Gaia versus Thanatia: the twilight of the Earth’s mineral resources

Alicia Valero

October 9-10, 2014II Congreso del Pico del Petróleo (Barbastro)

Edificio CIRCE / Campus Río Ebro / Mariano Esquillor Gómez, 15 / 50018 ZARAGOZA

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Gaia versus Thanatia: the twilight of the Earth’sresourcesresources

C t tContentsz Facts

Q ti i th thz Questioning the mythssurrounding scarcity of mineral resources

z Thanatia as the twilightof the Earth’s mineral resourcesresources

z Final reflections

1. KNOWN FACTS…

Exponential consumption trend of mineralsExponential consumption trend of minerals

Exponential consumption trend of mineralsExponential consumption trend of minerals

Source: A. Valero and A. Valero (2014) . Thanatia: the Destiny of the Earth’s mineral resources. World Scientific Publishing

Almost the entire Periodic Table is being used…

Source: Adapted from different sources

New materials for the Green Economy

z ICT´s ÅÆ PGM, Au, Sn, Nb, Ta z BiomassÅÆ Pz WindÅÆ permanent magnets: Nd, Dy, Pr, Sm and Coz Photovoltaics ÅÆ In, Te, Ga, Ge, As, Gd, Cd

Compact Fluorescent Lamps & Leds:Y Eu Tb In Sn z Compact Fluorescent Lamps & Leds:Y, Eu, Tb In, Sn, Hg, Ga

z Batteries ÅÆ Ni, Mn, Co, Cd, La, Ce, Liz High Efficient Turbines (aero &stat) ÅÆ Co, Nb, V, Rez Electric Vehicles ÅÆ La,Ce, permanent magnets,

SOFC H2 ÅÆ Pt Pdz SOFC H2 ÅÆ Pt, Pdz Catalysts ÅÆ Pt, La, Ce z Ce for polishing hard disks.Ce for polishing hard disks.z Nuclear ÅÆ In, Hf, Re, Zr, U

Critical metals for the EU

Source: EC (2010). Critical Raw materials for the EU

Example: In and PV

o Today only 0.1% of electricity supply but in 2050 11%. IEA

o Grid parity 1€/kWpN PV t h l i CdT C I S C G S CIGSo New PV technologies CdTe, CuInSe2,CuGaSe2, CIGS

o 1 GW de GICS necesita 25–50 tm de InIndiumiti l Geological�

94%critical

Economical��56%

Ecological��79%

Technical��82%Political��59%

Source: Goessling-Reisemann ISIE 2011 Source: SunShot Vision Study U.S. Department of Energy, 2012

… Yet very little is being recycled… Yet very little is being recycled

Source: Graedel et al. (2011) What Do We Know About Metal Recycling Rates? Journal of Industrial Ecology, 15, 355-366

The case of AluminiumThe case of Aluminium

R li t i i H d d i t z Recycling rates are increasing. However demand increases at an even higher rate

z Recycling is not enoughz Recycling is not enough

Source: Gerber (2007): Strategy towards the red list from a business perspectiveFrom availability to accessibility - insights into the results of an expert workshop on ``mineral raw material scarcity''

Environmental and social impactsp

10 most poluted places in the

z Environmental impacts

� Air

10 most poluted places in theWorld (2000)

1. Chernobil (Ucrania)

� Water

L d

2. Dzerzhinsk (Rusia)

3. Haina (República Dominicana)

4 Kabwe (Zambia)� Landscape

� Biodiversity

4. Kabwe (Zambia)

5. La Oroya (Perú)

6. Linfen (China)

� Climate change

� Wastes/Reserves7. Mailuu-Suu (Kirziguistán)

8. Norilsk (Rusia)

o Impacts on local communities9. Ranipet (India)

10. Rudnaya Pristan (Rusia)

13

Environmental and social impacts

L C l (C l bi ) La aldea de Salave (Asturias)La Colosa (Colombia)

14

FactsFacts

z 3.5 billion tons of metals and industrial minerals in 2008 =>at least 6x

more waste rock.

z By 2050 Consumption= 5x current consumption => Demand for

important ones such as Au, Ag, Cu, Ni, Sn, Zn, Pb and Sb will be greater p g g

than reserves (Halada, 2008).

z Yet mining sector only contributes to 0 5% direct employment and 0 9% z Yet mining sector only contributes to 0.5% direct employment and 0.9%

of gross world product (Sampat, 2003).

