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Session 1: From the War on Terror to the New Musl im Dialog
DR. S IMON A. MOULD - 1 - WWW.NATIONREBUILDERS .COM
FROM THE WAR ON TERROR TO THE NEW MUSLIM DIALOG LECTURE
Overview of the Bush administration’s post 9/11 foreign policy
9/11 as the defining moment for the Bush administration
On 9/11, an intentional attempt to destroy the ultimate icons of American economic power, military might, along with
the very symbol of democratic freedom led terrorists to target the World Trade Center, the Pentagon, and possibly
Congress. Victor Davis Hanson refers to them as “Icons…the manifest symbols of global capitalism and American
military power, and centering their destruction on the largest Jewish city in the world.”1 Rumors of further attacks that
might target the White House, Camp David, the Capitol, and the State Department sent many in government running
for cover. The President was flown from one undisclosed location to another.
These targets selected by Al Qaeda were carefully chosen as part of a broader strategy to undermine the U.S. economic
and political strength. Having waged a series of successful attacks since the first bombing of the World Trade Center
in 1993, through to their attacks on U.S. military installations in the Middle East and the bombings of U.S. embassy in
Tanzania and Kenya, the American response had up till then been minimal. President Clinton had responded by
launching of a few cruise missiles to destroy a pharmaceutical plant in Sudan and a training camp in Afghanistan. Al
Qaeda called the U.S. response ineffective. “The raid proved that the American army is going downhill in its morale. Its
members are too cowardly and too fearful to meet the young people of Islam face-to-face.”2 Al Qaeda’s assessment of
the U.S. was that it was now a fading world power. The debacle of U.S. Marines being dragged around the streets of
Somalia followed by a humiliating withdraw all provided additional confirmation of Bin Laden’s assumption that the U.S.
had not the stomach for real combat engagement.
The response of the new Bush administration was decidedly different to that of its predecessor, calling the attacks an
act of war that justified not just retaliation, but a whole new approach to foreign policy that would be structured
according to the new post-9/11 era that was emerging. Gathered alongside his National Security team, President Bush
said, “The deliberate and deadly attacks which were carried out yesterday against our country were more than acts of
terror. They were acts of war. This will require our country to unite in steadfast determination and resolve. Freedom
and democracy are under attack. The American people need to know that we're facing a different enemy than we have
ever faced. This enemy hides in shadows, and has no regard for human life. This is an enemy who preys on innocent
and unsuspecting people, then runs for cover. This will be a monumental struggle of good versus evil. But good will
prevail.”3
After a long week of strategic planning both at the White House and Camp David, the President addressed Congress
and the nation on September 20th explaining that all the evidence for the attacks pointed to Al-Qaeda, a global network
of terrorist cells and organizations that had been given sanctuary in Afghanistan under the extremist Islamic regime of
1 Hanson, Victor Davis. Between War and Peace: Lessons From Afghanistan to Iraq. New York: Random House, 2004. Print. 3. 2 Statement released through an interview with Time Magazine. (Jan. 1999). Cited in Ibrahim, R. Ed. The Al Qaeda Reader. New York: Doubleday,
2007. Print. 261. 3 Bush, George W. “Remarks by the President in Photo Opportunity with the National Security Team.” 12 Sept. 2001. 15 Mar. 2009.
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Session 1: From the War on Terror to the New Musl im Dialog
DR. S IMON A. MOULD - 13 - WWW.NATIONREBUILDERS .COM
QUESTIONS TO PREPARE FOR & PONDER QUESTIONS
1. Has the dialog of the Obama administration toward Muslim countries really worked in terms of building
relationships we can now count on in dealing with the current problems we are trying to solve?
2. Compare the extent to what President Bush and President Obama adopted or rejected a sense of grand
strategy that was applied to their foreign policy. What lessons can we learn from these administrations in terms
of how having a strategy or not having a strategy aided or undermined U.S. foreign policy objectives?
3. Is it important to identify how the failure of foreign policy of the past created a fertile environment for ISIS to
gain momentum as an organization, militarily, economically, and politically?
4. Did Obama’s agreement to carry out airstrikes against ISIS represent enough change in his administration’s
foreign policy to produce a significant and sufficient degrading capability of the ISIS agenda?
