G.€¦ · Edward W. Bent, Sacramento, CA [SE] (Member Emeritus) Staff Liaison: Don L. LeBlanc Committee Scope: This Committee shall have primary responsibility for documents on all

Report of the Committee on

Fire Service Training

Vincent IL Elmore, Chair Pahn Beach Fire Dept., FL [E]

WUfiam E. Peterson, Vice Chair Piano Fire Dept., TX [El

Rep. Fire Marshals Assn. of North America

Richard B. Arwood, Fire Service Inst., Iowa State University, IA [SE]

Roger W. Bassett, IL W. Bassett & Assoc., IL [SE] John Martin Best, Reedy Creek Improvement District, FL [E] Michael L. Calhoun, North Carolina Dept. of Insurance, NC [E] Gene P. Carlson, Oklahoma State University, OK [M]

Rep. Int'l Fire Service Training Assn. Jack L. Cottet, Utica Nat'l Insurance Co., NY [I] NicholasJ. Cricenti, SFC Engr Parmership, Inc., NH [SE] Robert F, Debrody, Symtron Systems, NJ [M] David C. Grupp, Kemper Insurance Cos., IL [I]

J ohn W. Hoglund, University of Maryland, MD [E] ames G. Kellam, Virginia Beach Fire Dept., VA [U] Rep. Int'l Society of Fire Service Instructors

Robert A. Lincoln, Nassau County Fire Service Academy, NY [U] John B. Lockwood, Bowie, MD [SE] George E. Luther, Connecticut State Fire Admin, CT [El Thomas C. Quillin, Tallahassee Fire Dept., FL [U] Rodney D. Reid, Severns, Reid & Assoc., Inc., IL [SE] Craig H. Shelley, City of Rutland Fire Dept., VT [E] James B. Straseske, Illinois Fire Service Inst., IL [U] Richard Wattenbarger, California Fire Instructors Workshop, Inc.,

CA [SE] Phll Welch, Gaston College, NC [U]

Alternates

Carl Goodson, Fire Protection Publications, OK [M] (Alt. to G. P. Carlson)

Kent W. Koelz, Palm Beach Fire/Rescue Dept., FL [E] (Alt. to V. E Elmore)

Steven J. Williamson, Symtron Systems Inc., NJ [M] (Alt. to R. F. D e b r e d y )

Nonvoting

Edward W. Bent, Sacramento, CA [SE] (Member Emeritus)

Staff Liaison: Don L. LeBlanc

Committee Scope: This Committee shall have primary responsibility for documents on all fire service training techniques, operations, and procedures to develop maximum efficiency and proper utilization of available personnel. Such activities can include training guides for fire prevention, fire suppression, and other missions for which the fire service has responsibility.

This list represents the membership at the time the Committee was balloted on the text of this edition. Since that time, changes in the membership may have occurred. A key to classifications is found at the front of this book.

The Report of the Committee on Fire Service Training is presented for adoption in 3 parts.

Part I of this Report was prepared by the Technical Committee on Fire Service Training, and proposes for adoption a complete revision to NFPA 13E-1995, Grade for Fire Department Operations in Properties Protected by Sprinkler and Standpipe Systems. NFPA 13E,1995 is published in Volume 10 of the 1998 National Fire Codes and in separate pamphlet form.

Part I of this Report has been submitted to letter ballot of the Technical Committee on Fire Service Training, which consists of 22 voting members. The results of the balloting can be found in the report.

Part H of this Report was prepared by the Technical Committee on Fire Service Training, and proposes for adoption a complete revision to NFPA 1410-1995, Standard on Training for Initial Fire Attack. NFPA 1410-1995 is published in V o l u m e 8 o f the 1998 National Fire Codes and in separate pamphlet form.

Part II of this Report has been submitted to letter ballot of the Technical Committee on Fire Service Training, which consists of 22 voting members. The results of the balloting can be found in the report.

Part Il l of this Report was prepared by the Technical Committee on Fire Service Training, and proposes for adoption a complete revision to NFPA 1452-1993, Guide for Training Fire Service Personnel to Make Dwelling Fire Safety Surveys. NFPA 1452-1993 is published in Volume 12 of the 1998National Fire Codes and in separate pamphlet form.

Part III of this Report has been submitted to letter ballot of the Technical Committee on Fire Service Training, which consists of 22 voting members. The results of the balloting can be found in the report.

743

N F P A 13E ~ F99 R O P

PART I

(Log #2) 13E- 1 - (2-1.1): Accept in Principle SUBMITTER: Western Regional Fire Code Dev. Committee RECOMMENDATION: Revise the second paragraph of 2-1.1 as follows:

"There are two principal causes of unsatisfactory sprinkler performance: a closed valve in the water supply line, and inadequate water delivered to the sprinkler system. Both of these situations can be reduced by an appropriate maintenance and testin~ program, effective fire department prefire planning, and appropriate actions at the time the fire department is called." SUBSTANTIATION: The key to ensuring reliability of sprinkler and standpipe systems is proper maintenance and testing of these systems, in addition to ensuring valves are open and adequate water supplies are available. COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept in Principle. COMMITTEE STATEMENT: The Committee has incorporated the concept of inspections and system maintenance in its revision of 2-1.1 NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE: 22 VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION:

AFFIRMATIVE: 20 NOT RETURNED: 2 Bassett, Welch

(Log #3) 13E- 2 - (2-2.1 (a)): Accept in Principle SUBMITTER: Western Regional Fire Code Dev. Committee RECOMMENDATION: Revise 2-2.1 (a) as follows:

"(a) The construction and layout of the buildings and the nature, ~3se. and contents of the occupancies protected by automatic sprinklers, the extent of this protection, and the type of

rinkler systems." BSTANTIATION: The fire official should also know the use

and contents of dae building and their affects on the sprinkler Sotem operation and function.

MMITTEE ACTION: Accept in Principle. COMMrlq'EE STATEMENT: The committee feels that it has addressed dais proposal by its reference to effective fire department pre-planning by fire companies in the second paragraph of 2-1.1 of the revised document. NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE: 22 VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION:


13E- 3- (2-3.5): Reject (Log #4) SUBMITTER: Western Regional Fire Code Dev. Committee RECOMMENDATION: Revise text as follows:

2-3.5 Once all water supply connections have been completed and the fire department connection has been charged, the company officer should verify immediately that water is flowing into the sprinkler system, ff water is not flowing, the officer in charge should be notified and the condition reported tO [ire comoanies ooeratin~ at the scene. Immediate ag0on shquld b~ taken "x&c ac:.2~= to verify that all accessible control valves are open. If a valve is found to be closed, the officer in charge should be notified promptly and the valve should be opened fully at the direction of the officer in charge unless the valve is tagged "Closed for Repairs." Valves found closed should be reported to the fire investigator after the incident.

ff the system is supplied or augmented by a fire pump, a fire fighter should also be assigned to verify that the pump is in operation, SUBSTANTIATION: ff there is a problem with dae water flow to the sprinkler system, the incident commander and the operating fire companies should be advised that the system is not functioning. The proposed wording would advise that the incident commander notify the companies operating at the scene. COMMITFEE ACTION: Reject. COMMITTEE STATEMENT: The Committee feels that is is more appropriate that the Incident Commander makes this decision rather than having a general announcement made as is proposed

YUMBth e submitter. ER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE: 22

VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION: AFFIRMATIVE: 20 NOT RETURNED: 2 Bassett, Welch

(Log #1 ) 13E- 4- (2-4.1): Accept SUBMITTER: Southeast Regional Fire Code Dev. Committee RECOMMENDATION: Revise text as follows:

2-4.1 AUTOMATIC SPRINKLERS SHOULD NOT BE SHUT OFF UNTIL AFTER THE FIRE HAS BEEN EXTINGUISHED. If there is a sectional or floor valve, this should be closed in lieu of the main valve. A fire fighter, ~ C ~ t ' h ' l Wth" a means of communication r v . ~ ' l ^ . . . . . - ~ : ^ , should be assigned to remain at the valve until overhaul is completed. Orders should also be given to the pump operator to shut down the lines connected to the fire department connection as these bypass the main sprinkler valve and, in the absence of a floor valve, water will flow until the pump discharge gates are closed.

Where a combined sprinkler-standpipe system is installed, it might be necessary to maintain the hose lines charged until overhaul is completed.

Where only a few sprinkler heads are operating, sprinkler tongs, tapered wooden wedges, or dowels can be used to immediately stop the flow from the opened heads without shutting off the entire system. (See Figure 2-4.1.) SUBSTANTIATION: The proposed wording better clarifies the intent of this section of providing a means of communication between the incident commander and the fire fighter stationed at the control valve. COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept. NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE: 22 VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION:


(Log #5) 13E- 5 - (2-6.1, 2-6.3 (New)): Reject SUBMITTER: Western Regional Fire Code Dev. Committee RECOMMENDATION: Revise text as follows:

2-6.1 Occupancies with a wide variety of configurations and a wide range of storage commodities might need special procedures, particularly where storage heights are in excess of12 t-~ ft (3.66 m). Other considerations inctude water reactive and absorbing materials, conditions that affect sprinkler oneration or functig~ , In some cases, routine ventilation procedures in the early stages of a fire can hinder effective sprinkler operation. It is desirable for the fire department to discuss its pre-fire plan for warehouse occupancies with the occupant, sprinkler designer, and insurance carrier to determine if a modification in procedures is appropriate.

Add a new Paragraph 2-6.$ to read as follows: SPecial consideration should be taken in facilities displaying a

hazardous materials warning olacard. SUBSTANTIATION: They should also be aware of other conditions that would adversely affect the building or sprinkler system. COMMITTEE ACTION: Reject. COMMrITEE STATI~IENT: The Committee feels that this proposal contains a listing of items which is not all inclusive. The revised document provides better clarification of this point. However, the Committee accepts the revision of the referenced storage heights to 3.66 m (12 ft). NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE: 22 VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION:


(Log #6) 13E- 6- (4-2.2): Reject SUBMIq[q'ER: Western Regional Fire Code Dev. Committee RECOMMENDATION: Add text as follows:

4-2.2 The fire department should determine the available pressure and quantity of water at the highest oudets, and develop procedures to provide appropriate amounts of water for fire fighting when using the system. The fire denartment numn operator should know the system oressure, if a fire oumo is

744

N F P A 13E - - F 9 9 R O P

• SUBSTANTIATION: In addition to knowing the system resources, the pump operator should be aware of the system pressure where fire pumps exist. In the event of fire pump failure the pump operator can change the pump pressure to augment the loss m the fire pump. COMMITTEE ACTION: Reject. COMMITTEE STATEMENT: Wording of the proposal is too narrow and puts the responsibility on the fire department pump operator. NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE: 22 VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION:


(Log #CP1) 13E- 7- (Entire Document): Accept SUBMrITEPa Technical Committee on Fire Service Training

] RECOMMENDATION: The Technical Committee on Fire Service [ Training proposes a completely revision to NFPA 13E, Guide for I Fire Department Operations in Properties Protected by Sprinkler [ and Standpipe Systems, as shown at the end of this report. [ When adopted the document will be retitied NTPA 13E, [ Recommended Practice for Fire Deparvment Operations in ] Properties Protected by Sprinkler and Standpipe Systems.

SUBSTANTIATION: The Committee has completely revised this document to align its general text provisions with changes being proposed to current editions of NFPA 13, specifically as it relates to the correlation with terminology and water supply references in NFPA 231, Standard for General Storage; NFPA 251C, Standard for Rack Storage of Materials; NFPA 231D, Standard for Storage of Rubber Tires ; NFPA 231E, Recommended Practice for the Storage of Baled Cotton ; and NFPA 2.$1F, Standard for the Storage of Roll Paper. New chapters 5 through 8 have been added which present additional pre-fire planning and fireground considerations for fire ~ersonnel.

OMMrlqT.E ACTION: Accept. NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE: 22 VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION:


NFPA lSE

Recommended Practice for F'we Department Operations in Properties Protected by

Sprinkler and Standpipe Systems

2000 Edition

NOTICE: An asterisk (*) following the number or letter designating a paragraph indicates that explanatory material on the paragraph can be found in Appendix A.

Information on referenced publications can be found in Chapter 9 and Appendix B.

Chapter 1 Administration

I-1 Scope. This recommended practice provides basic procedures and information for fire department operations in properties equipped with certain fixed fire protection systems. The fixed systems covered in this recommended practice are interior automatic sprinkler systems, exterior sprinkler systems, and standpipe systems.

1-2 Purpose. The purpose of this recommended practice is to assist fire departments in developing training pro~ra~as and planning eifectlve oper/~ons for supporting certmn fixed fire protection systems i ~ n g s where fire can occur. This lnciudes r ecommeJ~d prlll~tices for the adequate support and use of sprinkler a n ~ . ~ . "pe systems.

1-2.2 Noth~llLllkeiin i / ~ n d e d to restrict any jurisdiction from

2-1 G e n e ~ and other indicate the'.

e ~ e s Pre~ctod by' Automatic Sprinkler Systems

of the National Fire Protection Assodation ~rot~.ction associations around the world clearly Ira#Effective performance of automatic sprinkler

~ ent administrations should use this record of current data to promote these systems and focus

~"zlV [epartment support of operations of these systems. e p ~ danent personnel should be fatniliar with and prepared with the following three principal causes of unsatisfactory

~ a ) A dosed valve in the water supply line (b) An inadequate water supply delivered to the sprinkler system (c) Occupancy changes not suitable for the ins~ led system

These situations should be corrected by effective fire department j~a~e-incident planning, inspections and appropriate actions by the

e department, and by the performance of an appropriate maintenance and testing program on the installed system. If the sprinkler system was initially designed for a low-heat release product or only intended to accommodate low storage, a change to a high-heat commodity, significant increase in storage height, or configurations can result in unsuccessful sprinkler performance. The fire department or authority having jurisdiction should take steps m correct these problems.

Wherever automatic sprinklers are installed, the fire department training program should include a course on the fundamentals of" automatic sprinkler systems. The fire department should recognize the followin~

(a) When properly designed, instglled, maintained, and supported by the fire department, the sprinkler system can put water directly on the fire in a more effective manner than the fire department can do using manual fire suppression methods.

(b) Not all spfinider systems are equally effective in their performance. Systems may not have been properly maintained or might not be effective for the current occupancy.

(c) Changing conditions may have reduced the required water supply calculated for sprinklers by the system designer. For example

1. lmt~llation of a backfiow preventor 2. Increase demand in area 3. Partially closed valves 4. Fire department use of hose streams 5. Deterioration of the grid system

745

N F P A 1 3 E - - F 9 9 R O P

(d) Changes in occupancies and commodity storage packaging and configuration methods might rely heavily on fire department support for the sprinkler system. Knowledge of sprinklered buildings within the response area will enable fire companies to be alert for the types of changes described in (c). These changes should be referred to the authority having jurisdiction for determination of whether sprinkler system modification is needed.

(e) Sprinkler systems are installed in single-family and multiple- family dwellings as well as other types of residential occupancies. Some of these systems might not have the traditional fire department connection and other traditional exterior building fittings or dedicated separate water supplies.

2-2 Inspection and Pre-lncident Planning. Figure 2-2 shows a typical layout of water supply and sprinkler system features that might serve a building.

(~) Gravity tank

Tank control _ ~ S tu~.r~i~ n valves " ~ P u m p I ~

.)~-~o~/ . Pump

Public. ~ department ~ '~ id)~s /g water main ~nect ion 'V" /

y Main post indicator valve ~ Check valve

" ~ valve

(e) The location of water supplies for hand lines that can be used without jeopardizing the water supply to the operating sprinklers

(f) An alternate means for supplying water to the system in case of damage to the fire department connection

(g) The location of spare or replacement sprinkler heads

(h) The location of waterfiow indicators and annunciator panels associated with the systems

(i) Key holder information for contact in case of emergency

2-2.2 The specific company assignment having the primary responsibility for charging the sprinkler connection during pre- incident planning or annual inspections should hook up to the fire department (FD) connection to verify hose thread completely. The system should also be tested with air or water to verify integrity.

2-2-g During the periodic inspections by fire personnel, the location and accessibility of fire departxnent connections and connections to the water source, as well as the availability of an adequate water supply, should be ascertained.

2-2.4 Arran~ entering the unattended. forcible entr use of such,

# 2-3 ~F'n'e~-.

2-$.1_~ h f

aut°~-~ r ~ procedu It is the

• be made with the property owners for iddy as possible when the building is maents are made, the necessity for using ight be reduced and damage from the

Jerat i~ ,~rinklered Properties.

)artment~$'~ponding to properties protected by r systems should have standard operation ~ed for handling fires in sprinklered buildings. [ity of the incident commander to ensure that 0~ carried out as promptly and eiiicienfly as

Figure 2-2 A typical layout.

2-2.1 In properties protected by automatic sprinklers, fire ~ personnelshould know the following: ~ e ~

(a) The construction and layout of the buildings and °f the °ccupandes pr°tected bY aut°matic s p r i n k l e ~ i"" ~.~ this protecuon, and the type of sprinkler system~.~

(b) The water supply to the sprinklers, i n c ~ g the ;oui~ and~ type of supply, the flow and pressure norma~Ty I ~ . b l ~ ie

anticipated duration of the supply available - ~ . ~ ~ : ~

(c) The location of all sprinkler control valves, tht controlled by each valve, and the consequence of shut~ of]f each valve

(d) The location of fire department connections to sprinkler systems, the specific area each connection serves, and the water supply, hose, and pumper layout that will be used to feed the sprinkler connections [See Figure 2-2.1(d).]

I I I I

: ~ t e r s operating in properties protected by automatic ~tems should base operations upon a thorough of the property resulting from prior inspection and pre-

A sprinkler system should not be shut down to improve

2-3.4* When arriving at a property protected by an automatic sprinkler system, fire companies should take prompt action to supply the system. [See Figures 2-3.4(a) and 2-3.4(b).]

~ ~ Pipe from D . . . . . . ~ ' q ~ " ~ . ~ ~ T I ~ private water Pumper ~'ml;l~J~ ~ I I / SUnnlv supply'~g N ~ f t f ~ l t ~ X ~ n ~

frompubl!c ~ ~ r ~ ~ F \I . i

Note" F ~ a r t m e n t ~ / ~ " Keep. pumpers off connection n~ay bypass ~ private hydrants any closed valves

Figure 2-$.4(a) Supplying the system.

Figure 2-2.1(d) Fire department connection.

746

N F P A 13E - - F 9 9 R O P

_ ~ [ FirehdeckP~ralvt~e nt

piping

4 in. (1 O0 mm) Alarm ~ V///~ Cha~:: - ~ ) pipe

Fire department connection m

with hose from fire department

mper 2-½ In.

(65 mm) Grade hose

N

i From underground

Figure 2-3.4(b) Supplying the fire department connection.

A minimum of one sprinkler supply line should be connected to the fire department connection and should be supplemented accordin~ to fire conditions. The supply line should be pumped and the hne charged to a pressure of 10.0 bar (150 psi), unless the system is posted for a different pressure.

Additional hose lines should be stretched to the fire area as directed by the incident commander in charge. [See Figure 2- 3.4(c).I

Larger public water main

2-33 The personnel performing ladder company functions should

~ rovide ventilation as needed in order to avoid delay in advancing ose lines to complete extinguishment. (See Section 2-6 for other

considerations regarding ventilation procedures.) Salvage covers should be used to protect those items or areas

likely to be affected by operating sprinklers or hose lines, or both. Special attention should be given to those areas on floor levels below the area of sprinkler operation.

2-3.8 Fire personnel should be aware that residential sprinkler piping is not tested to the same level as commercial sprinkler piping. Therefore, a residential sprinkler system should not be pressurized to more than water main pressure if this system has a fire department connection.

2-4 Post-Fire Operations.

2-4.1 AUTOMATIC SPRINKLERS SHOULD NOT BE SHUT OFF UNTIL THE FIRE HAS BEEN EXTINGUISHED. ff there is a sectional or floor fire control valve, this valve should be closed in lieu of the maln valve. A fire fighter with a means of communication should be assigned to remain at the valve until overhaul is completed. Orders should also be given to the pump operator to shut down the lines connected to the fire department connection as these can by-pass the main sprinkler valve and, in the absence of a floor gates are closed.

Where a combin hose lines shoul~.J overhaul is co l~l ,

Where on 1~.~ "f~ tapered w.q~iff~¢l stop th%~W f i : ~

water will flow until the pump discharge

r-standpipe system is installed, the and maintained charged until fire

• heads are operating, sprinkler tongs, .'~_.~ls can be used to immediately ~.~.-~eads without shutting off the entire

2-4.1. )

IIn~ lot Im~le u~

Branch public water main

Pipe from private water supply

Water from nearest hydrant (on branch main) utilized solely for supplying sprinklers Pumper at draft

to consewe war supply for sprinl

Figure 2-3.4(c) Pumper supply options that should be'p<fisidered. 4

2-3.4.1 Where hose streams will be used, water should be taken from sources that do not reduce the sprinklered protection. Pumpers should be supplied by one of the following methods:

(a) Connecting them to large mains that flow tests have indicated should be adequate to supply both sprinklers and the required hose streams

(b) Connecting them to water mains not needed for sprinkler supply

(c) Drafting them from static sources

2-3.5 Once all water supply connections have been completed and the fire department connection has been charged, the incident commander should verify immediately that water is flowing into the sprinkler system. If water is not flowing, the incident commander in charge should take action to verify that all accessible control valves are open. If a valve is found to be closed, the incident commander should be notified prompdy and the valve should be opened fully unless the valve is tagged "Closed for Repairs." Valves found closed should be reported to the fire investigator after the incident.

