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Evaluation and Treatment of Vascular Injury Heather Vallier, MD Original Author: Timothy McHenry, MD; March 2004 New Author: Heather Vallier, MD; Revised January 2006

G03_Vascular_Injury.ppt

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Page 1: G03_Vascular_Injury.ppt

Evaluation and Treatment of Vascular Injury

Heather Vallier, MD

Original Author: Timothy McHenry, MD; March 2004New Author: Heather Vallier, MD; Revised January 2006

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Potential Orthopedic Emergencies

Open fractureIrreducible dislocationsVascular injuryAmputationCompartment syndromeUnstable pelvic fracture/ hemodynamic instabilityMultiply-injured patientSpinal cord injury

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Potential Orthopedic Emergencies

Open fractureIrreducible dislocationsVascular injuryAmputationCompartment syndromeUnstable pelvic fracture/ hemodynamic instabilityMultiply-injured patientSpinal cord injury

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Vascular injury

“the clock starts ticking”

• Blood loss• Progressive ischemia• Compartment syndrome• Tissue necrosis

Irreversible damage after 6 hours

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Vascular injury

Potentially frequent incidence

• Proximity of vessels to bone

• Tethering of vessels at joints

• Superficial location of vessels

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Arterial injuries associated with fractures or dislocations

Clavicle fracture subclavian arteryShoulder fx/dislocation axillary arterySupracondylar humerus fx brachial arteryElbow dislocation brachial arteryPelvic fracture gluteal arteriesFemoral shaft fx femoral arteryDistal femur fracture popliteal arteryKnee dislocation popliteal arteryTibial shaft fx tibial arteries

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Incidence

Overall uncommon

• 3% of long bone fractures

Specific circumstances

• Fractures with GSW (up to 38%)

• Knee dislocations (16-40%)

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Mechanism of Injury

• Penetrating trauma

– GSW

– Stab

• Blunt trauma

– High energy

– Low energy

• iatrogenic

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Types of vascular injuries• Spasm

• Intimal flaps

• Subintimal hematoma

• Laceration

• Transection

• A-V fistula

Some require treatment, some do not

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Consequences of vascular injury

• Blood loss

• Ischemia

• Compartment syndrome

• Tissue necrosis

• Amputation

• Death

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Prognostic factors

• Level and type of vascular injury

• Collateral circulation

• Shock/hypotension

• Tissue damage (crush injury)

• Warm ischemia time

• Patient factors/medical conditions

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Speed is crucial

• Rapid resuscitation

• Complete, rapid evaluation

• Urgent surgical treatment

PROTOCOL IS ESSENTIAL !

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Immediate treatment

• Control bleeding

• Replace volume loss

• Cover wounds

• Reduce fractures/dislocations

• Splint

• Re-evaluate

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Diagnosis

• Physical exam

• Doppler pressure (Ankle/brachial systolic pressure index)

• Duplex scanning

• Arteriogram

• Exploration

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Diagnosis

• Physical exam

• Doppler pressure (Ankle/brachial systolic pressure index)

• Duplex scanning

• Arteriogram

• Exploration Careful physical exam and high index of suspicion are

most important !

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Physical exam• Major hemorrhage/hypotension

• Arterial bleeding

• Expanding hematoma

• Altered distal pulses

• Pallor

• Temperature differential between extremities

• Injury to anatomically-related nerve

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• Asymmetric pulses warrant doppler examination (determine ABI)

• Absent pulses warrant emergent vascular consultation/surgical exploration

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Doppler ultrasound

• Determine presence/absence of arterial supply

• Assess adequacy of flow

PRESENCE OF SIGNAL DOES NOT EXCLUDE ARTERIAL INJURY !

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Doppler ultrasound

• Normal ABI > 0.95

• Abnormal < 0.90

• Does not define extent or level of injury

• Abnormal values warrant further evaluation

Mills, et al. J. Trauma 2004

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Duplex scanning

• Noninvasive• Safe• Rapid• Reliable for

– Injury to arteries and veins– A-V fistulas– Pseudoaneurysms

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Click image to zoom out

                                                                                         

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Duplex scanning

• Requires technician and scanner availability

• Not all surgeons will operate based on duplex information

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Click image to zoom out

                                                                                                 

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Angiography

• Locates site of injury

• Characterizes injury

• Defines status of vessels proximal and distal

• May afford therapeutic intervention

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Angiography

Identify and control bleeding from pelvic fractures

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Angiography

• Expensive• Time-consuming• Difficult to monitor/treat patient• Procedural risks

– Renal burden from dye– Possibility of anaphylaxis– Injury to proximal vessels

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Operative angiography

• Single view in operating room

• Rapid

• Excellent for detecting site of injury

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Surgical exploration

Immediate exploration is indicated for:

• Obvious arterial injury on exam

• No doppler signal

• Site of injury is apparent

• Prolonged warm ischemia time

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No pulses Asymmetric pulses Normal exam

Reduce, stabilize, resuscitate

Injury obvious

Multilevel injury ?

Doppler

ABI >0.9ABI <0.9

Angiography or duplex

SurgeryObservation

Modified from Brandyk, CORR 1005

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Continued evaluation

• Vascular injuries are dynamic

• Evaluation should continue after the initial injury or surgery

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Continued evaluation

• Circulation

• Neurologic function

• Compartment pressures

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Surgical considerations

• Who goes first?

• Temporary shunts

• Fracture stabilization techniques

• Salvage vs amputation

• Fasciotomies

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Conclusions

• Potential exists with every orthopedic injury

• Uncommon

• Be aware of injuries associated

• Understand signs and symptoms of arterial injury

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Conclusions

• Time is crucial

• Most important for diagnosis

– High index of suspicion

– Thorough physical exam

• Have a defined protocol/relationship with your colleagues from vascular and trauma surgery

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