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U.T.N.-F.R.C. ADMINISTRACIN GERENCIAL AO 2002 GRUPO N 7

ndice.Introdu!"n 2

En#o$%r&%nt '

Introdu!"n '

D%(!n!!"n )

*+,%, #+r+ + !%&%nt+!"n

Co&o !nt%/r+r +, #%r,on+, + %n#o$%r&%nt 7

T%noo/+, d% %n#o$%r&%nt 1

Cono!&!%nto +!d+d 3 %n#o$%r&%nt 1

Do$n,!4!n/ 50

6!,tor!+ d% do$n,!4!n/ 52

Do$n,!4!n/ o&o %,tr+t%/!+ or#or+t!+ 5'

Do$n,!4!n/ %n + &+ro%ono&+ 5)

5

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E8#%r!%n!+ d% do$n,!4!n/ %n +, or/+n!4+!on%, 5

R%,ou!"n d% &!,t%r!o d% do$n,!4!n/ 59

R!/t:,!4!n/ 51

Con%#to, 3 t%noo/+, +,o!+d+, 51

R!/t:,!4!n/ + tr+;, d% + t%noo/+ !%nt%

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En o, t!%o, u% orr%n +, or/+n!4+!on%, d%>%n ,%r o%t!t!+, 3 %,t+r %non,t+nt% +d+#t+!"n + ,u %ntorno #+r+ o u+ d%>%n &od!(!+r ,u, %,trutur+,or/+n!4+!on+%, #+r+ %,to %8!,t%n d!%r,+, t;n!+,. En %,t+ &ono/r+(+d%,+rro+r%&o, u+troB En#o$%r&%n d%,%,t+t!(!+!"n do$n,!4!n/ r!/t:,!4!n/.

En#o$%r&%nt d%%/+ +utor!d+d%, 3 r%,#on,+>!!d+d%, + o, n!%%, &+, >+o,o/r+ndo un+ &+3or +uto%,t!&+ d% o, %%+do,.

L+ d%,%,t+t!(!+!"n >u,+ &%or+r + to&+ d% d%!,!on%, 3 + o&un!+!"nd%ntro d% + %r%,+.

E do$n,!4!n/ >u,+ &!n!&!4+r o, o,to, +d&!n!,tr+t!o, #+r+ d% %,t+ (or&+&!n!&!4+r o, o,to, +du!r!%ndo &+3or o%t!t!!d+d %,to o :+% + tr+;, d%d%,#!do, % r!/t:,!4!n/ %, >,!+&%nt% &u3 ,!&!+r + + +nt%r!or on + d!(%r%n!+ u%,% r%+!4+ + #o,t%r!or d% + r%!n/%n!%r+ d% n%/o!o,.

'

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I. ENPOWERMENT

INTRODUCCIN

D%,d% u% o, :u&+no, :+>!t+n % #+n%t+ d%,d% %nton%, :+n %8!,t!do d%r%,. Lo,#r!&%ro, d%r%, ,!n dud+ %r+n o, u% or/+n!4+>+n +%r+, 3 otr+, %8#%d!!on%, >u,+ndoo&!d+. Otro, o, #od%&o, o>,%r+r %n +, #/!n+, d% + :!,tor!+B Mo!,;, %,, Con(u!oM+ro Poo u+n+ d% Aro H!n,ton C:ur:! 3 G%or/% H+,:!n/ton ,on +/uno, d% o,&, ono!do, 3 o, u% ,% :+n %n+r/+do d% d+r% (or&+ + + :!,tor!+. S!n %&>+r/o +!ort+n!+ u% ,% %, :+ d+do + %,tud!o d% o, d%r%, %, d% +#%n+, 500 + 50 +o, +tr,.Ant%r!or&%nt% % !d%r+4/o ,"o ,% r%+!on+>+ on ont%8to, #ot!o, 3 r%!/!o,o, 3 no (u%,!no :+,t+ + R%ou!"n Indu,tr!+ u% % !d%r+4/o ,% r%+!on" on % &>!to !ndu,tr!+.P%ro +:or+ %n + ,#!d% d% ,!/o JJI % !d%r+4/o !ndu,tr!+ ,% :+ u%to un+ %nru!+d+.A #%,+r d% u% +d+ ;#o+ tr+% d!(%r%nt%, %n(ou%, %on"&!o, #ot!o, 3 /%o#ot!o, %u% %,t ourr!%ndo +:or+ %, n!o.

C!no (u%r4+, %,tn +t%r+ndo % tr+d!!on+ &od%o d% !d%r+4/o !ndu,tr!+ 3 +,%r%,+, u% o %,tn +#!+ndo :+n ++n4+do un /r+n ;8!to. %,t+, !no (u%r4+, ,onB

5.Reestructuracin de la corporacin. Aunu% r+r+ %4 +, or/+n!4+!on%, t!%n%nu% %8#%r!&%nt+r on un +&>!o t+n r+d!+ %n +, or/+n!4+!on%, % >++r % n!% d% +to&+ d% d%!,!on%, %, un +,unto &+3or #oru% r%u!%r% d% un +&>!o %n + utur+ d% +%r%,+ ;,t+, r%u!%r%n d% un+ #r%#+r+!"n #ro(und+ tod+, +, #%r,on+, !nour+d+, %n +or/+n!4+!"n.

2.La explosin de la informacin. Gr+!+, + +, out+dor+, + /%n%r+!"n d%!n(or&+!"n %, !!&!t+d+ 3 on + +3ud+ d% t%;(ono, %u+r%, 3 (+8%, +, o&un!+!on%,,on +d+ %4 &, r#!d+,. K ,! todo %,to %,t >!%n or/+n!4+do #u%d% ,%r un+ :%rr+&!%nt+&u3 !ort+nt% #+r+ % r%!&!%nto d% +, or/+n!4+!on%,.

'. Gloali!acin. P+r+ % ,!/o JJI o, d%r%, d% +, or#or+!on%, t%ndrn u%+tu+r /o>+&%nt% no ,"o #+r+ to&+r %nt++ %n +, nu%+, o#ortun!d+d%, d% &%r+do,!no #+r+ :+%r (r%nt% + o, nu%o, tr+to, d% &%r+do #oru% ,!no o :+% #+,+rn + ,%r#+rt% d% + :!,tor!+.

).El paso al camio. Lo, d%r%, d% +, or#or+!on%, ,!%r% :+n t%n!do u%on(ront+r % +&>!o. L+ r#!d+ +%%r+!"n d% + !n(or&+!"n /o>+!4+!"n 3 otr+,t%nd%n!+, r%u!%r%n u% o, %%ut!o, #+n%%n 3 /+n%n + +%#t+!"n d% +, nu%+,!n!!+t!+,.

. Empowermentd% %%+do,. Con,!,t% %n u% + to&+ d% d%!,!on%, ,% :+>++do + n!%%, &, >+o, d% + or#or+!"n. E ,!,t%&+ %rru!o u% +nt%r!or&%nt% ,%ut!!4+>+ %n + to&+ d% d%!,!on%, :+ d+do #!% + un ,!,t%&+ %n % u% o, %%+do, ,onr%,#on,+>%, d% ,u, #ro#!+, +!on%, 3 % !d%r+4/o !%n% d% o, %u!#o, d% tr+>+o 3 3+ no,"o d% un+ #%r,on+ o&o ourr+ +nt%r!or&%nt%.

6o3 &, u% nun+ n%%,!t+n +, t;n!+, d% #%r,u+,!"n 3 %n,%+n4+ #+r+ +d+#t+r,%+ o, +&>!o, t+n r#!do, u% %8!/% % &undo +tu+. Co&o r%,ut+do d% %,t+, !no(u%r4+, + !ndu,tr!+ d% ,!/o JJI ,%r r%ono!d+ #or un+ &+r+ d!(%r%nt% d% !d%r+4/o. En%,t+ nu%+ %r+ % !d%r+4/o %,t +&>!+ndo. P+r+ u% o, d%r%, ,%+n %8!to,o, t%ndrn u%

)

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,%r &%no, +r>!tr+r!o, 3 %,t+r &, %nu%to, %n o u% %,t ,u%d!%ndo %n % S:o# Foor&, +>!%rto, + o, %%+do, 3 &, or!%nt+do, + + +!"n u% %n % #+,+do. E #+#% d% und%r &od%rno %, r%+r un ,!,t%&+ d% to&+ d% d%!,!on%, 3 %n(o+r,% + /u!+ro... 3 + !,!"nd%>% d% %n!r d% + /%nt%. L+ t+r%+ &, d!(! d% o, d%r%, on Eo$%r&%nt %, +r%+!"n d% %u!#o, +>!%rto, . L+ un!d+d >,!+ d% un+ or/+n!4+!"n on Eo$%r&%nt no%, % !nd!!duo u% o/r+ r%,ut+do, ,!no un /ru#o d% /%nt% oord!n+d+. E nu%o d%r d%>%d% +#r%nd%r + d+r un #+,o +tr, 3 r%+r un +&>!%nt% d% tr+>+o u% #%r&!t+ + o, !nd!!duo,+#r%nd%r r%%r d%,+rro+r,% ontr!>u!r 3 ++n4+r + %8%%n!+.

L+ r%!%nt% o%t%n!+ %n o&>!n+!"n on + /r+n d%&+nd+ 3 %8!/%n!+, d%on,u&!dor %n u+nto + +!d+d (%8!>!!d+d r+#!d%4 (un!on+!d+d 3 >+o, o,to, :+n#u%,to no ,"o + +, or/+n!4+!on%, %n r%ou!"n ,!no + +, #%r,on+, !!+d+, %n %,t+,.

T%nd%n!+, t;n!+, 3 nu%+, (!o,o(+, +#unt+n + un (uturo %n % u% +,:+>!!d+d%, d% +, o++, d%>%n r%,#ond%r d% &+n%r+ r#!d+ 3 d%!,!+ + o, +&>!o,3+ u% d% %,o d%#%nd%r + #%r&+n%n!+ d% +, &!,&+, %n % ont%8to +tu+.

P+r+ ontr!>u!r + %,to ,% :+n d%,+rro+do un ,!n n&%ro d% t;n!+, :%rr+&!%nt+,%,tr+t%/!+, 3 (!o,o(+, #+r+ &%or+r % d%,%%o or/+n!4+!on+ o&o ,on IT u,t !nT!&% TC Tot+ u+!t3 Contro MRP M+n+/%&%nt R%u!r%&%nt Produt!on 3Cruo, d% C+!d+d Gru#o, Auto d!r!/!do, TPM Tot+ Produt!on M+n+/%&%nt o,u+%, +/un+, %%, ,on !%&%nt+do, 3 (or&+n #+rt% d% + or/+n!4+!"n &!%ntr+, u%otr+, ,"o + ut!!4+n &!%ntr+, %,to, %,tn d% &od+.