If the system is supplied or augmented by a fire pump, a fire fighter should also be assigned to verify that the pump is in operation.

2-3.6 When possible, fire departments should avoid drafting from open water sources into sprinkler systems where such systems are connected to potable water supplies unless appropriate bacldlow protection equipment is installed.

Figure 2-4.1 Sprinkler head with sprinkler wedge installed.

2-4.2 Routine overhaul should be provided and a cause and origin investigation should be initiated.

2-43 When the fire is extinguished and overhauling is completed, the lines from the pumper to the sprinkler system fire department connection should be ordered disconnected.

2-4A Where appropriate, the fire department should assist in restoring the sprinkler system. Actions to restore a sprinkler system can present potential consequences for improper or negligent actions. Each fire department should review its policy on this matter. Sprinkler heads that were exposed to high heat conditions during a fire should be examined by a qualified sprinkler installer and replaced as needed.

2-4.5 Code enforcement authorities should be notified where the automatic sprinklers are part of a "code" required system. If the sprinkler system cannot be restored to operating condition by the tame the fire department leaves the premises, the code enforcement agency should be promptly notified of the noncompliance status of the structure. The building owner or representative should also be notified.

2-4.6 The fire prevention bureau should be notified of any fire involving a building with automatic sprinklers.

2-5 Reports.

747

N F P A 1 3 E - - F 9 9 R O P

2-5.1 It is important that the officer in charge indude data regarding the operation of the sprinkler system with the incident report.

2-5.2 Past incident analysis of the fire department operations and the performance of the automatic sprinkler system should be completed to improve future operations at sprinklered properties.

The following information should be gathered to use in the analysis process:

• What is the location of sprinkler heads operating? How many sprinkler heads are operating?

: What is the result of sprinkler operation. What is the reason for any unsatisfactory operation? Who was assigned to check control valve?

• Did fire department connect to sprinkler system? ff not, why not? What is the company connected to sprinkler system? What is the engine number?

• How many hose lines are used? • What is the size of hose lines used? (Some departments now

use LDH lines to supply FD connections.) • Was water pumped into system? For how long and at what

pressure? • Was valve closed after fire? Who ordered valve closed? • How many sprinkler heads were replaced by fire department? • What type of heads were installed. * How many heads operated? • Was sprinkler protection fully restored? By whom? • What actions were taken to restore service? : Did the private water supply to sprinklers operate satisfactorily?

Was the fire prevention bureau notified? • Was the representative of management notified? By whom and

who was notified?

2-6 Ventilation in Storage Occupancies.

2-6.1 Fire department personnel should study occupancies with a wide variety of configurations and a wide range of storage commodities to determine if there is a need for special procedures, particularly where storage heights are in excess of 3.66 m (12 ft) because, in some cases, routine ventilation procedures in the early stages of a fire can hinder effective sprinkler operation. The ill: ~:. department should discuss its pre-incident plan for these ~ occupancies with the occupant, sprinkler designer, and in~ . , Lce ~i carder to determine if a modification in procedures is .a~ ~ i a t ~

and rescue ope .h.a, 2-6.2 For those cases where search ~,'~. been completed prior to ventilation work being p ~ j . ~ . . y f{~.-! fire department, the incident commander shouEal, l o w , ~ $ "~ automatic sprinklers to continue to operate ~ ~ ~ ventilation. This enables the sprinklers to a e I ~ i ~ ~ 0 ~ f the fire, which, in some cases, can take 20 minutes d ~ T e . 1

" ~ . . ..~ Properties Protected by Exterior Spl r Chapter 3 ~ ' ~ o Protection Against Exposure Fires

3-1 General.

3-1.1 Fire department personnel should know that many buildings o.r properties that have a severe exposure problem are equipped wim exterior sprinkler systems designed to provide a water curtain capable of shielding the property from fires in other buildings or in storage areas. These systems can be designed as automatic or for manual operations. Some are thermostatically operated, open- head systems. Some are specially designed sprinkler heads on pipes extending from a wet- or dry-pipe sprinkler system inside the building and placed to protect window openings.

3-1.2 Sprinkler heads for exterior protection are specially designed for a water curtain effect. Fire department training and operational

~ rotocols should be in place so that when used properly, these eads and systems will prevent an exposure fire fi'om entering the

building.

3-2 Pre-Incident Planning.

3-2.1 In properties having exterior sprinkler protection, fire personnel and officers assigned to the first-due companies should know the following:

(a) The construction and layout of the building and the nature of the occupancy protected by the exterior sprinkler, the extent of

the protection and the type and operation (automatic or manual) of the system

(b) The water supply to the sprinklers, including the source and type of supply, the flow and pressure normally available, and the anticipated duradon of the available supply

(c) The location of all sprinkler control valves, what each valve controls, and the consequence of shutting off each valve

(d) The location of fire department connections to the system, the specific area each connection serves, and the water supply, hose, and pumper layout that will be used to feed the sprinkler connections

(e) The specific company assignment having the primary responsibility for charging the sprinkler connection

(f) The location of water supplies for hand lines that may be used without jeopardizing the water supply to operation sprinklers

(g) An alternate means for supplying water to the system in case of damage to the fire department connection

(h) The location of spare or replacement sprinkler heads

(i) Keyholder

3-3 Water Suppl

3-$.1 A s k e ~ c°ntr°l ~ u , ' hydranl~.:.~ an exl~.hre fl~e

manual f i s h 1 standard a u ~

contact in case of emergency

k e t c ~ . ' ~ u l d ~ f f e p a r e d showing the location of the ~&- f i r e d ~ t supply connections, and the t~be "t]~ed for pufft into the system. Where there is

aould be there could ~;e problem, i:#gl assumed that i~.)~.,, t will als6 require a number of hose streams for h~,.*gUi~g. It should also be assumed that there might be

.~.3.. tic sprinkler systems in the fire area that must be pplied with~" , ~ , . - ~ o m pumpers as their water supplies.

~d/~ible, fire "-~':"" :~ .~urces into s

~ fire departments should avoid drafting from Lto sprinkler systems and standpipe systems

~ e suq~systems are connected to potable water supplies unless a ~ r i a t e backflow protection equipment is installed.

~ F i r e g r o u n d Operation Involving Exterior Sprinklers° ~ _ ~ . I The purpose of exterior sprinkler systems is to prevent the extension of fires to exposed properties. It is the responsibility of the incident commander in charge to see that these systems are used to fulfill their intended purpose and to be aware of the existence of the system and the means of water supply.

3-4.2 The incident commander should ascertain as quickly as possible whether exterior sprinklers are operating. If the system is manually operated, a fire personnel with a portable radio should be sent to immediately open the valve in the event the exterior sprinklers are needed, m some cases there will be several waives controlling different exposed parts of the protected building and it is important to open the correct valve. Care should be taken to conserve the water supply and minimize potential water damage by shutting off the exterior sprinklers when they are no longer required.

3-4~ Where a fire department connection is provided, an engine company should pump into the connection.

3-4.4 The incident commander in charge should be responsible for the following:

(a) Ordering fire personnel into the exposed buildings to ascertain that all windows are closed and fire has not extended into the buildings concerned

(b) Setting up fire department lines in the exposed buildings if the exposure is severe. Standpipe facilities may be used if available

(c) Sending fire personnel to the roof to make certain that no part of the roof structure has ignited

(d) Ordering salvage operations in exposed buildings

(e) Ordering exterior sprinklers to be shut offand drained when no longer needed

748

N F P A 1 3 E - - F 9 9 R O P

(f) Ordering the system restored (See 2-4.4.)

Chapter 4 Properties Protected by Standpipe Systems

4,1 Inspection and Pre-lncident Planning.

4-1.1 Personnel responsible for inspection and pre-incident planning should know that many properties have standpipe systems serving fire hose outlets in various parts of one or more buildings, and that standpipe systems may be used by the fire personnel to place streams in service quickly in areas that cannot be reached conveniently with hose lines that are directly connected to pumpers or hydrants outside of buildings.

4-1.2 Standpipe hose threads should be checked for compatibility with fire department threads.

4-1.3 The procedure for fire department pre-incident planning for properties protected by standpipe systems is in many ways similar to that for automatic sprinkler systems. Fire personnel should determine the source and reliability of the water supply and follow the piping, while noting the location of control valves.

4-1.4 Where the fire department is required to supply hose outlets several hundred feet from the fire department connection, plans should be made in advance to provide the required pressure and fire flow based upon the size, length of pipe, the maximum height of standpipe outlets, and the number of streams that are to be supplied.

4-1.5 Pre-incident planning should include identification of pressure-regulation devices installed within the system. Some standpipe systems include devices that regulate thepressure available to the hose lines attached to the system. Fire personnel should be aware of these devices, and where they are installed on standpipe systems, and should know how to adjust them so that they work properly with the hose lines and nozzles that can be attached to them. Pressure-regulating device settings should be consistent with hose and nozzles usedby the local fire department.

4-1.6 Pressure regulating devices should be tested annually for proper operation.

4-2 Water Supply for Fh'e lrtghting.

4-2.1 Fire personnel should be familiar with t h e ' sources for water used in fire fighting, including with water supplied by public or private water ma. pumps, gravity tanks, pressure tanks, fire dep .ar~" or combinations of these, in order to provide,4~t pressure and quantity at the outlets. "l 'here~'~"~ pipe systems that are only supplied by fire depar~

4-2.2 Fire personnel should determine the needed p ~ : b ~ ' a n d quantity of water at the highest outlets, and develop p r ~ d u r e s to provide appropriate amounts of water for fire fighting ~ [ l e n using the system.

4-2.3 Alternate means of supplying water to the fire area should be identified in case the system is unusable or needs to be supplemented at the time of a fire.

4-2.4 Fire departments, when possible, should avoid drafting from open water sources into sprinkler systems and standpipe systems where such systems are connected to potable water supplies unless appropriate backflow protection equipment is installed.

4-3 Fireground. Operations Involving Properties Protected by Standpipe Systems.

4-3.1 Fire department personnel should carefully plan operations in properties protected by standpipe systems designed to supply fire department hose streams. These procedures should be similar to operations in buildings protected by automatic sprinklers. Many buildings may have sprinkler systems, standpipe systems, or a combination of these systems.

4-3.2 Standpipes should be utilized where fires occur on floors above the reach of ground or aerial ladders and where valuable time will be lost in stretching lines up stairways. Careful pre- incident and on-scene fireground planning should be performed to assure successful operations.

4-$.$ In cases where standpipe systems provide fire department connections, lines from a pumper supplied by a water main should be connected and chargedto the pressure required to give the

-,desired working pressure on the standpipe oudets being used. Where there are several independent standpipes for fire department use in the fire area, each standpipe should be charged. (See Figure 4-3.3.)

([ I~IREDEP'~ ". ]] CONNECTION [I ~I',~qqDPIP~ jj

4-3.4* When the numn

~" Standpipe connection.

fire department standpipe connection, gpnsi.der the following factors when

in the h ~ e line between the pump and the

(b) F r i c t i ~ . . ' . k O the standpipe system ~ . . : ~ " ~ r e . ~ due to elevation of the nozzle(s)

~ Mr and size of attack lines operating from the standpipe

: :%~.ressure desired at the nozzle(s)

" ~ p discharge pressure in excess of 14 bar (200 psi) should not . ~ used unless the standpipe system has been designed to withstand higher pressures.

Fire suppression personnel should be familiar with options and acceptable practices available to them in response to varying configurations and locations of standpipe outlets.

4-$.5 Hose or ~house lines" attached to standpipe outlets should not be used except in the case of extreme emergency. Fire ~eerSonnel should provide hose and nozzles of appropriate size and

ngth along with proper accessory equipment for the anticipated fire conditions.

4-$.6 Limitations of communication devices should be identified and resolved during pre-incident planning, including the essential ability to maintain effective portable radio communications between the incident command post and officers on the upper floors.

4-3.7 Where private water supplies serve the standpipe system, fire personnel should make certain that supply valves are open and private fire pumps, if any, are operating properly.

4-$.8 Fire personnel proceeding up stairs should observe all hose outlet valves on lower floors to see that they are closed.

Chapter 5 Impairments

5-1 Impairment Procedures. When a sprinkler system or wet hose standpipe system is found to be impaired, fire deparunent

rocedures should be followed as covered in Chapter 11 of NFPA , Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of Water-

Based Fire Protection Systems.* Each building owner should appoint an impairment coordinator

for the purpose of authorizing p lanned impairments and dealing with emergency impairments, wt~en an impairment occurs, the following procedure should be performed by the impairment coordinator:

749

N F P A 1 3 E - - F 9 9 R O P

1. Determine the extent and expected duration of the impairment.

2. Determine the increased risk in the areas of the building affected.

3. Submit recommendations to the owner/manager of the building for dealing with the risk.

4. Notify the fire department and the dispatch center for emergency services.

5. Notify the insurance carrier, the alarm company, building owner/manager, and other involved authorities having jurisdiction.

6. Notify the supervisors in the area being affected.

7. Install an impairment tag on the affected control valve and fire department connection.

8. Assemble the necessary tools and materials to make the repair as soon as possible.

Once the impairment has been repaired, the following steps should be taken after restoring the system to service:

1. Conduct necessary inspections and tests to verify that the system is restored to operational condition.

2. Advise supervisors that the system has been restored.

3. Advise the fire department and dispatch center that protection has been restored.

4. Notify the insurance carrier, the building owner/manager, the alarm company, and any other AHJs or concerned parties that the system has been restored.

5. Remove the impairment tags.

Chapter 6 Reliability of Systems ~- ..-..-'~..,,,

6-1 System Status. Fire department personnel should know t.| "~%~ reliability of the system(s), as well as possible, ff the c o n c ~ of "~'-'~ the system(s) is questionable, a change in pre-plans, p r ~ .. ,:~J.~ and/or tactics should be required. A greater commilmeht "i~ ~4"Y"" resources to the initial fire attack should be consider.g~ ~s a ~I '"

~:..~,:,~.~ ~ possibility. .x ~i~i

Chapter 7 Buildings Under C ~ t i o n . ~ . "~!

7-1 Site Visits. Fire department personnel ~ " shot ~ i de ~o'f continuous pre-plan visits to high rise buildings m on :tion to evaluate speoal needs in accordance with the p: Chapter 5 of NFPA 241, Standard for Safeguarding Const ~tion, Alteration, and Demolition Operations. 4

Chapter 8 Inspection and Testing Requirements

8-1 Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance for Sprinkler and Standpipe Systems. Existing buildings systems should be evaluated by fire deparunent or appropriate building personnel in accordance with NFPA 25, Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems.

Chapter 9 Referenced Publications

9-1 The following documents or portions thereof are referenced within this recommended practice and should be considered as part of its recommendations. The edition indicated for each referenced document is the current edition as of the date of the NFPA issuance of this recommended practice. Some of these documents might also be referenced in this recommended practice for specific informational purposes and, therefore, are also listed in Appendix B.

9-1.1 NFPA Publications, National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, P.O. Box 9101, Quincy, MA 02269-9101.

NFPA 25, Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems, 1998 edition.

or Sail arding Construction, and NFPA 241, Standard fi . . Alteration, Demolition Operations, 1996 e~ifion.

Appendix A Explanatory Material

Appendix A is not apart of the recommendations of this NFPA document but is included for informational purposes only. This appendix contains explanatory materiag numbered to correspond with the applicable text paragraph~..

~:,'~.-'.-~.~ A-2-3.4 It might b~.~.'?ces2~i~¢ to alter the pressure of 10.0 bar (150 psi) to properly s ~ f o a m ~ - w a t e r sprinkler systems, hydraulically calculated s p r i ~ e ~ " ~ I n s , or high-rise systems. Performance of certain svstem~k:chj~ ' :~.~-water sprinkler systems or hydraulics" ~ ¢ , t t ~ u ~p~.~kle~:. systems, can be adversely affected

: ~ )r~sures bey~ n by i ~'d[ ~ e desig limits of the system.

A-4- ~e ~ r t m e n t standpipe outlets axe required by NFPA ~ i ~ Installation 14, Stan of Standpipe and Hose Systems, to be

located in t'gtair towers, adjacent to the horizontal exits, and ~ e a r entran~ ~ > # f i t access corridors. However, in some cases, i::'~'~_.ndpipe tit be located on the exterior of the building, ~ ~ . a c i . j ! ~ e r , t to outside stairs or fire escapes. Accepted : ' ~ . ~ hdpipe operations is to connect the fire department

] ~ " ~ u t let located at least one floor below the fire and to a ~ c e ~ e line up the flight of stairs. This is done so that an

~ a ~ fire on the fire floor will not drive fire fighters away from ~ d p i p e connection. Where additional lines are needed,

l...~/inections can be made to lower outlets.

A-5-1 An impairment is generally defined as a shutdown of a system or portion thereof. There are two types of impairments - - emergency or planned. An emergency impairment results from an unexpected occurrence. A planned impairment is scheduled for the purposes of repair or revisions.

Appendix B Referenced Publication

B-1 The following document or portions thereof is referenced within this recommended practice for informational purposes only and is thus not considered part of its recommendations. The edition indicated here for each reference is the current edition as of the date of the NFPA issuance of this recommended practice.

B-I.I NFPA Publication. National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, P.O. Box 9101, Quincy, MA 02269-9101.

NFPA 14, Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems, 1996 edition.

750

" N F P A 1 4 1 0 m F 9 9 R O P

P ~ T H ~ (Log #CP1)

1410- 1 - (Entire Document): Accept SUBMITTER: Technical Committee on F'we Service Training

I RECOMMENDATION: The Technical Committee on Fire Service Training proposes a complete revision to NFPA 1410, Standard on Training for Initial Fire Attack, as shown at the end of this report.

When adopted the document will be retitied NFPA 1410, Standard on Training for Initial Emergency Scene Operations. SUBSTANTIATION: Training evolutions Involving truck company operations have been included in this edition of the standard. COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept. NUMBER OF COMMrrTEE MEMBFJ~ ELIGIBLE TO VOTE: 22 VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION:


NFPA 1410

Standard on

Training for Initial Emergency Scene Operations

2000 Edition

. NOTICE: An asterisk ( ) following the number or letter designating a paragraph indicates that explanatory material on the paragraph can be found in Appendix A.

Information on referenced publications can be found in Chapter 8 and Appendix C.

Chapter 1 Administration

1-1 Scope.

1-1.1" This standard contains the minimum requirements for evaluating training for initial fwe suppression and rescue procedures used by tire department personnel engaged i ~ emergency scene operations.

evolutions that b e ed I-1.2 This standard" specifies basic can to local conditions and serves as a standard m e ~ evaluation of minimum acceptable performanfd initial fire suppression and rescue a c t i v i t i ~ ~

1-2 Purpose. Vo 1-2.1" This document is a training standard desi: vide tire departments with an objective method of me

rescue I~ performance for initial tire. suppression and edures using available personnel and equipment.

I-2.2 Nothing herein is intended to restrict any jurisdiction from exceeding these minimum requirements.

1-3 Definitions.

Aerial Fire Apparatus. A vehicle that is equipped with an aerial ladder, an elevating platform, an aerial ladder platform or a water tower and that is designed and equipped to support fire-fighting and rescue operations by providing for positioning of personnel, handling of materials, continuous egress, or discharging of water at positions elevated from the ground.

Attack Line. A hose line used primarily to apply water directly onto a fire and operated by a sufficient number of personnel so that it can be maneuvered effectively and safely.

Backup Line. An additional hose line used to reinforce and protect personnel in the event the initial attack proves inadequate.

Company. The basic fire-fighting organizational unit staffed by various grades of fire fighters under the supervision of an officer and assigned to one or more specific pieces of apparatus.

Effective Operation. The accomplishment or ability to accomplish the intended tasL

Effective Stream. A fire stream that has achieved and sustained the proper flow.

L/En~. e. A fire department pumper having a rated capacity of 2840 n (750 gpm) or more.

Engine Company'. A group of fire tighten who work as a unit and are equipped with one or more pumping engines having rated capadties of 2840 L/min (750 gpm) or more.

EvoluAion. A set of prescribed actions that result in an effective tire ground activity.

gpm. Gallons per minute.

IDLH atmosphere. Acronym for immediately dangerous to life and health, as defined in Section 5-3, Respiratory Protection, of NFPA 1500, Standard on Fire D~pa~raent O c c t ~ o n a l Safs~y and Health Program.

Initial Attack Line. The t in t hose stream placed in service by a company at the scene of a fire in order to protect lives or to prevent further extension of fire while additional lines are being laid and placed in position.

kPa. gilopascals.

systems,

Leader i n a w ~

L/min

hose 89 mm (~.5 in.) or larger that is lltlumes of water to supply master stream rants, manifolds, standpipe and sprinkler

from hydrants and in relay. lent pumpers

,ff~pY~l~g one or more smaller lines, as t ' line).

s of connected tire hose.

minute.

. e r • t • pp ly Apparatus (Tanker, Tender). A vehicle

y for transporting (pickup, transportation, and fire emergency scenes to be applied by other

pumping equipment.

ted Line. A discharge hose line already attached to an

psi. Pounds per square inch gauge.

Rapid Intervention Team (PAT). Two or more tire tighten assigned outside the hazard area at an interior structure fire to assist or rescue at an emergency operation as required by 6-4.4 of NFPA 1500, Star~rd on Fire D ~ m ~ a t O~t~atios~ Satire,) and Health Program.

Rescue. Those activities directed at locating endangered persons at an emergency incident, removing those persons from danger, treating the injured, and providing for transport to an appropriate health care facility.

