Further Reading: Chapter 08 of the text book Outline ...cybele.bu.edu/.../L23-Hurricanes-and-Tornadoes.pdf · L23: Hurricanes and Tornadoes Mar-22-04 (8 of 12) Development of Tropical

Outline

Further Reading: Chapter 08 of the text book

- tornadoes

-tropical storms

- Storm surge

Natural Environments: The AtmosphereGG 101 – Spring 2004

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MyneniL23: Hurricanes and Tornadoes

Mar-22-04(1 of 12)

Introduction


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Mar-22-04(2 of 12)

• Previously,– We talked about fronts and their relationship to air masses– Also looked at how interaction of air masses along a front can produce rising

air and hence precipitation• Today,

– We are going to look at extreme weather events• Tornadoes• Hurricanes

– Impacts of extreme weather

Cyclones & Anti-Cyclones


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Mar-22-04(3 of 12)

Cyclone: inward spiraling air, convergence, upward motion, precipitation

Anti-Cyclone: outward spiraling air, divergence, downward motion, warming

Most cyclones and anti-cyclones move slowly – called traveling cyclones/anti-cyclones

Traveling cyclones are of three kinds –

Wave Cyclones: found in mid- and high-latitudes, generally along the polar front,cold dry air from north pushes south, warm moist air from southpushes north, the cyclonic activity grows from an initial wavedisturbance to result in warm moist air aloft, which precipitatesas it rises.

Tropical Cyclones

Tornadoes


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Mar-22-04(4 of 12)

Tornadoes– Usually these are very small phenomenon - approximately 300m in diameter– Winds however can become very intense - approx. 300-400 km/h– How they form

• Usually there is strong wind shear - change in wind with height• This produces roll-like features• Now assume that there is also convective activity• The convection lifts one end of the roll and pushes down the other end, creating a

vertical funnel

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Wind Shear

Convection Cell


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Mar-22-04(5 of 12)

Tornado Alley

– From this we can see that tornadoes require certain conditions for formation• Associated with regions of strong convection

– Usually in the spring and summer– Typically in the southeastern US

• Need strong wind shear to initiate the tornado– found in advance of cold fronts where maritime polar air lifts warm moist

maritime tropical air (mid-latitude phenomenon)


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Mar-22-04(6 of 12)

Tropical Storms– Can take three forms

• Easterly waves - local troughs moving westward within the easterly trades

• Equatorial lows - weak low pressure zones within the equatorial trough

• Tropical Cyclones (or Hurricanes in Western Hemisphere, Typhoons in western Pacific of the coast of Asia and Cyclones in the Indian ocean) - intense storm of tropical origin

– Characteristics of tropical storms• Form in a belt between 8-15N & S• Associated with tightly spinning cyclone• Very low pressure at the center -> results

in descending, calm air in the eye• Form in the tropical regions of Atlantic,

Pacific, and Indian Oceans• Tend to form in late summer and early

Autumn


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Development of Tropical Cyclones-1

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1) Warm, moist air spirals towards center of Hurricane

2) Convergence of air forces air to rise

3) As air rises, moisture condenses out, warming air and allowing it to continue rising

4) As air rises, it causes even lower pressures at the surface

5) As pressures decrease, winds intensify and even more warm moist air is forced to converge and rise

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The Movie


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– We see certain stages in the development of hurricanes• Typically, there is cold, unstable air over the mid-latitudes which moves over the tropics,

initiating convection• As convection occurs, latent heat is released, warming the upper-air and producing high

pressures aloft• The outflow aloft coupled with the convection produces low pressures at the surface• Cyclonic circulation forms around the low pressure, resulting in the convergence of air• More convergence leads to more convection and more release of latent heat• Hence the hurricane continues to grow


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– Certain special conditions about the tropics that allow Tropical cyclones to form and become as intense as they do

• There is high pressure in the subtropics which leads to stable air, but there is a zone of low pressure and deep convection associated with the ITCZ -this is typically where these storms form

• High humidity• Warm oceans (>26C)

– Ultimately, the energy that drives a hurricane comes from the conversion of sensible heat (i.e. warm sea surface temperatures) into latent heat into kinetic energy

• Light surface winds• Weak Coriolis force because we are at low latitudes - winds have to be

very intense for the Coriolis force to be large enough to balance the Pressure gradient force (by definition hurricanes have winds > 71mph)

– There are also conditions which hamper their formation• An inversion or sinking air aloft• Strong upper-air winds


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Movement of Tropical Cyclones

• These storms tend to move westward– The storms first move westward due to steering by the easterly winds aloft over the

tropics– Eventually they get caught up in the suptropical high and veer in a clockwise

direction, bringing them north -> this is typically when they move up the coast and make landfall


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Storm Surge– Damage from hurricanes comes

in many forms but by far the most destructive is the storm surge

– High seas, large waves, and flooding associated with a rise of local sea level accompanying the passage of a hurricane

• Storm surge movie:– Here we see that the storm surge

is caused by two factors: one is the winds pushing water on shore, the other associated with water being lifted by the low pressure in the center of the storm


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Storm Surge

– The key here is in the overall rise in the water level

– Once the water rises, the destructive power of the waves can affect low-lying structures which would typically have been above sea-level.

– Hence the regions that are most susceptible are the low-lying areas

Bangaldesh:– In 1970 a hurricane came onshore in this region and

killed half a million people in this region alone

Documents

Further Reading: Chapter 08 of the text book Outline ...cybele.bu.edu/.../L23-Hurricanes-and-Tornadoes.pdf · L23: Hurricanes and Tornadoes Mar-22-04 (8 of 12) Development of Tropical