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Effectiveness of an Instructional Program in Improving Parents'Knowledge about the Causes of Mental Retardation in Jordan
Prepared ByFawzia Abdullah Al-Jalamdeh
Supervised By
Dr. Fathi Jarwan Dr. Kahtan Al- DahirAbstract
The aim of this study was to identify the level of knowledge of parents
of children with mental retardation about causes of mental retardation in AL-
Karak Governorate, and to study the effectiveness of an instructional program
in improving parents' knowledge about causes of mental retardation.
The study population included parents of children with mental
retardation registered in Mutah, and Mo'ab Centers for Special Education and
parents whose children receive public rehabilitation services in Southern
Alghore in AL- Karak Governorate
A sample of (200) parents was composed. A scale for the parents'
knowledge about the causes of mental retardation after applying the reliability
and validity was distributed. (109) participants scored low on the scale, (60) of
them were willing to participate in the program. They were randomly divided
into two groups, an experimental group (30), and a control group (30). The
instructional program included (10) sessions, (90) minutes each. The study
lasted for (5) weeks.
ANACOVA and Scheffe test results showed that:
- The level of parents' knowledge about causes of mental retardation on
the scale was low on three dimensions (pre natal, perinatal and post natal
causes of mental retardation).
- There were statistically significant differences at ( 0.05) between the
mean scores of the experimental and control group in parents'
knowledge about causes of mental retardation in favor of the
experimental group.
- There were statistically significant differences at ( 0.05) between the
mean scores of the experimental group in parents' knowledge about
causes of mental retardation related to sex, in favor of females.
- There were statistically significant differences at ( 0.05) between the
mean scores of the experimental group in parents' knowledge about
causes of mental retardation related to level of education, in favor of
university graduates.
- There were statistically significant differences at level ( 0.05)
between the means of the means of the experimental group on the
scale of the parents' knowledge of the causes of mental retardation and
their means one month later on the follow-up scale in favor of the
follow-up scale.
- There were no statistically significant differences at level ( 0.05)
between the mean scores of the experimental group in the parents'
knowledge about causes of mental retardation scale, related to
interaction between sex and the group, or between the level of
education and the group.
The study recommended the importance of developing educational
programs including information about the causes and preventive measures of
disabilities in general and the mental disability in particular in the mother
child care centers and for the general public by professional people, and mass
media, and construct other instructional programs to parents for other
disabilities.
1
2
Introduction
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Review of RelatedLiterature
13
Review of Related Literature
::
:
.
)2002 (
.
.
:
:
1992
:
14
. 2002
(Smith, Patton, & Kim, 2006)Hardman, Drew, & Egan, 2006).(
.:
:
Tredgold)(
:
1. )Primary amentia :(
.
2. )Secondary amentia :(
.
3. )Mixed amentia (
.
15
4. :
) (
)2002(.
):(
:
1.)Down syndrome (
. .
)2005.(
2.)Hydrocephaly :(
.
3.)Cretinism : (
)60-70 (
.
4. )Macrocephaly :(
.
16
)405 (
.
5. )Microcephaly :(
)205 ( .
6. )Phenylketonuria(,
)Phenylalanine Hydroxyls (
.
7. )Galactosemia (
)
2005((Smith, & et al,2006)(Hardman, Drew& Egan, 2006)
)(
(Smith, & et al 2006). .
17
2.5%-3 %Hardman, Drew, & Egan, 2006).(
:
1.
.
2..
3..
4.
)1997 .(
:
.
( Prenatal Causes):
:
.:
18
)Phenylketonuria(
)2005( )2005()1997.(
-)Rh Factor (
(Gamma Globulin , anti D)72
)Smith, et al 2006 .(
-
)(Madhavan, & Naravan, 1991
)/// (
Bundey, Thake, & Todd, 1989).(.
.:
:
1.
)German Measles (
50 % 25 %
19
10 % 1-2 %
(Deka,2004) .
)Syphilis (
)(Smith, 2007.
2.)) (Toxoplasmosis (
Soto, 2002) .(
20 %
)Futagi, Suzuki, & Goto 1998(
3. )Phenylketonuria Urea, PKU (
)PKU(
)Maternal PKU .(90 %
)PKU (
)Levye,1988 .( Knox), ( 64 %
)PKU ( 23 %
13 %)1999.(
20
4.
)Human Cytomegalovirus- HCMV (
40 % 50 %
71 %
)HCMV (
)20%-40 (%
)0.2%-4 (%
)Revello, & Gerna, 2002 .(
5.
) 2005.(
6.
)Cretinism (
)Smallridge, & Ladenson, 2001(.
)Dunn, 1993.(
21
7.
)Thalidomide (
)Brent, 2004.(
8.
(Fetal
Alcohol Syndrome)
)Stephanic, &
Brandag, 2002 .(
)Mooro & Persaud ,1998( .
9.
)Piecuch, Leonard, Cooper, & Sehring, 1997 .(
(Luciano, & et al, 1997).
10 .
)2002 .(
22
11 .
70
(Camp, Proman, Nichols, & leff, 1998)
30 %
35 )(Vincent, & Recardi, 1976
12 . 10 %-15 %
)Robert, & Goldenberg, 2002 .(
)2500 (
(Smith , 2006).
:
1. )Asphyxia (
(Smith,2006).)1999 (
)Gottfried (
.
2. )Toxaemia(
)Placental SeparationEarly(
23
)Oxytocin (
(Vernon,1979)
) (
)1999.(
3. .
4.)Physical Trauma (
)1997 .(
5. (Preterm Delivery)
)Gestational Age(
(Robert, & Goldenberg, 2002) .