Rescue Company. A group of fire t ighten who work as a unit and are equipped with one or more rescue vehicles.

Rescue Vehicle. A special vehicle, also known as a heavy rescue or squad, equipped with tools and equipment to perform one or more types of special rescue such as building collapse, confined space, high angle, vehicle extrication, and water rescue.

Residual Pressure. The pressure remaining in a system while fluid is flowing.

Shall. Indicates a mandatory requirement.

Should. Indicates a recommendation or that which is advised but not required.

Standard. A document, the main text of which contains only mandatory provisions using the word "shall" to indicate requirements and which is in a form generally suitable for mandatory reference by another standard or code or for adoption into law. Nonmandatory provisions shall be located in an appendix, footnote, or fine-print note and are not to be considered a part of the requirements of a standard.

751

N F P A 1 4 1 0 - - F9 9 R O P

Supply Line. One or more lengths of connected fire hose, also called a leader line, used to provide water to wyed lines or to the intake of a pump.

Truck. A common fire service term for aerial fire apparatus.

Truck Company. A group of fire fighters who work as a unit and are equipped with one or more pieces of aerial fire apparatus.

1-4 Units. In this standard, values for measurements are followed by an equivalent in parentheses, but only the first stated value should be regarded as the requirement. Equivalent values in parentheses should not be considered as the requirement, since these values might be approximate.

Chapter 2 Methods of Evaluation

2-1 Standard Evolutions.

2-1.1" The evolutions specified in this standard shall be used to measure the initial capability of a department 's first responding unit(s) and personnel.

2-1.2 The evolutions used shall be those the depar tment normally uses in its regular fire suppression and rescue operations.

2-1.3 The hose layouts and hydrant connections used shall provide the flow necessary to adequately supply the requiremegts of each evolution, and proper hose connections shall be made between the hydrant(s) or other water source(s) and the engine(s) and inlets.

2-1.4 The engine and truck company operations shall provide a mechanism to measure the performance of routine tasks that are required to support an effective fire suppression operation in a structure.

2-2 Hose Loads and Layouts.

2-2.1 Hose shall be loaded in the manner utilized by the department, and hose lays and carries used during .the evolutions shall be those normally used by the department.

2-2.2 The initial attack lines shall be preconnected to an outlet, supplied through a wye from another line, or con an engine outlet at the scene. <:

2-2.3" Direct hydrant streams shall not be used unless ' th# flow is available at the hydrant with a residual pressure of (100 psi) or greater. . . ~

2-2.4 Depending on the size of the hose l i g ~ o be u s e ~ t h q ~ x q quantity of water to be delivered, the p r o l ~ b e r of p d ~ n n e l shall be assigned to ensure the safety of all p e r s ~ l ~ # invol,~:l and shall be in compliance with 6-4.1 of NFPA 1500, ~:~ard.~0$i Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health Pw~ram. ~ u m of two fire fighters shall be used on each hose line to k ~ i n t e r i o r attack lines under control.

2-3 Ground Ladders.

2-3.1 Ladders shall be loaded or carried on the apparatus in the manner utilized by the department, and ladder raises and carries used during the evolutions shall be those normally used by the department.

2-3.2* Depending on the size of the ladder to be used and the evolution to be performed, the proper number of personnel shall be assigned to ensure the safety of all personnel involved.

Chapter 3 Logistics

3-1 Facilities.

3-1.1 Evolutions shall be conducted in an area of sufficient size so that supply hose can be laid to or from the water source and attack lines can be laid from an engine or wye.

3-1.2 Where evolutions are not conducted at the fire department training fadlity or in another controlled area, non-fire department vehicular and pedestrian traffic shall be excluded from the area or shall be under the control of authorized traffic control persons.

3-2.3* All drivers/c participating in evoj Section 4-2, D r i v ~ NFPA 1500, S t ~ Health Protrroa~ ::?:

3-1.$ Evolutions that involve the use of ladders shall be performed in an area free of overhead power lines and other obstrucdons.

3-2 Equipment and Personnel.

3-2.1 All personnel involved in evolutions shall wear proper protective clothing and equipment for their respective functions. All personnel participating in extending or operating handlines or extending support lines or who are involved in other operational functions of the evolutions shall wear full protective clothing, equipment, and self-contained breathing apparatus as specified in Section 5-2, Protective Clothing for Structural Fire Fighting, and Section 5-3, Respiratory Protection, of NFPA 1500, Standard on Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health Program.

3-2.2* In addition to the requirements set forth under 3-2.1, in interior structural fires, the company officer shall ensure that the following are accomplished:

(a) At least two fire fighters enter the IDLH atmosphere and remain in visual or voice contact with each other at all times.

(b) At least two fire fighters are located outside the IDLH atmosphere.

(c) All fire fighters engaged in interior structural fire fighting use self-contained breathing apparatus.

operators of fire department vehicles in e v o k e s shall comply with the requirements of

D ~ ' O ~ ' l ~ l ~ a t o r s of Fire Department Apparatus, of S t y . on Fire Department Occupational Safer 3 and

3-2.4 A l ~ e i r i ~ n o ~ r e depar tment vehicles and p a r t i c ~ d n g l l $ e v o l u t i o ~ l l comply with the applicable r e q k ~ m e t ~ , of Section . ~ ; Drivers/Operators of Fire

~ t ~ r a t u s , of NFPA 1500, Standard on Fire Department gl~'up and Health Program.

3-2.5* Th '-$~kq~.l~r of units and personnel normally assigned to ~ n d o n ~ t i a l alarm shall report to the evaluator at the

arc .~" In volunteer or call deparunents, the number of ized fil shall be limited to the average staffing level that

.-sponds.

~o The number of apparatus to be deployed shall not exceed tal belonging to all companies that are normally assigned to

ipond on the initial alarm. For example, where companies are ~quipped with two pieces of al~paratus, they shall operate in the

normal manner, using both pieces.

3-2.7 Nozzles and other equipment used shall be of the type provided on the apparatus.

3-3 Water Supply.

3-3.1 The water supply shall consist of a water source capable of supplying the required flow needed for operations.

3-$.2 The water supply shall be one or more of the following: one or more hydrants, a drafting location, or a water supply apparatus.

Chapter 4 Required Performance for Handfines

4-1 General.

4-1.1" The required performance for handlines shall consist of obtaining a water supply through one or two supply lines, placing one initial attack line into operation, and providing immediate back-up with another line.

4-1.2 Handline evolutions shall be performed by the first arriving unit(s) staffed with average number of personnel that ordinarily respond.

, 4-1.$ For evolutions involving two or more companies, there shall be a delay of at least 30 seconds between the arrival of each company.

4-2 Required Flow.

4-2.1 The total flow of the required streams shall be a minimum of 1000 L /min (300 gpm).

752

N F P A 1 4 1 0 - - F 9 9 R O P

4-2.2 The initial attack line shall provide a min imum flow of 400 L/ ra in (100 gpm) from the nozzle.

4-2.3 The required flow from the backup line shall be a min imum of 750 L / m i n (200 gpm).

4-2.4* The evaluator shall de te rmine whether effective pressure and flows, pe r 4-2.1 - 4-2.3, are provided at each nozzle. Where solid stream nozzles are used, the nozzle pressure shall be at least 350 kPa (50 psi). Where spray nozzles as def ined in NFPA 1964, Standard for Spray Nozzles (Shutoff and Tip), are used, the nozzle pressure shall be at least 700 kPa (100 psi). Pressures shall be within a range of+10 percent.

Exception: Where the nozzle in use is designed for operation at a pressure other than 100 psi, the nozzle design pressure shall be permitted to be used.

4-3 Hose Evolutions.

4-3.1 The supply line(s) shall be laid by an engine for a distance of 100 m (300 it) to or fi'om the water source. Where large-diameter hose is used, a single line shall be permitted.

4-3.2* The initial attack line and backup line shall be advanced by hand for a min imum distance of 50 m (150 ft) before streams are activated.

4-3.3* Where an apparatus water tank supply is used to supply the initial attack line, the backup line shall not be charged until an adequate water supply is established.

4-4 Method of Evaluation.

4-4.1 When the order to begin the evolution is given, one or more supply lines, one initial attack line, and one backup line shall be advanced and placed in operation, using the required pressures and flows within the r e c o m m e n d e d time period.

4-4.2 The evaluation shall be based on the following considerat ions:

(a) The ability to place one or two supply lines, one initial i :.~_,k line, and one backup line into service without delay .::!.i~ ~

(b) The ability to deliver a min imum of 1135 L / m i n A ~ g ..~.'.1~....-: through two handlines to produce effective streams "~"~-~!~!

4-4.3 Once streams are placed into service, t h e . ~ l continue until the evaluation is complete. :~#e " ~ ~ !

l'~all be col i~ 44.4* Failure to adequately supply an engm~.,..,,.,.~,:._ serious deficiency in operations. , : .~ . : . ~

44.5* Failure to maintain water pressure in any li ~'#~tt"~l'"~ lines u n a c o ~ [ are properly operat ing shall be considered an Me

interrupt ion o f the attack. Interruptions of less than~]'0 seconds shall be considered acceptable.

44.6 The evolution shall not be concluded until the evaluator is satisfied that an effective stream has been obtained at each nozzle.

4-5* Evaluation. Performance shall be evaluated as follows:

V

i a

(a) Was a min imum of 1000 L / m i n (300 gpm) delivered? (b) Were nozzle pressures and flows correct? (c) Were effective streams in service within the r e c o m m e n d e d time? (d) Were the hose layouts f rom the water source adequate to supply

engines? (e) Were streams operated without major interruption?

5-1.2 Master stream evolutions shall be per formed by the first arrrivin~ unit(s) staffed with the average number of personnel that ordinarily respond. 5-1.$* For evolutions involving two or more companies, there shall be a $0-second delay between the arrival of each company.

5-2 Required Flow.

5-2.1 The total flow of the required master swearn shall be a min imum of 2000 L/ ra in (500 gpm).

5-2.2* The evaluator shall de termine that effective pressures and flows, per 5-2.1, are provided at the master stream appliance nozzle. Where solid stream nozzles are used, the nozzle pressure shall be at least 450 kPa (80 psi). Where spray nozzles [as def ined in NFPA 1964, Standard for Spray Nozzles (Shutoff and Tip) are used, the nozzle pressure shall be at least 700 kPa (100 psi). Pressures shall be within a range of _+10 percent.


5-3.1 Where engine supply lines are laid f rom a water source to supply an engine-mounted master stream appliance, two engine supply lines shall be laid by the engine for a distance of 100 m (300 ft). Where large-diameter hose is used, a single engine supply line shall be permitted.

5-$.2 Where m a s t e ~ m supply lines are laid f rom a demounted , p o ~ f b ffih~Cer stream appliance to an engine at a water source, ~ t e r stream supply lines shall be lind by the engine for a ~ ' . . ' . . . . ~ 100 m (30Oft). Where large-diameter hose is used, a .sgg..':~'.~.. m a s ' ~ , . ~ e a m supply line shall be permitted.

5-4

supply~'.'~.". by the e the master

order t o b e g i n the evolution is ~iven, one or more ~t be lald to supply the engine(sT, and, if required a, one or more supply lines shall be laid to supply ~ : a p p l i a n c e . The master stream appliance shall be ~ v e operation, with the stream at the required lows within the r e c o m m e n d e d time period.

shall be based on the following

The ability to supply the master stream appliance without

(b) The ability to deliver at least 2000 L/ ra in (500 gpm) and produce an effective master stream

5-4.$ Once streams are placed into service, the flows shall continue until the evaluation is complete.

5-4.4* Failure to adequately supply an engine shall be considered a serious deficiency in operations.

5-4.5* Failure to maintain water pressure in any line until all lines are properly operat ing shall be considered an unacceptable interrupt ion o f the attack. Interrupt ion of less than 10 seconds shall be considered acceptable.

5-4.6 The evolution shall no t be concluded until the evaluator is satisfied that an effective stream has been obtained.

Satisfactory Unsatisfactory

Chapter 5 Required Performance for Master Streams

5-1 General.

5-1.1" The required performance for master streams shall consist of laying one or more supply lines and placing a master stream appliance in operation.

5-5* Evaluation. Performance shall be evaluated as follows:

753

N F P A 1 4 1 0 - - F 9 9 R O P

(a) Was a minimum of 1900 L /min (500 gpm) delivered? (b) Were nozzle pressures and flows correct? (c) Were effective streams in service within the recommended time? (d) Were the hose layouts adequate to supply the nozzles? (e) Were streams operated without major interruption?


Chapter 6 Required Performance for Automatic Sprinkler System Support

6-1 General.

6-1.1" The required performance for automatic sprinkler system support shall consist of providing two supply lines to an automatic sprinkler connection.

6-1.2 Automatic sprinkler system support evolutions shall be performed by the first arriving unit(s) staffed with the average number of personnel that ordinarily respond.

6-1.3" For evolutions employing two or more companies, there shall be a $0-second delay between the arrival of each company.

6-2 Required Flow.

6-2.1 The total flow of the required lines to the sprinkler connection shall be 1900 L /min (500 gpm).

, 6-2.2 The evaluator shall determine that effective pressures and flows, per 6-2.1, are provided to the sprinkler connections. A minimum of 1035-kPa (150-psi) pump discharge pressure shall be used to supply the sprinkler system. Pressures shall be within a range of +10 percent.


6-3.1 The supply lines shall be laid by an engine for a distance of 92 m (300 it) to or from the water source, and for a distance of 30.5 m (100 ft) from an engine to the sprinkler connection.

.:.-;::-::::::.. .~'.: :'" i~.-T 6-3.2 Apparatus water tanks shall not be used as a water s ~

these evolutions. --:-$'~ :~!

64 Method of Evaluation. " ~ " ~,:-~.~

6-4.1 When the order to begin the evolution . , # i s . . . . t ~ e r .~!~ supply shall be established for the engine(s).~o tw{ ~.~:~ hne~{~ laid to the sprinkler connection. ~ ? . - : "~":,~g~...:..~

6-4.2* The evaluation shall be based on the a ~ teli.v.#, i " ' ~ a minimum of 1900 L /min (500 gpm) through oXt~ dyl~es to the sprinkler connections.

6-4.3 The flows shall continue until the evaluation ~ :omplete.

6.4.4 Failure to adequately supply the sprinkler system shall be considered a serious deficiency in operations.

6-4.5* Failure to maintain water pressure in any line until all lines are properly operating shall be considered an unacceptable interruption. Interruptions of less than 10 seconds shall be considered acceptable.

6-4.6 The evolution shall not be concluded until the evaluator is satisfied that the proper flows have been provided.

6-5" Evaluation. Performance shall be evaluated as follows:

(a) Was a minimum of 1135 L/min (300 gpm) delivered? (b) Was the pump discharge pressure correct? (c) Were flows obtained within the recommended time? (d) Were the hose layouts from the water source adequate? (e) Were flows obtained without major interruption?

7-1 General.

Chapter 7 Required Performance for Truck Company Operations

7-1.1 The required performance for truck company operations shall consist of raising ladders, transporting equipment, setting up lights and fans, and carrying out other routine truck company duties.

7-1.2 Truck company operations shall be performed by the first arriving company assigned truck company duties staffed with the average number of personnel that ordinarily respond.

7-1.5 ff the unit assigned to perform truck company operations does not routinely arrive at the same time as the first engine company, a 30-secon~ delay shall be inplemented.

7-2 Ladde

7-2.1 The consist of I

7-2.2 l unit(s)

• i r e • o r m a n c e for ground ladder evolutions shall g" ~.~i g ~ ~ r n ; ~ p r ° p r i a t e ladder from the apparatus and

aisiim a straight ladder, a 7-m (24-ft) [~r, a n d a ' . ~ ' ~ g S - f t ) e x t e n s i o n l a d d e r . The Lo raise a la~-t,'r shall be consistent with the method ~ the department.

evolutions shall be performed by the first arriving the average number of personnel that ordinarily

7 . - . : ~ ' ~ o l u t i o n s involving two or more companies, there shall !:.~ a 30,#'i:ond delay between the arrival of each company.

~ * Time measurement shall begin when the evaluator says "go" . ~ shall conclude when the ladder is ready to be climbed.

"7-3 Hoisting Tools and Appliances.

7-$.1 The ability of company members to tie the following knots and hitches shall be evaluated:

(a) Clove hitch (b) Figure eight (c) Figure eight on a bight (d) Sheet bend (e) Single overhand

7-$.2 The evaluator shall select a minimum of two hoisting evolutions. The evolution shall begin when the evaluator says "go" and conclude when the evaluator is satisfied that the knot or hitch has been properly tied and the tools/appliance has been hoisted a minimum of 5 m (15 ft).

7 4 Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus.

74.1 The required performance shall consist of the company donning their SCBA correctly, and the designated evaluator shall determine whether the}, donned their protective gear correctly and within the prescribed tame.


754

N F P A 1 4 1 0 - - F 9 9 R O P

7-4.2 The evolution shall begin when the evaluator says "go" and conclude when the evMuator determines that each member 's SCBA is operating properly, all belts and straps are fastened, the face- piece is properly sealed, and that all protective clothing is being worn correcdy and with no skin exposed.

7-5 Ventilation and Illumination of an Incident.

7-5.1 The required performance for this evolution shall consist of starting an auxiliary generator, advancing portable flood lights to the second floor of a building, illuminating the exterior of the structure, and setting up a fan or cutting a hole in a roof mock-up to simulate the evacuauon of smoke from the structure.

7-5.2 The evolution shall begin when the evaluator says "go" and conclude when the ev.duator determines that all of the assigned tasks have been properly performed.

7-6 Method of Evaluation.

7-6.1 When the order is given to begin the evolution, the appropriate ladder, tool, or piece o f equipment shall be removed from the apparatus and shall be raised or deployed in the appropriate manner as prescribed for the evolution to be performed.

7-6.2 Evaluations of hoisting evolutions shall be based on the company's ability to properly perform the assigned task within the prescribed time period.

7-6.$ Evolutions shall not be concluded until the evaluator is satisfied that the proper tasks have been performed.

7-7 Evaluation. Performance shall be evaluated as follows:

the number of personnel normally assigned to perform the initial operations at the scene of an emergency incident.

A-l-2.1 The following two aspects of inidal fire attack are covered in this standard:

(a) Engine company operations, including handline operations, supply and operation of master streams, and automatic fire sprinkler system support

(b) Truck company operations, including ladder evolutions, the use of hoisting tools and appliances, the use of self-contained breathing apparatus, and ventilation and illumination of an incident

Individual fire-fighting evolutions involving the placement and connection of hose lines, the operation of hose streams and apparatus, the setting of ground ladders, the use of hoisting tools and appliances, the use of serf-contained breathing apparatus, and ventilation and illumination of an incident are the essentials of good fire department procedures. This standard provides the fire chief and other department officers with a method of measuring the effectiveness of evolutions that involve fire suppression and related tasks based on their normal first alarm engine and truck company response.

With the exception of very small communities and isolated rural areas, the standard response to an emergency incident on the initial alarm is g e n ~ . a minimum of two engine companies and a truck company;...~.x6~rh~i°~re several reasons for this practice. First, one engine c o ~ ordinarily cannot be expected both to operate the proper s ~ ~ n p t l y for fast attack and to provide the necessary .[~3.~. P s ~ ( s ) , and experience frequently has shown

(a) Were the ladders raised and set properly? (b) Was the SCBA donned properly? (c) Was the appropriate light, saw, fan, tool, or piece of e¢

properly used? (d) Was the appropriate knot or hitch tied correctly? (e) Were the evolutions performed within the designat~4~.

Unsatisfactory

Chapter 8 Referenced Publications " " ~ ' ~ "

following documents or portions t h e r e , ~ r e n ~ . x : : 8-1 The within this standard as mandatory r equ i r eme~ ' : and s ~ "~ considered part of the requirements of t h k g . ~ d a r d . Th~'e~jtiot indicated for each referenced mandatory ~ n t is At~e£.i . ~ e e n t edition as of the date of the NFPA issuance of :tiJl~,tandar~ Some of these mandatory documents might also be r e f d ~ e d ~ h i s also standardlistedfOr in specific Appendixinf°rmati°nalG. purposes and, % . , ~ 4. e, are

8-1.1 NFPA Publications. National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, PO Box 1901, Quincy, MA 02269-1901.

NFPA 1500, Standard on Fire Department Occupational SafeO) and Health Program, 1997 edition.

NFPA 1964, Standard for Spray Nozzles (Shutoff and Tip), 1998 edition.

8-1.2 U.S. Government Publication. U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of Documents, Washington, DC 20402.

U.S. Department of Labor, 29 CFR 1910.134, "Respiratory Protection."

Appendix A Explanatory Material

Appendix A is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document but is included for informational purposes on O. This appendix contains explanatory materiag numbered to correspond with the applicable text paragraphs.

A-I-I.I It is recognized that most successful emergency scene operadous efforts involve a coordinated engine, ladder, and rescue company operation. When performing the evolutions included in this standard for the purpose of training, departments should use

• h a t small streams often prove to be inadequate. Second, fires :ommonly necessitate prompt application of hose streams from at least two positions. Finally, the possibility that an accident or mechanical failure will delay the arrival of one company is always present.

A-2-1.1 With the exception of those evolutions that use aerial trucks, only the number of personnel who normally respond on the initial alarm and are assigned to perform engine company operations should perform the evolutions required by this standard. For evolutions involving aerial trucks, personnel normally assigned to perform ladder operations on alarms should also be included.

A-2-2.$ The purpose of these evolutions is to test the fire department 's ability to promptly place into service fire suppression streams with correct flows and nozzle pressures. Direct streams other than from high-pressure hydrants usually do not provide the proper flows and nozzle pressures. Where this practice is used, serious delays often are encountered before effective streams are in service. Therefore, this practice is not considered valid by this standard.

