G04 Buckyballs

8/12/2019 G04 Buckyballs

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Fullerenesand Buckyballs

The state molecule of Texas!

Group 4Katie HusemanTravis Jackson

Wes Johnson

Daniel Howsmon

http://www.nccr-nano.org/nccr/media/gallery/gallery_01/gallery_01_03

http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/Texas/Buckyball_Molecule.html


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History

Fullerene : any molecule

composed entirely of

carbon in the form of an

ellipsoid, tube, or hollowsphere

Fullerenes were first

discovered in 1985 byRichard Smalley from Rice

University.

http://www.voyle.net/Nano%20Education/Edu%2

02005/Nano%20Edu%202005-0016.htm


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History

The buckyball was the first fullerene ever discovered and has the

molecular formula of C60.

A buckyball is any fullerene that is a true hollow sphere.

Examples of Fullerenes

http://www.arch.mcgill.ca/prof/sijpkes/arch374

/winter2002/psbmonro/carbon28.gif


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History

The idea of the buckyball was firstproposed by Eiji Osawa of Japan. He

observed that the structure of a

corranulene,( a cyclopentane ring

fused with 5 benzene rings) molecule

was a subset of a soccer ball and

hypothesized that a full body shape

could exist.

Even though his work was published

in Japanese magazines, his work

never made its way to America.

Corannulene

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cora

nnulene
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Corannulene.svg


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The Buckyball

It was named buckminsterfullerene in

honor of Richard Buckminster Fullerene,

an architect that created geodesic domes

that looked like it.

It is commonly known as the soccer ballformation even thought its true structure is

that of a truncated icosahedron.

It is composed of 60 Carbon atoms all

linked to one another.

Geodesic Dome

http://z.about.com/d/architecture/

1/0/C/o/geodesicdome02.jpg


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The Buckyball

It is composed of 20 hexagons and 12 pentagons, and is thesmallest fullerene molecule in which no two pentagons sharean edge (as this is highly unstabilizing).

It is also the only molecule of a single atom (carbon) to form ahollow spheroid.

http://www.goalfinder.com/product.asp?productid=112


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The Buckyball

It is the most common naturally occurring

fullerene and can be easily found in various

materials such as soot.

It has also been deemed the state molecule of

Texas.


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Properties of Fullerenes

Aromaticity

Chemistry

Solubility Superconductivity

Toxicity and Safety

Potential Applications


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Aromaticity

n = 2(N+1)2 carbonatoms will givearomaticity in sphericalfullerenes

The Bucky ball (C60)does not follow this rule

The Bucky ball has

cycloalkane properties

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Graph_of_60-fullerene_w-

nodes.svg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Graph_of_60-fullerene_w-nodes.svg


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Chemistry

High strain energies

contribute to reactivity

Act as electrophiles in

nucleophilic addition Saturation of pi-bonds

relieves strain energies

Steric hindrance ifhighly saturated

http://www.byregion.net/images/members/buckyball_6.jpg


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Solubility

Only known Carbon allotrope that can be dissolvedat room temperature (aromatics are the bestsolvents)

Larger Fullerenes (C72) with trapped lanthanides havehigher solubilties

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Endohedral_fullerene.png


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Superconductivity

ICl-doped C60 will superconduct between 60 and 70K

Carbon nanotubes will superconduct around 15K

Ceramic superconductors usually operate below 10K

http://www.rise.org.au/info/Tech/scon/image0

01.jpg

Metal

Superconductor

Superconductors are

able to handle high

current with theadvantage of having

no resistance and

very little loss of

energy


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Safety and Toxicity

In studies with mice, C60 has shown no toxic effects

Carbon nanotubes are considered to have asbestos-

like pathogenicity

http://bawandinesh.name/wp-

content/uploads/2008/12/cartoon-mouse-1.jpg


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Safety and Toxicity

Fullerenes with no functional groups can have

positive effects and act as antioxidants

Fullerenes with functional groups can be

highly toxic, but the danger is from the

functional groups only, not the fullerenes.

Fullerenes in the environment can be

dangerous because of organic solvents


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Synthesis of Buckyballs

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja00128a052


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Controlled Synthesis:

Surface Catalysed Route

A system of 6 and 5 membered

rings were placed on activated

Platinum 111 surface to removehydrogens.

Highly efficient, close to 100% yield

http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld

/News/2008/August/13080802.asp


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Fullerene Synthesis

The three main ways to synthesis single walled

carbon molecules, either buckyballs or

nanotubes are:

Electric Arc Discharge

Laser Ablation

Chemical Vapor Deposition


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Electric Arc Discharge

Electric arc discharge of carbon electrodes, with Ni and Y

catalysts present, produces several condensed species of

material including amorphous carbon and single-walled

nanotubes.

http://www.mse.engin.umich.edu/research/presentations/34


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http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol304/issue5668/images/large/zse0130424190001.jpeg


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Chemical Vapor Deposition

The picture on the rightshows the spinning processinvolved in chemical vapordeposition. Liquid

feedstock, containingferrocene and thiophene,is mixed with hydrogen and injected into thehot zone, where an aerogel of nanotubesforms. This aerogel is captured and wound out

of the hot zone continuously as a fiber or film.The wind-up is by an offset rotating spindle.

