of India 1973 quoted that water are polluted if
its usage cannot be maximized by human beings because of its insufficient standard of
water quality (Trivedi & Raj, 1992) .
This shows that determining the quality of a water
body is considered the very first step in distributing and also to maximize the usage of
water. By determining the water quality a scientist can extrapolate the actual
7
charactenstic of the water and will be able to suggest the correct purification actions and
also mitigation measures to counter the pollution if then: is any (Trivedi & Raj, 1992).
The quality of water is determined by comparing analyzed results of water
samples with a particular standard. Standards differ from one country to another so the
level of a water quality also differs from one place to another. This is because there are
many outside factors that affect the standards of a particular country. First of all there is
the meteorological aspect, which is out of control of scientists. The weather changes from
one region to another. Besides that the geological aspect of a region is also important.
"These two aspects give significant variances of the standards (Trivedi, 1992).
Meteorological and geological aspect also determines the distribution of
organisms' habitats. Some organisms can be found in one area but cannot be found in
another and in some place one can witness all of the organisms living together in the
same area. So having a standardize water quality standard could cause a problem to the
environment if there is wrong interpretation of mitigation measures and pollution control
by altering the concentration of attributes in the water bcxiy. These actions will not
protect or save the environment but destroy it because the natural condition has been
tampered with. Wrong mitigation or conservation measures can also be considered
polluting (Corbett, 1998).
9
To prevent this from occurring extensive water analysis should be done to
improve or create water standards. This kind of research needs a lot of resources and also
researchers from various fields to obtain the right results. This has been very successful
in developed countries but there is lack of research and also the resources in developing
countries and also the underdeveloped. According to Spring (1997), sustaining of' the
economy is the main priority and environmental issues are not given the limelight
because of its unimportance. To save cost these countries make do with the limited
research that have been done in these regions to make their own standards and to provide
a formidable application for water analysis. Sad to say that most of it does not portray the
actual situation because using standards from other countries which are too ngid and
scrutinise makes recovery projects cost demanding. So the public are supplied with lower
quality water and this causes the spread of diseases like typhoid.
Much pain and rigid analysis is done for the evaluation of water for drinking
supply. This analysis covers the physical-chemical and biological aspect of the water
body. This is because humans become into close contact with water and the health
condition is taken into consideration. All aspect of the attributes is compared with
national health standards and other standards that are relevant. E)etermining the
population of coli forms in the water helps scientist to avoid outbreaks of pathogenic
diseases. Heavy metals and toxins in water should be in a scare concentration because
these could lead to cell mutation and also other health complications (Corbett, 1998).
y
Water analysis can also be used l or economic purposes, in the sense of'developing
aquaculture activities, food processing and also in the tourism activities. The main
attributes that are looked into are the distribution of nutrients, metals and also the level of
dissolve oxygen in the water. A few other analyses on biological parameter like the
population of coil form is also taken into consideration to allow the development of beach
side resorts. With the information of these analyses obtain it help entrepreneurs to
develop their industries and maximize productions. Besides that it also gives the
authorities the guidelines to execute monitoring processes to prevent pollution from
abundance of these industries. But compared to analysis on drinking water supply,
analysis on industries are not that complex or rigid but stern enough for the idea of
protecting the quality of the water.
10
2.2 Nutrients
In this thesis water quality analysis will look into nutrient concentration in the wetlands.
Nutrient analyses are important in water quality standards if there is extensive vegetation
and animals that makes water its natural habitat. Nutrients can be contributed naturally
through erosion and anthropogenic ally through farm runoffs ('I'riýedi, l99? ) I Pere we
will look into two major organic nutrients that are found in water bodies. These nutrients
are nitrates and phosphates. The concentration of these nutrients are minute in water and
if there is any excess of these nutrients in the water, an unnatural burst of alga blooming
will occur at the surface of water which is known as euthrophicunun (Cunningham &
Saigo, 1999). This is because these nutrients help in accelerations of growth in plants and
is an important nutrient but available in a scares amount in the water.
The main contributors to nutrient lodging in water bodies are agriculture
activities, domestic sewage disposal, detergents and industries linking with the usage of
nitrogen and phosphate based products like pulp and paper, fertilizer and also the
extraction of coal (Parker, 1977). Agriculture activities that are a concern are livestock
breeding, disposal of manure, and usage of fertilizer and also disposal of waste products.
These items are either dumped directly to water sources or are transported deliberately in
to water by storm water runotTs and subsurface runoffs (Trivedi, 1992).