A-2-$.2 Departments should adopt standard operating procedures that identify the types of ladder raises to be used by the department and to specify the minimum number of personnel to raise the various ground ladders used by the department. For example, one person is required to raise a 5-m (14-ft) straight ladder, one person is required to raise a 7-m (24-ft) extension ladder, and three personnel are required to raise a 10-m (35-ft) extension ladder.

A-3-2.2 One of the two individuals located outside the IDLH atmosphere might be assigned to an additional role, such as incident commander in charge of the emergency or safety officer, as long as this individual is able to perform assistance or rescue activities without jeopardizing the safety or health of any fire fighter working at the incident. Nothing in this section is meant to

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N F P A 1 4 1 0 m F9 9 R O P

preclude fire fighters from performing rescue activities before an entire team has been assembled.

A-3-2.3 It is recommended that fire departments conduct formal training for members assigned to drive apparatus. A comprehensive training program is outlined in NFPA 1451, Standard for a Fire Service Vehicle Operations Training Program.

A-$-2.5 Limiting emergency scene operations to those that can be safely conducted by the number of personnel on the scene is intended to reduce the risk of fire fighter death or injury due to understating. Although members can be assigned and can arrive at an incident scene in many ways, it is strongly recommended that interior fire-fighting operations not be conducted without an adequate number of qualified fire fighters operating in companies under the supervision of company officers available on the scene.

It is recommended that the minimum acceptable staffing level for a fire company responding to any type of fire consist of four members responding on or arriving with each engine or aerial ladder company. Companies responding in high fire risk areas should have a minimum acceptable staffing of six fire fighters on ladder companies and five fire fighters on engine companies. These recommendations are based on data from actual fires and in-depth fire simulations wherein fire company effectiveness was critically and objectively evaluated. These studies indicate significant reductions in performance and safety when crews have fewer members than recommended. Overall, five-member crews were found to provide a more coordinated approach for search and rescue and fire suppression tasks. (See NFPA 1500, Standard on Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health Program, A-6-4.1.)

A-4-1.1 Illustrations of handline evolutions that engine companies can use are given in Figures A-4-1.1 (a) through A-4-1.1 (f).

100 (380 t t 200 (760 L/rain) gpm L/min)~ ~gpm

150 ~ f t

_ 300ft . _ _ 1 , ~ Hydrant

Engine 3½ in. (8.9 cm) diameter or larger ~ : .

(380 100 2OO (760 L/min) gpm t ~ gpm L/min)

150 ft ~ 150 ft ~ Hydrant

WYE .j4~....__ 300 ft t Engine

3½ in. (8.9 cm) diameter or larger

Figure A-4-1.1(d) Reverse lay with one engine using a wye. Recommended maxtmum tlme: 4 minutes.

(380 (760 ~ / ~ L/rain) L/rain) ~ 100 A h 200 ~ gpm T T gpm ~ Pond 1 5 ~ ~ , ~ ~ , = ~ Engine

300 . 3½ in. (8.9 cm) diameter or larger

Figure !ting operation using two engines. maximum time: 6 minutes.

150 ft

~1 Engine

tank

F'tgure A-4-1.1(a) Forward lay using one engine a n c ~ line. Recommended maximum tlme: 3 minutes,

1 O0 (380 200 (760 gpm L/min) ~ ~ gpm L/min)

150fl | I 15Oft

Engine I " Hydrant

3½ In. (8.9 cm) diameter or larger

Figure A-4-1.1(b) Reverse lay from first engine with second engine. Recommended maximum time: 4 minutes.

(380 100 200 (760 L/min) gpm ¢ ¢ gpm L/min) Hydrant Hydrant | |

3½ In. (8.9 cm) diameter or larger--.-J

Figure A-4-1.1 (c) Forward mayamum " la YS.ttm e..m~.5 us" two minutes." en gi'nes . Recommended

re A-4-1.1(f) Portable water supply tank using one engine and supply apparatus. Recommended maximum time: 5 minutes.

A-4-1.$ Delaying the placement of the second and additional companies into service recognizes the fact that, in many cases, the companies do not arrive simultaneously. Delay can be due to such factors as volunteer response and traffic conditions. Additionally, this delay provides the evaluator with a greater opportunity to check the operations of second and additional companies. The 30-second delay is only a suggested procedure for the purposes of the test. The evaluator can increase the time interval to simulate conditions in which responding companies are located at great distances from one another.

Aab2.4 Pressure and flow can be determined by either Pitot gauge measurement, piezometer gauge readings, flowmeter readings, or pump discharge gauge readings based on known pressure requirements for the particular nozzles. Spray nozzles can be estimated based on their rated delivery if the proper pump pressure is provided.

A-4-$.2 The purpose of this evaluation is to demonstrate the ability to advance hose lines to necessary positions of operation. The evaluator should designate the positions from which streams will be operated.

A-4-3.3 Establishing an adequate water supply is a primary consideration of the pump operator, and charging the backup line without an adequate water supply can jeopardize the safety of the initial attack crew. There might be times when the backup line has to be charged from the booster tank; however, in these instances, the pump operator should be acutely aware of the flow rates of the lines in service and the capacity of the booster tank. Where units have booster tanks of 4000L (1000 gal) or more, or where multiple units are available to provide additional water, charging the backup line from a booster tank might be permitted.

756

N F P A 1 4 1 0 m F 9 9 R O P

A44.4 Failure to make adequate connections in order to prompdy utilize the available water supply is one of the most serious errors made during an initial attack on a fire. Placing streams into service quickly when they lack adequate volume and pressure cannot be considered as furnishing a standard initial fire attack. The most common cause of failure is dependence on a single 65-ram (2 1/2-in.) supply line to provide the necessary flow.

A-4-4.5 Up to 10 seconds of interruption can be permitted in order to manage situations such as transferring from tank to water supply or shifting lines from hydrants to pumps. Failure to obtain water from a hydrant before the booster tank is empty or to maintain flow when transferring from tank to hydrant supply is unacceptable.

A-4-5 Evaluation results should be useful to the evaluator when determining which areas require additional training in order to provide a standard initial fire attack capability. It should not be surprising if the first test of these evolutions produces less than satisfactory performance. Effective teamwork between companies for initial attack develops with practice.

A-5-1.1 Illustrations of master stream evolutions are given in Figures A-5-1.1(a) through A-5-1.1(e).

Monitor A500 gpm (1890 L/min) n o z z l ~ Hydrant

Engine

Elevated ~200 gpm (760 L/min) master stream 500 f l ~

~ 5 0 0 gpm ~ .

~ 1890 L/min) " ~ Hydrant

Aerial truck

3½ in. (8.9 om) diameter or larger 300 ft

Figure A-5-1.1(d) Reverse lay from elevated master stream using one engine and supplying one handllne. R e c o m m e n d e d maximum

time: 5.5 minutes.

500 gpm (1890 L/min)

Elevated master stream

lOOfl 300 ft

Hydrant

1 O0 ft Engine 300 ft

Figure A-5-1.1(a) Reverse lay from portable monitor nozzle using one engine. R e c o m m e n d e d maximum time: 5 minutes.

(1890 L/rain) 500 gpm = Monitor

Engin~ 300 ft Hydrant

300 fl

Figure A-5-1.1(b) Forward lay with one monitor. R e c o m m e n d e d maximum

a, Elevated ~#.::. #.'>.'~:~ 500 g p m ~ master stream < '%i~ f "

(1890 Umin) ~ , " ~ * • 7 Hydrant

3oo. •

Aerial truck ~ Engine

300 ft

Figure A-5-1.1(c) Reverse lay from elevated master stream using one engine. R e c o m m e n d e d maximum time: 4 minutes.

~.~." re ~5-1.1(e) Fon¢~tt~ lay using one engine to supply an " " d n ~ r s t ream'~ th two fines. Recommended maximum ! - time: s mlnut~.

A-5-1.3 ) ~ e placement of second and additional ~%qmpan!es ~ r v i c e recognizes the fact that, in many cases, the

~t arrive simultaneously. Delay can be due to such ~nteer response and traffic conditions. Additionally,

t~ecake~mso provides the evaluator with a greater opportunity to e operations of second and additional companies. The 30-

~ . ~ d delay is only a suggested interval for the purposes of the ~The evaluator can increase the time interval to simulate lditions in which responding companies are located at great

distances from one another.

A-5-2.2 Pressure and flow can be determined by either Pitot gauge measurement, piezometer gauge readings, flowmeter readings, or by pump discharge gauge readings based on known pressure requirements for the particular nozzles. Spray nozzles can be estimated based on their rated delivery if the proper pump pressure is provided.

A-5-4.4 Failure to make adequate connections in order to promptly utilize the available water supply is one of the most serious errors made during an initial attack on a fire. Placing streams into service quickly when they lack adequate volume and pressure cannot be considered as furnishing a standard initial fire attack. The most common cause of failure is dependence on a single 66-mm (2 1/2-in.) supply line to provide the necessary few. At least two 66-ram (2 1/2-in.) supply lines or one large supply hose would be necessary to carry the needed flows at the necessary pressures.

A-5-4.5 Up to 10 seconds of interruption can be permitted in order to manage situations such as transferring from tank to water supply or shifting lines from hydrants to pumps. Failure to obtain water from a hydrant before the booster tank is empty or to maintain flow when transferring from tank to hydrant supply is unacceptable.

757

N F P A 1410 - - F 9 9 R O P

A-5-5 Evaluation results should be useful to the evaluator when determining which areas require additional training in aerial ladder setup or in providing a high-volume, limited-duration offensive attack (blitz attack). It should not be surprising if the first test of these evolutions produces less than satisfactory performance. Effective teamwork between companies for a blitz attack develops with practice.

A-6-1.1 Illustrations of evolutions for automatic sprinkler system support are given in Figures A-6-1.1(a), (b), and (c).

(1890 I_/min)

Engine

Hydrant

Figure A-6-1.1(a) Forward lay to the sl?rinkler connection using two supply lines. Recommended maxtmum time: 3.5 minutes.

(1890 L/min)

500 gpmr. . . Sprinkler connection

D Hydrant

300 It Engine

Figure A-6-1.1 (b) Reverse lay from the .sprinkler connection two supply lines. Recommended m a x i m u m time: 3.5 m'.~

(1890 I_/min) 500 gpm Sprinkler connection

Engine 300 tt

81~ in. (8.9 cm) diameter or larger

F'tgure A-6-1.1(c) Forward lay to the sprinkler connection using large-diameter hose. Recommended maximum time: 3.5 minutes.

A-6-1.3 Delaying placement of the second and additional companies into service recognizes the fact that, in many cases, the companies do not arrive simultaneously. Delay can be due to such factors as volunteer response and traffic conditions. Delay provides the evaluator with a greater opportunity to check the operations of second and any additional companies. The 30-second delay is only a suggested interval for the purposes of the test. The evaluator can increase the time interval to simulate conditions in which responding companies are located at great distances from one another.

A-6-2.2 Pressure and flow can be determined by either Pitot gauge measurement, piezometer gauge readings, flow meter readings, or pump discharge gauge readings.

A-6-4.2 Failure to make adequate connections in order to promptly utilize the available water supply is one of the most serious errors made when supplying an automatic sprinkler system. The most common cause of failure is dependence on a single 66- mm (2 1/2-in.) supply line to provide the necessary flow.

A-6-4.5 Up to 10 seconds of interruption can be permitted to manage situations such as transferring from tank to water supply or shifting lines from hydrants to pumps. Failure to obtain water from a hydrant before the booster tank is empty or to maintain flow when transferring from tank to hydrant supply is unacceptable•

A-6-5 Evaluation results should be useful to the evaluator when determining which areas require additional training in order to provide water supply to an automatic sprinkler system. It should not be surprising if the first test of these evolutions produces less than satisfactory performance. Effective teamwork between companies for initial attack develops with practice.

Appendix B Evaluation Guide Sheets and Instructions

This appendix is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document but is included for informational purposes only•

B-1 The guide sheets that accompany Figures B-I.1 through B-l.14 are provided to assist training personnel when using the evolutions illustrated in Appendix A. All personnel involved in the evolutions should be properly clothed in the appropriate safety gear or fire- fighting protective clothing and equipment as specified in 3-2.1.

The total number of personnel used for each evolution should not exceed the number of persons who normally respond on the initial alarm in accordance with 4-1.2, 5-1.2, and 6-1•2• For those evolutions that use ~ . e . n g i n e company, the number of personnel assigned should ~!~lmi'~'t'~l to a single engine complement, unless more than one . ~ . , r e s p o n d s as part of that engine company on the mlual a l ~ ' . ~ r s o n n e l over the number that normally staff the first e . n g l ~ c o m " ~ . s h o u l d be delayed SO seconds before

B-l.l~Evoltktion No. 1.

100 ( 3 ~ : 200 (760 gpm L/n~"~: .# '~ gpm L/min)

150 ft "1 ~ 300 It

Engine 3½ in• (8.9 cm) diameter or larger Hydrant

Figure B-I.I Forward lay using one engine and one supply line.

Evolution No. 1 uses one engine company, one supply line, and two handlines. If the number of personnel used to perform this evolution exceeds the normal single-engine company staffing, the additional personnel should be delayed 30 seconds before becoming involved in the evolution.

(a) Stage engine company and assigned personnel away from the hydrant. When personnel are ready, give signal for engine to proceed to hydrant.

(b) START TIME WHEN ENGINE STOPS AT THE HYDRANT. (Do not allow additional personnel to start for 30 seconds.)

(c) Steps of operation:

1. Lay one supply line from the hydrant a distance of 90 m (300 ft).

2. Advance one attack line from the engine a distance of 45 m (150 ft).

$. Advance one back-up line from the engine a distance of 45 m (150 ft).

4. Operate all lines at proper pressures and flows.

(d) STOP TIME WHEN ALL LINES ARE SUPPLIED PROPERLY. [Record time in f i l l

(e) Equipment and personnel used in test:

758

NFPA 1410 - - F99 ROP

1. Size of supply line used? 2. Size of attack line used? 3. Size of backup line used? 4. N u m b e r of persons used?

(f) Total t ime o f evolution?

B-1.2 Evolution No. 2

(380 (760 L/rain) L/rain)

100 h h 200 gpm 7 ,~gpm

150 f ~

Engine

3½ In. (8.9 cm) diameter

Hydrant 300 ft

Figure B-1.2 Reverse lay f rom first engine with second engine. Connect ing second engine to hydrant is optional.

Evolution No. 2 uses two engines, one supply line, a n d two

second eng ine company a n d all personne l over the no rma l staffing of the first eng ine company.

(a) Stage engine companies a n d ass igned personne l away f rom the hydrants . W h e n personne l are ready, give signal for first eng ine c o m p a n y to p roceed to hydrant .

(b) START TIME WHEN ENGINE STOPS AT THE HYDRANT. (Do no t allow addi t ional pe r sonne l to start for 30 seconds.)


1. First eng ine lays one supply line f rom the hydran t a dis tance of 90 m (~00 ft).

2. One attack line is advanced f rom the first eng ine a dis tance of 45 m (150 ft).

$. Second engine lays one supply line f rom the hydran t a dis tance o f 90 m (300 ft).

4. One backup line is advanced f rom the second engine a dis tance of 45 m (150 ft).

5. Opera te all l ines at p roper pressures and flows.

4. STOP TIME WHEN ALL LINES ARE SUPPLIED PROPERLY. [Record t ime in (0 . ]

(e) E q u i p m e n t a n d personne l used in t e s t

handi ines . A 30-second delay shou ld be used to start the second . . . . . . . . 6~. - ) engine company and all personne l over the no rma l staffing of the ,~. ~]ze o t s u F p ~ y ~ s e : o ~ first en "ne corn an ... o ,~ ~ . . . ~ . . ~ ~ . gl P Y" 3. Size of b a ~ l . i n e used?

4 Numbee... a s used~ (a) Stage engines a n d ass igned personne l away f rom the . ~ g s . . s imula ted fire area. ~h~aen pe rsonne l are ready, give signal for first . . . . ..-.'~. ~ & ~ _.

• i t ) I o :" e ' : :~ . t e v o l s engine company to p roceed to the fire area. ~ ' ~ ~ . . < # .....# . ~ B - I . ~ v o " "on No . 4. .'::P" (b) START TIME WHEN FIRST ENGINE STOPS AT THE FIRE . ~ . ~ : ~ , ..$"¢

AREA. (Do no t allow second eng ine and addi t ional personne l to *:" "*~.:. ~-','."~. start for 30 seconds.) " ~ : : : "

1380 101~:-'::: 200 (760

(c) Steps of operation: %~...:.::..:..L./min) gp~y~¢: :*q gpm I_/min) % ; : i ~ . ..... i~$:" Hydrant

1. At the fire area, remove and advance one attack line a n d one ":.~!'. "':'::"$'~.~,~.0..~ $~:" ) ' 5O f t y backup line a m i n i m u m distance o f 45 m (150 ft) f rom the first % ,.¢)'s ""-'~-,.?.~:" ~ ^^^ ~

• . . ' ¢ ¢ . : - ~ X ¢ -.'-.':; ~ ~$::" ~UU U e n ~ n e . .--"*--'-:-".-'-"-'t~: "::-':.~" "-'-"¢, ~, ,- . ~ ' ~ - - - ~ 2. After a 30-second delay, give signal for second engm~t t~ '-%'::.~ .:,:~ . . . . I~ I::nnlna

• • -'~:.~" ~.::<<'¢ ":~.$2.~:.:::" / - - " ~ " ' ~ proceed to locaUon of first engine . .~-.:.:~ $~: ., ~!~-" ~,~ ~, m ~ ~ a : . - - . , . . . . , . . . . 3. W h e n second eng ine ~s s topped at first engine, stt~.{t~.~s~*-:.'~.'-:.'.-'.'.-" .... ".~:- ~" - - ~ . . ~ ~...~" .,~#~.-'.

r emoved f rom second eng ine and second eng ine proceeds :*J~i-~-.",.~i ~:?..:::, hydran t location . ..-:::~.-...-.~. - ""~-~ " • - . . . . • . . . . . . ~.'.'...'.-'.-:~.. ?:..-.'..-.-'~#.-;..::. .. Figure B-I.4 Reverse lay w~th one engine using a wye.

~uppty nose IS connec ted to n r s t engine, . . ~ e ] :" pty*.-'~i~i- -,':~ hose or second engine is connected to hydrLr.~:L.'::" ~ P "<~"" • • • • - - , ~ , : ; s " .. ~:-'.~:::~,.~ ..... .~.::..- Evoluuon No. 4 uses one enga ne company, one sup ly line, an d

5. O erate all hnes at ro er ressures . - ows. .~,x., ..- P P P P ~:~:..:......::.i~: $~.-.': two h a n d h n e s o era ted f rom a e. If the n u m b e r o ~ ersonnel .. :::::::.. p . . wy p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " : ~ . . . . . ~ L - - . used to pe r fo rm thts evoluUon exceeds the staffing for a normal

.~d ) 5 l O P l IME WttE,N ALL LINE;5 ARE ~ S U P ~ D F,...~FEKLY. s ingle-engine company, the addi t ional pe r sonne l shou ld be delayed t xeco rd u m e m tt) . l "~:.~-...:::.~.~-:-':" 30 seconds before becoming involved in the evolution.

(e) E q u i p m e n t a n d pe rsonne l used in t e s t

1. Size of supply lille used? 2. Size of attack line used? 3. Size o f backup line used? 4. N u m b e r of persons used?

(f) Total t ime of evolution?

.,.~i::"

B-l.3 Evolution No. 3.

(380 100 . 200 (760 L/min) gpm/~ ¢ gpm k/min) Hydrant Hydrant / |

L b-r/3oo"

3Yz in. (8.9 cm) diameter or larger---J

Figure B-I.3 Forward lays us ing two engines.

Evolution No. $ uses two engines , two hydrants , two supply lines, and two handl ines . A $0-second delay should be used to start the

(a) Stage engine company and assigned pe r sonne l away f rom the s imula ted fire area. W h e n personne l are ready, give signal for engine to p roceed to the fire area.

(b) START TIME WHEN ENGINE STOPS AT THE FIRE AREA. (Do no t allow addi t ional pe r sonne l to start for 30 seconds.)


1. At the fire area, remove two attack lines, wye, a n d leader line f rom the engine.

2. Lay leader line to hydran t a distance of 90 m (300 ft) and connec t eng ine to hydrant .

3. At the fire area, connec t attack line and backup line to wye and advance 45 m (150 ft).

4. Opera te all lines at p rope r pressures and flows.

(d) STOP TIME WHEN ALL LINES ARE SUPPLIED PROPERLY. [Record t ime in (f).]

(e) E q u i p m e n t and pe rsonne l used in test:

1. Size of supply line used? 2. Size of attack line used? 3. Size of backup llne used? 4. N u m b e r of persons used?

(f) Total t ime of evolution?

7 5 9

N F P A 1 4 1 0 - - F 9 9 R O P

B-1.5 Evolution No. 5.

(380 (760 ( ~ / ; L/min) L/rain) loo ^ A 200 ~

I l po.ti 150ft~,J150ft / Engine

3 o o . 3½ in. (8.9 cm) diameter or larger

Figure B-1.5 Drafting operations using two engines.

Evolution No. 5 uses two engines, one supply line, and two handlines. A 30-second delay should be used to start the second engine and all personnel over the normal staffing of the first engine.