5. Is the U.S. relationship with Israel repairable within the last two years of the Obama administration, if so, what
will help improve relations? If not, how will the tense relationship undermine recent talk among the
international community to encourage the finalizing of the two state solution with Israel and Palestine?
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THE FUTURE OF POWER IN THE MIDDLE EAST
Prepared for the NCFCA 2015 U.S. Foreign Policy Debate - 14 - WWW.NATIONREBUILDERS .COM
RECOMMENDED FURTHER RESEARCH & READING RESEARCH
Key speeches and policy papers from the Bush administration
The following documents are available as PDFs on the Resource DVD.
Bush, George W. The State of the Union Address. “The Axis of Evil.” The White House January 29 2002.
Rumsfeld, Donald. Remarks to The National Defense University. “On Fighting Modern War.” January 31 2002.
Retrieved online from the Department of Defense website.
“The National Security Strategy of the United States of America. The White House.” September 17, 2002.
Bush, George W. “President's Remarks on Iraq at the United Nations General Assembly.” September 12, 2002.
“National Strategy for Combating Terrorism.” The White House. February, 2003.
Rice, Condoleezza. “Transforming the Middle East.” The Washington Post, Page A21. Thursday, August 7, 2003.
Bush, George W. “President Bush Discusses Iraq Policy at Whitehall Palace in London.” November 19, 2003.
“Report on the U.S. intelligence community's pre-war intelligence assessments on Iraq – Conclusions.” Select
Committee on Intelligence – U.S. Senate. July 9, 2004.
“The National Security Strategy of the United States of America.” The White House. March, 2006.
The Baker-Hamilton Commission. “The Iraq Study Group Report.” December 6, 2006.
Key speeches and policy papers from the Obama administration
The following documents are available as PDFs on the Resource DVD.
Biddle, Stephen. “Afghanistan, Iraq, and US Strategy in 2009. Statement Before the House Armed Services Committee.”
Council on Foreign Relations 12 Feb. 2009.
Obama, Barak. “Responsibly Ending the War in Iraq.” Remarks of President Barack Obama. February 27, 2009.
“White Paper of the Interagency Policy Group's Report on U.S. Policy Toward Afghanistan and Pakistan.” The White
House 27 Mar. 2009.
Obama, Barak. “Remarks by the President on a New Beginning.” June 4, 2009.
Obama, Barak. “Moment of Opportunity. American Diplomacy in the Middle East & North Africa.” Delivered at the
State Department. May 19 2011.
Obama, Barak. “Remarks of President Barack Obama” Delivered to the National Defense University. May 23 2013.
“The Joint Plan of Action agreed to by the P5+1 and Iran in Geneva, Switzerland 2013.” The White House. Nov 24,
2013.
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THE FUTURE OF POWER IN THE MIDDLE EAST
Prepared for the NCFCA 2015 U.S. Foreign Policy Debate - 20 - WWW.NATIONREBUILDERS .COM
RECOMMENDED FURTHER RESEARCH & READING RESEARCH
The Resource DVD provides the following resources as web links to the articles.
Key:
CFR Council on Foreign Relations
FPRI Foreign Policy Research Institute
MEF Middle East Forum
MEI Middle East Institute
MEPC Middle East Policy Council
WINEP Washington Institute for Near East Peace
Arab Spring General Resources:
Guardian – Arab Spring Interactive Timeline
Brookings - The Arab Awakening and Middle East Unrest
Middle East Institute – Arab Awakening
Aljazeera - The Arab Awakening (A series of documentaries)
BBC – Arab Uprisings
Washington Post - Middle East and North Africa in turmoil (Maps and Timeline)
Arab Spring Analysis:
WP 01/01/2011 After the Hope of the Arab Spring, the Chill of an Arab Winter
FPRI January 2012 Life Begins After 25: Demography and the Societal Timing of the Arab Spring
National Journal 02/21/2011 The Whole World Is Watching – The Middle East Youth Bulge
Brookings 02/28/2011 A New Arab World Is Coming, with or without U.S.
MEPC Summer/2014 The International Relations of the Arab Spring
Egypt:
Statements by President Obama:
Feb. 1, 2011. “Remarks by the President on the Situation in Egypt.”
Feb. 11, 2011. “Remarks by the President on Egypt.”