Otro #unto !ort+nt% + d%,t++r %, u% +, or/+n!4+!on%, %,tn r%!%ndo d% /r+n&+n%r+ %n t+&+o 3 ,%r!!o, #+r+ ,+t!,(+%r + !%nt% 3 + ,u %4 ,% d%>% on,%r+r o&o ,!(u%r+ #%u%+ (%8!>% +%rt+ + +, n%%,!d+d%, % !nt%r+t!+ %n todo ,%nt!do %,t% on%#to,u/!%r% otro t!#o d% +d&!n!,tr+!"n ono!do o&o EMPOHERMENT.

DEFINICIN.*u%no %, (! Eo$%r&%nt %, todo un on%#to un+ (!o,o(+ un+ nu%+ (or&+

d% +d&!n!,tr+r + %r%,+ u% !nt%/r+ todo, o, r%ur,o, +#!t+ &+nu(+tur+ #rodu!"n%nt+, &%r+dot%n!+ t%noo/+ %u!#o 3 + ,u /%nt% %t. :+!%ndo u,o d% o&un!+!"n%(%t!+ 3 %(!!%nt% #+r+ o/r+r +, o, o>%t!o, d% + or/+n!4+!"n. S!n %&>+r/o #+r++%#t+r o +nt%r!or %, n%%,+r!o #ro(und!4+r &, ,o>r% %,t% on%#to #+r+ or%nd%r %nu; on,!,t% 3 u%, ,on ,u, ++n%,.A ont!nu+!"n #r%,%nt+r%&o, +/un+, d%(!n!!on%, d% Eo$%r&%nt u% no, +3ud+r+n ++!+r nu%,tro #+nor+&+ ,o>r% %,t% on%#toB ?Eo$%r&%nt u!%r% d%!r #ot%n!+!"n o %od%r+&!%nto u% %, % :%:o d%d%%/+r #od%r 3 +utor!d+d + o, ,u>ord!n+do, 3 d% on(%r!r%, % ,%nt!&!%nto d% u% ,ondu%o, d% ,u #ro#!o tr+>+o.

Eo$%r&%nt %, dond% o, >%n%(!!o, "#t!&o, d% + t%noo/+ d% + !n(or&+!"n,on ++n4+do,. Lo, &!%&>ro, %u!#o, d% tr+>+o 3 + or/+n!4+!"n t%ndrn o%to+%,o 3 u,o d% !n(or&+!"n rt!+ #o,%%rn + t%noo/+ :+>!!d+d%, r%,#on,+>!!d+d 3+utor!d+d #+r+ ut!!4+r + !n(or&+!"n 3 %+r + +>o % n%/o!o d% + or/+n!4+!"n.

No ,"o %, % d%%/+r #od%r 3 +utor!d+d + o, ,u>ord!n+do, 3 on(%r!r%, %,%nt!&!%nto d% u% ,on du%o, d% ,u #ro#!o tr+>+o %, + d%&, un+ :%rr+&!%nt+ ut!!4+d+

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t+nto %n + +!d+d tot+ o&o %n r%!n/%n!%r+ u% #ro%% d% %%&%nto, #+r+ (ort+%%r o,#ro%,o, u% %+n + +, %r%,+, + ,u +d%u+do d%,+rroo. S% on,!d%r+ o&o %&o!&!%nto u% >u,+ d+r #od%r + + /%nt% + %ntr%n+&!%nto %+ + d%!,!"n + + /%nt%u% %,t %n % (r%nt% 3 ,% on!%rt% %n + :%rr+&!%nt+ %,tr+t;/!+ u% (ort+%% % u% :+%rd% !d%r+4/o u% d+ ,%nt!do + tr+>+o %n %u!#o 3 u% #%r&!t% u% + +!d+d tot+ d%% d%,%r un+ (!o,o(+ &ot!+!on+ 3 ,% on!%rt+ %n un ,!,t%&+ r+d!+&%nt% (un!on+. Gr+!+,+ %,t+ :%rr+&!%nt+ ,% r%%+4+ + !%+ %r+ru+ #or %u!#o, +uto d!r!/!do, %n dond% +!n(or&+!"n ,% o+rt% on todo,. Lo, %%+do, t!%n%n + o#ortun!d+d 3 +r%,#on,+>!!d+d d% d+r o &%or d% ,.Lo +nt%r!or no, #!d% un %nt%nd!&!%nto %n todo, o, n!%%, ,o>r% % ,!/n!(!+do d%Eo$%r&%nt 3 "&o o>t%n%ro. E, un ,!,t%&+ d% +or%, 3 r%%n!+, no %, un #ro/r+&+on #r!n!#!o 3 (!n.

Todo, o, n!%%, d% + %r%,+ %nt!%nd%n + (or&+ %n u% %,t% (+ut+&!%nto#u%d% ,+t!,(+%r tod+, +, n%%,!d+d%, #ro#!+, 3 #%r,on+%, 3 +, +!on%, n%%,+r!+, #+r+o>t%n%r+,. E,to %8!/% + d!,#o,!!"n 3 oro&!,o d% + At+ D!r%!"n :++ %,t+ utur+d% d%,+rroo :u&+no.

BASES PARA LA IMPLEMENTACION

P+r+ !%&%nt+r % ,!,t%&+ d% Eo$%r&%nt %n un+ %r%,+ %, n%%,+r!o u%:+3+ un +&>!o %n + utur+ d% tr+>+o 3 #+r+ %,to %, n%%,+r!o u% ,% +#r%nd+ + tr+>++r%n %u!#o.

Lo, ,!,t%&+, d% r%o%n,+ 3 r%ono!&!%nto u% d%,+rro+n or/uo 3 +uto%,t!&+,on d% ,u&+ !ort+n!+. L+ /%nt% on Eo$%r&%nt t!%n% un ,%nt!do !ntrn,%o d%

or/uo #or ,u, o/ro, 3 ontr!>u!on%, + + %r%,+. Pro/r+&+, d% r%ono!&!%nto t+nto#,!o"/!o o&o onr%to #u%d%n +u&%nt+r %,to, ,%nt!&!%nto,. L+ o%n,+!"n 3 otro,,!,t%&+, d% r%o%n,+ t!%n%n u% %,t+r %n onord+n!+ on o, +or%, d% Eo$%r&%ntd% + %r%,+. Fr%u%nt%&%nt% %,to, ,!,t%&+, d%>%n %,t+r &, or!%nt+do, :+!+ o,%u!#o, %n ,u r%ono!&!%nto d% d%,%%o d% tr+>+o 3 ,u, o/ro, %,#%(!o,.S!,t%&+, d% ,%%!"n 3 #ro&o!"n u% #%r&!t+n + !d%nt!(!+!"n d% tr+>++dor%, 3 d% o,d%r%, d% +!d+d %n todo, o, n!%%, +/%nt%, d% +&>!o.

E!d%nt%&%nt% +/un+, #%r,on+, %,t+rn &, !nt%r%,+d+, u% otr+, %n t%n%rEo$%r&%nt. A o+!4+r + #%r,on+, on + &ot!+!"n 3 +, :+>!!d+d%, +#ro#!+d+, %n un+&>!%nt% %n%r/%t!4+do +u&%nt+ + #ro>+>!!d+d d% u% ,% ++n%n o, >%n%(!!o, d% +%n%r/%t!4+!"n %n un+ (or&+ &, %(%t!+ %n t!%o 3 o,to,. Ad%&, +, o#!on%, d%#ro&o!"n 3 ,%%!"n d% un+ %r%,+ ,!/n!(!+n u% %+ t!%n% un +&>!%nt% d%Eo$%r&%nt.

Lo, #r!n!#+%, +,#%to, + t%n%r %n u%nt+ %n un+ !%&%nt+!"n %8!to,+ ,%%nun!+n + ont!nu+!nB

Planes de carrera " desarrollo. S!,t%&+, d% !n(or&+!"n #ot!+, d% r%%&>o,o,#or !+%, #ro%d!&!%nto, #+r+ #+n!(!+!"n d% ,u%,!"n d!,!#!n+ nor&+, d% #%r,on+nor&+, d% r%%&>o,o #or &+tru+ ruo, d% +!d+d >u4"n d% ,u/%r%n!+, %t. Todo,

9

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%,to, ,!,t%&+, #u%d%n !n(und!r %n +, #%r,on+, un ,%nt!do d% #od%r o :+%r+, ,%nt!r o&o,! no tu!%,%n n!n/n #od%r. E,to, ,!,t%&+, d%>%n r%!,+r,% 3 +u,t+r,% ont!nu+&%nt%.

#n desarrollo de $ailidades de lidera!%o. Lo, Ld%r%, t!%n%n un /r+n !+to,o>r% % /r+do d% Eo$%r&%nt u% ,!%nt% ,u /%nt%. E,to %, on,%u%n!+ d% +, t+r%+, u%d%%/+n % ontro u% %%r%n + !n!!+t!+ u% (o&%nt+n 3 + r%tro+!&%nt+!"n 3 r%(u%r4ou% #ro#or!on+n. Lo, d%r%, u% t!%n%n Eo$%r&%nt no ,"o (+ut+n + ,u /%nt% ,!nou% t+&>!;n d%,+rro+n + on(!+n4+ d% + &!,&+. A %ntr%n+r #+r+ % ;8!to 3 +3ud+r + ,u,o+>or+dor%, + ,%nt!r,% du%o, d% ,u, !d%+, o, d%r%, +,%/ur+n + d%d!+!"n 3oro&!,o d% +u;o, :+!+ ,u tr+>+o. E +u&%nto d% +, :+>!!d+d%, d% !d%r+4/o %, un#ro%,o ont!nuo + &%d!d+ u% % #%r,on+ 3 o, %u!#o, #ro/r%,+n :+!+ un &+3or+&>!%nt% d% Eo$%r&%nt. E %ntr%n+&!%nto d% o, d%r%, %, (und+&%nt+. No ,% d%>%%,#%r+r u% +, /%nt%, %n t+%, #o,!!on%, ,%#+n :+%ro %, #r%!,o +3ud+r%, + d%,+rro+r,u, :+>!!d+d%,.

#n desarrollo de $ailidades t&cnicas " de puesto. Lo, o+>or+dor%, ,% %n+r/+nd% t+r%+, +d!!on+%, 3 t!%n%n un+ rot+!"n (r%u%nt% d% t+r%+,. Eo, d%>%n %nt%nd%r +(or&+ %n u% d%>%n r%+!4+r +d+ t+r%+ no ,"o d% ,u #ro#!o tr+>+o ,!no d% todo o u%IMPACTA + ,u %u!#o. E %ntr%n+&!%nto t;n!o 3 d% tr+>+o #r%#+r+ + + /%nt% #+r+ %,t+,nu%+, r%,#on,+>!!d+d%,. N+d+ %n%r/;t!+ &, + #%r,on+ u% #ro#or!on+r%, +,:+>!!d+d%, d% %ntr%n+&!%nto #+r+ u% r%+!%n >!%n ,u tr+>+o.