Mi i b t 8 10% f l b l ti (IEA)z Mining uses between 8-10% of global energy consumption (IEA)

z Responsible for 13% of global SO2 emissions

Source: Halada, K.; Shimada, M. & Ijima, K. Forecasting of the Consumption of Metals up to 2050 Materials Transaction, 2008, 49, 402-410Sampat, P. State of the World 2003 Scrapping mining dependence World Resources Institute, 2003, 111

ReflectionsReflections

z Can Gaia absorb all environmental impacts associated with

Man’s development?Man s development?

z Are there enough energy and mineral resources to sustain

unlimited growth?

z Will ingenuity through technological development outrun any z Will ingenuity through technological development outrun any

existing and/or future problems?

z 40 years after “The Limits to Growth” by

Meadows et al.

2. QUESTIONING THE MYTHS 2. QUESTIONING THE MYTHS

SURROUNDING SCARCITY OF SURROUNDING SCARCITY OF

MINERAL RESOURCESMINERAL RESOURCES…

Can Gaia absorb all environmental impacts associated with Man’s development?p

z Declining ore grades are forcing higher impacts on environment. The low z Declining ore grades are forcing higher impacts on environment. The low

hanging fruits have already been collected. => A depth of “r” implies

an extraction of 1/3S r3an extraction of 1/3S r3.

z The Nimby effect: Not in my backyard!r

z Remote areas, Rain forests, Arctic and the permafrost periglacial

cape. Extremely deep mining and oceanic mining.

z Underdeveloped countries

r

Underdeveloped countries

OLYMPIC MOTTO:

CITIUS, ALTIUS, FORTIUS

MINING MOTTO:

Quicker, Deeper, Stronger

Are there enough energy and mineral resources to sustain unlimited growth?sustain unlimited growth?

YES!? b t ti l th i ti ll i d z YES!?, but exponential growth requires exponentially new mines and

exponential amounts of energy, water, environmental, social and

economic impacts.

z Energy may come from the Sun or from Nuclear fusion in the long termz Energy may come from the Sun or from Nuclear fusion in the long term.

z The crust is plenty of minerals: Mass does not disappear BUT disperses.

z Can Man afford to extract critical elements from Barerock? At what

t?cost?

Are there enough energy and mineral resources to sustain unlimited growth?sustain unlimited growth?

A mineral deposit is ararity in the Earth’s crust.

Only when a combinationof natural processes hasof natural processes hasworked together toproduce an enrichment, isan ore to be found.

These complex processoperate very slowlyoperate very slowlycompared with the life-span of humans.

All concentrated mineral resources offuel and non-fuel origin represent only0.001% of the Earth's upper continental

21

crust total mass

Will ingenuity through technological development outrun any existing and/or future problems?y g / p

Th l f t h l i th i l i d t h z The role of technology in the minerals industry has allowed to save energy and reach greater depths and more remote sites:

o Breakthrough in mineral exploration: emergence of geophysics drilling remote sensing bio-prospecting etcgeophysics, drilling, remote sensing, bio-prospecting, etc.

o Increasing mechanisation in underground mining allows to reach greater depths.

o In open cut mining: increasing truck sizes, safer and cheaper explosives and cheap diesel fuel

o Refining: flotation, gravity and densemedia separation, carbon-in-pulp and heap leaching solvent extraction, electrowinning…

Will ingenuity through technological development outrun any existing and/or future problems?outrun any existing and/or future problems?

Two effects on the energy consumption associated withmining. Which is winning the race?

Technologicaldevelopmentdevelopment

Declining ore grades

23

Will ingenuity through technological development outrun any existing and/or future problems?