Expert analysis on Egyptian protests:
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Session 2 - The Regression from Arab Spring to Winter
DR. S IMON A. MOULD - 21 - WWW.NATIONREBUILDERS .COM
Satoff, Robert. “From Caution to Boldness: U.S. Policy toward Egypt.” The Washington Institute for Near East Policy.
Feb. 3, 2011.
Guirguis, Dina. “Seeking to Protect Egypt's Democratic Transition.” The Washington Institute for Near East Policy.
Feb. 4, 2011.
Hamid, Shadi. “Is Caution the Right U.S. Strategy?” The Brookings Institute. Feb. 7, 2011. Originally published in the
New York Times forum.
Makovsky, David. “Is Caution the Right U.S. Strategy?” The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Feb. 7, 2011.
Originally published in the New York Times forum.
Satoff, Robert. “Ideas for U.S. Middle East Policy in the Wake of the Egypt Crisis.” Feb. 7, 2011.
Libya:
BBC Guide: The Libya Crisis
Hamid, Shadi. “It's Time To Intervene.” Brookings. Feb 23, 2011.
Byman, Daniel L. “Qaddafi’s Legacy.” Brookings. Feb 24, 2011.
Pollack, Kenneth M. “The Real Military Options in Libya.” Brookings. March 9 2011.
O’Hanlon, Michael. “Winning Ugly in Libya.” Brookings. March 30 2011.
Cordesman, Anthony. “Libya: Will the Farce Stay With US (And France and Britain)?” CSIS. April 20 2011.
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Session 5: Building an Informed Perspective of Middle East Pol it ics
DR. S IMON A. MOULD - 31 - WWW.NATIONREBUILDERS .COM
The Middle East Institute
The Middle East Institute was
founded in 1946 with the primary
goal of fostering understanding of
the Middle East among Americans.
The Institute publishes The Middle
East Journal and hosts lectures and
conferences featuring regional
experts from around the world.
www.mei.edu
@MiddleEastInst
Weekly newsletter
middleastinstitute
Washington Institute for
Near East Policy
The Washington Institute for Near
East Policy was established to
advance a balanced and realistic
understanding of American interests
in the Middle East. The Institute
promotes an American engagement
in the Middle East committed to
strengthening alliances, nurturing
friendships, and promoting security,
peace, prosperity, and democracy
for the people of the region.
www.washingtoninstitute.org
@washinstitute
Weekly briefs and analysis
The Washington Institute Podcast
WashingtonInstitute
The Brookings Institute
Brookings brings together the most
experienced policy minds working
on the region, and provides
policymakers and the public with
objective, in-depth and timely
research and analysis. The mission is
to chart the path—political,
economic and social—to a Middle
East at peace with itself and the
world.
www.brookings.edu
@BrookingsInst
Brookings highlights and analysis
Brookings Events
Brookings Institution
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S O C I A L S T U D I E S C U R R I C U L U M
F O R S T R A T E G I C
M O V E M E N T S I N H I S T O R Y
Raising Christian statesmen • History of power •
Substance of Christian statesmanship • Post Cold war
era • International relations • Shifts in hegemony •
Philosophical and cultural trends • Postmodern
warfare • Principles and convictions • Power move-
ments • International governance • International Affairs •
Intelligence gathering and analysis • Collaborative
decision making • Foreign policy analysis • Government
accountability • Power of communication • Values and
worldview • Post 9/11 era • Middle East studies •
Economic recession • Militant Islam • Globalization •
Decline of the West • Disciple the nations • Internation-
al development • Al Qaeda network • Persecution of
the church • The Great Commission • The Palestinian
crisis • Shock and awe • Pan Arab nationalism
• Moderate Islam • The rise of China • The clash of
civilizations • The end of history • Bush doctrine •
National security • Counter terrorism strategy • Coun-
ter insurgency strategy • Weapons of Mass Destruc-
tion • Nation rebuilding • Arab spring • Mass social me-
dia networks • Iraq war • NATO partners • US-UK
special relations • Arab dictators • Euro crisis • Trade •
Afghanistan mission • Rising oil prices • Vision • Iranian
power • Human trafficking • Justice • Reconciliation •
Bui ld ing Inte l l igence for Strateg ic Movements in Histor y
W W W. N AT I O N R E B U I L D E R S . C O M
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