II
According to Hammer (1996), the common förms of nitrogen substance are in the
form of ammonia, nitrate, nitrite and other oxidised forms. In %%astewater the form of
nitrogen substance as follows in a decreasing oxidation order, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia
and other nitrogen substance (API IA, 1988). The contributors of nitrate are disposal from
Poultry farms and also other livestock like cattle and pigs. The most obvious source is the
manure of these animals that contain a rich source of nitrate in the form of ammonia.
Cw`aoe dt, mnino by local municipal into waters also contributes to the rise of nitrate:
level. Beside that nitrate is also a by-product of coal extraction. This occurs during the
coke period of the whole process (Trivedi, 1992). Fertilizers also are main causes of
nutrient influx Ruinnf % from cropland that have a rich concentration nf'fi'rtili/ere an' the
main contributors. In the United States it shows that about 80-2001h of nitrate based
fertilizer and about 10-401b of phosphate based fertilizers are used in per acre of farmland
(Parker, 1977).
Phosphorus appears has orthophosphates, condensed phosphates (gyro-, meta-,
polvphosphorus) and organically bounded phosphates in water or wastewater
(APHA, 1999). All elements of phosphorus will hydrolyse in water to become in the
ortho form which is much stable and in certain conditions decaying organic compounds
will compost in the water to release phosphorus (Hammer, 1996). According to lrivedi
(1992), detergents are the main contributors of phosphate in the water. Phosphate was
used has the main hate. of deteme'nts during 1970s This is because of the ability of the
phosphorus as a cohesion entity to combine water and hydrocarbons together. Phosphates
can also be found in high concentration in domestic waste and sewage (Parker, 1977).
12
The main reason of nutrient study in water is the ability of these elements to alter
water conditions. L'uthrophicanon is the excessive growth of phytoplankton and blue-
green algae in the water surface (l'arker, 1977). Has we know that these nutrients are
found in small quantities in high quality water. But with the influx of these nutrients into
water will provide extra food to the organisms in the water. This will trigger a bloom of
algae and phytoplankton in an absurd volume. The blooming will cover the surface of the
water body and these will disturb the entry of sunlight (Cunningham & Saiga, 1999).
These will cause organisms in the bottom to suill sate and die because the lack of
oxygen. Besides that the algae and phytoplankton will also discrete toxins that will
release odours and also toxin in the water in the form of ammonia.
The normal level of nitrates and phosphates in natural water and also tier
recreational purposes differs from one country to another. This will be discussed later in
the study. According to the [X)F. Malaysian Interim Water Standards (1987), it is allowed
that the water body contains about 7 mg/I of nitrate and 0.2mg/I of phosphate. These: are
only a standard based on various locations in the country But the change of time and also
land use could alter the natural level of nutrients. The reading could be higher but there is
no sign of euthrophuunon shows that the standard is only a guideline and gives one an
idea of what to expect. In the United States there was a study done in the Savage River,
Maryland that shows that the natural level of phosphorus in water was 0.004-0.2mg I and
the level of nitrate was about 04-1.5mg/I (Mary land, 200 I). Here we can see a difTerence
in the standard so sampling and comparing with surrounding data is the best way to
identify whether the nutrient level is high or low.
13
The emergent of certain algae and macrophytes species have become indicators of
sedimentation of nitrate and phosphorus in water. According to a study done by Malthus
et al (1990), these occurrences help in recycling phosphorus in lakes. The decaying of
these species at the end of each growing season affects the level of nutrients in the water
column in lakes. When the population level of these organisms increase it gives an
indication that there is an excess of nutrients in the water. These organisms use the
nutrients to multiply and metabolise energy. The concentration of nutrients will be
transferred from the water into the biomass of these organisms. When overpopulation
arises the marcrophytes will start to decay and the biomass is trapped in the body.
Sedimentation of the body will indirectly trap all the nutrients and consequently remove
the nutrients from the water. The study shows how these organisms help in recycling
nutrient.
Researches on nutrients in water quality have been done extensively in many
countries like the United States, Africa, Netherlands, South Asia and South East Asia and
also the Scandinavian Peninsular. But researches on nutrients in the waters of wetlands
are quite limited in this part of the region. There are a lot of these researches done in the
west especially in the United States and Scandinavia. The reason of this effect is because
the distributions of wetlands are limited in the world and also the aspect of resources for
research. So before we go into depth on nutrient concentration in wetlands water we
should get familiar with what are wetlands.
78
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