Actual picture of nanotubes being woundbetween spindles.

http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/con

tent/full/304/5668/276/FIG3

http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/con

tent/full/304/5668/276/FIG1
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol304/issue5668/images/large/zse0130424190001.jpeghttp://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol304/issue5668/images/large/zse0130424190001.jpeghttp://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol304/issue5668/images/large/zse0130424190003.jpeg


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Scanning tunneling

microscopy

Molecular sensors for

detecting organicmolecules

Bucky Paper

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Scann

ing_tunneling_microscope_-_ideal_tip.svg/520px-

Scanning_tunneling_microscope_-_ideal_tip.svg.png


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Bucky Paper

Fire resistance

Television screens

Bucky paper may be more efficient than CRT and

LCD displays

High thermal conductivity may lead to better

heat sinks for electronics

Filter membranes


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Atoms inside of the Ball

Has the potential to carry a drug in the interiorof the molecule and release the drug once thebuckyball reaches a certain cell or tissue

within the body.Buckyballs with metal

ions inside may be usedin organic solar cells andmay become crucial partsto nanoelectronic devices.

http://mooreslore.corante.com/archives/im

ages/buckyball.jpg


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Hardness

When compressed to 70 percent of its original

size, the buckyball becomes more than twice

as hard as its cousin, diamond.

Nanohydraulic piston

http://www.nanotech-now.com/images/nanohydraulic-piston-large.jpg

http://www.vectordiary.com/isd_tutorials/00

8_diamond/diamond_illustration.gif


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High speed collisions

The buckyball can withstand slamming into a

stainless steel plate at 15,000 mph, merely

bouncing back, unharmed.

Screenshots Taken From

http://www.nanoed.org/courses/carbon_nan

otube/ballv02.jpg


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Doping

By replacing carbon atoms within

the buckyball with other atoms,

different properties are obtained.

This process is called doping.

Superconducting Temperatures of

Doped Balls:

Potassium doped: 18K

Rubidium doped: 30KTable of Oxide Superconductors for Comparison

http://www.scielo.br/img/revistas/mr/v11n4/21t1.gif


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Stability

Extremely stable; could

yield new lubricants and

protective coatings. They

could also be used infilters and many other

applications.

Filter material above shows growth of bacterial

colonies which im pede flow. Filter below, with

Carbon-60 added, has no colonies.

http://news.duke.edu/2009/03/images/b

uckyball_treated.jpg


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More Applications to come

Because thediscovery offullerenes andbuckyballs is fairly

recent within thescientificcommunity, muchresearch is beingdone on them

and many newapplications willarise with time.

Researchers observed C60 carbon

molecules dissolved or in colloidal form in

various solvents. C60 dissolved in toluene

(left, magenta) does not partition into

water (bottom). In the second vial from

the left, C60 is dissolved in the solventTHF. In the third vial from the left, water is

added to the C60/THF solution, resulting

in a yellow suspension of C60

nanoparticles (nano-C60). In the third vial

from the right, THF can be evaporated,

resulting in a water suspension of nano-

C60 in only water. The nano-C60 in water

(bottom) only very slowly dissolves into

organic solvents such as toluene (top) inthe second vial from the right. The

addition of a mild oxidant drives the

fullernes from the water (bottom) back

into the organic phase (top, light magenta)

in the vial at the far right.

http://gtresearchnews.gatech.edu/n

ewsrelease/nanowaste.htm


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Buckyballs

Solar cells

Televisions andMonitors

Lubricant

Drug Delivery

FlameResistance

Super-conductors

Microscopy

FilterMembranes

The potential

applications of

buckyballs promise

advances in many

distinct fields ofresearch.

Buckyballs

Katie Huseman

Travis Jackson

Wes Johnson

Daniel Howsmon


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Additional Sources Used

http://machinedesign.com/article/a-new-buckyball-bounces-into-town-0414

http://www.bristol.ac.uk/Depts/Chemistry/MOTM/buckyball/c60a.htm

http://www.springer.com/cda/content/document/cda_downloaddocument.pdf?SGWID=0-0-45-

275900-0

http://www.nanotech-now.com/nanotube-buckyball-sites.htm

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/micro/gallery/bucky/bucky.html
http://machinedesign.com/article/a-new-buckyball-bounces-into-town-0414http://www.bristol.ac.uk/Depts/Chemistry/MOTM/buckyball/c60a.htmhttp://www.springer.com/cda/content/document/cda_downloaddocument.pdf?SGWID=0-0-45-275900-0http://www.springer.com/cda/content/document/cda_downloaddocument.pdf?SGWID=0-0-45-275900-0http://www.nanotech-now.com/nanotube-buckyball-sites.htmhttp://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/micro/gallery/bucky/bucky.htmlhttp://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/micro/gallery/bucky/bucky.htmlhttp://www.nanotech-now.com/nanotube-buckyball-sites.htmhttp://www.springer.com/cda/content/document/cda_downloaddocument.pdf?SGWID=0-0-45-275900-0http://www.springer.com/cda/content/document/cda_downloaddocument.pdf?SGWID=0-0-45-275900-0http://www.bristol.ac.uk/Depts/Chemistry/MOTM/buckyball/c60a.htmhttp://machinedesign.com/article/a-new-buckyball-bounces-into-town-0414

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