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abdomen
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Sensitive Parts of the HandTactile sense. The tips of the fingers are most sensitive for fine tactile discrimination
Vibratory sense. Palpate with the palmar aspects of the metacarpophalangealjoints or the ulnar side of the hand (fifth metacarpal and fifth phalanges) ratherthanwith the fingertips to perceive vibrations such as thrills. Prove the superiority
Temperature sense. Use the dorsa of the hands or fingers; the skin is muchthinner than elsewhere on the hand.
Deep palpation. Firm pressure is applied to displace the superficial tissues allowingpalpation for deeper lesions. This is especially useful in the abdomen, butis also useful in the neck, breasts, and large muscle masses. Avoid firm palpationover nerves or other tender structures whenever possible
Bimanual palpation. In this technique, the tissue is examined between the fingersof the two hands. It is useful for soft tissue such as the breasts, intraoral,abdominal and pelvic examinations, and examination of the muscles and joints
Gastrointestinal Examination: positioning the patient
Hyperpigmentation in Cronkhite-Canada syndrome
Carcinoid syndrome involving the chest and abdomen
Glucagonoma: migratory rash involving the groin
Dermatitis herpetiformis
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, with discrete brown-black lesions of the lips
Acanthosis nigricans: (a) axilla; (b) chest wallAXILLA
CHEST WALL
Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia involving the lips
Porphyria cutanea tarda-scarring from photosensitivity
Leuconychia-Terry's nails
A large crop of spider naevi
Scleral icterus
Kayser-Fleischer rings
Amyloidosis causing macroglossia
Parotid gland examination
Aphthous ulceration
Abdominal scars
Detecting the direction of flow of a vein
Prominent veins on the abdominal wall
(a) Regions of the abdomen (b) Quadrants of the abdomen
Abdominal examination: the liver
Percussing the liver span: (a) upper border; (b) lower borderUPPER BORDER
LOWER BORDER
Massive splenomegaly: note the splenic notch
Palpation of the spleen(a) Palpation begins in the lower mid-abdomen and finishes up under the left costal margin.
(b) The examiner's hand supports the patient's side
(c) and then rests over the lower costal margin to reduce skin resistance.
(d) If the spleen is not palpable when the patient is flat, he or she should be rolled towards the examiner.
Detecting an expansile impulse
Percussion of the spleen
Shifting dullness(a) Percuss out to the left flank until the percussion note becomes dull. Mark this spot with your finger.
(b) Roll the patient towards you, wait 30 seconds. Shifting dullness is present if the left lateral dull area is now resonant.