(a) Stage engines and assigned personnel away from the simulated fire area. When personnel are ready, give signal for engine to proceed to the fire arem

(b) START TIME WHEN ENGINE STOPS AT THE FIRE AREA. (Do not allow additional personnel to start for 30 seconds.)


1. At tile fire area, remove and advance one attack line and one backup line a minimum distance of 45 m (150 ft) from the first engine.

2. After a 30-second delay, give signal for second engine to proceed to location of first engine.

3. When second engine is stopped at first engine, supply hose is removed from second engine and second engine proceeds to water source and sets up for drafting operations.

4. Operate all lines at proper pressures and flows.

(d) STOP TIME WHEN ALL LINES ARE SUPPLIED P R ~ [Record time in (0.] .~i

(e) Equipment and personnel used in test: ~::*'"*~:~!i ~ .-,.,.

1. Size of supply line used? . - - - - : . . . . . . , ~ ~?':~ii~ 2. Size of attack line used? 3. Size of backup line used? ~ : . . . ,~-~:.. 4. Number of persons used? ~ - " ; ' : " - : " - : : ~ ~

(O Total time of evolution?

B-1.6 Evolution No. 6.

(380 tO0 A /1200 (760 L/min) gpmi J 9prn L/min)

1 5 0 ~ 5 0 ft

~ Engine

~'-.--- Portable lank

Figure B-1.6 Portable water supply tank using one engine and water supply apparatus.

Evolution No. 6 uses one engine operating from a water supply tank, two handlines, and water supply apparatus. If the number of personnel usedto perform this evolution exceeds the staffing for a normal single-engine company and a water supply apparatus, the additional personnel should be delayed 30 seconds before becoming involved in the evolution.

(a) Stage engine company, water supply apparatus, and assigned personnel away from the simulated fire area. When personnel are ready, give signal for engine to proceed to fire area_

(b) START TIME WHEN ENGINE STOPS AT THE FIRE AREA. (Do not allow additional personnel to start for 30 seconds.)

3. Steps of operation:

1. At the fire area, remove and advance one attack line and one backup line a minimum distance of 45 m (150 ft) from the engine.

2. After a S0-second delay, locate water supply tank at fire area, fill tank, and establish water supply to engine.

3. Maintain water supply through continuous tanker operations. 4. Operate all lines at proper pressures and flows.

(d) STOP TIME WHEN ALL LINES ARE SUPPLIED PROPERLY. [Record time in (f).]


1. Size of supply line used? 2. Size of attack line used? 3. Size of backup line used? 4. Number of persons used?

(0 Total time of evq]ution?

B-1.7 Evolution

~m (1890 L/min)

........ 300 it Engine

L ~ ' v e r s e ~-'~.,i~re B-I lay from portable master stream apoliance ¢ " " ~ ' ~ . ~ using one engine. "

~:~volut~n No. 7 uses one engine, one portable master stream ~,p.~mce, and two supply lines. If the number of personnel used t ~ r f o r m this evolution exceeds the normal single-engine staffing, .tile additional personnel should be delayed 30 seconds before becoming involved in the evolution.

(a) Stage engine company and assigned personnel away from the simulated fire area. When personnel are ready, give signal for engine to proceed to fire area.

(b) START TIME WHEN ENGINE STOPS AT THE FIRE AREA~ (Do not allow additional personnel to start for 30 seconds.)


1. At the fire area, remove two supply lines from engine, locate the monitor device, and connect supply lines to the demounted, portable master stream appliance.

2. Lay two supply lines a distance of 90 m (300 ft) and connect engine to the hydrant.

3. Supply the master stream appliance at proper pressures and flows.

(d) STOP TIME WHEN THE MASTER STREAM APPLIANCE IS SUPPLIED PROPERLY. [Record time in item (f).]


1. Size of supply line used? 2. Size of attack line used? $. Size of backup line used? 4. Number of persons used?

(0 Total time of evolution?

B-1.8 Evolution No. 8

760

N F P A I 4 1 0 m F99 R O P

(1890 IJmin) 500 gpm Monitor

" ~ 3 0 0 it Hydrant

300 it

Figure B-1.8 Forward lay using one engine and an engine-mounted master stream appliance.

Evolution No. 8 uses one engine, an engine-mounted master stream appliance, and two supply lines. If the number of personnel used to perform this evolution exceeds the normal single-engine staffing, the additional personnel should be delayed 30 seconds before becoming involved in the evolution.

(a) Stage engine company and assigned personnel away from the hydrant. When personnel are ready, give signal for engine to proceed to the hydrant.



1. Lay two supply lines from the hyd/ant a distance of 90 m (300 ft).

2. Place engine-mounted master stream appliance in operation and operate at proper pressures and flows.

(d) STOP TIME WHEN THE MASTER STREAM APPLIANCE IS SUPPLIED PROPERLY. [Record time in (f).]



(f) Total time of evolution?

B-I.9 Evolution No. 9.

500 gpm~, master stream

300 it

Aerial truck Engine

300 fl

Figure B-1.9 Reverse lay from apparatus equipped with an elevated master stream appliance using one engine.

Evolution No. 9 uses one aerial truck with an elevated master stream appliance, one engine, and two supply lines. The number of personnel used to perform this evolution should not exceed the normal engine and ladder company staffing.

(a) Stage all apparatus and assigned personnel away from the simulated fire area. When personnel are ready, give signal for engine to proceed to the fire area.

(b) START TIME WHEN FIRST VEHICLE STOPS AT THE FIRE AREA. (Do not allow additional personnel to start for 30 seconds.)


1. Position apparatus and prepare elevated master stream for service.

2. Lay two supply lines a distance of 90 m (300 ft) and connect engine to the hydrant.

3. Connect supply lines to elevated master stream appliance intake and operate the master stream at proper pressures and flows.

(d) STOP TIME WHEN THE ELEVATED MASTER STREAM APPLIANCE IS SUPPLIED PROPERLY. [Record time in (0.]


1. Size of supply line used? 2. Size of attack line used? $. Size of backup line used? 4. Number of persons used?


B-I.IO Evolution No. 10.

Elevated master stream

OOgpm (760 IJmin)

500 t %

Hydrant

J Engine 300 it

le~ure from apparatus equipped with elevated using one engine and supplying one

handline.

i ~ No. 10 uses one apparatus equipped with an elevated • stream device, one engine company, one large-diameter line, and one handiine. The number of personnel used to

m this evolution should not exceed the normal engine and

(a) Stage all apparatus and assigned personnel away from the simulated fire area. When personnel are ready, give signal for engine to proceed to the fire area.

(b) START TIME WHEN FIRST VEHICLE STOPS AT THE FIRE ~ (Do not allow additional personnel to start for 30 seconds.)


1. Position apparatus and prepare elevated master stream for service.

2. Remove large-diameter supply line and one handline from engine. Engine lays lines a distance of 90 m (300 ft) and connects to the hydrant.

3. Operate master stream and handline at proper pressures and flows.

(d) STOP TIME WHEN THE ELEVATED MASTER STREAM APPLIANCE AND HANDLINE ARE SUPPLIED PROPERLY. [Record time i n (f).]


1. Size of supply line used? 2. Size of master stream nozzle used? $. Size of handline used? - 4. Amount of water flowed? 5. Number of persons used?


761

N F P A 1 4 1 0 - - F 9 9 R O P

B-I . l l Evolution No. 11.

. Elevated 500 gpm~}i master stream

(1890 L/rain) v~k Hydrant

(N D Aerial truck 300 ft

100 ft Engine

Figure B-I . l l Forward lay using one engine to supply an apparatus equipped with an elevated master stream appliance With two lines.

Evolution No. 11 uses one apparatus equipped with an elevated master stream appliance, one engine, and four supply lines (two supply lines between the hydrant and the engine, and two supply lines between the engine and the elevated master stream appliance intake). The number of personnel used to perform this evolution should not exceed the normal engine and ladder company staffing.

(a) Stage all apparatus and assigned personnel away from the hydrant. When personnel are ready, give signal for the apparatus equipped with the elevated master stream appliance to proceed to simulated fire area and for the engine to proceed to the hydrant.



1. Lay two supply lines from the hydrant a distance of 90 m (300 ft).

2. Position apparatus and prepare elevated master stream appliance for service.

3. Lay two 100-ft (30-m) supply lines from the engine to the elevatedmaster stream appliance intake.

4. Place elevated master stream in operation and operate at proper pressures and flows. ..~x~.

(d) STOP TIME WHEN ELEVATED MASTER SUPPLIED PROPERLY. [Record time in (f).]



(O Total dme of evolution?

11-1.12 Evolution No. 12.

( 1890 IJmin)

5 0 0 ~ . ~ Sprinl~er conn~tion

Engine 300 ft

Hydrant

Figure 11-1.12 Forward lay to the sprinkler connection using two supply lines.

Evolution No. 12 uses a simulated sprinkler connection, one engine, and four supply lines (two supply lines between the hydrant and engine, and two supply lines between the engine and sprinkler connection). If the number of personnel used to perform this evolution exceeds the normal single-engine staffing, the additional personnel should be delayed 30 seconds before becoming involved m the evolution. .

(a) Stage the engine company and assigned personnel away from the hydrant. When personnel are ready, give signal for the engine to proceed to the hydrant.



1. Lay two supply lines from the hydrant a distance of 30 m (100 ft).

2. Lay two 30-m (100-ft) supply lines from the engine to the sprinkler connection.

3. Operate at proper pressures and flows.



1. Size of supply lines used between engine and hydrant?

2. Size of supply lines used between engine and sprinkler?

3. Amount of water flowed? 4. Number of persons used?

(f) Total time of

B-I.13 Evolutiof~. 13.

(1890 500 (~

300

~ ~ Hydrant

300 ft ~, Engine

B-I.I$ Reverse lay from the sprinkler conneedon using two t £ ~ [~re supply noes.

EvolutiOn No. 13 uses a simulated sprinkler connection, one engine company, and two supply lines. If the number of personnel used to perform this evolution exceeds the normal single-engine staf~ng, the additional personnel should be delayed 30 seconds before becoming involved in the evolution.

(a) Stage the engine company and assigned personnel away from the sprinkler connection. When personnel are ready, give signal for engme to proceed to the sprinkler connection.

(b) START TIME WHEN ENGINE STOPS AT THE SPRINKLER CONNECTION. (Do not allow additional personnel to start for 30 seconds.)


1. Lay two supply lines a distance of 100 m (300 ft) from the sprinkler connection to the hydrant and connect engine to the hydrant.

2. Connect supply lines to the sprinkler connection. 3. Operate at proper pressures and flows.

(d) STOP TIME WHEN ALL LINES ARE SUPPLIED PROPERLY. [Record time in (0-]


1. Size of supply lines used? 2. Amount of water flowed? 3. Number of persons used?


762

NFPA 1 4 1 0 n F99 ROP

B- l .14 Evolut ion N o . 14.

(1890 I./min)

~ Hydrant

- 300 tt

Engine L 3 ½ in. (8.9 ore) diameter or larger

Figure B-I.14 Forward lay to the sprinkler connection using large- diameter hose.

Evolution No. 14 uses a simulated sprinkler connection, one engine company, and three supply lines (one large-diameter supply line between the hydrant and engine, and two supply lines between the engine and sprinkler connection). If the number of personnel used to perform this evolution exceeds the normal single-engine staffing, the additional personnel should be delayed $O seconds before becoming involved in the evolution.

(a) Stage the engine company and a~igned personnel away from the hydrant. When personnel are ready, give signal for the engine to proceed to the hydrant.



1. Lay one large-diameter supply line from the hydrant a distance of 90 m (300 ft).

2. Lay two supply lines a distance of $0 m (100 ft) from the engine to the sprinkler connection.

$. Operate at proper pressures and flows.


(e) Equipment and personnel used in tern:

1. Size of supply line used between hydrant and engine?

2. Size of supply lines used between engine and sprinkler connection?

$. Amount of water flowed? 4. Number of l~rsons used?

(f) Total time ofevolution?

Appendix C Referenced Publications

C-1 The following documents or portions thereof are referenced within this standard for informational purposes only and are thus not considered part of the requirements of this standard unless also listed in Chapter 8. The edition indicated here for each reference is the current edition as of the date of the NFPA issuance of this standard.

C-I.1 NFPA Publication. National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, P.O. Box 1901, Quincy, MA 02269-1901.

NFPA 1451, S t a n d g ~ r a Fire Sovic~ Vddcle Operations Training Program, 1997~_e~ttW'n.~.~_

NFPA 1500 _ on F i r e O paa t a,,a

763

p

N F P A 1452 ~ F99 R O P

P ~ T H I

(Log #1) 1452- 1 - (5-4.$ (New)): Accept in Principle SUBMITIXR: Wayne Waggoner, Tennessee Fire Chiefs Assn. and TN Fire Safety Insp. Assn. RECOMMENDATION: Add text to read as follo~.

5-4.3 Approved carbon monoxide detectors should be used in homes that have unrented fuel fired heaters. Such detectors should be installed in accordance with the manufactures recommendations and NFPA 720. SUBSTANTIATION: Due to the number of Carbon Monoxide Detectors that are being installed in homes it would benefit the fire depar tment to educate the public on the correct installation and maintenance of CO detectors, while doing the Home Survey would be the perfect time. COMMITI'EE ACTION: Accept in Principle. COMMITTEE STATEMENT: This proposal is now addressed in 5- 4.1 and new section 5-6 of the revised draft of NFPA 1452, Guide for Training Fire Service Personnel to Make Dwelling Fire Safety Surveys, shown at the end of this report. Rather than to specify dwellings with unvented fuel fired heaters, The committee accepts the wording in new section 5-6 of the draft, which refers to the availability of CO detectors for all dwellings NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE: 22 VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION:


(Log #CP1) 1452- 2- (Entire Document): Accept SUBMITYER: Technical Committee on Fire Service Training RECOMMENDATION: The Technical Committee on Fire Service Training proposes a complete revision to NFPA 1452, Guide for Training Fire Service Personnel to Make Dwelling Fire Safety Surveys, as shown at the end of this report. SUBSTANTIATION: This complete revision includes updated statistics and public safety and educational information which has not been included in prior editions. COMMITI'EE ACTION: Accept. NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO V 0 ~ , 22 VOTE AFFIRMATIvE:ON COMMrITEE 20 ACTION: , ~ # " x ~ ~" ~

NOT RETURNED: 2 Bassett, Welch 2 ~ . . ,~!~.,~.

NFPA 1452

Guide for Training F'me Service Personnel to Make Dwelling Fire Safety Surveys

2000 Edition

NOTICE: An asterisk (*) following the number or letter designating a paragraph indicates that explanatory material on the paragraph can be found in Appendix A.

Information on referenced publications can be found in Chapter 9.

Chapter 1 Introduction

1-1 General. The intent and purpose of this document is to provide fire department training officers or other fire service personnel with a guide for the establishment of a dwelling fire safety program for their community.

1-1.1 To be effective and to adecjuately deal with local fire problems, the solution to a particular fire safety problem should be developed locally. This document is intended to be a basic guide to possible elements for inclusion in a locally developed program.

1-1.2 Because the majority of fire deaths occur in residential occupancies, it is e~kential that fire safety survey programs become an integral part of~J~...total fire safety program in a community. This [guide c a n . ~ applied to both rural and urban communities. Princtples c o ~ f f ~ . d in this document can be applied to single- family as w~]~ a s ~ f a m i l y dwellings, such as apartments, town h o u s e s ~ n d ~ u m s , as local conditions dictate.

~ i s ~ c u m e n t is ~ e . . 1-1.~# intended to be a training manual or a

i ~ a s p e ~ 0 n m a n u a l , . ~ t rather to serve as a guide for ~ h i ~ . l o c a l l y prepared dwelling inspection program geared to a d ~ K h ~ : s p e c i f i c problem(s) faced by the local fire service o r g a n i C . 9 . By utilizing fire suppression personnel in this capadty,'l~.k.~:..~.~bartments can achieve some or all of the following

~ ~ a s e d productivity

(b) ~ncreased community contact

~ ) Familiarization with residential properties

1-1.4 Residents of the community also benefit from a survey program by becoming aware of the following issues:

(a) Fire safety in the home

(b) Protective measures to improve the quality of life

(c) Public safety and awareness

1-1.5 Specific sections of this guide can be included or eliminated as local conditions dictate.

1-2 Rationale for Dwelling Fire Safety Surveys.

1-2.1 Fire is a major problem in the United States. It is the second most frequent cause of accidentai death, accounting for 80 percent of accidental deaths in the home. NFPA fire loss statistics for 1997 reported approximately 302,500 fires in one- and two-family dwellings, resultin~ in 2700 fatalities, 12,300 injuries, and more than $3.74 billion in property loss.

1-2.2 The local fire department is responsible for the protection of life and property. If the downtrend in residential fire deaths in the PsafeaSt few years is to continue, a community effort toward public fire

ty education - - including fire safe behaviors and the use of smoke detectors, residential fast response sprinklers, and a fire escape plan - - should be incorporated into every community's fire protection system. An effective t iome inspection program is a primary method of fire prevention, with proven success in lowering loss of life, injury, and property damage from fire.

1-2.$ In addition to reducing loss of life and property damage, an effective dwelling fire safety program will generate the following and other important benefits for the fire department and the entire community.

(a) Home fire safety inspections give the fire department the opportunity to publicize year-round community programs and

764

N F P A 1452 - - F99 R O P

activities. Citizens who support the fire department befieve they are ~[etting more for .their money in terms of a more comprehensive nre ser~ce org~nLzation.

(b) Home fire safety surveys give the fire d e . a n e n t an opportunity to meet residents of the commumty on a one-to-one basis and distribute various fire prevention fiterature, telephone stickers, and other fire safety information. The dwelling fire safety program also gives the fire department an opportunity to answer specific fire protection or fire safety inquiries.

(c) The dwelling fire safety program allows fire fighters to become better acquainted with street names and layouts, hydrant and water supply locations, community development, and home construction and allows pre-fire planning. Fire fighters can make notes of these items and other useful information for discussion during training sessions. Additionally, using fire apparatus regularly improves driver proficiency. The program also increases the productivity of fire fighters, specifically in fire service related duties. In addition to increasing the level of service to the community, the dwelling fire safety program assists the profe~ional development of fire fighters engaged in the program's activities. As worthwhile as these fringe benefits are, the most important responsibility is makinggood fire inspections in order to reduce fire hazards and fires and to provide effective public fire prevention education throughout the community.

(d) The dwelling fire safety survey program allows the fire service to become acquainted with construcuon types, interior designs, avenues of fire spread, and locations of various concealed spaces. For example, the entrance to attics and crawl spaces can be determined prior to an emergency.

Chapter 2 Program Benefits

2-1 Material Distribution. Dwelling fire safety surveys provide the fire department with one of the best means of delivering public fire prevention education through direct contact with residents of the community. Maximum effectiveness can be accomplished through the distribution of fire prevention literature directed at the local fire problem• Fire fighters can explain specific items in the literature and answer any questions that homeowners might have on specific fire deparunent campaigns. Many fire departments find it advantageous to print special cards, certificates, or door ~ g [ g r s to compliment homeowners when their dwellings are in a good, fire safe condition.

visits 2-2 Support of Other Programs. Personal by dwellings for fire safety inspections generally imRgg ~ ~ department s public image in the community~igl~ enables fire fighters to distribute informatiqlmF'on sv use and placement, the benefits of the inll t tafion 4 : " response sprinklers (RFRS), home fire ~'c]I[I~Rlan ~ty hints for baby-sitters, and a variety of other s~llmh~'i bjects. Fire fighters can supplement the fire inspectlo homeowners telephone stickers or cards showi hagll ergency telephone numbers and procedures for sending a t alarm. Additionally, the survey program can identify the it~ 'easing numbers o f unregulated day-care andadul t care centers in residential occupancies.

2-3 Con~dnuing Dwelling Survey Programs. In the planning stages of a dwelling fire safety survey program, the fire chief and fire officers should look beyond the immediate short-term benefits, anticipating its extension and continuation as a permanent program. Although the initial dwelling fire safety survey can be a resounding success, the fire department should continue to analyze and evaluate the effectiveness of the program and its continued ability to address the current local fire problem. The fire deparunent should realize that planning, implementation, and evaluation processes should be a continuous cycle that reacts to the varying needs of the community. The experiences of fire deparunents that have initiated successful dwelling fire safety survey programs have led them to retain these activities year after year. The success of these programs has, in some communities, resulted in a drastic reduction in life and property loss from fire.

Chapter 3 Planning the Dwelling Survey Program

3-1 General.

3-1.1 Careful planning and preparation are essential i r a dwelling fire safety survey program is to be successful.

3-1.2 The chief of the fire department should demomtrate a commitment to the planning and execution of the program. Every department member is responsiHe for to educating the people of the community that the program is beneficial. The items for consideration when planning the program are presented in the following sections.

3-2 Pubficity. Dwelling surveys should be "sold" to the public. Homeowners should be fully informed of the value of surveys, of how they can save their lives and homes from fire. Education can be accomplished by enlisting the assistance of local radio and television stations and newspapers to inform the public of the purpose and benefits of the dwelling survey service. The local chamber of commerce, community service clubs, church groups, fraternal orders, and schools should be contacted for additional program support. Generally, most of these organizations are glad to cooperate. Careful planning and widespread community support will increase the overall success of these programs.

3-3 Training.

