32
(VWD SULPHUD FKDUOD VREUH HO WHPD TXH IXH XQ DJUHJDGR D ORV WHPDV TXH VH YLHURQ HQ &RUI~ FLUFXOy SULPHUR FRPR UHVXPHQ \ OXHJR FRPR WUDQVFULSFLyQ FRPSOHWD (VWD HV XQD YHUVLyQ GH OD WUDQVFULSFLyQ GH OD TXH VH TXLWy ³LPSXUH]DV´ WDQWR GH UHGDFFLyQ FRPR GH VHQWLGR 6HUtD PX\ ~WLO VL DOJXLHQ WLHQH OD FLQWD SDUD SRGHU FRWHMDUOD $ FRQWLQXDFLyQ VH DJUHJy OD FKDUOD TXH GLR 6LOR HQ OD FDPDGD GH VHSWLHPEUH WDPELpQ WUDQVFULSFLyQ \ IRUPD XQD XQLGDG WHPiWLFD FRQ OD SULPHUD GDGR TXH QR KD\ UHLWHUDFLRQHV VLQR TXH VH FRPSOHPHQWDQ RIUHFLHQGR XQ SDQRUDPD LQWHJUDGR GH OD FXHVWLyQ GHO SHQVDU \ HO PpWRGR $PEDV FRPSOHPHQWDQ ODV FKDUODV WLWXODGDV ³HVWXGLRV VREUH 'RFWULQD´ GH OD FDUSHWD QDUDQMD 1pVWRU 7DWR %XHQRV $LUHV )81'$0(1726 '(/ 3(16$5 &RUI~ D FDPDGD WHPD DQH[R GH MXOLR GH 9DPRV D SDUWLU GH XQD FDQWLGDG GH VXSXHVWRV VLHPSUH TXH VH WUDWD GH IXQGDPHQWDU DOJR VH SDUWH GH VXSXHVWRV QXQFD VH SDUWH GH UHDOLGDGHV 1RVRWURV VXSRQHPRV TXH DQWH HO IHQyPHQR TXH VH SUHVHQWD D OD FRQFLHQFLD HVWD HVWUXFWXUD (V GHFLU TXH OD FRQFLHQFLD QR VH OLPLWD D WRPDU HQ FXHQWD HVWtPXORV £1R VLQR TXH DGHPiV UHDFFLRQD FRWHMD HQWUH VL ORV HVWtPXORV KDFH RSHUDFLRQHV TXH ORV REMHWRV QR KDFHQ &XDQGR \R UHODFLRQR HVWRV JUDEDGRUHV HQWUH Vt \ GLJR DTXt KD\ GLH] JUDEDGRUHV R OR TXH VHD \ DFi KD\ FLQFR WD]DV \ GLH] FDMHWLOODV GH FLJDUULOORV HVWD RSHUDFLyQ TXH KDJR GH UHODFLRQDU HVWRV REMHWRV TXH VRQ SURSLRV GH XQ SODQR HQWUH Vt ORV RWURV TXH VRQ SURSLRV GH RWUR SODQR HQWUH Vt \ DVt VLJXLHQGR (VWDV RSHUDFLRQHV QR ODV KDFHQ ORV REMHWRV QR ODV KDFHQ ORV JUDEDGRUHV HOORV QR HVWiQ UHODFLRQDGRV HQWUH Vt VDOYR TXH SXHGDQ HVWDU UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ OD OtQHD HOpFWULFD TXH ORV DOLPHQWD HVWRV SDTXHWHV GH FLJDUULOORV WDPSRFR HVWiQ UHODFLRQDGRV HQWUH Vt (VWH VLVWHPD RSHUDFLRQDO HVWD HVWUXFWXUDFLyQ OD HIHFW~R PHUFHG D FLHUWDV RSHUDFLRQHV GH PL FRQFLHQFLD \ QR HV TXH ORV REMHWRV ORV HIHFW~HQ ¢VH GLVWLQJXHQ" ¢QR HV FLHUWR" GH PDQHUD TXH GHFLPRV TXH DQWH ORV IHQyPHQRV OD FRQFLHQFLD HVWUXFWXUD \ TXH ORV IHQyPHQRV DXQTXH HVWpQ VHSDUDGRV HQWUH Vt VRQ HVWUXFWXUDGRV GH WRGDV PDQHUDV SRU ODV RSHUDFLRQHV GHO FRQFLHQWLVPR GH WRGDV PDQHUDV VRQ HVWUXFWXUDGRV VH WHQJD GH HOORV XQ FDEDO FRQRFLPLHQWR R QR VH OR WHQJD 1R KD\ REMHWR TXH DSDUH]FD HQ HO FDPSR GH OD FRQFLHQFLD TXH QR VHD HVWUXFWXUDGR SRU HVWD GH PDQHUD TXH DQWH WRGR IHQyPHQR OD FRQFLHQFLD HVWUXFWXUD /D HVWUXFWXUDFLyQ GHO SHQVDU GHQRWD PXHVWUD OD FRQFRPLWDQFLD HQWUH HO IHQyPHQR \ OD FRQFLHQFLD HV GHFLU TXH VH HVWUXFWXUDQ GDWRV SHUFHSWXDOHV YDULDPRV OD HVWUXFWXUDFLyQ GH OD FRQFLHQFLD VL ORV GDWRV SHUFHSWXDOHV VH DOHMDQ FRQVLGHUDEOHPHQWH GH OD HVWUXFWXUDFLyQ TXH VH HVWi OOHYDQGR VH QHFHVLWD XQD QXHYD HVWUXFWXUDFLyQ \ OD DFFLyQ TXH SXHGD WHQHU OD FRQFLHQFLD VREUH ORV REMHWRV PHUFHG DO FXHUSR SRU HMHPSOR HQ OD FRQGXFWD OD DFFLyQ GH OD FRQFLHQFLD HQ HO PXQGR WDPELpQ PRGLILFD OD SRVLFLyQ TXH WLHQHQ ORV REMHWRV 'H PDQHUD TXH HVWD UHODFLyQ HQWUH FRQFLHQFLD \ IHQyPHQR OD OODPDPRV £ UHODFLyQ HVWUXFWXUDGRUD (O IHQyPHQR HQ FXDQWR D H[SHULHQFLD QR HQ FXDQWR D IHQyPHQR HO HQFHQGHGRU QR HQ FXDQWR D HQFHQGHGRU VLQR HQ FXDQWR D TXH HV SDUD PL XQD H[SHULHQFLD HQ FXDQWR D TXH OR SHUFLER HQ FXDQWR D TXH OR UHSUHVHQWR HQ WDQWR \ HQ FXDQWR HV REMHWR GH PL FRQFLHQFLD \ QR REMHWR GHO PXQGR VRODPHQWH HVWi HQFXDGUDGR SRU HO µ LQWHUpV GH OD FRQFLHQFLD¶ (V GHFLU TXH GDGR XQ REMHWR GHO FXDO WHQJR H[SHULHQFLD HVWH REMHWR GH H[SHULHQFLD VH PH DSDUHFH FRPR WDO \ VH DUWLFXOD GH XQD PDQHUD R GH RWUD GH DFXHUGR DO LQWHUpV TXH H[SRQH OD FRQFLHQFLD /RV REMHWRV HQ Vt QR WLHQHQ LQWHUpV HVD HV XQD FDUDFWHUtVWLFD GH OD FRQFLHQFLD SHUR SDUD PL HV PXFKR PiV LQWHUHVDQWH HVWH JUDEDGRU TXH HVWH HQFHQGHGRU VREUH WRGR DKRUD TXH WLHQH SRFR JDV $ Pt PH HV PXFKR PiV LQWHUHVDQWH HVWH JUDEDGRU GH PDQHUD TXH YHR HO JUDEDGRU HO HQFHQGHGRU DFi \ GDOH FRQ HVD FXHVWLyQ SHUR HVWR PH UHVXOWD PXFKR PiV LQWHUHVDQWH \ D HVWH IHQyPHQR OR HQPDUFR OR HQFXDGUR GH XQ PRGR FDUDFWHUtVWLFR OR ILMR GH DFXHUGR D PLV LQWHUHVHV %LHQ SHUR SRGUtD GHFLUVH GHVGH OXHJR TXH )XQGDPHQWRV GHO SHQVDU ± FKDUODV &RUI~ )XQGDPHQWRV GHO SHQVDU ± FKDUODV &RUI~ )XQGDPHQWRV GHO SHQVDU ± FKDUODV &RUI~

