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Future Albertan Community
Water Services
Nicholas ASHBOLT
Yang LIU (Civil & Environ Engineering)
Alberta Innovates – Health Solutions
Translational Health Chair in Water
Future of Municipal Water Services, October 5th, 2016
Points to be addressed
• We all have a water service problem!
• Thinking within the Circular Economy
• One-Health and One-Water need
• Living more within our community limits
and prospering from it
2
We all have a
water service
problem
3
Upgrading aging
wastewater collection
systems and treatment
plants in Canada is
estimated to cost $82 billion
Separation of combine
sewer systems problematic
What to build for new
communities??
2016 Canadian Infrastructure report
4
Potable water assets in Canada in fair, poor or very poor condition
Wastewater assets in fair, poor or very poor condition
Stormwater assets in fair, poor or very poor condition
Roads & sidewalks in fair, poor or very poor condition
in fair, poor or very poor condition
Assets in current need of attention
Assets in fair, poor or very poor condition
Roads & sidewalks in fair, poor or very poor condition
Replacement value of assets
Full replacement cost of wastewater
Replacement value of stormwater
Total replacement cost of
www.canadainfrastructure.ca/Canadian Soc Civil Eng (CSCE), Canadian Pub Works Assoc (CPWA), Canadian Construction Assoc (CCA), Fed Canadian Municipalities
http://dailycommercialnews.com/Infrastructure/News/2016/1/
Surface/Ground water
• Water services utilize ~3-7% of a nation’s electricity (yield 3% GHG) but
some 40-60% of a municipality’s energy bill!
+ 14% for hot water (household heating 29% & cooling 17%)*
• Canadian old water service infrastructure $172 billion to maintain**
• Sewer/septic system releases – major cause of eutrophication/disease
• Fire fighting system with potable water biggest infrastructure cost factor
Current urban water service system
Challenges
HouseholdWater treatment
Septic tank /leachfield
PathogensNutrientsDrugsToxins
*www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/**dailycommercialnews.com/Infrastructure/News/2016/1/5
Pumping and mixing
Sludge dewatering
COD degradation
Nitrification/denitrification
• Municipal wastewater treatment
and collection are energy intensive
(1-4% total national electricity load)• Energy used WWT 0.3–2.1 kW h/m3
• Aeration consumes 55-70%
• Total energy content of municipal
wastewater approx 23 W/capita in
COD; & 6 & 0.8 W/capita (N&P)
• Domestic wastewater contains
energy which represents 3-5 times
the energy required for
treatment
Energy Intensive Wastewater Treatment
6
Circular Economy principles
• ‘Waste’ is food
• Diversity is strength
• Energy from renewable sources
• Systems thinking
– "using the resources available in cascading
systems, (...) the waste of one product becomes
the input to create a new cash flow”
– 2012 report for Ellen MacArthur Foundation by McKinsey &
Company, first described business opportunity transition to
a restorative, circular model
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_economy7
C, P, N, K
recovery
Bioenergy
recovery
CH4
CO2
Reduced
global
warming
Land
Reduced
transport cost Food
Stormwater
filtration
Greywater
treatment &
reuse
Recycle
and reuse
Bathing
quality
Lower P, N
Higher water
quality
Black
water
Grey
Water
Source Diverted Wastewater (Decentralized) Systems
8
Indoor per capita gal/d (%) water use*
Water system issues: access & population
growth, climate change, & eco-service loss
*DeOreo et al. (2016) REU study, AWWA9
Blackwater
• Need adaptive approaches to aid decision-making in circular economy:
– Treating water so fit-for-purpose
~ 20% needed at drinking water
quality
– With full cost accounting for water
services driven by resource
recovery (thermal, electricity,
N&P, water…) for the built
environment system life-time
Surface/Groundwater
Different financial model & political will for:• Say 40% reduction in home energy & water vs 2010 home
Financially-driven water, energy & nutrient resource recovery
• Climate- & demographic-adaptive infrastructure Decentralized, adaptable so antifragile*
Alternative urban water elements for
the circular economy
Rain Water
Water supply
Household
Blackwater
Greywater/treatment (70% of household use)
Energy/heat recovery
Fertilizer
Water treatment
Electricity
Hot water
20%
>10%
*Nassim (2012) Antifragile: Things That Gain from Disorder, Random House10
One-Health concept• The ‘‘One-Health’’ approach recognizes the
intimate linkage between human, animal, and
ecosystem health
• Promotes an international, interdisciplinary,
and cross-sectorial approach to disease
surveillance, monitoring, prevention, control,
and mitigation of emerging and re-emerging
diseases
– e.g. phosphorous control, antimicrobial resistance
11PHAC (2009) http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca
Cordell et al. (2009) Nutrient Recovery from Wastewater Streams, Vancouver, (Eds) D Mavinic, K Ashley and F Koch12
P shortfall
Phosphorous one-health issue
Historic and future sources of phosphorus fertilizers 1900-2100
Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) example
13
*Hoffman et al. (2015) Bull WHO 3, 66 **Ashbolt et al. (2013) Env Health Pers 121, 993-1001
• 3rd gen cephalosporin-
resistant E. coli & MRSA
estimated deaths 3.3 per
100,000 in EU in 2015
• Globally 700,000 AMR-deaths,
likely 10 million by 2050*
• Unclear fraction due to water exposure pathways**
One-health impacts across scale
Global
Regional
Community
Individual
Climate Change Mitigation
Hydrology
Pathogen Ecology
(viruses, bacteria
& protozoa)
Water Availability Water Quality
Engineered System
AdaptationBehaviour
Illness/deathWater
/Food
Temp
14
Adapted from:Mellor et al. (2016) Sci Tot Environ 549, 82-90
Antimicrobial
resistance
*Winz et al. (2014) Urban Water J 11: 497-505
• Asymmetry of barriers
– Awareness informs
policy/management
• >90% influence in black
• 70-89% “ in blue
• 60-69% “ in green
Institutional feedback ‘culprit’
Persistent network feedback
Main barriers are not
technical nor $$$
15
One-Water need
16
Key local reasons
• Economic via energy recovery• Public Health & wellbeing
• Minimize boil water & waterway advisories
• Demonstrate leadership & provide for economic growth at community scale
Economic
HygieneEnviron
Social
Technical
Sustainable systems achieved by trade-
offs between key criteria with stakeholders
5 Primary Criteria
17
Water Services Association of Australia (2008) Urban Water Sustainability Framework.