3-3.1 One of the most important phases of any training program is teaching fire fighters to practically apply the knowledge gained. Fire fighters should be able to recognize hazards of all types and make proper recommendations for their correction. They should also be prepared to offer explanations and reasons for the corrections suggested. For example, a fire fighter should be prepared to recommend the i gd~l~ation of safety devices, such as fire exfinguishe~ ~ detectors, and to specify proper locations for their ins~ta~jg Rgp. Fire fighters should be knowledgeable in recognizin~gre~ and technically' informed about the r e c o m m ~ g m e ean ~ for thei/" removal. Fire fighters should proje! ~ . ~ that leaves a positive and lasting C

I m ~ c h i ~ these goa lsF t ra ln ing fire fighters, visual and ~ t l g l L n i ~ i n i n g a i ~ are extremely useful. Color slides showing f y p i ~ and faulty installations will help fire fighters

, ~ hazards. It is suggested that waining officers seek recog ghese the aid ~|kf~bjically qualified individuals, such as building

~e~Laspectors'~l[F'elec~cal inspectors, to assist in instructing fire in ~i~re use and application of local codes and building

; ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ pertaining to fire protection and prevention.

~3~.2 Wire fighters shouldbe thoroughly trained hefore being sent on their own. Training should consist of classroom instructibn

~ d application of knowledge and principles in the field of fire ~'~'prevention. Classroom instruction should include the following'.

(a) Proper methods of introduction and explanation of program rationale for the homeowner

(b) Proper methods of securing permission from the homeowner to perform the dwelling survey (The homeowner can refuse an inspection.)

(c) Common fire hazards that can be expected to be found in a .dwelling

(d) Provisions of the local fire code that are applicable to dwellings (inspections generally should be made as a courtesy and not because of fire prevention laws)

Training officers should take fire fighters into the field for supervised on-the-job training prior to allowing them to perform surveys on their own. This procedure will allow fire fighters to build confidence in their survey abilities under the supervision of an experienced individual. Field surveys with an experienced training Officer should be continued until the training officer is sure the fire fighters are competent and at ease when dealing with the publi~ Dwelling surveys should be conducted by a minimum of two fire fighters, but too many fire fighters at a singte dwelling could display an alRhoritative force, causing a negative resident reaction to a survey.

3-4 Program Duration. Surveys of dwelfings should be done on a year-round basis. The program should contain elements to be emphasized during specific times of the year, such as access to fire hydrants or heating equipment problems during winter months.

3-5 Buildings to Be Surveyed. Every dwelling unit in the fire department's jurisdiction should be surveyed. In large cities; it could be impmsible to inspect all dwellings each year. Where this is the case, the fire chief should decide how many dwellings will be surveyed each year.

765

N F P A 1 4 5 2 m F 9 9 R O P

3-6 Scheduling. The scheduling of dwelling surveys should take into consideration citizens' receptiveness to the program. The fire department should develop a sensitivity to potential situations that might causeproblems for the program. Scheduling a time for survey visits depends a great deal on whether a d e p a r ~ e n t has career, call, or volunteer members, a combination of these, or civilian survey personnel. The best hours for dwelling surveys are midmoming and midafternoon (9:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. and 1:00 p.m. to 3:30 p.m.), Monday through Friday, except holidays. Some fire departments could find it necessary to schedule weekends and evenings, but care should be taken to avoid conflict with meal hours.

3-7 Survey Procedures.

3-7.1 Before leaving the station, the officer in charge should ensure that all fire fighters are in proper uniform and are properly equipped. A dress uniform is recommended; however, if one is not available, a clean work uniform with proper insignia or identification is necessary.

3-7.2 Fire apparatus utilized by the surveying fire fighters should be kept in close proximity to the area being surveyed to facilitate a quick response to an emergency alarm. Alarm notification can be accomplished through the use of portable radios or pagers carried by the fire fighters, or one member may be assigned to stay with the apparatus to notify the remaining crew members through a predesignated signal, such as sounding the vehicle siren or air horn.

Personnel assigned to the vehicle should be aware and cautious of children in the vicinity of the vehicle, particularly during times of vehicle movement. They should also be prepared to answer questions from the public relatingto both the apparatus and fire safety in general. Consideration should be given to carrying a sign on the side of the apparatus explaining that surveys are in progress in the area to improve fire safety in the community. The banner or sign should also state the unit is in service and responds to emergencies during the surveys.

3-7.3 The officer in charge should assign fire fighters, in teams of two, to survey dwellings. For the protection of the survey personnel, most fire depar~nents rely on two-person teams to conduct dwelling surveys. It is not recommended that single fire f i ~ f i survey dwellings, since theit conduct could be s u b j e c t ~ " ~ unverifiable accusations . . . . . . ~ . ,~>.

A dwelling should be approached by a walkway or walking across the lawn. Pire fighters should survey. If the occupant is home, the fire fig[2~s sh themselves, show proper identification, exA~in the visit, and askpermissmn to enter. If a P ~ ( $ 1 K can properly conducted, the resident will know "~e therc. If admittance is refused, the fire fighters~ occupant and leave appropriate fire prevention n~ is home, a card should be left explaining that " s and asking the occupant to call the fire station for ~, to reschedule the survey.

"e n~ters are the

' * ~ n o one F~was made appointment '

$-7.4 Once inside the dwelling, the survey should begin without delay. The fire fighters should be helpful and courteous at all times. They should take care to avoidunnecessary conversation, because they can overlook a potential fire hazard and slow the survey. Because fires can occur in any room, the entire dwelling should be surveyed. However, if the occupant objects to survey of certain rooms, the occupant's wishes should be respected. Closets and cabinets should be opened by the homeowner rather than the fire fighters.

$-7.5 Fire fighters must remember that a survey is voluntarily accepted by the occupant. The occupant shouid~e asked to accompany the 'fire fighters to see and to hear explanations of any fire hazards. If the occupant is unable to accompany the fire fighters, the survey should be rescheduled for a more convenient time. Fire hazards identified should be noted on the survey form. This form is only a list of recommendations, not of violations. However, if a hazardous situation that violates local fire regulations is found, it should be recorded by the fire deparmaent. For example, most fire codes require the installauon of smoke detectors in residential occupancies. If surveying fire fighters find a home where smoke detectors are not present, the resident should be advised to obtain one and a notation of the recommendation should be made. During thc survey, the fire fighters should not argue any point, but merely make suggestions. The purpose of the

survey is to eliminate hazards to life and property, and all conversations should be directed toward this goal.

$-7.6 The survey form should be filled out completely and in duplicate. The fire deparmaent should give serious consideration to omitting specific name and address information from the survey sheet. Because information obtained on dwelling surveys might not be protected under an Open Records Act, the fire department could be criticized for releasing information regarding a specific survey. The survey copy could be used for data analysis and determination of the numbers and types of fir_e hazards identified in the community. This information will assist in planning future fire prevention programs, ff no hazards are found during the survey, the occupants should be complimented for their efforts. Prior to leaving the premises, the survey sheet should be signed by the fire fighters and the original left with the occupants. "

Particular attention should be given to the legal considerations of the survey form. Any form that is utilized should be reviewed and approved by the fire department's legal counsel.

3-7.7 Questions asked about the department should be answered. Questions regarding policy matters should be referred to the company officer and should not be answered by fire fighters, ff the answer to any question is not known, fire fighters should research the matter and advise the resident as soon as possible. Fire fighters should realize that many persons will base their opinion of the entire fire department on this one contact; therefore, a professional attitude and ~ l e m ~ r must be maintained at all times.

3-7.8

the :

in the r

~ p a r u n e n t s have discontinued providing window signs alidl]~[~gause these are now believed to identify

~a e a g ~ e t for burglary or robbery. A more popular .~ava. l i d f ~ e ~ j s a manual or computerized listing in

~ t e r of invalids persons needing mmcauoni or nce, w h e r ~ responding fire companies can be given

to an emergency location. With the )n en route ~aission, telephone stickers showing the fire emergency number can be placed on the telephones

~ ~ leaving the premises, the fire fighters should make cupants understand any fire hazards that have been what corrective action should be taken. Literature rovided, and an invitation should be issued to the

: .~upants to feel free to stop by the fire station any time they have a ~ e s t i o n relatingto fire safety or are interested in learning more about services offered by the fire department. Last, but not least, the occupants should be thanked for allowing the survey.

8-8 Communications. When planning dwelling survey programs, some provisions should be made for specific communications between the survey teams and headquarters. Usually fire apparatus operators can handle these communications, but occasionally the officer in charge will need to notify headquarters of certain hazardous situations or other important information. The use of portable two-way radios or pagers should be considered as a means of ensuring prompt notification and quick response to an emergency while fire units are in the field conducting dwelling surveys. Portable radios should be operated at low volume in order to avoid disturbing any occupants, espedally children.

$-9 General Procedures. The fire chief should identify the goals and objectives of the dwelling fire safety program. Goals can include the percentage of dwellings l o b e contacted, areas of operation, the schedule of surveys, and other ma~ers of general policy. General procedures should also be developed to utilize the information obtained and to conduct a periodic program evaluation to identify any changes to the program operation that would increase its effectiveness.

Chapter 4 Common Hazards Found in Dwellings

4-1 General.

4-1.1 The explanations of hazards in this chapter should be adapted to local regulations and codes and should be included in a survey report form designed to apprise the resident of hazards found, corrective measures required, and other recommendations of the survey team. Other hazards that can be a problem in the specific community should also be described on the form.

4-1.2 Fire fighters should carry fire safety pamphlets for distribution at the completion of the survey, along with a copy of the survey report form.

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4-2 Careless Use of Smoking Materials and Matches.

4-2.1 Careless smoking and the improper disposal of matches and other items that can cause ignition are two of the major causes of fire. Hre fighters making dwelling surveys should ascertain whether there are smokers in the household and suggest the use of adequate fire safe ashtrays and proper disposal of smoking materials and ashes.

Fire fighters should explain the fire dangers associated with smoking in bed or when extremely fatigued. They should suggest that furniture upholstery be checked after.parties and before retiring for the evening.

4-2.2 The following items are among those to be noted during the survey=.

(a) Ashtr,a~ located in bedrooms, especially on night tables or within arm s reach of the bed

(b) Burn marks on table tops, furniture upholstery, rugs, and other locations.

(c) The location and storage of matches and whether they are secure from small children. Fire fighters should recommend that matches be stored in a metal container, such as an old coffee can.

(d) Ornamental cigarette lighters on coffee tables or pocket lighters left laying around. Fire fighters should explain that these items are attractive to children. Lighters can present an extreme safety hazard; not only could they be used to start a fire, but an inexperienced individual could be burned by them.

4-2.3 A common fire occurrence deserves special warning. Many residents have extinguished fires in upholstery or mattresses without calling the fire department, then retired for the night, thinking the fire was out. Because of the deep-seated nature of these fires, total extinguishment is extremely difficult. When sufficient o.x~en is provided, sometimes hours later, the upholstery reignites. This often results in a serious fire and loss of life. Even under conditions in which fire will not propagate, volumes of carbon monoxide and other harmful gases can rise to lethal levels without the knowledge of persons sleeping in the dwelling. Occupants should be told to notify the fire deparunent o fa l l fires in and around the home, even if they seem minor.

4-3.1 Problems in electrical installations and equip • generally associated with several wit] types of violations or misunderstandings of the items' design f e a t u r ~ d ~ ~. technical knowledge is required for recognlj~l~ of ~ m l i p features. Hazards may be hidden from viqlJgY the b u i M i ~ r configuration. However, certain telltale ~ problem~ are recognizable to the trained fire fighter. ~

~8r 4-3.20vercurrent Protection.

4-3.2.1 The commonly used overcurrent protectiogrdevices for the protection of feeders, circuits, and equipment are fuses, circuit breakers, and thermal overload units. Basically, the purpose of the fuse, circuit breaker, or fuse cartridge is the same: to open the circuit if the electrical current reaches a value that will cause an excessive or dangerous temperature in the conductor, a condition becoming more common with the increasing numbers of electrical appliancesnow in use. This safety feature is negated when a fuse or circuit breaker of a higher rated capacity is used to replace one of a lower rating (for example, replacing a 15-amp fuse with a 30-amp fuse) or by bridging the circuit by placing a conductor behind the fuse.

It can bedifficult to determine such overloading unless fire fighters know the gauge of the wire used in the circuit and the electrical devices it feeds. Normally, the only way to determine improper overloading is to remove the fuse and examine it for excessive heating at the fuse base. It should also he checked for the presence of metallic bridging. Overheating*may also be the result of a loose fuseholder, or the fuse may be shorted. Residents should be requested to label branch circuits in the space provided on the panel box door.

4-$.2.2 Plug fuses consist of two basic types: the ordinary Edison- base type and the S type. Either could be a time-delay type. Edison- type fuses are designed for ease of replacement and will account for most problems. The Edison-base fuseholder will take an Edison-base fuse of any size up to the maximum S0-amp rating.

\

Where SO-amp fuses are discovered in branch-circuit panelboards, the occupant should be cautioned that these circuits might not be designed for this ampere service. •

Adapters can be installed in Edison-base fuseholders that will prevent using higher rated S-type fuses in the adapter designed for lower ratings. Adapters also prevent the use of pennies or other common bridging devices.

4-S.2.S Cartridge fuses are provided in two types: the one-time type and the renewable link type. Cartridge fuseholders are designed to prevent, or to make extremely difficult, inserting a fuse other than the type for which the fuseholder was designed. Renewable link cartridge fuses have the following disadvantages:

(a) The links can be doubled or tripled, thereby defeating their purpose and usefulness.

(b) The links, upon replacement, can be left with loose connections.

4-3.2.4 Circuit breaker overloading will be more difficult to determine without tracing the circuit that it protects. Explaining the design features of fusing to the occupant may be the best way to determine an unintentional violation. Any difference in the physical appearance between circuit breakers in a panel could be an indication of circuit overloading and is worthy of further investigation by a qualified electrician.

4-$.2.5 G r o u n d ~ c u i t - i n t e r r u p t e r s (GFCIs) are devices that sense when c c u ~ h even a small amount, passes to ground through a n , . g ~ g h e r than the proper conductor. When this situation 0~ ~ uips almost instantly, stopping the flow of cur re4~ e ciillmkand through the person receiving the g ~ u ~ ",. ~ , National El~ric.al C.ode*, requires

o o >ro~e n all ~I~V, single-phase, 15- and 20-amp tlets insta]kl~! outdoors where there is direct grade

the dwelling unit and to the receptacles. GFCI prot " ~]so required for 125-V, single-phase, 15- and 20-amp

n ~ ~st~lled in garages, in orawI spaces at or below grade recep~ L~lged basements, within 6 ft (2 m) of a kitchen sink leveLL I es serve counter top surfaces, and in bathrooms. ~ ocated within 20 ft (6 m) of the inside walls of a ~ee prn~ect~ldy installed pool, fountain, or similar location must also

by a ground-fault circuit-interrupter.

GFCIs are found in the course of an inspection, the occupant Id be renuested requested to operate the test button on the unit to

determine whether it is operating correctly. If so, the reset button will pop out and the circuit will open. It is returned to normal mode by depressing the reset button. If non-GFCI protected " receptacles are found near sinks or outdoors, the occupant should be advised about the safety advantages that can he gained by replacing them with. GFCI-type receptacles.

4-S.3 NFPA'70, N a & , m / ~ c a l ~ requires all electric service to be grounded. Receptacles installed on 15- and 20-amp branch circuits are required to be of the grounded type and should be • effectively grounded. Testing meters that, when inserted into receptacles, will indicate proper grounding of the receptacle are available. Local electrical inspectors can'be very helpful in explaining local codes in fire department waining sessions.

Even though older dwellings may not have grounded receptacles, major appliances such as dis ~ hwashers, dryers, washing machines, and garbage disposals, should be grounded externally, or special grounded branch circuits should be provided for them. The surveyor should be especially alert for the use of three-pronged plugs where the grounding prong has been removed or where adapters have been provided to mate to two-prong polarized outlets. Such practices can give rise to a shock hazard for users of such appliances, and the occupant should be so advised.

4-3.4 Electrical main service coming into the dwelling should be inspected. Cables that are too close to trees, swimming pools, spas, saunas, antennas, or downspouts, or gutters or cables not securely attached to the building~ could present z life or fire hazard. Outdoor antennas should not be attached to any electric service raceway or service mast. Live vegetation such as trees should not be used for the support of outside overhead conductors. Underground branch circuits are permitted to be used for this supl~ly to outdoor lighting fixtures and associated elecuical eqmpment on trees.

4 ~ Other Common Electrical Hazards Found in the Home.

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4-3.5.1 Heat buildup, occurs in wiring when resistance to electrical current flow is experienced. Loose w~re nuts or cable connections (especially in aluminum wiring), wiring run through doorways or under carpeting, and furniture or other hear ] objects resting on wires can produce this condition.

4-3.5.2 Unusual wear to insulation on wiring can result from cables not properly secured, objects hanging on cables, or, as described in 4-3.5.1, wiring run through doorways or under carpeting.

4-3.5.3 Dirty, poorly maintained electric motors or missing covers on junct ion boxes can eventually result in a short circuit or in a fire. All unused openings (knockouts) in boxes and cabinets (panel boards) should be properly closed.

4-3.5.4 Extension cords (even though UL listed) can be too small for certain electrical loads, such as irons and air conditioners. Extension cords should never be used for permanent connections; they should only be for temporary use. If fire fighters are to provide worthwhile guidance to the occupant, they should be trained to match the current-carrying capability of the extension cord with' the current demand of the electrical loads connected to it.

4-3.5.5 "Octopus" fittings allow excessive electrical devices to be connected to one outlet, causing excessive current flow with resultant heat buildup. Power strips with integral overcurrent protection should be recommended to replace "octopus" fittings.

4-3.5.6 Insulation that is frayed is unsafe, and its breakdown could be imminent. Fraying is often a problem, espedally on powered hand tools. It should be recommended that such wiring be replaced.

4-3.5.7 To avoid possible ignition should a gas leak occur, electrical outlets or fuse panels should not be located adjacent to gas meters or gas diaphragms.

4-3.5.8 Appliances, fixtures, and wiring that are not listed by a testing laboratory should be discouraged.

4-3.5.9 Child safety covers should be recommended on all electrical outlets in homes that have young children. Suc' I intended to cover the receptacle openings so that a child / insert a conductive object. A:-:y-

4-3.5.10 Clear spaces should be kept around all

4-3.5.11 Where the surveyor encounters lighfi halogen bulbs, the occupant should be ad~.~# presented by the high temperature of suc~[~u keep combustibles well away from them~¢t~lt such fixtures have developed guards that ca bulbs. (Other types of bulbs also can get hot if they come into contact with light combustil window curtains.)

iuse fires such as

4.3.5.12 Most modern television receivers, stereo components, and VCRs have a so-called instant-on feature. These units are energized anytime they are plugged into the wall. Occupants should be advised that it is a good practice to unplug such units whenever they are away from home for an extended period of time.

4-4 Flammable Liquids, Dwelling fires caused by flammable liquids usually result from the improper storage and use of flammable liquids. The properties of these materials are generally misunderstood. Common areas of concern to fire fighters should include the issues discussed in the following subsections.

4-4.1 Storage and Dispensing Practices.

4-4.1.1 Flammable liquids such as gasoline should be stored only in listed safety cans o f substantial design and construction and o f a type approved by the authority having jurisdiction. Glass jars, unapproved plastic containers, or open pails and buckets should never be used. Flammable liquids should be handled and dispensed of only in well-ventilated areas free from sources of ignition.

4-4.1.2 Storing excessive quantities of flammable liquids should be discouraged. Fire fighters should look for excessive amounts of flammable liquids stored in basements or garages, especially during times of shortages of such products. Even if stored in approved containers, flammable liquids exposed to heat may result in the escape of vapors through vent holes or other openings.

Flammable liquids should not be stored in basements or near potential sources of ignition.

4-4.1.3 The use of flammable liquids as solvents for removing grease, oil, or pa in t is extremely dangerous. Such practices should be discouraged. Most flammable liquids used in the home produce vapors heavier than air and thus sink to the floor and spread. If the vapors reach a source of ignition, even at a considerable distance/ an explosion and fire can result. A light switch, for example, can produce a spark capable of igniting vapors.

4-4.1.4 Greasy or oil-based paint soaked rags and brushes can also cause fire from spontaneous ignition. They should be cleaned and washed after each use and air dried outside. Paint manufacturer's instructions should be consulted regarding cleanup and disposal.

4-4.2 Other Flammable Liquid Hazards.

4-4.2.1 Using flammable liquids in the home for dry cleaning purposes should be discouraged.

4-4.2.2 Smoking when using flammable liquids should be discouraged.

4-4.2.3 Using flammable liquids to start fires in stoves or fireplaces is a dangerous practice and should be discouraged.

4-4.2.4 The use ~ u i d charcoal starters should be restricted to products marke~.g~'~l"s'iS'6i~ifically for that purpose. Applying these products a f t e r . ~ o n is achieved, whether or not live flame is noted, is ext~mX~:.':.'~h~ardous. Flame may be transmitted to the containe~. ~ t . en~").~.~, a resultant ignition and pressure

4-~Heat~g Systems ~.~Appliances.

4 - 5 . 1 % ~ ' 6 f heating systems vary in different climates. Dwellings built [~..~..~kent years usually have gas- or oil-fired furnaces or electri a ~ - ~ k . t ~ . Homes may also have coal or wood heating ~..nits. R o o ' ~ a t e r s and portable heaters are also common in ~ a ~ . ~ ' $ ~ c r e a s e d fuel costs have brought about an increase in ~ . ~ . ~ w o o d - b u r n i n g appliances. ~-" -~,~

A c ~ m o n hazard is the storage of combustible materials where rna~ be ignited by heat radiated or conducted by a furnace,

ol ~,.e. , other heating appliance. The area around any heating ~appliance should be kept free of combustibles. Heating units also need sufficient space around them in order to provide adequate ventilation for proper combustion.