#n desarrollo de t&cnicas para resol'er prolemas " entrenamiento en$ailidades interpersonales. L+ /%nt% on Eo$%r&%nt 3+ ,%+ !nd!!du+&%nt% o %n%u!#o !nt%r+!on+ &, (r%u%nt%&%nt% on ,u, o+%ro, d% tr+>+o #ro%%dor%,!%nt%, /%r%n!+. S% %,#%r+ u% + /%nt% !d%nt!(!u% o, #ro>%&+, o#ortun!d+d%, 3 u%to&%n +, &%d!d+, n%%,+r!+,. E #%r,on+ on Eo$%r&%nt d%>% #od%r d!r!/!r + otro, 3r%,o%r ,u, #ro#!o, on(!to, ,!n t%n%r u% +#%+r + un+ +utor!d+d &, +t+. G%n%r+&%nt%,% n%%,!t+ % %ntr%n+&!%nto %n :+>!!d+d%, + &%d!d+ u% o, o+>or+dor%, 3 %u!#o,+,u&%n &+3or%, r%,#on,+>!!d+d%,.

#n desarrollo de $ailidades para el ser'icio al cliente. L+, %r%,+, onEo$%r&%nt ,% on%ntr+n %n +, :+>!!d+d%, d% ,%r!!o + !%nt%, d%>!do + u% ,u#%r,on+ d% #r!&%r+ n%+ r%#r%,%nt+ + + %r%,+ +nt% % !%nt%. Un+ %r%,+ u% t%n/+Eo$%r&%nt #ro#or!on+ % %ntr%n+&!%nto u% % #%r,on+ d% ,%r!!o d% #r!&%r+ n%+n%%,!t+ #+r+ ,+t!,(+%r 3 ,u#%r+r +, %8#%t+t!+, d% ,u, !%nt%,.

(reas de soporte t&cnico. S% %+n + +>o %ntr%n+&!%nto, #+r+ /ru#o, d% +#o3o +,!,t%&+ d% Eo$%r&%nt. A !/u+ u% o, d%r%, ,% d%>% d% on,!d%r+r % #%r,on+ d% o,/ru#o, d% +#o3o !n/%n!%r+ ont+>!!d+d +#+!t+!"n. E,to #u%d% +3ud+r + + /%nt% d%#r!&%r+ n%+ + d%,+rro+r un ,%nt!do d% r%,#on,+>!!d+d 3 d% #o,%,!"n d% #u%,to. S%r%u!%r% un ont!nuo %ntr%n+&!%nto 3 +#o3o d% + /%r%n!+ #+r+ +3ud+ro, + +,u&!r nu%o,#+#%%,. E #%r,on+ d% +#o3o u% r%+!% %(!+4&%nt% +, +t!!d+d%, d% %ntr%n+r r%(or4+r 3

o(r%%r +3ud+ ,!n u!t+r r%,#on,+>!!d+d d%,+rro+ + on(!+n4+ 3 +, :+>!!d+d%, d% o,o+>or+dor%,. L+ /%nt% on Eo$%r&%nt to&+ /r+du+&%nt% un+ &+3or #+rt% d% +,r%,#on,+>!!d+d%, d% o, /ru#o, d% +#o3o. F!n+&%nt% un /ru#o d% +#o3o %(!+4 #ro/r%,+d% n!% d% !nd!!duo, u% :+%n % tr+>+o + n!% d% %ntr%n+dor%,.

E)uipos de traa*o. C+d+ %4 &, +, %r%,+, (+ut+n + (o&%nt+r + (or&+!"nd% tr+>+o %n %u!#o %u!#o, !nt%r(un!on+%, d% +!d+d /ru#o, d% %n(ou% on%ntr+do,%n o, !%nt%, 3 %u!#o, !nt%/r+do, d% d%,+rroo d% #roduto,. Un %u!#o %,#%!+ d%tr+>+oB % %u!#o +uto d!r!/!do or/+n!4+ + +, #%r,on+, %n (or&+ t+ u% ,%+n r%,#on,+>%,

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#or un !%rto r%nd!&!%nto o r%+. E %u!#o to&+ &u:+, d% +, r%,#on,+>!!d+d%, +,u&!d+,+nt%r!or&%nt% #or o, ,u#%r!,or%, t+%, o&o +,!/n+!"n d% tr+>+o on +utod!r%!"n u%%, un+ (or&+ %8%%nt% d% %n%r/%t!4+r + #%r,on+, u3o, #u%,to, +tu+%, t!%n%n un ++n%!&!t+do.

Con + +n+!4+!"n d% %n%r/+, #+r+ un o>%t!o o&n o/r+ u% ,% :+/+n +,o,+, u% no ,% #u%d%n r%+!4+r !nd!!du+&%nt% 3 + %,to ,% % +&+ ,!n%r/!,&o.

E ,!n%r/!,&o !!+ u% +, +!on%, ,!&utn%+, d% %nt!d+d%, ,%#+r+d+, u%t!%n%n %n ,u onunto un %(%to tot+ &+3or u% + ,u&+ d% ,u, %(%to, !nd!!du+%,. K %,t%%8!,t% %rd+d%r+&%nt% u+ndo tod+, +, r%+, d% n%/o!o ,% d!r!/%n :+!+ % &!,&oo>%t!o. E,to %, !ndud+>%&%nt% % r%to + u% o, +d&!n!,tr+dor%, ,% d!r!/%n %n nu%,tro,d+,.

Lo, /%r%nt%, %, &u3 !ort+nt% u% on,!d%r%n + %n%r/+ u% t!%n%n o,tr+>++dor%, #+r+ u% #u%d+n +n+!4+r+, #or % &%or +&!no. D% o, u+tro t!#o, d%%n%r/+ u% %8!,t%n (,!+ &%nt+ %&o!on+ 3 d% %,#r!tu %, ;,t+ t!&+ %n + u% &, ,%d%>%n %n(o+r #oru% %, + u% #%r&!t% u% +, #%r,on+, ,% +n!&%n r%#ro+&%nt%. S!n%&>+r/o %,to no ,!/n!(!+ u% ,% d%>%n d% d%,u!d+r +, otr+,.

E d%,+(o d% r%+r un %u!#o d% +t+ %(!!%n!+ o r%nd!&!%nto 3 no un /ru#o d%!nd!!duo, u% r!nd+n &u:o or%nd% do, +,#%to,B %%4+r + #%n,+r o&o +/%nt%, d%&+3or n!% ,!n o!d+r nun+ o&o %, %,t+r %n o, n!%%, &, >+o, 3 %%4+r + #%n,+r&, %n t;r&!no, d% /%,t!"n d% ondu!"n d% %u!#o,.

COMO INTEGRAR A LAS PERSONAS ASENPOWERMENT

6+,t+ +:or+ ,% :+n d%,r!to o, +tr!>uto, d% Eo$%r&%nt #%ro %!d%nt%&%nt% %,#r%!,o ,%++r + &+n%r+ %n u% +, %r%,+, #u%d%n o/r+r d%,+rro+ro. En %,t%

&o&%nto %, o#ortuno r%ord+r + #r%&!,+ u% d!%B L+ /%nt% :+% o u% U,t%d %,#%r+ u%:+/+n. Lo u+ %, un+ +r&+ d% do, (!o,. S! u,t%d no %,#%r+ n+d+ d% %o, %!d%nt%&%nt%+ /%nt% no :+r n+d+. G%n%r+&%nt% ,! no ,% %,#%r+ n+d+ d% +/o no ,% u:+ #or %,% +/o.P%ro ,! u,t%d %,#%r+ todo %nton%, :+r &u:+, o,+, #+r+ u% + /%nt% % d; o, r%,ut+do,%,#%r+do,. E,to ,!/n!(!+ +d%&, u% ,% d%>% tr+>++r %n (or&+ +t!+. Cu+nt+, %%,%nontr+&o, + /%r%nt%, u% ,% u%+n +&+r/+&%nt% d% ,u /%nt% #%ro u% no :+%n n+d+#or %o,. L+ /%nt% %, !nt%!/%nt% #%r%#t!+ 3 t+&>!;n /%n%r+ /r+nd%, %8#%t+t!+,.P+r+ !nt%/r+r+ + Eo$%r&%nt :+3 tr%, %%&%nto, !ort+nt%, + (ort+%%rB

E #r!&%ro ,% r%(!%r% + lasrelaciones. E,t+, r%+!on%, u% u,t%d /u+rd+ on ,u/%nt% d%>% #o,%%r do, +tr!>uto, (und+&%nt+%,B d%>%n ,%r %(%t!+, #+r+ % o/ro d% o,o>%t!o, #ro#u%,to, %n % tr+>+o 3 ,"!d+, %, d%!r u% #%r&+n%4+n %n % t!%o 3 no

d%#%nd+n d% un %,t+do d% n!&o ot!.E ,%/undo :+% :!n+#!; %n la disciplina. E Eo$%r&%nt no ,!/n!(!+ r%++r +d!,!#!n+ 3 #%r&!t!r u% % #+t%rn+!,&o !n+d+ + + %r%,+. En %,t% ,%nt!do %, #r%!,o(o&%nt+rB % ord%n u% + /%nt% #u%d+ tr+>++r %n un ,!,t%&+ %,trutur+do 3 or/+n!4+do %u+ % #%r&!t+ d%,+rro+r ,u, +t!!d+d%, +d%u+d+&%nt% + d%(!n!!"n d% ro%, %,d%t%r&!n+r #%r(%t+&%nt% % ++n% d% +, (un!on%, d% + /%nt% ,u, r%,#on,+>!!d+d%, ,u,(un!on%,. E,to #%r&!t% u% % #%r,on+ ,!%r% ,%#+ dond% %,t #+r+do.

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E t%r%r #unto %, el compromiso % u+ d%>% ,%r on/ru%nt% 3 d%!d!do %n todo,o, n!%%, #%ro #ro&o!do #or o, d%r%, 3 +/%nt%, d% +&>!o. E,to !nu3%B %+t+d ,%r%+%, + nu%,tr+ #ro#!+ /%nt% #+r+ u% %o, o ,%+n on no,otro, #%r,!,t%n!+ #%r,%%r+r%n o, o>%t!o, %n +, r%+!on%, %n % tr+>+o #+r+ u% nu%,tr+ /%nt% o !+ 3 o :+/+ d%+ &+n%r+ %n u% ,% o tr+,&!t!&o, 3 #or t!&o + %n%r/+ d% +!"n u% %, + (u%r4+ u%%,t!&u+ 3 %ntu,!+,&+ 3 u% on!%rt% + + /%nt% %n d%r%, !t+%,.

LA TECNOLOGIA DEL ENPOWERMENT

Cul es el papel de la tecnologa en el proceso de EMPOWERMENT?S! #od%&o, :+%r u% + !n(or&+!"n ,% o+!% %n un u/+r dond% + /%nt%

(!&%nt% + #u%d+ +%,+r 3 ,! t!%n%n +, :+>!!d+d%, o/no,!t!+, #+r+ ut!!4+r+%nton%, + /%nt% t%ndr un +#o3o &u3 (u%rt% u% % #%r&!t!r ,%r r%+t!o 3 &+n%+r ,ur%+ d% + &+n%r+ u% todo, %,#%r+n %n un #ro%,o d% EMPOHERMENT.Por qu se requiere una perspectiva de iste!as "#iertos?