Resource recovery starts with a toilet
18
Urine-diversion or std dual flush toilet
Vacuum toilet components
Air-water forced
toilet
19
Dry toilet orPressure sewer Infiltration/ non-
potable reuse
Wetland orinside reuse
Black(yellow)water Rainwater Greywater
Biogas – recovery ofheat & energy
Low-flush/ composting/UD toilets
Food shredder
Example system (Lubeck, Germany
1990’s) with solar thermal hot water
Greywatertreatment
Blackwaterheat +energy
(CHP)Rainwater
use
20
PropelAir toilet with 1) pressure sewer: 278 €/p∙y with energy recovery versus2) conventional gravity sewer 302 €/p∙y + home heating €
sale of fertilizer would further reduce costs, carbon credits bonus
Treated household water Electricity
Brownfield Housing estate
2010 municipal water services:HAMBURG WATER Cycle®, Jenfelder Au
Heat
20Kinstedt MSc, Tech Uni Hamburg
Iconic demonstrations at full-
scale are needed to assist in
promoting water management
within the Circular Economy
and Alberta’s Water-for-Life
21
CentralizedComposting toilet/septic
Urine diversion/
septic
Energy recovery/ greywater
reuse
Energy recovery/
grey reuse, rainwater
use
Human Health 0.0017 0.015 0.0072 1.00 0.056
Eutrophication 0.045 1.00 0.34 0.061 0.061
Cost 0.38 0.81 1.00 1.00 0.52
Global Warming 0.20 0.22 0.22 1.00 0.92
Energy 0.55 0.90 0.83 1.00 0.93
Sustainable water services: Cape Cod
0.0 Worst Best 1.022
Xue et al. (2016) Water 8, (4), w8040154
23
Blackwater energy-nutrient recovery
Sneek, the Netherlands 2015
23
Mission: Enhance municipal sustainability through
innovative water & energy management
New Water Management Model
Advance One-Water model to create awareness, drive efficiencies & promote
sustainability
Facilitating Framework
Create awareness, drive efficiencies, promote sustainability
Stakeholders: Academia – Government – Industry – First Nations
Demonstrate & Implement
Water Centre & Demonstration Community (‘Iconic Project’)
Market-driven solutions in water, energy & nutrient recovery
Facilitate & support province-wide implementation
24
Mission & Outcomes
Sturgeon County: Bellerose developers
Ken Pacholok, MSc, Peng & Jim Hole, BAg, CPH
• Developable Area: 454ac (184ha)*
• Reserve/Research Lands: 240 ac (97.5ha) *
• Approx. Area = RiverLot 56
• Contiguous with:• City St. Albert• UofA Research Station• Sturgeon River• Existing Rural Subdivisions
• Future CRGP Land Use:Priority Growth Area ‘B’ *
(same PGA-B shared by St. Albert & Edmonton)
* Information deemed accurate but not guaranteed; approx. 20ha at eastern flank currently designated as CCRA
25
Location
26
Site Layout
PSE Research & Development• Leverage world-class PSE expertise to source,
support, evaluate & refine innovations• From pilot, demonstration to implementation.
Conceptual Purposes only. Information deemed accurate but is not guaranteed, and is subject to change without notice.
Discovery Centre• Interactive educational facility• To engage, educate & inform students,
Public & Community Leaders on water & energy innovations & emerging issues.
Municipal Outreach & Training• Provide outreach, support & training for
province-wide municipal sustainability initiatives
Community S-U & Gathering• Flexible Community Use / Gathering Place• Outdoor Plaza
27
Conceptual Modules
28
Phase A – NSERC/City of Edmonton Pilot
29
Phase B Demonstration
Key take home points• ‘Traditional’ urban water systems not possible
due to water scarcity & ecosystem impacts in
many regions and not economic in most places
for the longer-term (including Alberta)
– Need a systems & community view to identify alternatives
– Including electricity, heat, fertilizers + water fit-for-purpose
– Need careful oversight and scenario testing to reduce
unintended consequences from any change
30
AI-EES-City of Calgary projects: for stormwater use
and wastewater reuse; pathogens & risk management
NSERC-City of Edmonton project: blackwater energy &
nutrient recovery; engineering & health risk evaluation
31