Flues and smoke pipes can constitute a hazard; both should be kept in good condition and have adequate clearance from any combustibles. Smoke pipes should be kept as short as possible. If more than 3 ft (1 m) in length, they should be supported by hangers. Flues should be cleaned annually and inspected for damage or holes. In addition, throughout the heating season, checks for creosote buildup in the flue pipe and chimney connected to coal- and wood-burning appliances should be made. When a buildup is evident, the system should be cleaned. Care should also be taken when inspecting chimneys and flues where they pass through attic areas. Where flues pass through partitions, they should have sufficient clearance or be protected by an approved, ventilated metal thimble.

Steam pipes or steam-heating appliances improperly spaced from wood surfaces can result in lower ignition temperatures over long periods of exposure. In some cases, pyrolitic decomposition of the wood fibers has caused ignition temperatures as low as 150°F (6~°C).

4-5.2 Types of Heating Systems.

4-5.2.F Gas-Fueled Systems. Gas heating systems can be supplied by natural, manufactured, or liquefied petroleum gas. Piping should he of an approved type and in good condition; loose connections and poor p ip ingare hazardous. The burner should be properly adjusted. A check should he made for any odor of gas. Where individual gas heaters are distributed throughout the home, fire fighters should check to ensure that they are properly secured and vented.

4-5.2.20il-F'nred Systems. Several types of heating devices use oil. Some homes with central heating use an oil burner to heat water, which is then distributed to radiators or baseboard systems. Large

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oil tanks can be located in the basement and should be properly installed, with tight connections. A quick check will show whether there are any leaks or whether the tank is unsecured. If a leak is found, sand should be spread to confine the leakage or an emergency patch should be placed on the leak. The homeowner should replace leaking or damaged tanks immediately.

In climates where heat is only occasionally required, small oil or kerosene heaters can be used. Condit ion of the flue pipe and tank and security of the installation should be inspected. These devices should be moun ted on metal trays to prevent overflow of liquid onto the floor.

4-5.2.3 Coal and Wood Furnaces. These solid fuel furnaces radiate a lot of heat. Their flues should have at least an 18-in. (45- cm) clearance f rom any combustible material. Solid fuel can also cause more damage to smoke pipes than other types of fuels. Installations that have covered pipes that should be periodically inspected, for loose or missing covering, can cause a fire. Improper storage of filel a n d / o r ashes can result in a fire. Fuels should be stored in bins. Ashes should be placed in metal containers and removed from the dwelling.

4-5.2.4 Fireplaces. The use of factory-built fireplaces, fireplace stoves, and masonry fireplaces has increased both as heating devices and for enjoyment. Spark screens should always be provided for a fireplace, ,and dampers, if any, should be of a type that can be operated t rom outside the fireplace. Listed or approved factory-built fireplaces and fireplace stoves that are designed to be placed directly on and immediately adjacent to combustible building construction should be installed strictly in accordance with the terms of the listing and the manufacturer 's instructions. NFPA 211, Standard for Chimneys, Fireplaces, Vents, and Solid Fuel- Burning Appliances, should be followed. Masonry fireplaces should be checked to ensure that linings are free from cracks, and flues should be cleaned annually. Ashes should be placed in metal containers and removed from the dwelling.

4-5.3 Cooking Appliances and Venting Systems.

4-5.3.1 Generally, fire hazards in cooking appliances and venting systems are associated with poor housekeeping practices. When point ing out such deficiencies, tact is imperative. Unless an obvious accumulation of grease or residue is presegt;g'; li , statements regarding the ext inguishment of grease fire~:#Kould'%~ serve as a reminder . "::-"~::"'~i'~i:':':.'. ~ i ~ :

4-5.3.2 Grease ducts and vented hoods should be i n s p e c ~ . ~ "~ buildup of grease. Filters should be inspected.~.':..".~:::.resid~i?.-..~ .. cautioned about the dangers of fire t r a n s m i ~ ' a n d ' : ~ : . ~ t h f ~ i : : these areas. ~!i:.., "":i~!~i~i~: "-"-:::"

.::.~ ~::.':::::~ "!~:~ 4-5.3.3 Electric ranges, wall-mounted o v e n s ] : ~ , c o u n t e ~ o u n t e d cooking units require a means of d i s c o n n e c t i o t t i ~ m th~$upplying electrical circuit. In f reestanding household r a n ~ . ~ . . : ~ a r a b l e connector or a plug and receptacle is sufficient. I f f : !~ l -mounted ovens and counter -mounted cooking units or rangd~,without plugged receptacles, the circuit controll ing the appliance should be well def ined at the electrical panel.

4-5.3.4 Gas ranges should be equipped with an inline gas cutoff valve located at the appliance. Pilot lights and gas valves should be checked for leakage and proper burning characteristics.

4-5.3.5 Gas appliances designed for cooking should no t be used to heat rooms.

4-5.3.6 Fire fighters should inform occupants about the dangers and effects of careless cooking, or, more popularly termed, "food on the stove" problems.

4-5.4 Other Heating Devices.

4-5.4.1 Gas heaters should be of an approved type. Gas appliances should display the American Gas Association (AGA) seal.

4-5.4.2 Portable electric heaters should be of an approved type and should be located away from combustibles. These devices should also be equipped with a tilt switch that causes the heater to shut off if it is overturned. Care should be exercised to avoid overloading electrical circuits.

4-5.4.3 Use of portable kerosene space heaters as supplements to residential heat ing systems has increased. These units require

4-5.4.5 Gas- a closets or othe them. ::--::!

additional safety information and consideration by the occupant. Rules for safe operation of these devices should include the following:

(a) Use these units only clean kerosene. Do no t use fuel oil or diesel fuel.

(b) Never use gasoline, naphtha, paint thinners, alcohol, or o ther volatile fuels.

(c) Use these units only in well-ventilated rooms.

(d) Operate these units on level surfaces only, away f rom drafts and wind.

(e) Locate these units at least 3 ft (1 m) from furniture and other combustibles. Keep draperies and clothing away from the top of the heater.

(t) Do not move, handle, or service these units while they are hot or burning. Ironically, in many jurisdictions it is a code violation to use these heaters but not a violation to own them. Fire fighters should be knowledgeable of state and local regulations, ordinances, and codes pertaining to portable kerosene heaters.

(g) Refueling should be per formed outside of buildings.

4-5.4.4 Charcoal should no t be burned in confined areas or in other than approved devices.

. , . - .

Gas- and.....~J~:~d water heaters and furnaces found in her-g~oomg"~hould not have combustibles stored next to

4-5.4.6 , . ~ l ~ . e l e c t i ~ : ~ , p p l i a n c e s , such as toasters, coffee makers, t e l e v i ~ i ~ b lend"$~ : . :~u ld be d isconnected f rom power s o u . g ~ w...he/~ not in use~.~ :y

.~;-':::: "%:.. . j" ~ . - : - . - : . ~ u ~ p l n g , ~ . , Storage, and Rubbish Hazards.

4-6.1 ~ t u n a t e l y , homeowners ' reluctance to throw anything ..... away c~ f " ~ $ ; ~ n the storage of quantifies of old clothes, ~ii~:.g...~..ines, ~ p a p e r s , rags, and junk. Because a collection of

" ~ . ~ . ¢ ¢ ~ s unsighdy, moreover, the homeowner usually stores .~i:~']~--"~ e attic, basement, closet, garage, or a round the furnace.

k::'~iThes~seless combustibles present a serious hazard, making it ::iiii-.e~er for a fire to start, and should be removed.

:?::':-.'-:.-"7::" ij L ge quantities of and leaves around the house are also a

hazard that can spread a fire to it. If the community provides pickup of household trash, trash should be s tored in metal containers with tight-fitting metal lids until removed, ff occupants burn household trash on the premises, fire fighters should check the place of burning, type of incinerator, and condit ion and use with respect to local burning regulations.

4-6.2 Garages, both at tached and unattached, should be included in any dwelling survey. Even if unat tached to the dwelling, fires in garages often represent exposure fire potential and afford many storage hazards.

4-6.3 During the course of the survey, fire fighters should ask about the use of furni ture waxes and polishes and especially about the storage of rags used to apply these products.

4-6.4 Use and storage of portable home barbecue grills should be restricted to the out-of-doors. Charcoal briquettes should always be allowed to cool naturally and then be properly discarded. Charcoal should be s tored in a dry area, because clamp or wet charcoal is sensitive to spontaneous heat ing once dried.

4-6.5 If a residence has a pool or ho t tub, fire fighters should review with the occupant the need for maintenance of pool fences, gates, locking devices, and other safety equipment to minimize risks to small children. In addition, fire fighters should advise the occupant to maintain proper containment , handling, separation, and storage of p.ool chemicals. Pool chemicals should no t be kept in close promm~ty to pe t ro leum products or o ther combustible materials.

4-6.6 Home workshops often contain conditions that permit fire propagation. These areas should be checked for possible hazards d u n n g the survey.

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4-6.7 Fire fighters should survey the outside of the dwelling for any rubbish accumulations, defective electrical equipment, flammable liquid storage, or other hazards.

4-6.8 Fire fighters should be prepared to provide or recommend to the occupant specific information on home fire extinguishers and fire detection systems that conform to nationally accepted standards.

4-6.9 Hazardous chemicals (e.g., herbicides, pesticides, vehicle fluids, painting materials, swimming pool chemicals, cleaning fluids) are often found in the course of dwelling surveys, usually under sinks in bathrooms and kitchens and in garages, basements, or storage outbuildings. These materials can present an extreme danger to young children in the household and to fire fighters during a fire. The occupant should be advised to keep these materials in secure cabinets and to keep only the minimum amount actually needed. Many communities have regular pickup or disposal days for such materials. If so, the occupant should be advised about how to properly dispose of excess hazardous materials.

4-7 Fire Safety Precautions in Earthquake-Prone Areas.

4-7.1 Water heaters should be secured against toppling according to code requirements.

4-7.2 Flammable liquids should not be placed on high shelves that may allow the contmners to fall and spill their contents on the floor.

4-7.$ Fire fighters should ask residents whether they know the location of the main gas and water shutoffs and whether they have the necessary tools to turn them off.

4-7.4 Fire fighters should determine whether the homeowner keeps emergency supplies of food and water and whether the homeowner knows the proper actions to take during and immediately after an earthquake.

4*8 Flammable Gases.

4.8.1 Fire fi~hters should be alert for containers of flammal gases (e.g., hquefied petroleum gas, acetylene) in works.l).~ ~-'. basement, garage, and patio areas. Fire fighters should~ ~"~ safe handling and storage of such gases (including t l ~ recommendation that they should not be stored in t~e'~lt~ ~Y"':~ with the occupant. The location of such materials shouk ~ted': on company pre-fire planning records. , ~ ~.,

.:.,.:, -,: ~.~ -~:.~:~- • ,::~:" "::'~:::::: 4*8.2 The occupant should be advased to~.~.~.p spare flammable gases in a secure location o u ~ . ~ . e d w e l l [ ~ . "

4-8.3 If quantities of cylinders are found in e ~nable need, the danger should be discussed and the c hould be encouraged to dispose of the excess in an accepta ~anner.

Chapter 5 Life Safety Considerations

5-1 Exit and Escape Routes.

5.1.1 One of the fire protection weaknesses found in the average dwelling is lack of sufficient exits from all parts of the building. For example, basements or rooms on the second or third story might be served by only an interior stairway; if a fire starts on the first floor, persons in these other areas may become trapped. Fire fighters should explain the need for the occupant to determine at least two routes o f escape from all rooms in the home.

5.1.2 Particular attention should be directed to dwelling windows that may be designated as secondary escape routes. Windows that are blocked by air conditioning units or that are too small or too high above the floor for quick egress from the room are a potential for trouble in the event of a fire.

5.1.3 Because of security concerns, barriers (e.g., metal bars, shutters, or latticework) are sometimes found on doors and windows that are possible escape routes. Such devices should be installed with a method of quick release from the inside of the dwelling during a fire emergency. Many fire departrnents are making this issue a high priority for dwelling surveys due to a large number of recent fires that resulted in loss of life.

5-2 Fire Exit Drill Plan.

5-2.1 The occupant should be encouraged to develop a fire exit drill program. In particular, family members should be instructed on how to escape from second-story windows,porches, and other parts of upper floors. Removal of windows and screens in emergenoes and the directing of young children to escape routes are essential to a good home fire exit drill plan.

5-2.2 All persons should know the best route of escape from all parts of the home. A predetermined, safe meeting place should be selected so that all family members can assemble in the event of evacuation.

5-2,$ The NFPA widely promotes its public education programs, including Exit Drills in the Home (EDITH), Learn Not to Burn e, Risk Watch ®. Literature is available that can be given to the occupants of the dwelling.

5-3 Occupants with Special Needs .

5-3.1 Fire fighters should be alert to occupants with special needs (e.g., sight/hearing impaired, limited mobility. If an occupant has special needs, fire fighters should discuss evacuation routes and requirements in the event of a fire or other emergency. If possible, the sleeping area for an occupant with special needs should be located on the first floor near an accessible exit.

5-3.2 The use of invalid/children stickers and decals on the exterior of the d w ~ . is discouraged for the following reasons:

(a) The h o ~ . ay b~ targeted for burglaries and break-ins. 4 " ~

(b) The ~ d e ~ has no guarantee that the suckers are valid f o ~ t re ~t.

(c)~,:~A fal~'sense can be created for the occupants of

means

owners could led to believe that, rather than install and establish a home fire escape plan as a primary they should rely on the fire deparunent for rescue

~ ~ g dwellings that have special fire fighting considerations i~ch .~.*.?~J~n invalid occupant may be acceptable for inclusion in dispaf~h information. Fire fighters have an excellent opportunity to i~l iect such data while on dwelling fire safety inspections. ~ r m a n e n t stickers or decals providing emergency telephone ::numbers, such as 911 information or fire emergency numbers, are an excellent public relations tool.

5-4 Smoke Detectors and Other Early Warning Devices.

5-4.1 The use of approved smoke detectors and other early warning devices should be emphasized in dwelling inspections. Statistics have proved the worth of such warnin~ devices as life savers when combined with good escape planning practices. Many jurisdictions now require that residential smoke detectors and other early warning devices such as carbon monoxide detector, to be installed in all new construction and, in more and more cases, in existing structures.

5-4.2 Fire fighters should request the occupant to actuate the test button on any smoke detectors that are encountered in the course of the survey. Activation will test the internal circuitry of the smoke detector and establish that it has an adequate power supply. A sensing test should be conducted using a commercially available aerosol product. Special care should be taken with systems that are tied to a central station, and appropriate notification must be made before performing any tests.

5-4.$ Fire fighters should be familiar with local laws and should be able to answer questions pertaining to the purchase, installation, and maintenance of these devices. For example:

(a) What type, which power supply, what is the cost, and how many are necessary?

(b) Where should they be placed, and how are they installed? (c) How are they tested? What maintenance is necessary?

5-4.4 Installation of smoke detection devices in residential dwellings should be in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations.

5-5 Poisons• Poison control precautions should be discussed with occupants. Advice could include storage of poisons and drugs,

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poison control center phone numbers, and information on actuating the local emergency medical system.

5-6 Carbon Monoxide Detectors. Effective, reasonably priced carbon monoxide detectors are available for installation in all dwellings. Fire fighters should take note of the existence of such detectors and discuss the test and battery replacement schedules with the occupant. The hazards associated with carbon monoxide and proper actions to be taken in case of an alarm should also be discussed, and fire fighters should recommend that residents or persons in authority make any installations of detectors in accordance with recommendations of the manufacturer and with NFPA 720, Recommended Practice for the Installation of Household Carbon Monoxide (CO) Warning Equipment.

Chapter 6 Fire Extinguishing Equipment

6-1 Fire Extinguishers.

6-1.1 If a fire extinguisher is not found in the course of a dwelling survey, fire fighters should recommend that one be purchased and installed in the residence.

6-1.2 If fire extinguishers are encountered, fire fighters should check that the rating and classification are appropriate and that the units have the listing mark of a nationally recognized testing laboratory. If the extinguishers are single-use units, the inspector should check for expiration dates. Inspection tags on rechargeable extinguishers should be checked for up-to-date servicing.

6-1.3 Fire fighters should be able to answer questions pertaining to the purchase, installation, and maintenance of household fire extinguishers. For example:

(a) What kind, which rating, what is the cost, and how many are necessary?

(b) Where should they be placed and how should they be mounted?

(c) How are they operated and tested, and what periodic maintenance is necessary?

6-1.4 Installation of portable fire extinguishers in residenti ~:.,-g,~ buildings should be in accordance with NFPA 10, Stan d~... ~ Portable Fire Extinguishers. .~:" ;~;:~: ~:~.-'~::.

6-2 Residential Automatic Sprinkler S~stems. Autolha~- . systems are becoming more common m dwellin~.~.~ le to "~ 1 changes and increased h°me°wner a w a r e n e ~ 4 ~ e~ t~ ~ be alert to any conditions in the dwelling s~f i , '~ >ns'~ sprinklers that might impair the p e r f o r m ~ ~ys . in z..-:.-:" fire. The homeowner or occupant shou~tl't ~$qm operate the waterflow test connection in the presenc ~ e ire ~ aters after appropriate notifications have been made:"~.~ y c ~ ral station alarm services. , ~ :

Chapter 7 Urban-Wildiand Interfa~

7-1 General. There is a growing tendency to build dwellings that are in areas that are subject to wildiand fires. Homeowners in those areas need to take special precautions to reduce the risk that their home will fall victim to a rapidly spreading fire in .heavily vegetated areas. Often, occupants need to be educated m sucn precautions.

7-2 Precautions.

7-2.1 Precautions against wildfires can include but are not necessarily limited to the following list:

(a) Maintaining a defensible space (buffer zone) of at least 30 ft (10 m) around the dwelling

(b) Installing fire retardant roofs

(c) Maintaining roof and gutters clear of debris

(d) Planting slow-burning vegetation near the dwelling

(e) Placing screens on foundation and eaves vents

(f) Enclosing sides of stilt foundations and decks

(g) Providing screens or spark arresters of 1/2-inch or smaller mesh on chimneys

(h) Providing an emergency water supply for use by fire fighters

(i) Restricting on open burning

7-2.2 Additional wildfire safety education information can be obtained from the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, 1416 Ninth Street, P.O. Box 944946, Sacramento, CA 942442460.

7-3 Preparations. Fire fighters should recommend pre-fire preparations a homeowner can take, including the following:

(a) Inventory home and possessions with photographic or videotape support.

(b) Store important documents, photographs, and valuables in a secure off-premises location such as a safe-deposit box.

(c) Select and mark a manageable number of treasured items to take along in the event of a wildfire evacuation.

(d) Maintain a small bag of personal care items that can be useful at an evacuation shelter.

Chapter 8 Dwelling Survey Forms

8-1 General Information. , 4

8-1.1 To fully d ~ t the types of fire hazards in dwellings, and to ensure c o m ~ e co~'rage of the community, a system of reports and r e c o r d s ~ . . b e established for the dwelling survey program. If an e x i s t i ~ ' f i r e ' ~ e c t i o n program for other properties is a v a i l a b l ~ . . f f t e ~ b e expanded to include the dwelling surve~-".'g~j~zlui red '~r~ 'a t ion~, system might, be. as simple, or as corr~t'eh.ejastve as the i ~ : " f i r e problem and m u a u o n dictates. The i.~-~laff~_::.should inc~(le the numbers and types of fire hazards • i t S s ' ~ . e ~ locations surveyed. The information collected shou ~ ' g a ~ e r e d for specific reasons if it is to be meaningful; for exam[ 1 ~ n.u.mber and type of fire hazards might be analyzed to

education efforts. It is desirable determin ~ r e c t i o n of public ~e ._min s u ~ " ~' information by census lracts to create target ~ ~ " w h i l e maintaining confidentiality for the dwellings

:.8-~$* The results of individual surveys should be retained carefully i ~ held as confidential information to the fire department. i$'pecific information relative to a survey at a particular location should not be released to news media, insurance agents, commercial concerns, and so forth. Reports and survey forms used in the program can be developed in the jurisdiction or obtained from other sources. Sample dwelling survey forms included in Appendix A. The report should be filled out completely and follow a logical sequence from start to finish. The survey report should be filled out in duplicate, with the original given to the occupant and the duplicate retained for department use in tabulating hazards located in the community. The retained dPortion could or could not identify the specific residence,

epending on whether there is a concern regarding the report being classified as a public record, which is required to be made available to other persons upon request or subpoena.

8-1.3 Another useful tool in a dwelling survey pr%q~am is an introductory letter from the community's mayor, c~ty manager, or equivalent high official recommending cooperation with the fire department. Every effort should be made to provide information and assistance with the installation of smoke detectors or residential sprinkler systems and to establish an escape plan for the particular dwelling, along with encouragement to practice it regularly. The department could include such information during the dwelling survey (example included in Appendix A).

Chapter 9 Referenced Publications

9-1 The following documents or portions thereof are referenced within th isguide and should be considered as part of its recommendations. The edition indicated for each referenced document is the current edition as of the date of the NFPA issuance of this guide. Some of these documents might also be referenced in this guide for specific informational purposes and, therefore, are also listed in Appendix A.

9-1.1 NFPA Publications. National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, P.O. Box 9101, Quincy, MA 02269-9101.

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NFPA 10, Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers, 1998 edition.

NFPA 70, National Electrical Code, 1999 edition.

NFPA 211, Standard for Chimneys, Fireplaces, Vents, and Solid Fuel- Burning Appliances, 1996 edition.