Un +&>!%nt% +>!%rto dond% no ,"o ,% t!%n% un+ %,t+!"n d% tr+>+o ,!no +d%&,+#+!d+d%, o/no,!t!+, u% +n d% + &+no on % :+rd$+r% 3 % ,o(t$+r% % #%r&!t% + +/%nt% !++r + o +r/o 3 + o +n:o d% +, r%d%, #+r+ on,%/u!r o u% n%%,!t%.$ue pasos se de#en dar para asegurara que los e!pleados puedan acceder la

in%or!aci&n' de !anera que sea (til para ellos?Ad%&, d% ,u, :+>!!d+d%, o/no,!t!+, + /%nt% n%%,!t+ d%,tr%4+ :%rr+&!%nt+,

#od%ro,+, 3 +%,!>!!d+d. T+&>!;n ,% d%>% d+r + +#+!t+!"n +d%u+d+.Por %%o ,! ,% o>,%r+r+ tod+ + +d%n+ d% #ro%%dor%, o&o un+ %nt!d+d

!nt%rd%#%nd!%nt% 3 d!n&!+ ,; %,t+ !nt%nt+do o#t!&!4+r+ o, r%,ut+do, ,%rn >u%no, #+r+todo, ,! ,% d!,%+ % +&!no orr%to. E,to /%n%r+r+ % >%n%(!!o d% o#%r+r on o, n!%%,orr%to, d% !n%nt+r!o,.

E,to no, #%r&!t% +3ud+r + nu%,tro, ,o!o, o&%r!+%, o +(!!+do, + o#%r+r on % !n%nt+r!o+d%u+do.Un+ &+n%r+ o&n d% +#!+r t%noo/+ d% + !n(or&+!"n %n +, %r%,+, %,

d%,%ntr+!4+ndo +, (un!on%, d% r%+ d% ,!,t%&+,.

CONOCIMIENTO, CALIDAD Y ENPOWERMENT

Lo &+, (r%u%nt% %, r%+!on+r + ono!&!%nto #ro(undo on + +!d+d. Lo/r+r+d%#%nd+ d% u,o u% % d>+&o, + t+ ono!&!%nto % u+ ,% d%(!n% o&o un+ &%4+ d%u+tro (+tor%, #r!n!#+%,B

- El entendi!iento de la psicologa del ser )u!ano*

-+a !anera en que la gente aprende*

- El siste!a #a,o el cual tra#a,a*

- El siste!a de !edici&n usado para identi%icar consistente!ente la varia#ilidad enla producci&n o prestaci&n de servicios*

No #od%&o, r%,o%r o, #ro>%&+, ot!d!+no, ,! u,+&o, % &!,&o #%n,+&!%ntou% o, #rodu+ %n #r!&%r+ !n,t+n!+

E +&>!o ,ur/% d% + &ot!+!"n d% + /%nt% + :+%r >!%n ,u tr+>+o ,!n !ort+r% t!#o d% tr+>+o u% ,% r%+!%.

=

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E Pro%,o ; d!+o/+ 3 % +#o3o d% (or&+ %,trutur+d+ #%r&!t% u% % +&>!o ,%+/%n%r+. L+ +d&!n!,tr+!"n %, r%,#on,+>% d% u% %,to ,u%d+.A#!+!on%, d% Autor

Todo % &undo d%>% tr+>++r %n onunto #+r+ d!,%+r % #ro%,o d% +&>!od%,d% + +t+ d!r%!"n :+,t+ o, tr+>++dor%, d% n%+.Lo, ,%r%to, d% un Eo$%r&%nt %8!to,o+Para )ue, es necesario el EMPOWERMENT-

E, n%%,+r!o #+r % ;8!to d% o, n%/o!o,. E,t% d%>% ,%r &%d!do %n t;r&!no, d%,+t!,(+!"n + !%nt% &%or+ d% o, r%,ut+do, (!n+n!%ro, 3 d%,+rroo d% ,u /%nt%.

L+, %r%,+, d%>%n r%!,+r + utur+ %8!,t%nt% % :!,t"r!+ +, o&o +, %,trutur+,3 d%,+rro+r +!on%, %,#%!(!+, #+r+ +&>!+r o u% ,%+ !n+d%u+do.

L+ /%nt% %n todo, o, n!%%, d% + or/+n!4+!"n no #u%d% +>r+4+r % %o$%r&%ntd% + no:% + + &++n+. Lo/r+ro r%u!%r% t%n%r o>%t!o, on,!,t%nt%, un %n(ou%+d%u+do %ntr%n+&!%nto r%ono!&!%nto 3 r%tro+!&%nt+!"n.+Por )ue fracasa el EMPOWERMENT-

Aunu% +/un+, o++, >u,+n (+ut+r + ,u #%r,on+ + tr+%, d% %o$%r&%nt/%n%r+&%nt% (r++,+n ,!n o/r+r o, r%,ut+do, d%,%+do,.E,to ,% d%>% /%n%r+&%nt% + u% no ,% % #on% + +t%n!"n d%>!d+ 3 #oru% no ,% &u%,tr+ d%&+n%r+ onr%t+.

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II. OWN/I0ING

Lo, do$n,!4!n/ o&%n4+ron o&o un+ %,tr+t%/!+ or#or+t!+ d% +, %r%,+, &,d;>!%, o&o un+ (or&+ d% %n(r%nt+r + +d+ d% + d%&+nd+ d% ,u, #roduto, #%ro #ronto+, %r%,+, &, (u%rt%, o&%n4+ron + to&+r %,t+ t;n!+ o&o o#!"n %,tr+t;/!+ u% +/%r%n!+ ut!!4+ #+r+ !nr%&%nt+r % +or d% + %r%,+. T+&>!;n #u%d% ,%r !,to o&o un(%n"&%no &+ro%on"&!o t%n!%ndo un !+to %n + !n(+!"n 3 #or o t+nto + t+r!(+ %n+ u+ ,% d%,u%nt+n ,% +or+n o, #r%!o, o&un%,.

L+ ond+ d% do$n,!4!n/ ,% #!%n,+ /%n%r+&%nt% #or :+>%r or!/!n+do % +u/% d% +(u,!"n d% %r%,+, %n o, 10 3 + r%%,!"n ,u>,!/u!%nt% d% o, o&!%n4o, d% o, =0. En o,E.E.U.U un+ %r%,+ +#!" do$n,!4!n/ ,! ,% o>,%r+n !no r!t%r!o,B

5. + o++ %, #>!+ 3 ot!4" %n + >o,+ d% +or%, + + :or+ d%do$n,!4!n/.

2. + o++ no %,t+>+ %n r%or/+n!4+!"n o %n >+n+rrot+ + +#!+rdo$n,!4!n/.

'. +, o(!!n+, %ntr+%, d% +, %r%,+ u% +#!+ron do$n,!4!n/ ,%,!t+ %n Nort%+&;r!+E.E.U.U. 3 C+n+d.

). % do$n!4!n/ (u% d!u/+do #or o, ,%r!!o, &+,!o, d%o&un!+!"n %n % d+ u% o +#!+ron.

E,to, r!t%r!o, ,% +,%/ur+n d% u% % +&>!o #or &%d!o d% do$n,!4!n/ ,%+u+nt!(!+>% #%ro no ,o+&%nt% d%>% ,%r on,!d%r+do o&o un+ ?not!!+@ u% d%>% ,%rto&+do %n u%nt+ #or o, !n%r,!on!,t+, #%ro +d%&, d%>%n t%n%r %n u%nt+ +, ?not!!+,@d% &%r+do d% tr+>+o /%n%r+.

Lo, ,!/u!%nt%, t!#o d% d%!,!on%, ,o>r% + +d&!n!,tr+!"n d% + #+nt+ +>or+ d% +,%r%,+, d%>% ,%r to&+do o&o do$n,!4!n/ % r%,to d% +, +,%, d% +&>!o, %n % %%o,!%&%nt% ,% on,!d%r+n o, ?d%,#!do,@ #%ro no r%,u%%n o, r!t%r!o, %,#%!+!4+do,#+r+ un do$n,!4!n/.

5. L+ o++ %!&!n+ u+u!%r+ d% #or o &%no, 2000 tr+>+o, ,!t!%n% &, d% 20000 %%+do,.

2. L+ o++ %!&!n+ #or o &%no, % 50Q d% ,u &+no d% o>r+ ,!t!%n% &%no, d% 20000 %%+do, %n ,u n"&!n+ d% #+/o,.

'. Lo, %%+do, ,u,#%nd!do, u% tr+>++n %n un+ un!d+d u% + +,+&+tr!4 %,t #+n%+ndo r%%,trutur+r no ,on !nu!do,.

). u%%n + #on%r + o, %%+do, u3o, #u%,to, (u%ron %!&!n+do,

#%ro %n otr+ r%+ o&%r!+ d% + o++.. Lo, tr+>++dor%, u% ,% %!&!n+rn o&o r%,ut+do d% un+ (u,!"n ,on

!nu!do,. S! % do$n,!4!n/ ,% r%+!on+ on un+ (u,!"n r%/r%,+n o,%%+do, %!&!n+do, #or + o++ d% >+no ontr+ % #r%!oo&n d% + o++ d% >+no ,o+&%nt%. I/u+ ,% +#!+ + un+o++ u% %!&!n+ tr+>+o, o&o r%,ut+do d% ,%r +du!r!d+ #orotr+ o++.

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D-C (199+ 7.000 Aire de lo#-.-.8.8.

!.%00

-a#tman odak 1+."00 8):5,5 '.000

;eneral D

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un+ +#+ /r+nd% d% + /%r%n!+ &%d!+ #+r+ %%+r !n(or&%, 3 +n!,!, + + /%r%n!+ ,u#%r!or.En un /r+do !n(%r!or &u:+, t+r%+, no r%+!on+d+, on + #rodu!"n d% + >+,% o %,%r!!o d% + (!r&+ (u%ron ort+do, 3 t%r%r!4+do,.

Ad%&, +u,t+r + n"&!n+ d% #+/o, #+r%%r+ un+ &+n%r+ &, (! d% +u&%nt+r>%n%(!!o, + orto #+4o. Un &o!&!%nto d% +u,t+r % %%o #udo ,%r un+ &+n%r+r%+t!+&%nt% ,!n door #+r+ +4+r % (uo d% !u!d%4 d% + %r%,+.

Lo, do$n,!4!n/ t!%n% todo o u% o, C%o, #odr+n d%,%+rB ,on tr/!o, 3not!!o,o, 3 on,!/u% u% + o++ ,%+ ,%r!+ ,o>r% ,u (uo d% !u!d%4. E, d!(! u#+r,o+&%nt% + o, CEO, 3 + /%r%n!+ %%ut!+ ,o>r% r%du!on%, !nn%%,+r!+, d% + n"&!n+d% #+/o no %,t+r+n %%ut+ndo t+%, %,tr+t%/!+, ,! no r%3%r+n u% % &%r+do r%+!on+r+#o,!t!+&%nt%.