2 60040

y g / p

Ore grade decline in Australia’s main commodities (Mudd, 2010)

2,275

2,600

35

40

s)

Copper (%Cu)

Gold (g/t)

Lead (%Pb)

(Ag, 1884 - 3,506 g/t)

1,625

1,950

25

30

), U, D

iam

onds Zinc (%Zn)

Uranium (kg/t U3O8)

Nickel (%Ni)

Diamonds (carats/t)

(kg/t U3O8)

1,30020

Ore

Gra

de (

Ag)

Pb, Z

n, A

u, N

i

Silver (g/t)

650

975

10

15 O

Gra

des

(Cu,

P

0

325

0

5

Ore

001840 1855 1870 1885 1900 1915 1930 1945 1960 1975 1990 2005

Source: Mudd, G. The Ultimate Sustainability of Mining – Linking Key Mega-Trends with 21st Century Challenges Sustainable mining conference, 2010

Will ingenuity through technological development outrun any existing and/or future problems?y g / p

A di t t di i d t f ld (D í d z According to our studies carried out for gold (Domínguez and Valero, 2013):o Although progress in technology has been made, in most

cases energy requirements are increasing, because the main variable is the ore grade.

o Technology cannot in general overcome the rising energy gy g g gydemand for gold mining

Source: Domínguez, A. & Valero, A. Global gold mining: Is technological learning overcoming the declining in ore grades? Journal of Environmental Accounting and Management, 2013, 1, 85-10

Answers in conclusionAnswers in conclusion

zWe cannot overcome the limits of the PlanetzWe cannot overcome the limits of the Planet

zWe cannot overcome the Second Law of zWe cannot overcome the Second Law of

Thermodynamics: Energy degrades and mass

disperses

z Urgent tools to rigorously assess the

degradation velocity of the Earth’s resources is

required: A planetary life cycle assessmentrequired: A planetary life cycle assessment

3 THANATIA AS THE TWILIGHT OF 3. THANATIA AS THE TWILIGHT OF

THE EARTH’S RESOURCESTHE EARTH S RESOURCES

Planetary LCA

GRAVECRADLE

THANATIA as a possible end of the Earth’s resources.

Th ti i di t d b th G k “ljƽ ” z Thanatia as indicated by the Greek “ljƽǎǂǕǐǓ” represents death.

z We can imagine a possible state of the Earth when all commercially exploitable resources have been

d d di d A ibl d t th consumed and dispersed. A possible end to the “anthropocene period”.

z Thanatia, constitutes the starting point for assessing the loss of mineral endowment on Earth.

What is Thanatia?

z THANATIA ATMOSPHEREz An atmospheric injection of about 2,000 GtC. z carbon dioxide content of 683 ppm, a mean surface temperature of 17 ºC (peak carbon dioxide

induced warming of 3.7 ºC above preindustrial temperatures), z A pressure of 1.021 bar and a composition, on a volume basis of 78.8% N2, 20.92% O2, 0.93% Ar and

0.0015% of trace gases.

z THANATIA HYDROSPHEREz freshwater amounts about 2.5% of global water.z freshwater is expected to increase its content of nitrogen, phosphorus, heavy metals, organic substances,

sulphates and other components as population grows and climate changes. M t f I C lt d z Most of Ice Caps melted

z The changes in freshwater composition should not affect significantly the composition of the ocean. Therefore, the composition of the exhausted hydrosphere can be approximated with high confidence to that of seawater.

z THANATIA CRUSTz The upper continental crust can be approximated to the average mineralogical composition of the

current earth’s crust. The resulting crust is composed of 292 common mineralso All resources have been extracted and dispersed

30

o All fossil fuels have been burned.Source: Valero D., A.; Valero, A. & Gómez, J. B. The crepuscular planet. A model for the exhausted continental crust Energy, 2011, 36, 694 – 707; Valero, A.; Agudelo, A. & Valero D., A. The Crepuscular Planet. Part I: A model for the exhausted atmosphere Proceedings of ECOS 2009, 2009

The Crepuscular Continental Crust

Results: Quarz 2,29E+01 Forsterite 6,96E-03 Helvine/ Helvite 8,05E-05

Name Abundance, mass %Name Abundance,

mass % Name Abundance, mass %

z Dimensions of the matrix: 324x78

, , ,Albite 1,35E+01 Hedenbergite 6,82E-03 Strontianite 7,88E-05Oligoclase 1,19E+01 Chalcopyrite 6,64E-03 Dispersed Tb 7,00E-05Orthoclase 1,18E+01 Phlogopi te 6,62E-03 Perovskite 6,94E-05Andesine 5,46E+00 Witherite 5,99E-03 Tridymit 6,30E-05Paragonite 3,96E+00 Pentlandite 5,75E-03 Cryolite 4,95E-05Bioti te 3 82E+00 Cordierite 5 57E 03 Sulphur 4 72E 05