6.)Birth weightLow (
86 /1000
)Suskind & Tonetisirin ,2001 .(2.5
Smith, & et al, 2006) .(
24
) Ferrari 1982 (
1500 7 %
15 % . 8%-10 %
1000
)Robert & Golden berg, 2002.(
:
1.
(Hallahan, & Kauffman, 2006). 15-20 %
)1999(.
2.
)Mckeown & Record ,1978 .(
3.
40 % 5 %-10 %
)Thomas, 2004. (
4. )Congenital Hypothyroidism (
Shamon, 2005) .(
25
)1999 .(
5. ) Shaking Baby Syndrome (
.(Lund, Sandgren, & Knudsen, 1998)
)60 (%
.
)Shaking Baby Syndrome (
)Whiplash-Shaking (
)Choicca, 1995 .(
)Shaking Baby Syndrome()15%-38 (%
(Ludwig, & Warman, 1984).
)Buchanan, & Oliver, 1977 (140
16) Wiltshire ()3 (%
)24 (%
.
)Jacobi, 1986.(
26
6.
) 1999 .(
(Wong, & et al, 1999) .
Hallahan & Kauffman , 2006).(
7. :
)dl/Mg10( )Vanarsdale, & et al, 2004 .(35 %
(Niskar, Buchanan, & Meyer, 2005).
:
27
.
:-
)2005 .(
:
)Primary Prevention:(
(Fragile X )
(Folic Acid)
)Neural tube defect(
)Wong & et al,
1999.(
)1999.(
28
)Secondary prevention : (
.
)
(
)1998.(
)Tertiary Prevention:(
)Wong & et al, 1999.(
)1998 (
.
29
:
1..
2..
3..
4. .
)2005.(
40
)Alexander, 1998.(
(Collins, Halliday, Kahler, & Williamson, 2001).
30
36
Dias, & et al, 2005) .(
2002
)Niskar & et al , 2005.(
(Glasco, Oberklaid, Dworkin, & Trimm, 1998).
) Handout (
31
Schmitt, Brayden, & Kempe, 1997) .(
)1985 .(
(Kalvert)
) 1992 .(
.
Poground & et al) (
)2003 .(
) 1985 .(
)2002.(
32
) Low birth weight(
) Council on Child & Adolescent Health, 1998.(
) Macmillan, 2000.(
)Alexander, 1998 .(
(Goldberg, & Goldberg, 2002) .
)Lavelle & Keoph, 1980 ( )1992 (
.
33
)2003(.
) Gottlieb ()1985 (
.
) 2003.( (Burton) )1996 (
.
)1992.(
:
(Britner & Reppucci, 1997) ,( (Pecora, Fraser, & Haapal, 1992) .
34
(Bugental, & et al, 2002) .
(Peterson, Tremblay, Ewigman, & Saldana, 2003).
(Hebert, Lavoie, & Parent, 2002)
)4-6 (
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(Holzer, Bromfield, Richardson, & Higgins, 2006) )20 (
)18 (
(Higgins & et al, 2006) )12 (
:
1.
.
2.
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35
3.
.
(Tomison, 1998)
.
(Scott, 2005)
.
) Council on Child & Adolescent Health, 1998.(
.
36
(Black, Kemp, & Sampson, 2004) .
(Gomby, Culross, & Behrman, 1999).
:
(Bowes,2000)
:
1 . .Infant health & development).(
2 ..(New Chance).
3 ..Parents as Teacher)(.
4 .(Health Start Program).
(Infant health & development ):
:
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(Health Start Program )
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(Caiaff, Chiari, Figueiredo, Orefice, & Aantunes, 1993)"
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450 495
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14.8 % .
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Mervis, Decoufle, Murphy, & Yeargin- Allsopp, 1995) ( "
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45
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(Yeargin- Allsopp, Murphy, Cordero, Decoufle, & Hallowell, 199).
10 -
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(A hierarchical approach)
.
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)78 ( % )5070(
(IQ 50))12%(
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(Horta, Victora, Menezes, Halpern, & Barros, 1997)"
47
) low birth weight(
)Preterm births( ."
. 5166
1993
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9.1 %
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33.2% 26.2 % 43 %
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7 .
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((APGAR Score)
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375
1113 .
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6 15 24 7
11-13 326
49
.
.
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•McCarthy scales of children abilities at age 4 years.
•Wechsler intelligence scale for children at age 7 11 to 13 years.
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(Durkin, Khan, Davidson, Hug, Munir, Rasul, & Zaman, 2000)
" ."
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(odd ratio) )5.14(% )4.82(
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51
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square test
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)13.6. (
)Croen, Grether, & Selvin, 2001 (
.
.
19861994 )4590333 .(
)California Department of Development .(
.
)California Live Birth Electronic (
)
.(
)64 (% )2.3 (%
)15.6 (%
(1.7:1).
53
)Low Birth Weight (
.
2
.
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Jelliffe- Pawlowski, Shaw, Nelson, & Harris, 2003). ("
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Northern Finland Birth Cohort)(
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12.62 1000 5.081000
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(Prenatal) )(Para natal
(Postnatal) . 66.4 %
58.8 % )13.4 (%
21) ( )1.70 per 1,000 live births ()19.3 (%
)16.0 (%
56
(malformation))33.6 (%)4.2 (%
)3.4 (%
(Para natal).
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.
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1.1 %
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(Colorado-Wyoming Regional Genetic Counseling Program)
.
:
57
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At High Risk )(
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Methods And Procedures
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Methods and Procedures
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