A #r!n!#!o +, (!r&+, u% ,% r%tr+,+>+n on r%,#%to + ,u, o%t!dor%, %nt;r&!no, d% +, /+n+n!+, d%!d!%ron do$n,!4% + (!r&+, u% o#%r+>+n +>,out+&%nt% >!%nt+&>!;n o&%n4+ron + %(%tu+r do$n,!4!n/ o&o &+n%r+ d% on%n%r + &%r+do d% ,%rd!/n+, d% d+r un ,+to ,u>,t+n!+ %n + +#!t+!4+!"n d% &%r+do. E #r!&%r do$n,!4!n/(u% %%ut+do #o G.E. +:or+ uno d% o, &%or%, %%ut+nt%, d% do$n,!4%.

D% 5==' + 5==9 % d%,%%o >+" d% 75Q + 5Q #u%,to, d% tr+>+o ,% r%+ron%n + /+&+ &%d!+ d% +, %r%,+, ,o>r% % &!,&o #%rodo &u:+, or#or+!on%,d%!d!%ron do$n,!4%. E,to #odr+ ,u/%r!r u% ,% +,!/n+r+ + o, tr+>++dor%, + o, nu%o,,%tor%, d% + %ono&+ 3 + %ono&+ +&>!+>+ d% t%n%r tr+>++dor%, on%ntr+do, %n/r+nd%, or#or+!on%, + t%n%r tr+>++dor%, d!,#%r,o, + tr+;, d% &u:+, (!r&+, #%u%+,.

Un %%o d% o +nt%r!or %, + n%+, +;r%+ d% D%t+ u% do$n,!4%d % 20Q d% ,u,tr+>++dor%, +/uno, d% o, tr+>++dor%, d% +to n!% d%,#%d!do, (or&+ron un+ on,utor+#+r+ r%+!4+r +n!,!, d% o#%r+!on%, #+r+ +, n%+, +;r%+, !nu!d+ D%t+. E,to ,% &%d!r+o&o un +ont%!&!%nto d% tr+>+o u%/o d% + d%,tru!"n d% un ,%tor 3 + r%+!"n d%%,o, nu%o, #u%,to, d% tr+>+o #or un +do D%t+ +u&%nt" ,u r%nt+>!!d+d + &!n!&!4+r o,o,to, d% &+nt%n!&!%nto d% #%r,on+ #%ro #or otro +do #+/+>+ !!to %,to, o,to, %n

o, :onor%r!o, d% o, on,utor%, ontr+t+do, %,t% (%n"&%no %, ono!do o&oOut,our!n/.

En 5=1) +, 00 %r%,+ +&%r!+n+, &, /r+nd%, %%+ron &, d% 5) &!on%, d%#%r,on+,. D!%4 +o, &, t+rd% %n % &%d!o d% + our+ d% Do$n,!4!n/ %%+ron &%no,d% 52 &!on%,.

E tr+>+o t%or+r!o #u%d% ,%r &, +tr+t!o un+ or#or+!"n #u%d% %%/!r %ntr% untr+>+o t%or+ ,!n o, o,to, u% +o++n % ontr+t+r 3 d%,#%d!r ,t+(( #%r&+n%nt%. Eout,ur!n/ %, ut!!4+do (r%u%nt%&%nt% #+r+ ,%r!!o, t%r!+r!4+do,#+/o, on,utor+d!,tr!>u!"n %t. Con % (%n"&%no d% r%-%%o 3 % out,our,!n/ no ,% %,#%r+ u% %do%n,!4!n/ o>t%n/+ /+n+!+,.

OWN/I0ING 3OMO E/TR1TEGI1 3ORPOR1TI41.

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5)

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r%%,!" % !nd!+dor d% + d%&+nd+ #%r!>!d+ +% d% t+ &+n%r+ u% + %r%,+ #odr+#rodu!r &%no, #roduto, 3 #or o t+nto d%r%&%nt+r ,u, >%n%(!!o,.

L+ n%%,!d+d d% +!!+r o, o,to, d% + #rodu!"n ,!/n!(!" u% un #or%nt+% d% +&+no d% o>r+ (u%r+ ,u#%r(u+ 3 #or o t+nto n%%,!t+r+ ,%r !>%r+d+. L+, %r%,+, #odr+n+/r%/+r o r%&o%r tr+>++dor%, >+,+do, %n o, +&>!o, %n + #rodut!!d+d &+r/!n+ d%+#!t+ d% tr+>+o ,! + #rodut!!d+d d% tr+>++dor ,% !nr%&%nt+>+ + (!r&+ n%%,!t+r+un+ u%nt+ #r!n!#+ &, #%u%+ %n ord%n d% #rodu!r + &!,&+ ,+!d+.

Pr%,u&!>%&%nt% o, tr+>++dor%, ,% o%n,+r+n #or ,u !nr%&%nto %n +#rodut!!d+d %nton%, % ou&%n d% + n"&!n+ d% #+/o, d% + (!r&+ no ,% &od!(!+r+ ,!un !%rto n&%ro d% %%+do, (u%r+ d%,#%d!do. S! + n"&!n+ d% #+/o, 3 + d%&+nd+ no+&>!+ %nton%, +, /+n+n!+, 3 % (uo d% !u!d%4 ,% %,t+n+rn o&o +, t+&>!;n o :+r% n!% d% #r%!o,.

E do$n,!4!n/ o>,%r+do %n + d;+d+ d% =0 %,tuo /%n%r+&%nt% u>!+d+ %n %,++t%/or+. Mu:+, %r%,+, +#!+ron do$n,!4!n/ +nt% un+ +d+ d% + d%&+nd+,u,#%nd!%ndo o d%,#!d!%ndo + ,u, tr+>++dor%, on % o>%t!o d% ,o>r%!!r %,to %,+&+do own!"#"n$ p%r% !o&re'"'"r . S!n %&>+r/o % do$n,!4!n/ d% %,+ d;+d+ (u%tot+&%nt% d!(%r%nt% 3+ u% +#+r%%n o&o #+nt%+&!%nto, %,tr+t;/!o, #or n+tur+%4+. Lo,&+,!o, do$n,!4!n/ d% +, or#or+!on%, u+ndo %,tn %n ,u &+3or /+n+n!+ 3 do&!n+n,u, &%r+do, no %n++n %n + !&+/%n tr+d!!on+ d% d%,#!do, 3 %,+nt+,.

G%n%r+&%nt% % do$n,!4!n/ ,%r &od%+do o&o un %%o %n % u+ %,t%(%n"&%no no to&+r u/+r %ntr% + d!r!/%n!+ 3 o, tr+>++dor%,. L+ (!r&+ #u%d% ontr+t+rt+nto, tr+>++dor%, o&o r%u!%r+ +nt% un +&>!o %n % &%r+do.

Lo, &od%o, d% do$n,!4!n/ %,#%!(!+n u%/o, %ntr% + +d&!n!,tr+!"n 3 o, du%o,d% +, (!r&+, u% d%t%r&!n+n ,u, +or %n % u+ un+ d% +, %,tr+t%/!+, d% + +d&!n!,tr+!"n%, + d% &+n!#u+r % n!% d% %%o. En %,t% +,o % n!% d% r%ut+&!%nto %, un r%,ut+dod% u%/o %n dond% o, tr+>++dor%, no t!%n%n #od%r d% d%t%r&!n+!"n +/uno ,o>r% ,u(uturo +>or+. Do$n,!4!n/ %, d%(!n!do #or + #r%n,+ o&o un+ &+n%r+ u% +, (!r&+,

+%nt+n ,u (u%r4+ +>or+ o&o un+ &+n%r+ d% +u&%nt+r ,u, /+n+n!+,.En r%+!d+d % do$n,!4!n/ ,%r % +,o %n % u+ + %r%,+ %!/% + +nt!d+d d%

#%r,on+, !nud+, %n ,u n"&!n+ d% #+/o, o&o un+ +r!+>% u% &+8!&!4+ % n!% d%#r%!o,. L+, %r%,+, ,on un+ !ndu,tr!+ #%r(%t+&%nt% o%t!t!+ 3 +t+ o&o unto&+dor d% #r%!o, ,u %%!"n d% n!% d% %%o d%t%r&!n+ u+nto #rodu!r 3 %nd%ron % #r%!o d+do 3 #or o t+nto u+%, ,%rn ,u, /+n+n!+,.

OWN/I0ING EN L1 M13ROE3NONOM1.

E on%#to d% do$n!4!n/ #u%d% t%n%r un +r/o #+4o 3 ,urt!r +/n %(%to ,o>r% +

(u%r4+ +>or+. L+ +d&!n!,tr+!"n #u%d% r%#%t!d+&%nt% +&%n+4+r on r%du!r ,u #+nt++>or+ 3 :+%r%, r%%r + ,u, tr+>++dor%, u% %,% r%ur,o %, r%>% 3 %o, %,t+rn &,d%,#rot%/!do, +nt% un #%d!do d% !nr%&%nto ,++r!+ + +d&!n!,tr+!"n +r+&%nt% tuo %!n%nt!o d% r%du!r ,u n"&!n+ d% #+/o 3 o&o &u:o, #+rt!!#+n % o, #+n%, d%d!,tr!>u!"n d% /+n+n!+, &%no, n"&!n+ d% #+/o, &+3or /+n+n!+.

Dur+nt% o, +o, =' 3 =7 % d%,%%o +3" ,!/n!(!+t!+&%nt% 3 o, tr+>+o,r%+o, (u%ron o, d% &, +to ,++r!o. S!n %&>+r/o do$n,!4!n/ +t+&%nt% #u>!!t+do,!n,t++ron un &!%do !rr+!on+ % + (u%r4+ +>or+ d%>!do + ,u, ,u,#%n,!on%,.

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S! + #r%n,+ !n(or&+ ,o>r% d%,#!do, &+,!o, d% tr+>+o 3 no o :+% on % n!% d%+, ontr+t+!on%, +, #%r%#!"n d% d%,%%o #u%d% ,%r &, +to u% % d%,%%o%8!,t%nt% %n %,% &o&%nto. Lo, tr+>++dor%, #u%d%n ,u#on%r u% + #ro>+>!!d+d d% %,t+rd%,%%+do, %, &, /r+nd% d% o u% r%+&%nt% %,.

D%ntro d% %,t% ont%8to ,% #r%,%nt+n do, &od%o, >!%n d!(%r%n!+do, %ntr% %o,B E &od%o d% *+n:(o$%r ,u/!%r% u% % &!%do + do$n,!4!n/

!nr%&%nt" % +or d% + %r%,+ #or un+ r%no+d+ d!r%t!+ %,to>++r +, /+n+n!+,. En %,t% ont%8to % do$n,!4!n/ %, un+ :orr!>%%,tr+t%/!+ #+r+ + +d&!n!,tr+!"n.