z Adjustment of the main 78 elements apart from O and H.Bioti te 3,82E+00 Cordierite 5,57E-03 Sulphur 4,72E-05Hydromuscovite/ Illite 3,03E+00 Pyrolusite 4,90E-03 Orpiment 4,55E-05Augite 3,00E+00 Fayalite 4,77E-03 Brookite 4,21E-05Hornblende (Fe) 2,63E+00 Anatase 4,46E-03 Eudialyte 4,04E-05Labradorite 2,50E+00 Francolite 4,35E-03 Carnallite 4,03E-05Nontronite 1,93E+00 Tourmaline 4,30E-03 Xenotime 3,70E-05Nontronite 1,93E 00 Tourmaline 4,30E 03 Xenotime 3,70E 05Opal 1,24E+00 Orthite-Ce / Allanite 4,05E-03 Dawsonite 3,62E-05Ripidolite 1,20E+00 Lepidolite 3,99E-03 Wolframite 3,21E-05Almandine 1,04E+00 Gedrite 3,23E-03 Dispersed Lu 3,10E-05Muscovite 1,01E+00 Beryl 3,22E-03 Dispersed Tm 3,00E-05Sillimanite 9,97E-01 Pyrophyllite 3,22E-03 Stibnite 2,75E-05Epidote 9,06E-01 Rhodonite 3,04E-03 Copper 2,48E-05Kaolinite 8,36E-01 Magnesite 3,02E-03 Cerussite 2,21E-05Calcite 8,00E-01 Chloritoid 3,00E-03 Blomstrandite/ Betafite 2,05E-05Magnetite 7,95E-01 Ilmenorutile 2,96E-03 Sodalite 1,98E-05Riebeck ite 5,74E-01 Ul exite 2,92E-03 Britholite 1,71E-05Beidellite 5 10E-01 Di adochic Ce 2 83E-03 Ferrotantalite 1 58E-05Beidellite 5,10E 01 Di adochic Ce 2,83E 03 Ferrotantalite 1,58E 05Ilmenite 4,71E-01 Jacobsite 2,72E-03 Ramsayite/ Lorenzenite 1,24E-05Titanite 4,46E-01 Cl ement ite 2,64E-03 Anglesite 1,16E-05Clinochlore 4,37E-01 Kerni te 2,61E-03 Greenock ite 1,16E-05Sepiolite 3,48E-01 Bastnasite 2,54E-03 Chondrodite 1,12E-05Aegirine 3,04E-01 Colemanite 2,46E-03 Axinite -Fe 1,10E-05

Source: Valero D., A.; Valero, A. & Gómez, J. B. The crepuscular planet. A model for the exhausted continental crust Energy, 2011, 36, 694 - 707

Thanatia as the twilight of the Earth’s mineral resources

By postulating Thanatia we can quantify a thermodynamic limit of the Earth, and thus assess its Mineral Capital and its degradation velocity.

32

Thanatia as the twilight of the Earth’s mineral resources

From GRAVE to CRADLE

� In order to assess depletion� In order to assess depletion

� Replacement is the key! => What would it cost to replace with current technology the mineral wealth of the planet that Man extracts, uses and finally disperses?

33

Exergy/ Exergy cost

Exergy/ Exergy costCradle to entry gate Entry gate to exit gate

Manuf.costs

Useful products

ProductmanufactureMan-made stock

Man-made mining and refining process

Mining and Use and di f

Grave to cradle Exit gate to grave Recyclingcosts

refining costs dispose of materials

g g costs

Recycling of materials

Fuels Minerals

Materialsdispersion and

pollution

Natural stock

LandfillsMineral deposits

Avoided costs/ mineral bonus

Natural conc. and refining process

Reference

pollution

Crepuscular Earth / Thanatia

Materials Life cycle

Reference EnvironmentZero Exergy

Source: Valero D., A. & Valero, A. From Grave to Cradle A Thermodynamic Approach for Accounting for Abiotic Resource Depletion. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2013, 17, 43-52

35

DE LA TUMBA A LA CUNAGrave-cradle approach

How much is the loss of the mineral exergy endowment of the Earth?