NFPA 720, Recommended Practice for the Installation of Household Carbon Monoxide (CO) Warning Equipment, 1998 edition.

Append ix A Explanatory Material

Appendix A is not a part of the recommendations of this NFPA document but is included for informational purposes onO. This appendix contains explanatory material, numbered to correspond with the applicable text paragraphs.

A-1 The sample fo rms in Figures A-1 (a) t h r o u g h A-l(f) are good examples of d o c u m e n t s rout inely used as parts of dwelling fire safety p rograms and can be easily adap ted by those fire depa r tmen t s p l ann ing to establish such a program.

Yes No Check to see Whether any hazards exist in your home .

No more t han two appl iances are being used with an oude t or ex tens ion cord. Outlets are no t cracked or uncovered . Extens ion cords are used appropriately. Electrical cords are no t u n d e r rugs. Small appl iances are u n p l u g g e d when n o t in use. Combust ib les are r emoved f rom cooking areas. Electrical cords are in good shape. Wastepaper is properly disposed of. Househo l d chemicals are s tored away f rom children. Matches are ou t of reach of minors . Large ashtrays are in every room.

Figure A-l(a) Sample I • Safety Survey Sheet

The i tems checked "No" may cause a t safety.

:orrect these at once for your own

Yes No

Clothes dryer l lnt collecto'r is "dean. B asemen t door is dosed . Kitchen Combust ib les are removed f rom cooking areas. Small appl iances are u n p l u g g e d when n o t in use. Kitchen h o o d vent is clean and main ta ined . Living Area Fireplace has p rope r sc reen and hea r t h C h i mney is clean, and ashes are proper ly d isposed o f Attic Area is clear of all combust ib le materials. Hea t ing ducts are properly main ta ined . Garage T h e r e is a solid core door between garage a n d res idence. Power mower is properly stored. F lammable liquids are proper ly stored.

Remarks:

Widl your consent , t he Fire Safety Survey T eam has made a Fire Safety Survey of your h o m e . T h e i tems checked may cause a fire a n d are hazardous to you and your family. You are u rged to correct these at once for your own safety. If all i tems have b e e n checked "~es," you are to be c o m p l i m e n t e d on your personal fire prevent ion effort.

If you wish to discuss any hazard, or have any quest ions, please call t he ANYTOWN Fire Depar tmen t , Fire Safety Educat ion Center at ###- ####. You shou ld know what to do in case of emergency.

For All Emergencies Call "911,

Figure A-1 (b) Sample home safety survey sheet to be completed by fire department surveyor and given to homeowner.

7 7 2

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" E V E R Y T O W N " F I R E D E P A R T M E N T

Home Inspection of number St., Rd., PI., Ave.

Dear Occupant: With your consent, the undersigned fire department inspector has made

a f ire-safety inspect ion of your home. He has checked below those conditions that may start a fire and has left instructions on how to correct these f irehazards. YOU ARE URGED TO CORRECT THEM AT ONCE - please do not put it off. If you wish to discuss any hazard, please call the Fire Department - VA. 7-1313.

Basement I st Floor

2nd Floor Attic

Yard 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6. 7. 8. 9.

10.

(signed) John Doe, Fire Chief.

, 1 9

Rubbish and trash accumulati~"S~ii i~ Ashes improperly handled.<~.::.:: ":"~'-':~- ........ _ _ ~ $ . : : : ~ - • -,%..:..~.:..~- ~ : ~ . . : : : ~

Flammable liquids imprc~r l~:stored. "~U Painting materials, o i l y '>4~ ~>~afe. ~"

~..'. Storage or work areas con0~<.t:ed, not fire-safe. ,~:,~, ' :~ i - " :

• " .~. ' . .~:~f . , . : . . ; .~ . . . . "~.',]" .

Combustibles too ~~~,~.t. lnl~;iclevlces. Smokepipe~and f i n e l y arranged. M a s o n ~ e y s ~s~ fe . G as ,. " ; ~ ~ . s = ' : ~ ' r o p e rly arrang ed. E l e c t r i c a ~ u i t ~ l o a d i n g ,

1 ~ I" ElectrP~ ~:'~ ":~.':~:" ~. rd~.~.nd~..~ motors unsafe. "I"<~*:::~;~'2"..,'.i~ ~ & rac~ sets, poor arrangement. 13. ~ u i l . d . ~ g s and yards cleanup needed. 14. ~ maintenance fire-safety. 15. Baby-sitter information. 16. Home fire extinguisher information. 17. NO DEFECTS NOTED.

CONGRATULATIONS!

Type of heat used in home

Number of home o c c u p a n t s . ~ ; number of i n v a l i d s on ~ floor.

Fire department inspector

Figure A-l(c) Sample followup correspondence from fire department to homeowner.

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" ~ . : : : . . . ~..:~ ~: . ~.~ :~

~i " ~.~ ~'~.~-~

your alternative escape. , . . . . . . u . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . ,5. Everyone meet outdoors sure nobody returns to the at an assigned spot.

If cool, brace your shoulder burning house - - may die against the door and open going back in. it cautiously. Be ready to slam it if smoke or heat 8. Call the fire department rush in. from neighbor's phone.

Figure A-l(d) Sample grid plan that is useful when conducting dwelling fire safety surveys.

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Smoke Detectors Are Required by Law

S m o k e d e t e c t o r s m u s t h e i n s t a l l e d i n a l l M o n t g o m e r y C o u n t y d w e l l i n g u n i t s b y J u l y 1, 1978 . T h e f o l l o w i n g d i a g r a m s i l l u s t r a t e t h e m i n i m u m p r o t e c t i o n r e q u i r e d b y law. T h e " S m o k e D e t e c t o r s " s ec t ion of t h e M o n t g o m e r y

C o u n t y Code is p r i n t e d on t h e r e v e r s e of t h i s s h e e t .

Where to locate the basic smoke

detector The ma jo r t h r e a t f rom a fire in a dwel l ing is a t n i g h t w h e n everyone is asleep. The p r inc ipa l t h r e a t to persons in s leeping a reas comes from fires in the r ema in - de r of t he house , the re fo re , bas ic smoke de tec tor (s ) a re b e s t loca ted b e t w e e n t he bed r oom a r e a s a n d t h e r e s t of t h e house . In h o m e s w i t h on ly one b e d r o o m a r e a on one floor, t he bas ic s m o k e de t ec to r sha l l be located as shown in F igure 1.

DINING KITCHE~,~ BEDROOM BEDROOM

LIVING ROOM t . ~ - . . . ~ BEDROOM

Figure I. A ~ smo~tector (indicatod by cross) shall,~ed be~ the sleeping area

BEDROOM

Figure 2. In homes with more than a smoke detector (indicated by cross)

to Drotoct each.:~

wlEn more one detector

In h ~ w i t h m o r e t h a n one s l eep ing a r e a of w i t h bec~0~,.~s on m o r e t h a n one floor, m o r e t h a n one . ~ % m o k e d e t e c t o r wi l l b e n e e d e d as s h o w n in ' ~ r e 2. L o c a t i o n of t h e s m o k e d e t e c t o r o u t s i d e :.the b e d r o o m s p r e s u p p o s e s t h a t t h e o c c u p a n t s s leep w i t h t h e i r doors s h u t to p r o v i d e a b a r r i e r to t he smoke t h u s ga in ing add i t i ona l seconds for escape.

Homes wit stairways

Most h o m e s h a v e one or more s ta i r s . H e a t f rom f i re will c a r ry smoke a n d toxic gase s u p w a r d in to s ta i r s . A smoke de tec tor is needed a t t he h e a d (top) of each s t a i r s inc lud ing t he b a s e m e n t as s h o w n in F i g u r e 3. S t a i r s a re u s u a l l y a c o m m o n p a t h of ex i t a n d m u s t be p r e s e r v e d as a poss ib le e scape rou te . A l t e r n a t e escape rou tes should be p l a n n e d and pract iced du r ing a f i re dr i l l a t home. Note: A s m o k e de tec to r is no t requi red in s ta i r s going to unoccupied areas, e.g., attic.

/ i ~ 2nd FLOOR

1 st FLO0 t -J'J

BASEMENT

Figure 3. In homes with stairs a smoke detector (indicated by cross) should be at the head (top) of each.

I M P O R T A N T N O T E : A b o v e e x a m p l e s i l l u s t r a t e m i n i m u m s m o k e d e t e c t i o n r e q u i r e m e n t s i n r e s i d e n t i a l u n i t s . A d d i t i o n a l s m o k e d e t e c t o r s or a n y e a r l y w a r n i n g f i re d e t e c t i o n s y s t e m s h o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d .

Figure A-l(e) Front side of fire prevention literature diagramming locations for smoke detectors. Source: Department of F'tre-Rescue Services, Division of Fire Prevention, Montgomery, Maryland.

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Smoke De t ect ion R E Q U I R E M E N T : I t s h a l l be t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f t h e

o w n e r o f e a c h n e w a n d e x i s t i n g o c c u p i e d d w e l l i n g u n i t t o i n s t a l l s m o k e d e t e c t o r s in e a c h s u c h d w e l l i n g u n i t a s h e r e i n - a f t e r p r o v i d e d . S a i d s m o k e d e t e c t o r s s h a l l b e c a p a b l e o f s e n s i n g v i s i b l e o r i n v i s i b l e p a r t i c l e s o f c o m b u s t i o n a n d p r o - r i d i n g a s u i t a b l e a u d i b l e a l a r m t h e r e o f ; f u r t h e r , t h e y s h a l l b e i n s t a l l e d b y J u l y 1, 1978 , i n t h e m a n n e r h e r e i n a f t e r p r o v i d e d ( u n l e s s o t h e r p r o v i s i o n s o f C o u n t y , S t a t e , o r F e d e r a l l a w s h a h r e q u i r e i n s t a l l a t i o n be fo re t h a t d a t e . ) F a i l u r e t o i n s t a l l s m o k e d e t e c t o r s a s a n d w h e r e r e q u i r e d b y s a i d d a t e wi l l sub - j e c t t h e p r o p e r t y o w n e r t o t h e p a n a l t i e s s e t f o r t h i n S e c t i o n 2 2 - 2 2 o f t h e F i r e S a f e t y C o d e o f M o n t g o m e r y C o u n t y .

B. L O C A T I O N : (1) A t l e a s t o n e s m o k e d e t e c t o r s h a h be i n s t a l l e d t o p r o t e c t e a c h s l e e p i n g a r e a . A s l e e p i n g a r e a i s de- l~med a s t h e a r e a o r a r e a s o f t h e f a m i l y l i v ing u n i t i n w h i c h t h e b e d r o o m s (or s l e e p i n g r o o m s ) a r e l o c a t e d . W h e r e b e d r o o m s o r r o o m s o r d i n a r i l y u s e d fo r s l e e p i n g a r e s e p a r a t e d b y o t h e r - u s e a r e a s ( s u c h a s k i t c h e n s o r l i v i n g r o o m s , b u t n o t b a t h r o o m s o r c losets) , t h e y s h a l l be c o n s i d e r e d a s s e p a r a t e s l e e p i n g a r e a s fo r

E . I N S T A L L A T I O N : I n n e w r e s i d e n t i a l d w e l l i n g s , s m o k e d e t e c t o r s s h a h b e w i r e d d i r e c t l y ( h a r d - w i r e d ) to t h e b u i l d i n g ' s p o w e r supply . I n e x i s t i n g d w e l l i n g s w i t h i n m u l t i - f a m i l y bu i ld - i n g s o f t e n u n i t s o r m o r e , t h e d e t e c t o r s s h a h m e e t t h e m u l t i - f a m i l y b u i l d i n g p o w e r s o u r c e r e q u i r e m e n t s o f S t a t e law, o r i n t h e a b s e n c e o f S t a t e l aw, t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s h e r e u n d e r c o v e r i n g o t h e r e x i s t i n g dwe l l i ngs . I n o t h e r e x i s t i n g dwe l l i ngs , i t i s p r e f e r r e d t h a t s m o k e d e t e c t o r s b e w i r e d d i r e c t l y t o t h e p o w e r s u p p l y , h o w e v e r , s a i d d e t e c t o r s m a y b e p o w e r e d b y s e l f - m o n i t o r e d b a t t e r y o r o p e r a t e d i n a p l u g - i n o u t l e t w h i c h is f i t t e d w i t h a p l u g r e s t r a i n e r dev ice , p r o v i d e d t h e o u t l e t i s n o t c o n t r o l l e d b y a n y o t h e r s w i t c h o t h e r t h a n t h e m a i n p o w e r supp ly .

F. C E R T I F I C A T I O N . A T C H A N G E I N O C C U P A N C Y : A f t e r J u l y 1, 1 9 7 8 , a t e v e r y c h a n g e i n o c c u p a n c y o f e v e r y d w e l l i n g u n i t o c c a s i o n e d b y o r i n c i d e n t a l t o a s a l e , l e a s e o r s u b - l e a s e o f s a i d u n i t , i t s h a h be t h e d u t y o f t h e g r a n t o r t h e r e - o f ( i . e . , t h e se l ler , l essor , o r s u b - l e s s o r , a s t h e c a s e m a y be) to cer t i fy , b e f o r e o c c u p a n c y , t o t h e n e w o c c u p a n t t h a t a l l s m o k e d e t e c t o r s a s r e q u i r e d b y t h i s s e c t i o n (or o t h e r a p p l i c a b l e l a w s ) a r e i n s t a l l e d a n d i n p r o p e r w o r k i n g c o n d i t i o n . F a i l u r e t o

t h e p u r p o s e s o f t h i s sec t ion , c o m p l y w i t h t h i s s u b s e c ~ . ~ s h a h b e p u n i s h a b l e a s s e t f o r t h h e r e i n ; p r o v i d e d , h e w . ~ " ~ a t t h i s s u b s e c t i o n s h a h n o t b e

(2) A t l e a s t o n e s m o k e d e t e c t o r s h a l l be c o n s t r u e d t o v i t i a t e ~ n d e ~ : ~ , o i d a n y c o n t r a c t , l e a s e , o r sub - i n s t a l l e d a t t h e h e a d ( top) o f e a c h s t a r i w a y l e a d i n g u p t o a n l e a s e s u b j e c t h e r e ~ . o c c u p i e d a r e a m s u c h a m a n n e r a s to a s s u r e t h a t r ~ s m g s m o k e ,~:'r4 . . - ~ . . . . . . • • . G. P E R M I T ~ D : 1~o s m o k e a e t e c t o r o r a l t e r n a - lS n o t o b s t r u c t e d In r e a c h i n g t h e d e t e c t o r a n d t h e d e t e c t o r , . ÷ ~ - " ~ - 5 ~ ~ d e ,1 . . . . . . . . . . l ye s y s t e m .~. ~ . . ~lrec~..i . '~. .onne~e~ ~ p e r m a n ~ l y w ~ r e a j zo i n t e r c e p t s n s m g s m o k e b e f o r e i t r e a c h e s t h e s l e e p i n g a r e a . . ~ .-. -:-: ~::-.'-:.. .~ . t h e e l e c t r l c ~ 2 ~ . ~ ' o f t h e ~ e u n l e s s a n e l e c t r l c a i pe r -

m i t shall~:.~<Ave f i r s t b e e n e b b e d f r o m t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E n v i r o ~ n t a t : - " - ~ r o t e c t i o n o r ~ e m u n i c i p a l e l e c t r i c a l p e r m i t c:. A L T E ~ v A I 1 v ~ : A s a n a l t e r n a t l v . e t o s e u - c o n t a i n e a a u t h o ~ . v i n ~ d i c t i o n . "The C o u n t y E x e c u t i v e is h e r e b y

s m o k e d e t e c t o r s , a n a p p r o v e d f~re d e t e c t m n s y s t e m m a y b e ~ .e .~ . :~ . . . . . . . . . . . a u t h o r i z ' e ~ . . . ~ - . ~ o ~ a f ee s c h e d u l e f o r t h e i s s u a n c e o f s a i d I n s t a l l e d E a c h fLre a e t e c t m n s y s t e m m u s t b e I n a ~ m a u a u y

• p e r m i t w h i ~ - ' ~ a l l n o t e x c e e d t h e c o s t o f a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f a p p r o v e d a n d a p e r m i t i s s u e d t h e r e f o r e b y t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f . t h i s s e c t i o n ; ~.~. .er ,~. . the C o u n t y E x e c u t i v e i s a u t h o r i z e d to F i r e a n d R e s c u e S e r m c e s . ~.'.'~v.e~ p a r t i ~ d l y ' ~ i ~ ] ~ o H y ~ t h e fee r e q u i r e m e n t a t h i s d i s c r e s -

~ . , . . x ~ : : ~ . p i s s u e : ~ l t i p l e p e r m i t s u n d e r t h e p a y m e n t o f a

D. E Q U I P M E N T : AH d e v i c e s , c o m b i n a t i o n s o f d e v i c e s , "::'..~-~ .:$::? <~9 :~ a n d e q u i p m e n t r e q u i r e d h e r e i n a r e t o b e i n s t a l l e d in c o n ~ t ~ - ":~i~:" S U ~ / L E M E N T A L S T A N D A R D S : T h i s s e c t i o n i s in - a n c e w i t h t h e B u i l d i n g C o d e a n d t h i s s e c t i o n , a n d ~ i t en~ . "d to I ~ u s e d w i t h a n d s u p p l e m e n t e d b y t h e a p p l i c a b l e bv t h e M o n t g o m e r y C o u n t v D e p a r t m e n t o f F i r e a ~ ' ~ e s c ~ i p r o ~ i o ~ s o f t h e N a t i o n a l F.ire P r o t e c t i o n A s s o c i a t i o n S t a n d - S~evices a n d Hs ted~by s a i d ' D e p a r t m e n t f o r t h e p . ~ . ~ s e s f ~ : a r . ~ S ~ r ~ e a n d 74elv9r7.4fEdietieOn:l~a~h~%ha~arecho~c~bctY ~e~vreP:n w h i c h t h e y a r e i n t e n d e d ; s a i d l i s t m a y be s u b s e q u 4 ~ t ~ p e . . . ~ . ' . ~_~ .~. ~-" e ; h , y e d b y t h e D e n a r t m e n t o f F i r e a n d R e s c u e S e r v i c e s ~ s - ~ : ~ . ~ s t a t u t e a n d t h e s a i d s u p p l e m e n t a l s t a n d a r d s , t h i s s t a t u t e salT. ~ S u c h a p p r o v a l s h a l l be p e r m a n e n t u n ~ . ~ . ( 1 3 e ] ] X ~ r ~ a n y r u l e s a n d r e g u l a t i o n s a d o p t e d p u r s u a n t t h e r e t o s h a l l s u b s e q u e n t l y f ' m d s t h a t t h e e q u i p m e n t ~ " ~ : . :e. p r e v a i l . r e l i a b l e , in w h i c h c a s e , t h e D i r e c t o r m a ~ " s u s p d i ~ , ~ t ~ r , e v o ~ ~" . . . . <-: ~.~-..2, . : - : - : . . . . . a p p r o v a l . T h e D t r e c t o r m a y In an~. ,~.~ch c a s e ~ ' ~ m ~ • N O T E : To r e d u c e p r i n t i n g cos t s , t i t l e t o t h e b i l l a n d c e r t a i n w h e t h e r r e p l a c e m e n t o f e x i s t i n g i n ~ s s h a l i ~ ' ~ ' z ~ u i r ~ [ . o t h e r n o n - e s s e n t i a l i t e m s h a v e b e e e n de l e t ed f r o m t h i s r e p r i n t . T r a n s f e r t o t h e i n a c t i v e l i s t s h a l l ~ 'ot " "~ . . . t . e q u i p n ~ t a p - T h i s b i l l w a s s i g n e d i n t o l a w b y t h e C o u n t y E x e c u t i v e o n p r o v a l . ":%'-~:"-&.. . . ' ~ : S e p t e m b e r 14, 1976.

T h e N a t i o n a l F i r e P r o t e c t i o n A s s o c i a t i o ' ~ [ p a m p h l e t # 74, " H o u s e h o l d F i r e W a r n i n g E q u i p m e n t , " c o n t a i n s d e t a i l e d i n f o r m a t i o n on s m o k e d e t e c t o ~ . Cop ies a r e a v a i l a b l e f r o m t h e A s s o c i a t i o n a t B a t t e r y m a r c h P a r k ,

Quincy, M A 02269

T h e M o n t g o m e r y C o u n t y D e p a r t m e n t o f F i r e a n d R e s c u e S e r v i c e s d o e s n o t r e c o m m e n d s p e c i f i c m a n u f a c t u r e r s o f s m o k e d e t e c t o r s , b u t d o e s m a i n t a i n a l i s t o f a p p r o v e d m o d e l s .

To f i nd o u t i f a s m o k e d e t e c t o r you a r e c o n s i d e r i n g i s on t h e a p p r o v e d l i s t , o r i f you h a v e a n y o t h e r q u e s t i o n s , call t h e D i v i s i o n of F i r e P r e v e n t i o n a t 4 6 8 - 4 1 5 3 or y o u r local f i re s t a t i o n ( l i s t ed i n t h e C & P p h o n e d i rec to ry )

Department of Fire - Rescue Services Division of Fire Prevention Montgomery County, Maryland

F'~gure A-I ( 0 R e v e r s e s i d e o f f i r e p r e v e n t i o n l i t e r a t u r e d e t a i l i n g t h e loca l o r d i n a n c e s r e g a r d i n g s m o k e d e t e c t i o n . Source: D e p a r t m e n t o f F i r e - R e s c u e S e r v i c e s , D iv i s ion o f F i re P r e v e n t i o n , M o n t g o m e r y , M a r y l a n d .

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