E +r/u&%nto #ro#u%,to #or Ro,%+n ,u/!%r% u% % &!%do +d%,%%o t%nd%r + >++r + un #unto d% %u!!>r!o o&o o,tr+>++dor%, %,tn +t%rror!4+do, d% #r%/unt+r #or +u&%nto, ,++r!+%,d%,d% u% %o, r%%n u% :+3 &u:o, !nd!!duo, d%,%%+do,d!,#u%,to, + r%%+4+ro, %n ,u tr+>+o #or un &%nor #+/o. En %&od%o d% Ro,,%n + #%r%#!"n d% do$n,!4!n/ r%,+t+ +or%,

!/u+%, &!%ntr+, o, tr+>++dor%, r%+n u% % do$n,!4!n/#r%+%%r &, >++ ,%r + n"&!n+ d% #+/o, %,to t!%nd% +!nr%&%nt+r +, /+n+n!+, 3 #or o t+nto % +or d% + %r%,+.

Lo, %(%to, d% do$n,!4!n/ ,o>r% % (uo d% !u!d%4 d%#%nd%n d% + #%r%#!"nu% t%n/+ % &%r+do ,o>r% + %r%,+ u% +#!" do$n,!4%. S!n %&>+r/o :+3 un %(%to,u>+t%rno d% do$n,!4!n/ 3 %, % %(%to u% t!%n% ,o>r% % (uo d% !u!d%4 u% ,% %,#%r+/%n%r+r.

LA E(PERIENCIA DEL DOWNSI)ING EN LAORGANI)ACIN.

L+, r%+!d+d%, %8#%r!&%nt+%, d% do$n,!4!n/ %,tn + &%nudo %n + +r!+!"n%8t%n,+&%nt% #r%!,t+ d% + #rodut!!d+d d% + %(!+!+ d% tr+>+o %n %u!#o 3 d%>%n%(!!o r%!%nt%.

E do$n,!4!n/ !ndu% un +&>!o ,o!+ dr+&t!o % % u+ + d!r%!"n t!%n% un#+#% ,!/n!(!+t!o 3 d%!,!o %n % ,%r!!o d% r%n+!&!%nto d% + or/+n!4+!"n ,%%r%nd% %n % no&>r% d% #+n%+&!%nto 3 ,% +r!>!+ on + &ot!+!"n !rr+!on+ 3 on+, on,%u%n!+, %&o!on+%, dur+d%r+, % !n%,#%r+d+, #+r+ + d!r%!"n 3 + &+no d% o>r+#or !/u+. E, un+ !n%,+#+>% r%+!d+d 3 un+ +&%n+4+ on,t+nt% %n + !d+ d% E.E.U.U. %n+ #+,+d+ d;+d+ %n dond% u+u!%r tr+>++dor tuo un+ d!r%t+ #+rt!!#+!"n %n % #ro%,od% do$n,!4% o >!%n ,u(r!%ron do, o tr%, #ro%,o,.

u% ourr% on + &or+ % %,#r!tu % +&+ d% un+ or/+n!4+!"n u+ndo %, /u!+d+

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Do$n,!4!n/ %n un+ %8#r%,!"n ont%orn%+ d% !o%n!+ no (,!+ %n % u/+r d%tr+>+o %n % u+ +, #%r,on+, ,on tr+t+d+, o&o o>%to, o,+, #rodutor%, d% #roduto,

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3 o&o #+rt% d% + n%+ d% #rodu!"n. u!;n%, ,on +, t!&+, d% %,t+ ,!tu+!"n+u%o, u% ,on d%,#%d!do, ,!n %&>+r/o todo, %,tn !nour+do, CEO CFO COO +/%r%n!+ d% n!% !nt%r&%d!o u!%n%, %+n + +>o o, d%,#!do, +r+ + +r+ o, tr+>++dor%,u% ,o>r%!!%ron % #ro%,o o, /u+rd!+, d% ,%/ur!d+d u% +o++ron +u%o, u%(u%ron d%,#%d!do, + ,u, +uto, 3 + /%r%n!+ /%n%r+ #u%d% ,%r + t!&+ #,!o"/!+ d% ,u,!nd!(%r%n!+, r+!on+!4+!"n 3 n%/+!"n.

Au%o, u% ,on d%,#%d!do, no %, d+n n!n/un+ #r%#+r+!"n o +nt!!#+!"n o,/u+rd!+, d% ,%/ur!d+d o, %,ot+n + ,u, +uto, % % %,t+!on+&!%nto !n&%d!+t+&%nt%d%,#u;, d% u% !!+ron ,u, o(!!n+, 3 (u%ron not!(!+do, d% ,u d%,#!do. Ant% % &!%do d%+ /%r%n!+ ,o>r% #o,!>%, ,+>ot+%, o ro>o d% !n(or&+!"n n!n/uno d% o, d%,#%d!do,r%torn+r + %d!(!!o u%/o d% u% (u% %,ot+do + + ,+!d+ #or + ,%/ur!d+d 3 d% :+>%r%ntr%/+do + +% d% ,u o(!!n+ %n % +,o d% u% tu!%r+ un+ o, t%,t!/o, u% #+,+ron #orun do$n,!4!n/ d%t%r&!n+n u% %n un+ %8#%r!%n!+ d% !d+ :orr!>% 3 u% + ,o+ !&+/%n no,% u,t!(!+ #+r+ n+d+.

RESOLUCIN DEL MISTERIO DEL DOWNSI)ING.

*. +Por - e/ '%/or e -n% empre!% %-ment% 0-%no %n-n0"% -n own!"#"n$,e!pe0"%/mente p-e!to -e e! -n% !e1%/ e po0%! e0on2m"0%! 3!per%! %0ont"n-%0"2n4

Lo, !n%r,!on!,t+, t!%n%n un+ o#!n!"n ,o>r% u+nto, tr+>++dor%, + %r%,+d%>% do$n,!4% #+r+ o#t!&!4+r ,u, >%n%(!!o, d+do ond!!on%, d% n%/o!o,.L+, %r%,+, u% do$n,!4% #or d%>+o d% +, %8#%t+t!+, d% o, &%r+do,,on %nd!d+, +, %r%,+, u% do$n,!4% #or +rr!>+ d% +, %8#%t+t!+, ,onor+d+, u%/o d% do$n,!4!n/ %,to ,% #+r%% ontr+d%!r on do,:!#"t%,!, &u3 ,%n,!>%, + o&o o, !n%r,!on!,t+, d%>%n oort+r,%r%+&%nt%. Cu+ndo un+ %r%,+ do$n,!4% #or d%>+o d% o %,#%r+do %&%r+do on,!d%r+ u% no :+ ?ort+do >+,t+nt%,@ tr+>+o,.Cu+ndo un+ %r%,+ do$n,!4% #or %n!&+ d% +, %8#%t+t!+, #odr+ ,%r %+,o %n u% o, o>%t!o, d% + %r%,+ ,%+n tr!,t%, u% o, u% o,!n%r,!on!,t+, #%n,+ron 3 n%%,!t+n d%,#%d!r &, /%nt% #+r+ ,o%nt+r ;#o+,%on"&!+, ,#%r+,.E do$n,!4% #or d%>+o d% + %8#%t+t!+, ,% d%,+rro" o&o un+ ,%+ d%d%>!!d+d o ontr+r!o #+r+ % do$n,!4% #or +rr!>+ d% +, %8#%t+t!+,. Edo$n,!4!n/ %,t+>+ + #r!n!#!o d% un+ +t!!d+d %on"&!+ %,+,+ 3 %nton%,,% on!rt!"n %n un+ ,%+ d% #rodut!!d+d +,o&>ro,+ d%>!do + u% o,%%+do, %r+n +,o&>ro,+&%nt% #rodut!o, %,o #odr+ r%du!rr+d!+&%nt% + (u%r4+ +>or+ 3 +un +, o>t%n%r >%n%(!!o, (u% u+ndo %do$n,!4!n/ d%" d% o(r%%r !n(or&+!"n ,o>r% ,! un+ %r%,+ %r+ d;>! o(u%rt% +, u% o, !n%r,!on!,t+, d%,%:+ron +, not!!+, ,o>r% un+ %r%,+u% +#!+r+ do$n,!4!n/ 3 or+n + +!"n >+,+d+ %n + #ro>+>!!d+d d%u% ,! un+ %r%,+ %, (u%rt% o d;>!.

5. +Por - /%! empre!%! 6-erte! e!p"en tr%&%7%ore! en -n %-$e, pero no en-n% re!e0"2n4

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N!n/un+ %r%,+ (u%rt% d%,%+r ,!%r% do$n,!4%. L+, %r%,+, (u%rt%,n%%,!t+n d!,t!n/u!r,% d% +, %r%,+, d;>!%, #+r+ %!t+r u% ,u, +!on%,,%+n %nd!d+, + &%or &+n%r+ d% o/r+r %,to %, u% nun+ ,% d%#!d+ /%nt%dur+nt% un+ r%%,!"n +/o u% un+ %r%,+ d;>! no #u%d% d+r,% % uo d%:+%r +, %r%,+, (u%rt%, do$n,!4% ,oo %n un +u/% d%>!do + u% o,!n%r,!on!,t+, #u%d%n ,%r on(!d%nt%, d% u% + #ro>+>!!d+d u% un+%r%,+ d+d+ %, (u%rt% %, &+3or u% + #ro>+>!!d+d d% u% ,%+ d;>!.

8. +L% pro/"6er%0"2n e op0"one! 0om-ne! en /% rem-ner%0"2n e7e0-t"'%0ontr"&-"r3 % /% on% e/ own!"#"n$, e!pe0"%/mente e/ own!"#"n$ -een$enr2 %-mento! % 0orto p/%#o, !o/%mente '%/or 6"rme % /%r$o p/%#ore-0"o4

E8!,t%n do, +or%, ,%#+r+do, d% + %r%,+B % +or r%+ u% ,o+&%nt% +/%r%n!+ o ono% 3 #%rt%n%% + u+ %, % (uo d% !u!d%4 r%+&%nt% 3 %+or #%r!>!do u% %, o&o o, !n%r,!on!,t+, u4/+n + orr!%nt% (utur+ d%(uo d% !u!d%4 d% un+ %r%,+ >+,+d+ %n + !n(or&+!"n !&!t+d+ u%t!%n%n ,o>r% %+. A&>o, ,on !/u+%, u+ndo o, !n%r,!on!,t+, ,+>%n tod+ +!n(or&+!"n #%rt!n%nt%. L+, %r%,+, d;>!%, no #u%d%n %n/++r + o,!n%r,!on!,t+, :+!;ndo%, r%%r u% ,on (u%rt% d%>!do + u% u+ndo %,o!!t%n un+ d%!,!"n %n un ,!,t%&+ d% !n(or&+!"n +&>o, +or%,d!%r/!rn.E do$n,!4!n/ %+nt+ % +or #%r!>!do d% + %r%,+ #%ro >++ % +orr%+ &u:o, CEO, +nun!+ron do$n,!4!n/ #+r+ %+nt+r % +or #%r>!dod% + %r%,+ #%ro no :!!%ron n+d+ #+r+ %+nt+r % +or r%+ d% + &!,&+ 3tu!%ron u% d%+r + %r%,+ +nt%, d% %rd+d%ro !+to d%do$n,!4!n/D%t+ ATVT.