10,000

12,000

Mtoe 10,899�Mtoe

Mineral�smeltingand�refining�1,336��Mtoe Mineral�mining�

andconc

8,000

,

Coaland�conc.138��Mtoe

6,0005,308�Mtoe Natural�gas

4,000

Potash

IronPotash

3,811�Mtoe

2,000

Aluminium

Oil

Aluminium

Iron

0

Exergy�bonus Exergy�bonus�with�recycling Fossil�fuels

Source: A. Valero and A. Valero (2014) . Thanatia: the Destiny of the Earth’s mineral resources. World Scientific Publishing

36

DE LA TUMBA A LA CUNAGrave-cradle approach

z How much is the loss of the mineral exergy endowmentgyof the Earth?

Mining and concentration

1%Smelting and

refining1% refining6%

Coal26%

N f l Non-fuel minerals

33%

Oil25%Natural gas

18%

Source: A. Valero and A. Valero (2014) . Thanatia: the Destiny of the Earth’s mineral resources. World Scientific Publishing

SETEA: New system of environmentalaccounts

Would you sell the towers of

accounts

Would you sell the towers of a cathedral at the price of itsconstituent bricks?

GDP and other economic indicators do not take into

t th f t th t f t account the fact that future generations won’t have those “monuments” created by Nature (mineral resources) Nature (mineral resources).

We propose a new system of environmental accounts based on the UN’s SEEA => SETEA (thermoeconomic

t )accounts)

The exergy countdown - Reserves

5,000,000B*, ktoe

Coal - 2059

Oil - 2012

4,000,000

4,500,000

Natural gas - 20243,000,000

3,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

Potassium - 2072

Al i i 2050

Iron - 20401,000,000

1,500,000Aluminium - 2050

0

500,000

1890 1940 1990 2040 2090 2140 2190

Rest�of�minerals

38

Year

Source: A. Valero and A. Valero (2014) . Thanatia: the Destiny of the Earth’s mineral resources. World Scientific Publishing

The exergy countdown - Resources

35 000 000

30,000,000

35,000,000B*, ktoe

Potassium - 2272Potassium - 2272Potassium - 2272Potassium - 2272

20 000 000

25,000,000

15,000,000

20,000,000

Coal - 2159

Oil - 2027Natural gas - 2069

000 000

10,000,000

Oil 2027

Iron - 2115

0

5,000,000

1890 1940 1990 2040 2090 2140 2190 2240 2290

Aluminium - 2088Aluminium - 2088Aluminium - 2088Aluminium - 2088

Rest commodities

39

Year

Source: A. Valero and A. Valero (2014) . Thanatia: the Destiny of the Earth’s mineral resources. World Scientific Publishing

The exergy countdown - Resources

80,000B* ktoe

70,000

B , ktoe

Copper - 2068

50,000

60,000

30,000

40,000

Cobalt - 2073

Gold (R.B.) - 2001 Tantalum (R.B.) - 2046

20,000

( )

Nickel sulph.2033

0

10,000

1890 1940 1990 2040 2090 2140 2190 2240 2290

Zirconium - 2006 Zinc - 2062

40

Year

Source: A. Valero and A. Valero (2014) . Thanatia: the Destiny of the Earth’s mineral resources. World Scientific Publishing

Empirical DataReserves Peak $R^2$ W.R. Peak $R^2$ Observed Peak

Mercury 1960 0.56 1965 0.18 1971Tin 1979 0.53 1986 0.63 2007Silver 1995 0.44 1999 0.52 -

Theoretical Data

Gold 1994 0.65 2001 0.74 2001Antimony 1998 0.56 2006 0.64 -Zirconium 2003 0.89 2006 0.89 -Oil 2012 0.97 2027 0.97 2008 (2011)Lithium 2015 0.86 2033 0.89 -Lithium 2015 0.86 2033 0.89Nickel laterites 2017 0.98 2033 0.98 -Nickel sulphides 2017 0.98 2033 0.98 -Wolfram 2007 0.89 2036 0.87 -Molybdenum 2018 0.95 2040 0.95 2004Bismuth 2015 0 87 2042 0 86

WR. PeakBismuth 2015 0.87 2042 0.86 -Tantalum 2034 0.85 2046 0.85 -Rhenium 2022 0.95 2054 0.94 -Uranium 2033 0.72 2061 0.70 2006Zinc 1999 0.92 2062 0.98 -C 2012 0 95 2068 0 98

may appearbefore end of 21st century!!

