Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)

Ro-el Cordero & Robert Trevino

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Contemporary Scientists

Tycho Brahe– Born into highest

ranked nobility in Denmark

– King of Denmark gave him a Island and 5% GNP to work

– Later became imperial astronomer of Emperor Rudolph II

– Accurate measurement of stars

(1546-1601)

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Image from http://www.nada.kth.se/~fred/tycho/index.html

Contemporary Scientists

Johannes Kepler– Sickly child of poor

parents– University teacher and

pupil of Tycho Brahe– Alienated by both

Catholic and Lutheran churches

– Laws of Planetary motion

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Image from http://www.kepler.arc.nasa.gov

(1571-1630)

Contemporary Scientists

Hans Lipperhey– Invented the spyglass– Galileo supposedly

read about the discovery through a letter.

(d.1619)

Image from http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/lipperhey.html

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Contemporary Scientists

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek– Father was a basket

maker– Self Supported, Linen-

draper and Surveyor– Elected to Royal Society– Father of microbiology

(1632-1723)

Image from http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/leeuwenhoek.html

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The Medici Family

Traced back to the end of the 12th century

Started as a banking and commerce family

Important family figures to Galileo– Cosimo I– Ferdinand I & Christina of Lorraine– Cosimo II– Ferdinand II– Leopold– Gian-Gastone

Medici and Sponsorship

Since Cosimo I, the family held the arts and sciences and general education in high regard

Always sponsored and stood by their decisions, despite popular belief or church views

Needed to produce to keep their support

Galileo and the Family

Formally began with helping Christina of Lorraine’s brother with work, which lead to professorship in Pisa

Tutored the princes while also making his own discoveries

“Court Scientist” began with the telescope and Starry Messenger

Scientist, teacher, and showman

Important Work

Pendulum Motion

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*note

Images from THE GALILEO PROJECT

Important Work

Hydrostatic Balance

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vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ references?id=tec_cat2 taken from: Gscheidlen, Richard. 1876. Physiologische Methodik: Ein Handbuch der Praktischen Physiologie. (p. ﾊ 0058, fig. ﾊ 60)

This is not Galileo’s Design, but a later one.

Important Work

One Horse Water Pump

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Image from THE GALILEO PROJECT

(yes, we know there are two horses in this photo)

Important Work

Sector

Images from THE GALILEO PROJECT

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Important Work

New Star Calculation– Using Parallax

calculated that the new star was beyond the moon and thus in the heavens

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http://wps.aw.com/wps/media

Important Work

Thermoscope

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Image from THE GALILEO PROJECT

Important Work

Used telescope to find 4 satellites of Jupiter, and other neat things

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Images from THE GALILEO PROJECT

Important Work

Longitude at sea• Using the eclipses of Jupiter’s satellites• Won a prize of a gold chain from the Dutch

(refused or was forced to refuse)• Method never really practical at sea• Eventually helped fix maps of France, il

Mar Terrano, and even Pennsylvania.

Images from THE GALILEO PROJECT

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Important Work

Falling bodies and Scaling Laws

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Important Work

Argument for Copernican heliocentric theory– Got him in trouble with the church…

“Vehemently Suspect of Heresy”:Formal Abjuration from the Church

I have been judged vehemently suspect of heresy, that is, of having held and believed that the sun is in the centre of the universe and immoveable, and that the earth is not at the center of same, and that it does move. Wishing however, to remove from the minds of your Eminences and all faithful Christians this vehement suspicion reasonably conceived against me, I abjure with a sincere heart and unfeigned faith, I curse and detest the said errors and heresies, and generally all and every error, heresy, and sect contrary to the Holy Catholic Church.

Galileo and the Church

Pope Urban VIII1632: Dialogues on the Two Chief World

Systems-Ptolemaic and Copernican– Given permission by Cardinal Bellermine

and Pope Urban 1610 to treat Copernican as theory, but to not teach or defend it; end with “God is all-powerful; to Him all things are therefore possible”

– Bible versus scientific proofInquisition when book reached Rome

(1633)House arrest

Dialogues on the Two Chief World Systems- Ptolemaic and

CopernicanThe Persons– Salivati: Galileo and Copernican views– Simplicio: Aristotilean philosophers– Sagrado: simple layman

Official aim and actual discourseOrganization

– First Day: Against Aristotelian physics, current belief

– Second Day: Law of Inertia– Third Day: Formation and destruction in the

heavens– Fourth Day: Copernican explanation, Venus,

Jupiter

…Eppur si muove…

(…But it does move…)