9. +E! e/ own!"#"n$ -n !"$no e /% 6ort%/e#% e -n% empre!%4. S" e! %!:, +Por -/% empre!%! en !"t-%0"one! !"m"/%re! emp/e%n "!t"nt%! po/:t"0%! e

re0/-t%m"ento4L+, %r%,+, (u%rt%, d%!d%n %ntr% +#!+r do$n,!4!n/ o no +#!+ro %,to!nd!+ u% do, %r%,+, %n !d;nt!+, ,!tu+!on%, #u%d%n #ot%n!+&%nt%:+%r do, #ot!+, d!(%r%nt%, d% %%o. Er%,+, ,!&!+r%, ,!/u%nd!(%r%nt%, #ot!+, d% r%ut+&!%nto ,! 3 ,oo ,! ,on !nd!(%r%nt%, %ntr% +#!+rdo$n,!4!n/ o &+nt%n%r + (u%r4+ +>or+.

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III. RIGT2/I0ING.

Dur+nt% o, t!&o, +o, + +#+!d+d o%t!t!+ d% +, or/+n!4+!on%, :+n tr+do

+&>!o, +, %r%,+, ,% %nu%ntr+n %n un #ro%,o d% tr+n,(or&+!"n u% t!%n% u% %r on% tr+>+o &!,&o 3 d% + (or&+ %n u% ,% or/+n!4+ + %r%,+ %,t% #ro%,o r%,#ond% + o,+&>!o, u% ,% ,u%d%n %n % %ntorno %r%,+r!+ o&o on,%u%n!+ d% + !ntrodu!"n d%nu%+, t%noo/+, d% !n(or&+!"n d% #rodu!"n 3 d% + r%!%nt% /o>+!4+!"n d% o,&%r+do, (!n+n!%ro, 3 d% #roduto, 3 ,%r!!o,.

Lo u% #r%t%nd% + /%r%n!+ &od%rn+ %, +d%u+r + +, or/+n!4+!on%, d% (or&+ t+u% ,% +d+#t%n + +, tr+n,(or&+!on%, d% %ntorno ,ur/%n %nton%, on%#to, o&odo$n,!4!n/ 3 r!/:,!4!n/ u% no ,on otr+ o,+ u% un+ >,u%d+ d% &%or+, #+r+ %n(r%nt+r+, %8!/%n!+, d% %ntorno &+r+do #or un+ +t+ o%t!t!!d+d 3 + /o>+!4+!"n d% +%ono&+.

Pod%&o, %nton%, d%(!n!r % r!/t:,!4!n/r%d!&%n,!on+&!%nto o&o un+ %,tr+t%/!+

/o>+ #+r+ %+r + +>o o, #ro%,o, d% +&>!o, &%d!+nt% %,t% ,% +d%+nt+ un #ro%,o d%r%%+u+!"n d% o, r%ur,o, d% (or&+ t+ u% ,% #u%d+ %,t+>%%r un+ &%or r%+!"no,to%to, L+ +ru!t%tur+ !%nt%

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R"$tu!"n d% +,ou!"n 3 d% o, r%ur,o, %ntr% o, !%nt%, 3 o, ,%r!dor%, ,% d%(!n%n ,u, !n%+&!%nto, 3,% d%>% !nu!r % +n!,!, 3 d!,%o d% r%d%, 3 % d!,%o d% +, !nt%r(+%, /r(!+, d% u,u+r!o3 % &+n%o d% %%nto,.

Pr%,%nt+ tr%, n!%%,B +, +#!+!on%, d% n%/o!o +, r%/+, d% n%/o!o 3 +, >+,%,d% d+to, %,t+ &%todoo/+ +>+r+ ,%!, (+,%, >!%n d%(!n!d+,B

5 E,t+>%!&!%nto d% un+ !,!"n d% #ro3%to.2 E+u+!"n d% o, #ro%,o, +tu+%,.' D%(!n!!"n d% nu%o, #ro%,o,) E,t+>%%r un #+n d% &!/r+!"n I%&%nt+!"n d% nu%o #ro%,o d% ,!,t%&+ d% n%/o!o,9 E+u+!"n d% nu%o #ro%,o d% n%/o!o

E,t+, (+,%, d%>%n ,%r /%r%n!+d+, 3 &+n%+d+, + tr+;, d% tr%, %,tr+t%/!+,B +o&un!+!"n + dou&%nt+!"n 3 + r%!,!"n ont!nu+ (r%nt% + o, o>%t!o, #%r,%/u!do,.E %u!#o d% #ro3%to o !nt%/r+n + /%r%n!+ or#or+t!+ o, u,u+r!o, (!n+%, o,%%+do, d% ,!,t%&+, 3 % %u!#o d% #ro3%to. A ont!nu+!"n ,% d%t++rn %,t+, (+,%,.

F+,% IB L+ d%(!n!!"n d% o, o>%t!o, d%>%n ,%r +ro, ,% d%>%n !nour+r o,%%ut!o, o, /%r%nt%, d% r%+ o, u,u+r!o, (!n+%, d% ,!,t%&+ 3 o, %%+do, d%,!,t%&+,. E t!%o d% r%torno d% + !n%r,!"n d%>% ,%r on,!d%r+do !%n% d+do d% u,o d%

:%rr+&!%nt+, d% d%,+rroo !%nt%+o o,to % r%,ut+do d% un+ +t+!n%r,!"n #u%d% t%n%r un +to !+to %n + %r%,+ 3 #%r&!t% un r%torno d% %,t+ %n (or&+r#!d+. S!n %&>+r/o ,% :+% d!(! d%t%r&!n+r o, !nd!+dor%, d% r%torno d% + !n%r,!"n noo>,t+nt% %,t% +n!,!, %, #r%#ond%r+nt% ,! ,% u!%r% u,t!(!+r + !n%r,!"n. Uno d% o,o>%t!o, d% r!/t:,!4!n/ %, % u,o d% o, ,!,t%&+, +>!%rto, /%n%r+&%nt% +, or/+n!4+!on%,>u,+n u% %,to ,% +d%u% + ,u, n%%,!d+d%, d%(!n!d+, %n + !,!"n. En %,t+ (+,% t+&>!;n ,%r%+ un #+n #+r+ un #ro3%to d% r!/t:,!4!n/ % u+ !nu3% un+ !,!"n tr+n,#+r%nt% u%!d%nt!(!u% % o>%t!o d% #ro3%to oon%r 3 %,trutur+r % %u!#o d% #ro3%to%,#%!(!+r % o>%t!o d%t%r&!n+r o, r%ur,o, d!,#on!>%, #+r+ % &!,&o !d%nt!(!+r +,r%,#on,+>!!d+d%, d% #ro3%to 3 %,t+>%%r un #+n d% t+r%+,.

F+,% IIB Dur+nt% %,t+ (+,% ,% %++ % +&>!%nt% +tu+ % %u!#o on%ntr+ ,u+n!,!, %n tr%, r%+, (und+&%nt+%,B

L+, #%r,on+,B + %+u+!"n d% +, :+>!!d+d%, d% u,u+r!o (!n+ 3 d%o, %%+do, +3ud+ + d%(!n!r o, r%u%r!&!%nto, d% +d!%,tr+&!%nto+, n%%,!d+d%, d% ontr+t+!"n 3 +, d%!,!on%, or/+n!4+!on+%,.

L+ t%noo/+B dur+nt% + %ou!"n d% #ro3%to % %u!#o %++ +t%noo/+ #+r+ d%t%r&!n+r u+%, +#!+!on%, +n + ,%r &o!!4+d+,#+r+ &+8!&!4+r + r%+!"n o,to

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Lo, #ro%,o,B % %u!#o dou&%nt+ 3 +n+!4+ o, #ro%,o, +tu+%,d% n%/o!o #+r+ %+r + +>o + r%!n/%n!%r+.

F+,% IIIB d%>% +rro+r o, ,!/u!%nt%, r%,ut+do, B Aru!t%tur+ t;n!+B d%(!n!r %,tnd+r%, #+r+ ,%r!dor%, %,r!tor!o, 3

r%d%,. Nu%o, #ro%,o, d% n%/o!oB >+,+do, %n + %+u+!"n d% #ro%,o,

r%+!4+d+ dur+nt% + (+,% +nt%r!or o, nu%o, #ro%,o, d% n%/o!o,on r%d!,%+do, !nor#or+ndo nu%+ t%noo/+ u% &%or+ +%(!!%n!+.

E+u+!"n d% r!%,/o, An!,!, o,to%n%(!!oB #+r+ d%t%r&!n+r % r%nd!&!%nto /o>+ d%

#ro3%toCu+ndo +, or/+n!4+!on%, +#!+n r!/t:,!4!n/ !nt%nt+n %+r + +>o r%!n/%n!%r+ %n o,#ro%,o, d% n%/o!o, #+r+ %,t!&u+r + #rodut!!d+d &%d!+nt% +&>!o, r+d!+%, u%!!+n un nu%o #ro%d%r +, &%t+, u% #%r,!/u% ,onB

E!&!n+r t+r%+, &+nu+%, E!&!n+r t+r%+, 3 #+,o, u% no +/r%/+n +or To&+r d+to, un+ ,o+ %4 I+nt+r r%/+, &%d!+nt% (uo/r+&+, d% tr+>+oB &%d!+nt% %,t+

:%rr+&!%nt+ ,% d!,&!nu3% % t!%o d% %,#%r+ t+&>!;n d!,&!nu3% ++r/+ d% tr+>+o 3 &+n%+ +, %%u!on%, %,#%!+%, :+!%ndo un,%/u!&!%nto + + rut+ d% o, dou&%nto,u% (u3%n + tr+;, d% +or/+n!4+!"n d% &+n%r+ %8+t+ 3 %,#%!(!+ndo +r+t%r,t!+, #+r+ ,ur%!,!"n.

Ad%&, %n %,t+ (+,% ,% r%du%n o, #unto, d% ont+to ,% #u%d% :+%r #or do, +,. L+#r!&%r+ %, r%du!r % n&%ro d% #%r,on+, ut!!4+d+, %n % #ro%,o + otr+ + %, ,!!(!+ro, ont+to, on o, !%nt%, 3 #ro%%dor%,.

L+, (un!on%, d% n%/o!o d%(!n%n +t!!d+d%, ont!nu+, d% + %r%,+. Lo, #ro%,o,#o,%%n #unto, d% o&!%n4o 3 (!n %,#%(!o,. Un #ro%,o %%&%nt+ %, + un!d+d &,#%u%+ d% +t!!d+d on un ,!/n!(!+do #+r+ + %r%,+ u% u+ndo %, o%t+do d%+ +!n(or&+!"n %n un %,t+do o:%r%nt%. L+ :%rr+&!%nt+ #+r+ +n+!4+r %,to ,on o, &od%o, d%(uo d% #ro%,o,.