Copper 2012 0.95 2068 0.98 -Natural gas 2024 1.00 2069 1.00 -Ti-rutile 2028 0.89 2069 0.86 -Cobalt 2042 0.87 2073 0.88 -Cadmium 1996 0.98 2076 0.90 -Phosphate rock 2031 0.92 2080 0.89 -REE 2092 0.98 2104 0.98 -Ti-ilmenite 2040 0.96 2082 0.96 -Beryllium 2082 0.40 -Aluminium 2050 0.98 2088 0.98 -Lead 1989 0.82 2110 0.82 -Iron 2040 0.91 2115 0.92 -Manganese 2007 0.87 2119 0.81 -Vanadium 2067 0.83 2129 0.83 -Chromium 2015 0 96 2149 0 97 -Chromium 2015 0.96 2149 0.97Coal 2059 0.95 2159 0.95 -Arsenic 1971 0.29 2159 0.31 -Potassium 2072 0.91 2272 0.88 -

Source: A. Valero and A. Valero (2014) . Thanatia: the Destiny of the Earth’s mineral resources. World Scientific Publishing

The exergy countdown - Conclusions

M t diti k b f thz Most commodities may peak before theend of this century

z Considering world resources instead of reserves shifts the peak 50 years onreserves shifts the peak 50 years onaverage

z Some commodities have already peaked!

4. FINAL REFLECTIONS

Final reflections

1) Our planet is headed toward mineral depletion (best ore p (grades have been extracted and are dispersed in the and are dispersed in the biosphere)

This is not fatalism but science. It is Thermodynamics

Final reflections

2) This progression is unyielding and the human action is accelerating it.

The way back can only be attained by the Sun´s action and the internal heat of Earth Sun s action and the internal heat of Earth during eons.

Yet technology exhausts mineral resources over human time scales.

Final reflections

3) This progression could be decelerated by an appropriate y pp pand global management of our abiotic resources. our abiotic resources.

Global vision and global decisions are Global vision and global decisions are required. Unfortunately these needs are far removed from the current political far removed from the current political thinking.

Final reflections

4) Effi i i th f t i l d 4) Efficiency in the use of materials and their systematic recycling are mostly needed but they are insufficient needed but they are insufficient.

We need to place limits on greed and the We need to place limits on greed and the plundering of non-renewable materials currently considered as inexhaustible and currently considered as inexhaustible and cheap.

Final reflections

4) “Effi i d S ffi i ” b th 4) “Efficiency and Sufficiency” are both needed, this implies that “Technology and Ethics” are both required Ethics are both required.

Technology is never sufficient and in Technology is never sufficient and in many cases it is more destructive than creative.creative.

Final reflections

5) The Circular Economy is a ) ybeautiful myth, but the Second Law of Thermodynamics is unavoidable: Thanatia

“In each material cycle something is lost because one cannot afford complete and cannot afford complete and cheap recycling. We can only yearn for a Spiral Economy, with the largest number of t b t i th d i l

Technosphere

turns, but in the end spirals get diluted into Thanatia”

W f t l t f

Geosphere

We propose a fractal tree for each chemical element.

Final reflections

6) Th ti d li i f d 6) The continuous declining of ore grades induces an increase in the energy, environmental and social costs of environmental and social costs of extracting the next tonnage of minerals that irremediably induce an acceleration yof the Planet’s deterioration.

This acceleration can be rigorously calculated in kJ units applying the proposed thermodynamic theory.

Final reflections

7) Th i “E C td ” th t 7) There is an “Exergy Countdown”, that allows quantifying the degradation rate of our Planet´s mineral endowment in exergy our Planet s mineral endowment in exergy units.

The accounting of this loss and the sense of having a not-so-far expiry date gives of having a not so far expiry date gives maturity to humankind and supports improved management of those remaining resources. This vision could even affect our world´s perception.

Final reflections

It i th h f h it t b i t z It is the hour for humanity to begin to adequately manage its non-renewable resources with intelligence and order so resources with intelligence and order, so that however finite they can be accounted for, as can their loss,

TIME IS RUNNING OUT,LET’S FLIP THE HOUR GLASS!!!

Sustainability is a journey, Thanatia a destiny!

On youtube (Spanish): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M6qi4bKRPe0On youtube (English): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=76eUJxPaqFU

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