Uno d% o, r!%/o, u% %n(r%nt+ + /%r%n!+ %, % d% un >+o n!% d% d%,#!%/u% d% +#+n!(!+!"n no %nd%n + !d%+ o&o ,% d%>% o no ,% on%ntr+n %n d!,%+r un+ %,tr+t%/!+#+r+ %n%r + r%,!,t%n!+ + +&>!o todo %o %, on,%u%n!+ d% un+ &++ /%,t!"n u%#u%d% ++>+r on o, o>%t!o, d% #ro3%to.

F+,% IB +, or/+n!4+!on%, + tr+;, d% u!#o d% #ro3%to d%,+rro+n un #+n d%&!/r+!"n u% no %, &, u% un dou&%nto (or&+ u% o&un!+ + tod+ + or/+n!4+!"n +%,tr+t%/!+ /o>+ d% !%&%nt+!"n o, oon%nt%, +t!o, + +,!/n+!"n d%r%,#on,+>!!d+d%, +, o%t%n!+, 3 % t!%o #+r+ + !%&%nt+!"n d% nu%o ,!,t%&+.E #+n t+&>!;n o&un!+ % !+to d% nu%o ,!,t%&+ ,o>r% +, o#%r+!on%, +tu+%, 3+, %,tr+t%/!+, +t%rn+t!+,. E,t% #+n %,t d!r!/!do + %&!t!r 3 (!+r todo % onunto d%

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%8#%t+t!+, d% +, #%r,on+, %nu%t+, %n % #ro%,o d% &!/r+!"n +, o&o t+&>!;n ++u%+, +(%t+d+, #or % +&>!o. E #+n !nu3%B

E,tr+t%/!+ /o>+ d% !%&%nt+!"n A,!/n+!"n d% r%,#on,+>!!d+d%,

D%t+%, d% n%/o!oB ,% &u%,tr+n o, /+,to, ,!/n!(!+t!o, %n u% ,%!nurr!r 3 % +#!t+ r%u%r!do. F+tor%, rt!o, d% ;8!toB ,% !d%nt!(!+n o, %%nto, on,!d%r+do,

rt!o, #+r+ % #+n d% &!/r+!"n !nu3%ndo o, #+,o, + ,%/u!r #+r++,%/ur+r u% %,t% ,%+ ++n4+do % &+3or (+tor d% ;8!to %n +&!/r+!"n /!r+ +r%d%dor d% + /%r%n!+.

E,tr+t%/!+ d% ,o#ort% d% &!/r+!"n o tr+n,!!"nE8!,t%n tr%, %,tr+t%/!+, #+r+ + tr+n,!!"n o &!/r+!"nB + %,tr+t%/!+ d% +o %rd%

+ %,tr+t%/!+ !nr%&%nt+ 3 + %,tr+t%/!+ %out!+. Tod+, +, t+r%+, d% &!/r+!"n u% +(%t+n% #ro%,o ,on !d%nt!(!+>%, 3 &%n,ur+>%, % +d!%,tr+&!%nto d% #%r,on+ %, un #ro%,ort!o #+r+ + !%&%nt+!"n d% nu%o ,!,t%&+ >+,+do %n %,t+ +ru!t%tur+ + %8#%r!%n!+

%, otro d% o, (+tor%, u% d%>%n on,!d%r+r,% #+r+ d!,&!nu!r o, r!%,/o, d% (t+ d%%8#%r!%n!+ ,% #u%d% +#+!t+r + tr+;, d% ur,o, d!t+do, #or %,#%!+!,t+, o ontr+t+ndo#%r,on+ on %8#%r!%n!+.

L+ >+rr%r+ utur+ &, o>!+ u% ,% #r%,%nt+ %, + r%,!,t%n!+ + +&>!o %8!,t%n do,+#ro8!&+!on%, #+r+ !ntrodu!ro %nt+ o #+u+t!n+&%nt% o, +&>!o, ,on %+do, %n(or&+ /r+du+ 3 o, r%ur,o, ut!!4+do, + &8!&o o >!%n #or +&>!o, r+d!+%, o d% ,:ou% !ntrodu%n % +&>!o %n (or&+ +,! !n&%d!+t+ ,!n d%+r t!%o + #%r,on+ d%r%+!on+r 3 #or %nd% r%,!,t!r,%. Otr+ d% +, %,tr+t%/!+, r%o&%nd+d+ %, ut!!4+r out,our!n/,!n %&>+r/o tr+%n on,!/o % d%,#!do d% !%rto #%r,on+ u% ,% r%:,+ +d+#t+r,% + +&>!o.

En u+nto + +, >%rr%r+, (!n+n!%r+, ,% d%>% #rour+r % %u!!>r!o d% o, o,to, %nr%+!"n + o, >%n%(!!o, #+r+ +,u&!r o, o,to, u% or!/!n+ + !%&%nt+!"n d% %,t+

nu%+ #+t+(or&+ ,% o, d%>% on,!d%r+r o&o un+ !n%r,!"n ,! ,% +,%/ur+ un r#!dor%torno d% + !n%r,!"n %,t+ >+rr%r+ #u%d% ,%r ,u#%r+d+.

F+,% B % #r!&%r o>%t!o dur+nt% + (+,% d% !%&%nt+!"n %, ,!nton!4+r +,+#!+!on%, + o, o>%t!o, on % (!n d% ++n4+r % r%nd!&!%nto d%,%+do +d+ ,!,t%&+r!/t:!,!4% %, +!d+do. E #r!&%r #+,o #+r+ !%&%nt+r o, #ro%,o, d% n%/o!o r!/t:,!4%on,!,t% %n on(!r&+r o, d%t+%, 3 %,#%!(!+!on%, d% r%d!,%o d% %,t+ (or&+ ,% #u%d%n++n4+r o, o>%t!o,.

F+,% IB o, o>%t!o, d% + %+u+!"n d% nu%o &od%o ,onB

R%!,!"n d% #ro3%toB % u!#o o, u,u+r!o, (!n+%, % #%r,on+ d%,!,t%&+, 3 % /%r%nt% or#or+t!o r%!,+n o, o>%t!o, u!do, 3o, o+r+n on + !,!"n !n!!+ d% #ro3%to

D%t%r&!n+!"n d% #ot%n!+ + (uturoB ,% +n+!4+ + #o,!>!!d+d 3 +,o#ortun!d+d%, d% r!/t:,!4!n/ (uturo %n + or/+n!4+!"n.

R%!,!"n #o,t-!%&%nt+!"nOtro, d% o, +,#%to, d% !ort+n!+ %, + d%t%r&!n+!"n d% +/un+, o#ortun!d+d%,

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&!%&>ro, u% o %%ut+ron %n >+,% + %,to ,% #u%d% #r%,%nt+r #+n%, #+r+ !%&%nt+rnu%+, &od!(!+!on%,. L+ dou&%nt+!"n (!n+ d% #ro3%to !nu3% + r%!,!"n d% todo ou% ,% :+ tr+>++do 3 o&o %n un (uturo #u%d% ,%r r%ut!!4+d+ %,t+ %,tr+t%/!+.

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I4. E/E/TR1TI5I313I6N.

En tod+, +, or/+n!4+!on%, %8!,t%n d!,t!nto, n!%%, %ntr% + /%r%n!+ 3 o, n!%%,!n(%r!or%, u+ndo %8!,t%n n!%%, &%d!o, %8t%n,o, %n + or/+n!4+!"n o, +n+%, d%o&un!+!"n %ntr% + /%r%n!+ d% %,t+ 3 ,u >+,% o#%r+!on+ ,on %nto, % !n%(!!%nt%, ,!no%,t+n !n,tru&%nt+do, orr%t+&%nt% d% %,to ,ur/% + n%%,!d+d d% r%(or&+r d!:+ %,trutur+on % o>%t!o d% :+%r+ &, o%t!t!+ o&o +, t+&>!;n u% o, n!%%, !n(%r!or%,#u%d+n u!r on +, %,tr+t%/!+, d% + or/+n!4+!"n. P+r+ o/r+ %,t% o&%t!do ,% ut!!4+un+ :%rr+&!%nt+ u% %, + d%,%,tr+t!(!+!"n.

De6"n"mo! e!e!tr%t"6"0%0"2n 0omo /% re-00"2n en e/ tr%;e0to e /%0om-n"0%0"2n -e e>"!te entre /o! n"'e/e! 7er3r-"0o! ; /o! oper%0"on%/e!.

Cu+ndo ,% r%+!4+ d%,%,tr+t!(!+!"n %n un+ %r%,+ ,% &od!(!+ + %,trutur+ 3 on%o ,% &%or+ + d%%/+!"n d% + +utor!d+d 3 + oord!n+!"n d% + &!,&+. E #ro%,o d%

d%,%,tr+t!(!+!"n ,u#on% +&>!+r + %,trutur+ or/+n!4+t!+ d% + or/+n!4+!"n #+r+&%or+r + oord!n+!"n 3 + d%%/+!"n d% +utor!d+d. L+ +d&!n!,tr+!"n /%n%r+ d% +or/+n!4+!"n t!%n% d!(%r%nt%, &%d!o, #+r+ &%or+r o, +&>!o, %,trutur+%, +d%&,%8!,t%n +,#%to, !nt%rr%+!on+do, u% +3ud+n + r%+r un+ %,trutur+ &, #+n+ o&o ,on %!d%r+4/o ,!,t%&+, d% !n%nt!o, +,!/n+!"n d% #r%,u#u%,to, %t.

Cu+ndo ,% o>t!%n% un+ %,trutur+ &, #+n+ no, %nontr+&o, u% :+3 un+ !&!t+d++nt!d+d d% %,tr+to, %rru!o, o/r+ndo un +!o ++n% d% ontro :+3 un+ %,trutur++r+ u% #%r&!t% !>%rt+, #+r+ (or&+r d!(%r%nt%, #ro3%to, :+3 un+ d%%/+!"n d%+utor!d+d 3 r%,#on,+>!!d+d d% +u%rdo + o, ono!&!%nto, 3 #ro(%,!on+!,&o :+3 un+!ort+nt% oord!n+!"n #or &%d!o d% + o+>or+!"n %ntr% +, d!,t!nt+, r%+,.

L+ d%,%,tr+t!(!+!"n ,% %n+r+ + n!% /%r%n!+ % !nt%r&%d!o d% /%,t!"n :+>!%ndo

+r!+, r+4on%, #+r+ %oB F+t+ d% oro&!,o, %n + r%+!4+!"n d% #ro3%to, Du#!+!"n d% #%r,on+ 3 ,t+(( F+t+ d% !,!"n d% + o%t%n!+ 3 % &%r+do Prot%!"n d% o, %%ut!o, +nt% ,u, %u!o+!on%, R%tr+,o %n + to&+ d% d%,!!on%, E,+,+ !n!!+t!+ 3 r%,#on,+>!!d+d Po+, o#ortun!d+d%, d% +#+!t+!"n E%+do, o,to, o#%r+t!o, M+ u,o d% o, r%ur,o, :u&+no, %n u+nto + ,u, +#t!tud%, No ,% !nt%r%,+n %n % !%nt%

2)

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L% teor:% e /% /"&er%0"2n, !e$?n Peter!

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4I. 7I7LIOGR151

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