Fundamentos Del Pensar

Embed Size (px)

DESCRIPTION

Charla de Silo sobre la naturaleza del pensamiento

Citation preview

Page 1: Fundamentos Del Pensar

(VWD� SULPHUD� FKDUOD� VREUH� HO� WHPD� �TXH� IXH� XQ� DJUHJDGR� D� ORV� WHPDV�TXH� VH� YLHURQ� HQ� &RUI~�� FLUFXOy� SULPHUR� FRPR� UHVXPHQ� \� OXHJR� FRPR�WUDQVFULSFLyQ�FRPSOHWD��(VWD�HV�XQD�YHUVLyQ�GH� OD� WUDQVFULSFLyQ�GH� OD�TXH�VH�TXLWy�³LPSXUH]DV´�WDQWR�GH�UHGDFFLyQ�FRPR�GH�VHQWLGR��6HUtD�PX\�~WLO�VL�DOJXLHQ�WLHQH�OD�FLQWD�SDUD�SRGHU�FRWHMDUOD�$� FRQWLQXDFLyQ� VH� DJUHJy� OD� FKDUOD� TXH� GLR� 6LOR� HQ� OD� FDPDGD� GH�VHSWLHPEUH�� WDPELpQ� WUDQVFULSFLyQ�� \� IRUPD� XQD� XQLGDG� WHPiWLFD� FRQ�OD� SULPHUD�� GDGR� TXH� QR� KD\� UHLWHUDFLRQHV� VLQR� TXH� VH� FRPSOHPHQWDQ�RIUHFLHQGR�XQ�SDQRUDPD� LQWHJUDGR�GH� OD�FXHVWLyQ�GHO�SHQVDU�\�HO�PpWRGR��$PEDV�FRPSOHPHQWDQ�ODV�FKDUODV�WLWXODGDV�³HVWXGLRV�VREUH�'RFWULQD´�GH�OD�FDUSHWD�QDUDQMD�

1pVWRU�7DWR��%XHQRV�$LUHV�����������

�)81'$0(1726�'(/�3(16$5

&RUI~���D��FDPDGD��WHPD�DQH[R�����GH�MXOLR�GH�������9DPRV� D� SDUWLU� GH� XQD� FDQWLGDG� GH� VXSXHVWRV�� VLHPSUH� TXH� VH� WUDWD� GH� IXQGDPHQWDU� DOJR� VH�SDUWH� GH� VXSXHVWRV�� QXQFD� VH� SDUWH� GH� UHDOLGDGHV��1RVRWURV� VXSRQHPRV�TXH� DQWH� HO� IHQyPHQR�TXH� VH� SUHVHQWD� D� OD� FRQFLHQFLD�� HVWD�� HVWUXFWXUD�� (V� GHFLU� TXH� OD� FRQFLHQFLD� QR� VH� OLPLWD� D�WRPDU�HQ�FXHQWD�HVWtPXORV��£1R���VLQR�TXH�DGHPiV�UHDFFLRQD��FRWHMD�HQWUH�VL� ORV�HVWtPXORV��KDFH�RSHUDFLRQHV� TXH� ORV� REMHWRV� QR� KDFHQ��&XDQGR� \R� UHODFLRQR� HVWRV� JUDEDGRUHV� HQWUH� Vt�� \� GLJR��DTXt�KD\�GLH]�JUDEDGRUHV�R�OR�TXH�VHD��\�DFi�KD\�FLQFR�WD]DV�\�GLH]�FDMHWLOODV�GH�FLJDUULOORV��HVWD�RSHUDFLyQ�TXH�KDJR�GH� UHODFLRQDU�HVWRV�REMHWRV�TXH�VRQ�SURSLRV�GH�XQ�SODQR�HQWUH�Vt�� ORV�RWURV�TXH� VRQ� SURSLRV� GH� RWUR� SODQR� HQWUH� Vt�� \� DVt� VLJXLHQGR�� (VWDV� RSHUDFLRQHV� QR� ODV� KDFHQ� ORV�REMHWRV�� QR� ODV� KDFHQ� ORV� JUDEDGRUHV�� HOORV� QR� HVWiQ� UHODFLRQDGRV� HQWUH� Vt�� VDOYR� TXH� SXHGDQ�HVWDU�UHODFLRQDGRV�FRQ�OD�OtQHD�HOpFWULFD�TXH�ORV�DOLPHQWD��HVWRV�SDTXHWHV�GH�FLJDUULOORV��WDPSRFR�HVWiQ� UHODFLRQDGRV� HQWUH� Vt�� (VWH� VLVWHPD� RSHUDFLRQDO�� HVWD� HVWUXFWXUDFLyQ� OD� HIHFW~R� PHUFHG�D� FLHUWDV� RSHUDFLRQHV� GH�PL� FRQFLHQFLD�� \� QR� HV� TXH� ORV� REMHWRV� ORV� HIHFW~HQ�� ¢VH� GLVWLQJXHQ"�¢QR�HV�FLHUWR"��GH�PDQHUD�TXH�GHFLPRV�TXH�DQWH�ORV�IHQyPHQRV��OD�FRQFLHQFLD�HVWUXFWXUD��\�TXH�ORV� IHQyPHQRV� DXQTXH� HVWpQ� VHSDUDGRV� HQWUH� Vt�� VRQ� HVWUXFWXUDGRV� GH� WRGDV�PDQHUDV� SRU� ODV�RSHUDFLRQHV�GHO� FRQFLHQWLVPR��GH� WRGDV�PDQHUDV�VRQ�HVWUXFWXUDGRV�� VH� WHQJD�GH�HOORV�XQ�FDEDO�FRQRFLPLHQWR�R�QR� VH� OR� WHQJD��1R�KD\�REMHWR�TXH�DSDUH]FD�HQ�HO� FDPSR�GH� OD� FRQFLHQFLD�TXH�QR� VHD�HVWUXFWXUDGR�SRU�HVWD�� GH�PDQHUD�TXH��DQWH� WRGR� IHQyPHQR� OD� FRQFLHQFLD�HVWUXFWXUD�� /D�HVWUXFWXUDFLyQ� GHO� SHQVDU� GHQRWD��PXHVWUD� OD� FRQFRPLWDQFLD� HQWUH� HO� IHQyPHQR� \� OD� FRQFLHQFLD��HV�GHFLU� TXH�� VH�HVWUXFWXUDQ�GDWRV�SHUFHSWXDOHV�� YDULDPRV� OD� HVWUXFWXUDFLyQ�GH� OD� FRQFLHQFLD�� VL�ORV� GDWRV� SHUFHSWXDOHV� VH� DOHMDQ� FRQVLGHUDEOHPHQWH� GH� OD� HVWUXFWXUDFLyQ� TXH� VH� HVWi� OOHYDQGR��VH�QHFHVLWD�XQD�QXHYD�HVWUXFWXUDFLyQ�\�OD�DFFLyQ�TXH�SXHGD�WHQHU�OD�FRQFLHQFLD�VREUH�ORV�REMHWRV�PHUFHG�DO�FXHUSR��SRU�HMHPSOR��HQ�OD�FRQGXFWD�� OD�DFFLyQ�GH�OD�FRQFLHQFLD�HQ�HO�PXQGR��WDPELpQ�PRGLILFD�OD�SRVLFLyQ�TXH�WLHQHQ�ORV�REMHWRV�'H�PDQHUD�TXH�HVWD�UHODFLyQ�HQWUH�FRQFLHQFLD�\� IHQyPHQR� OD� OODPDPRV�£UHODFLyQ�HVWUXFWXUDGRUD��(O�IHQyPHQR��HQ�FXDQWR�D�H[SHULHQFLD��QR�HQ�FXDQWR�D�IHQyPHQR��HO�HQFHQGHGRU��QR�HQ�FXDQWR�D�HQFHQGHGRU� VLQR� HQ� FXDQWR� D� TXH� HV� SDUD�PL� XQD� H[SHULHQFLD�� HQ� FXDQWR� D� TXH� OR� SHUFLER�� HQ�FXDQWR�D�TXH�OR�UHSUHVHQWR��HQ�WDQWR�\�HQ�FXDQWR�HV�REMHWR�GH�PL�FRQFLHQFLD�\�QR�REMHWR�GHO�PXQGR�VRODPHQWH��HVWi�HQFXDGUDGR�SRU�HO�µLQWHUpV�GH�OD�FRQFLHQFLD¶��(V�GHFLU��TXH�GDGR�XQ�REMHWR�GHO�FXDO�WHQJR�H[SHULHQFLD��HVWH�REMHWR�GH�H[SHULHQFLD�VH�PH�DSDUHFH�FRPR�WDO�\�VH�DUWLFXOD�GH�XQD�PDQHUD�R�GH�RWUD��GH�DFXHUGR�DO�LQWHUpV�TXH�H[SRQH�OD�FRQFLHQFLD��/RV�REMHWRV�HQ�Vt��QR�WLHQHQ�LQWHUpV��HVD�HV�XQD�FDUDFWHUtVWLFD�GH�OD�FRQFLHQFLD��SHUR�SDUD�PL�HV�PXFKR�PiV�LQWHUHVDQWH�HVWH�JUDEDGRU�TXH�HVWH�HQFHQGHGRU��VREUH�WRGR�DKRUD�TXH�WLHQH�SRFR�JDV��$�Pt�PH�HV�PXFKR�PiV�LQWHUHVDQWH�HVWH�JUDEDGRU��GH�PDQHUD�TXH�YHR�HO�JUDEDGRU��HO�HQFHQGHGRU�DFi��\�GDOH�FRQ�HVD�FXHVWLyQ��SHUR�HVWR�PH� UHVXOWD� PXFKR� PiV� LQWHUHVDQWH�� \� D� HVWH� IHQyPHQR� OR� HQPDUFR�� OR� HQFXDGUR� GH� XQ� PRGR�FDUDFWHUtVWLFR�� OR� ILMR� GH� DFXHUGR� D� PLV� LQWHUHVHV�� %LHQ�� SHUR� SRGUtD� GHFLUVH� GHVGH� OXHJR�� TXH�

)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������

Javier Flores Yañez
Javier Flores Yañez
Javier Flores Yañez
Javier Flores Yañez
Javier Flores Yañez
Javier Flores Yañez
Javier Flores Yañez
Page 2: Fundamentos Del Pensar

SRGUtD�GHFLUVH� OR�FRQWUDULR��TXH�HO� LQWHUpV��HVR�GH�TXH�PH� LQWHUHVD�WDQWR�HO�JUDEDGRU�\�PHQRV�HO�HQFHQGHGRU��TXH�HO�LQWHUpV�QR�VH�H[SOLFD�SRUTXH�OD�FRQFLHQFLD�OR�SRQJD��VLQR�TXH�HO�LQWHUpV�TXHGD�HQFXDGUDGR�SRU� HO� IHQyPHQR�� HV� GHFLU�� \R�PH� LQWHUHVR�SRU� HO� JUDEDGRU� \� QR� SRU� HO� HQFHQGHGRU�SRUTXH�HO�JUDEDGRU�WLHQH�FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV�HQ�FXDQWR�D�REMHWR�TXH�SXHGH�VDWLVIDFHU�XQD�FDQWLGDG�GH�QHFHVLGDGHV�PiV� LQWHUHVDQWHV�TXH�HO�HQFHQGHGRU�� OR� FXDO� WDPELpQ�HV�FLHUWR�� OR� FXDO� WDPELpQ�HV�YiOLGR��'H�PDQHUD�TXH�QR�EDVWDQ�ODV�H[SOLFDFLRQHV�PRQLVWDV��DQWDJyQLFDV��GLDOpFWLFDV�HQWUH�Vt��HQ�GRQGH��SURSLR�GHO�VXEMHWLYLVPR�VH�GLFH�HV� OD�FRQFLHQFLD� OD�TXH�FRQILJXUD�DO�PXQGR��HO� LGHDOLVPR�WUDEDMD� VREUH� WRGR�HQ�HVRV�SDUiPHWURV��/DV�RWUDV�SRVWXUDV�SUHWHQGHQ� OR� FRQWUDULR�� \� VH�RSRQHQ�GLDOpFWLFDPHQWH� D� ODV� SULPHUDV�� GLFLHQGR� TXH� HQ� UHDOLGDG� OD� FRQFLHQFLD� WLHQH� GHWHUPLQDGRV�LQWHUHVHV�SRUTXH�HVWiQ�GLFWDGRV�SRU�ODV�FRQGLFLRQHV�TXH�SRQHQ�ORV�REMHWRV��¢0H�H[SOLFR"�(V�DVt��YHUGDGHUR� \� HQ� ORV� GRV� FDVRV�� \� GH� QR� VHU� DVt�� TXH� OD� FRQFLHQFLD� SXVLHUD� LQWHUHVHV� VREUH� ORV�REMHWRV� \� TXH� D� OD� YH]� ORV� REMHWRV� GLFWDUDQ� ORV� LQWHUHVHV� GH� OD� FRQFLHQFLD�� HQ� VX� DGDSWDFLyQ� DO�PXQGR�� GH� QR� VHU� DVt�� QR� VH� H[SOLFDUtD� HO� IXQFLRQDPLHQWR� HVWUXFWXUDGRU� GH� OD� FRQFLHQFLD� \� GHO�PXQGR�\�HO�IHHG�EDFN�TXH�VH�HVWDEOHFH�HQWUH�HO�REMHWR�TXH�DFW~D�HQ�OD�FRQFLHQFLD�\�OD�FRQFLHQFLD�TXH� PRGLILFD� DO� PXQGR�� HV� SUHFLVDPHQWH� SRUTXH� HVWDV� GRV� SRVWXUDV� WLHQHQ� UD]yQ�� SRUTXH� ODV�FRVDV� IXQFLRQDQ�� \� QR� HV� GH� QLQJXQD� PDQHUD�� SRUTXH� XQD� GH� ODV� GRV� WHVLV� SXHGD� IXQFLRQDU��¢&DSWDQ�OD�LGHD"�/D�HVWUXFWXUD�IHQyPHQR�FRQFLHQFLD�HV�GLQiPLFD��GHVGH�OXHJR�HV�PyYLO��SRU�WDQWR�WDPELpQ�OR�HV�HO�VLVWHPD�GH�LQWHUHVHV��SXHVWRV�HQ�GLVWLQWRV�WLHPSRV�GHO�SHQVDU��HQ�XQ�PRPHQWR�PH�LQWHUHVR�SRU�XQD�FRVD��HQ�XQ�PRPHQWR�PH� LQWHUHVR�SRU�RWUD�FRVD�\�DVt� VLJXLHQGR��6L�QR� IXHUDQ�GLQiPLFRV��VL�QR�IXHUDQ�PyYLOHV�ORV�IHQyPHQRV�TXH�SRQHQ�LQWHUHVHV�HQ�PL�FRQFLHQFLD��\�QR�IXHUDQ�PyYLOHV� ORV� IHQyPHQRV� SURSLRV� GH� PL� SHQVDU�� HQWRQFHV� PLV� LQWHUHVHV� HVWDUtDQ� ILMDGRV�� \� QR� OR�HVWiQ�SRUTXH�GH�KHFKR��EDVWD�TXH�VLHQWD�XQ�SRTXLWR�GH�KDPEUH�SDUD�TXH�PLV�LQWHUHVHV�VH�LQFOLQHQ�SRU� XQ� ODGR�� R� EDVWD� TXH� PH� SHJXHQ� XQ� ERFLQD]R� SDUD� TXH� PLV� LQWHUHVHV� VH� LQFOLQHQ� HQ� RWUD�GLUHFFLyQ��¢QR�HV�FLHUWR"��'H�PDQHUD�TXH�HVWD�UHDOLGDG�GLQiPLFD�WDQWR�LQWHUQD�FRPR�H[WHUQD�KDFH�D�OD�YDULDFLyQ�GH�ORV�LQWHUHVHV�HQ�OD�UHODFLyQ�GH�OD�FRQFLHQFLD�FRQ�HO�PXQGR��\�HVR�QR�HV�FRVD�GHO�RWUR� PXQGR� WDPSRFR�� $KRUD� GHVGH� OXHJR�� GH� HVWD� YDULDELOLGDG� GH� LQWHUHVHV�� SXHGH� DEVWUDHUVH��SXHGH� VDFDUVH� GH� WRGRV� HVWRV� LQWHUHVHV� TXH� HVWiQ� FDPELDQGR� \� TXH� DSDUHQWHPHQWH� VHUtDQ� XQ�GHVRUGHQ��SXHGH�DEVWUDHUVH�HO�PRPHQWR�GHO�SHQVDU��HO�PRPHQWR�GHO�SHQVDU�TXH�YD�HQWUH�FRPLOODV��YD�HQWUH�FRPLOODV�SRUTXH�VH�UHILHUH�DO�SHQVDU�\�QR�DO�PRPHQWR�GHO�WLHPSR�H[WHUQR�HO�PRPHQWR�HQ�HO�TXH�HO�SHQVDU�HV�XQD�DEVWUDFFLyQ��HO�PRPHQWR�GHO�SHQVDU�HV�HO�iWRPR�GHO�SHQVDU��HV� OD�SDUWH�PiV�SHTXHxD�GHO�SHQVDU��OD�SDUWtFXOD�PiV�HOHPHQWDO�GHO�SHQVDU��TXH�HV�XQD�DEVWUDFFLyQ�TXH�HQ�OD�UHDOLGDG�QR�H[LVWH��SHUR�TXH�VH�WUDEDMD�FRQ�HOOD�FRPR�DEVWUDFFLyQ��VH�WUDEDMD�FRQ�HVWD�DEVWUDFFLyQ�SDUD� SRGHU� ILMDU� HO� LQWHUpV�� (Q� XQ�PRPHQWR� WHQJR� HVWH� VLVWHPD� GH� LQWHUHVHV�� HQ� RWUR�PRPHQWR��WHQJR�RWUR�VLVWHPD�GH� LQWHUHVHV��SHUR�QR�HV�TXH�KD\D�XQD�YDULDELOLGDG� WRWDO�GH� LQWHUHVHV�SRUTXH�HQWRQFHV�QR�SRGUtDQ�SURGXFLUVH�RWUR�WLSR�GH�RSHUDFLRQHV�HQ�HO�SHQVDU��6L�WRGR�IXHUD�WDQ�GLQiPLFR�\� WDQ� IOXLGR�� \� VDOWDUD� FRQWLQXDPHQWH� GH� XQ� LQWHUpV� D� RWUR�� HQWRQFHV� QR� SRGUtDQ� SURGXFLUVH�RSHUDFLRQHV�WDOHV�FRPR�HO�UHJLVWUR�GH�XQ�LQWHUpV�GDGR��HO�FRWHMR�GH�UHJLVWUR�GH�HVH�LQWHUpV�FRQ�HO�UHJLVWUR�GH�RWUR�LQWHUpV��TXH�VRQ�UHODFLRQHV�TXH�SXHGR�HVWDEOHFHU�HQ�PL�SHQVDU�¢&DSWDQ�OD�LGHD"�'H�HVD�PRYLOLGDG�QR�VH�H[WUDH�QLQJXQD�PRGDOLGDG�HVWDEOH��PLHQWUDV�TXH�GH�ODV�DEVWUDFFLRQHV�GHO�WUDQVFXUULU�GH�OD�FRQFLHQFLD��DEVWUDFFLRQHV�TXH�\R�HQ�HVWH�PRPHQWR�OODPR�PRPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU��GH� DKt� VH� FRQFOX\HQ� ODV� SRVLELOLGDGHV� GH� UHODFLyQ�� ¢&DSWDQ� OD� LGHD"� 6H� KDEOD� HQWRQFHV� GH�PRPHQWRV� GHO� SHQVDU� FXDQGR� VH� ILMD� XQ� LQWHUpV�� ILMR� XQ� LQWHUpV� HQ� HVH� PRPHQWR� TXH� HV� HO�JUDEDGRU��DKRUD�PH�LQWHUHVR�SRU�HO�JUDEDGRU��DXQTXH�PLV�LQWHUHVHV�HVWpQ�PX\�PyYLOHV�DKRUD��PL�LQWHUpV�HV�HO�JUDEDGRU��\�GHQWUR�GHO�JUDEDGRU�KD\�SHTXHxRV�LQWHUHVHV�TXH�HVWiQ�FLUFXODQGR��SHUR�HVWH� LQWHUpV� TXH� ILMR�� HV� SDUD� PL� XQ� PRPHQWR� GHO� SHQVDU�� VH� KDEOD� HQWRQFHV� GH� PRPHQWR� GHO�SHQVDU� FXDQGR� VH� ILMD� XQ� LQWHUpV�� /D� ILMDFLyQ� GH� XQ� LQWHUpV� HV� GHVGH� OXHJR� XQ� JUDGR� GH�GHWHUPLQDFLyQ�GHO�SHQVDU��GHWHUPLQDFLyQ�HQ�GRV�VHQWLGRV��GLJR�TXH�OD�ILMDFLyQ�GHO�LQWHUpV�VREUH�HO�JUDEDGRU� HV� XQD� GHWHUPLQDFLyQ� GHO� SHQVDU�� SULPHUR� HQ� FXDQWR� TXH� DO� ILMDU� PL� LQWHUpV� VREUH� HO�JUDEDGRU��\�DO�SRQHU�HVH�iPELWR�VREUH�HO�JUDEDGRU��HVWH�GHWHUPLQD�PL�SHQVDU��QR�SXHGR�SHQVDU�FXDOTXLHU�RWUD� FRVD�KDVWD�TXH�HO� LQWHUpV�SXHVWR�VREUH�HO�JUDEDGRU� VH�GHVSODFH�KDFLD�DOJ~Q�RWUR�REMHWR�TXH�ILMH�PL�LQWHUpV��DVt�SXHGR�GHFLU��HO�JUDEDGRU�WLHQH�HVWDV�GRV�SDODQFDV��HO�JUDEDGRU�WLHQH�XQ� FDVVHWWH�� HO� JUDEDGRU� WLHQH� XQD� FDQWLGDG� GH� DGPLQtFXORV�� ¢TXp� HVWi� SDVDQGR� DKt"�� HVWi�SDVDQGR�TXH�ILMDPRV�PL�LQWHUpV��TXH�PL�SHQVDU�TXHGD�GHWHUPLQDGR�SRU�OD�SRVWXUD�GHO�REMHWR�IUHQWH�DO�LQWHUpV�SURSXHVWR��¢(VWi�FODUR"��SRUTXH�VL�QR�VDFR�PL�LQWHUpV�GHO�JUDEDGRU�\�PH�SRQJR�D�KDEODU�GHO� HQFHQGHGRU� ¢TXp� HV� HVWR"� DKt� QR� KD\� XQ� SHQVDU� FRKHUHQWH�� \� VROR� SXHGH� KDEHU� SHQVDU�FRKHUHQWH�HQ�OD�PHGLGD�TXH�VH�ILMD�HO� LQWHUpV��\�DO� ILMDU�HO� LQWHUpV�HVWH�LQWHUpV�TXHGD�GHWHUPLQDGR�)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������

Page 3: Fundamentos Del Pensar

SRU� HO� REMHWR� SXHVWR�� ¢TXp�� VH� FDSWD"�� (QWRQFHV� HV� XQD� GHWHUPLQDFLyQ� GHO� SHQVDU� HQ� SULPHU�WpUPLQR��SRUTXH�HO�REMHWR�ILMDGR�HQ�HVH�iPELWR�GHO�SHQVDU��GLFWD�ODV�RSHUDFLRQHV�GHO�SHQVDU��\�HQ�VHJXQGR� WpUPLQR� HV� XQD� GHWHUPLQDFLyQ�� SRUTXH� ODV� PLVPDV� RSHUDFLRQHV� TXH� UHDOL]D� HO� SHQVDU�GHEHQ� UHIHULUVH� D� HVR� \� QR� D� RWUD� FRVD�� +D\� GHWHUPLQDFLyQ� SRUTXH� HO� REMHWR� OR� SRQH� \� KD\�GHWHUPLQDFLyQ�SRUTXH�OD�FRQFLHQFLD�SRQH��GH�PDQHUD�TXH�KD\�XQD�GHWHUPLQDFLyQ�HQ�GRV�VHQWLGRV�GLIHUHQWHV�SRU�OR�PHQRV��(VH�HV�HO�JUDGR�GH�GHWHUPLQDFLyQ�GHO�SHQVDU�TXH�SRQH�ORV�OtPLWHV��SRUTXH�KD\�GHWHUPLQDFLyQ�GHO�SHQVDU�KD\�OtPLWHV��KD\�DFRWDPLHQWRV��HO�TXH�ILMD�ORV�iPELWRV�TXH�SXHGHQ�R�QR� HVWDU� H[SOtFLWDPHQWH� PDQLIHVWDGRV�� HV� JUDFLDV� D� OD� GHWHUPLQDFLyQ� GHO� SHQVDU� HQ� WRUQR� DO�JUDEDGRU��TXH�VH�GHWHUPLQDQ�FLHUWRV�iPELWRV�� µKDVWD�DTXt� OOHJD�HO�JUDEDGRU�\�QR�PiV�TXH�KDVWD�DTXt¶��GH�PDQHUD�TXH�HQ�HVRV�OtPLWHV�WUDEDMD�PL�SHQVDU��$KRUD�ELHQ��KD\�FDUDFWHUHV�HQ�HVH�REMHWR��FDUDFWHUHV�TXH�LQWHUHVDQ�DO�SHQVDU��TXH�HVWiQ�H[SOtFLWRV��µOR�TXH�YHR�DFi¶��SHUR�KD\�XQD�FDQWLGDG�GH�FDUDFWHUHV� LPSOtFLWRV��TXH�QR�HVWiQ�SXHVWRV�FRQ�WRGD�VX�SUHVHQFLD�GHODQWH�GH�PL�SHUFHSFLyQ��SHUR� VLQ� HPEDUJR��PL� LQWHUpV� VREUH� HO� JUDEDGRU� EXVFD� KDFLD� HOORV�� VH� RULHQWD�� \� YD� D� WUDWDU� GH�LQYHVWLJDU� \� WUDWDU� GH� LQWHUSUHWDU� HVWRV� FDUDFWHUHV� LPSOtFLWRV� SXHVWRV� HQ� HO� REMHWR� TXH� KD�GHWHUPLQDGR�PL�LQWHUpV��6t��DVt�SXHV��DEUR�HO�JUDEDGRU��PH�ILMR�HQ�WRGRV�VXV�VLVWHPDV�LQWHUQRV��\�DVt� YR\� GHVFXEULHQGR� XQD� FDQWLGDG� GH� FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV� QR� H[SOtFLWDV� TXH� WLHQH� HO� REMHWR�� TXH� KD�GHWHUPLQDGR�PL� LQWHUpV� VREUH� pO�� <� GLVWLQJR� HQWRQFHV� HQWUH� HO� LQWHUpV� SXHVWR� TXH� GHWHUPLQD�PL�SHQVDU�� HO� KHFKR� GH� TXH� SRU� ILMDU�PL� LQWHUpV� HQ� HO� SHQVDU�� HVWDEOH]FD� OtPLWHV� \� GHQWUR� GH� HVWRV�OLPLWHV�GHO�SHQVDU�GLIHUHQFLR�FDUDFWHUHV�H[SOtFLWRV�\�WDPELpQ�LPSOtFLWRV�D�ORV�FXDOHV�VH�UHILHUHQ�PLV�RSHUDFLRQHV��HVR�HV�GH�VLPSOH��,QWHUpV�\�iPELWR�VRQ�SURSLRV�GH�OD�DEVWUDFFLyQ�GHO�SHQVDU�IUHQWH�D�OD�PRYLOLGDG�IHQyPHQR�FRQFLHQFLD��'H�QR�H[LVWLU�HVWD�DSWLWXG�GH�UHIHULUVH�D�REMHWRV�FRQ�LQWHUpV�\�GH�ILMDU�iPELWRV�HQ� ORV�REMHWRV�SDUD�QR�KDFHU� FRQIXVLRQHV�\�QR�VDOLUVH�GH� ORV�REMHWRV��GH�QR�H[LVWLU�HVWD�DSWLWXG��QR�SRGUtD�H[LVWLU� HO� SHQVDU�� \�PXFKR�PHQRV�HO� SHQVDU� £FRKHUHQWH���+D\� IRUPDV�GHO�SHQVDU� LQFRKHUHQWHV� GRQGH� ORV� OtPLWHV� HQWUH� ORV� REMHWRV� GHVDSDUHFHQ�� HQ� GRQGH� ORV� LQWHUHVHV�IOXFW~DQ�WDQ�HQRUPHPHQWH��TXH�QR�VH�VDEH�TXH�VH�HVWi�SHQVDQGR��3HUR�HVH�WLSR�GH�PHQWDFLyQ�QR�QRV�LQWHUHVD�\D��D�HVR�QR�OH� OODPDPRV�SHQVDU��&XDQGR�QRVRWURV�KDEODPRV�GH�SHQVDU��KDEODPRV�GH�XQ�VLVWHPD�GH�RSHUDFLRQHV�FRKHUHQWHV��\�GH�XQ�VLVWHPD�GH�RSHUDFLRQHV�TXH�DXQTXH�GLIHUHQWHV�GH�DFXHUGR�D�ORV�REMHWRV�D�ORV�FXDOHV�VH�HVWi�UHILULHQGR�WLHQHQ�SHUPDQHQFLD�DXQTXH�VHD�PyYLO�HQ�VXV�UHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV��QRV�SHUPLWH�HVFODUHFHU�OH\HV�\�FRQVWDQWHV�DXQTXH�VHDQ�YDULDEOHV�ORV�FDVRV�SDUWLFXODUHV�VREUH�ORV�TXH�VH�RULHQWD�HO�SHQVDU��¢(V�FODUD�OD�LGHD"�+DEODPRV�HQWRQFHV�GH�SHQVDU�FRKHUHQWH�� HQ� OD� PHGLGD� TXH�� DXQTXH� KD\D� YDULDFLyQ� GHO� SHQVDU�� KD\� SHUPDQHQFLD� HQ� ODV�RSHUDFLRQHV��/D�ILMDFLyQ�GH�LQWHUpV�\�iPELWR�HV�SRU�FLHUWR�GLIHUHQFLDO��DKRUD�YHDPRV��£\R�GLJR�TXH�VL�� TXH� WHQJR� LQWHUpV�� \�PH� ILMR� HQ� HO� JUDEDGRU�� \� TXH� DO� ILMDUPH� HQ� HO� JUDEDGRU� YHR� FDUDFWHUHV�H[SOtFLWRV�H�LPSOtFLWRV�\�HVWR�PH�SHUPLWH�KDFHU�PXFKDV�RSHUDFLRQHV�LQWHUQDV��\�GLJR�DGHPiV�TXH�VL� KH� ILMDGR� HO� LQWHUpV� HQ� HO� JUDEDGRU�PH� KH� SXHVWR� OtPLWHV�� \� ¢HQ� TXp� SXHGH� EDVDUVH� HVWR� GH�ILMDUPH�HQ�HO�JUDEDGRU"��SRQHU�OtPLWHV�HQWUH�HO�JUDEDGRU�\�RWUDV�FRVDV��YHU�GHQWUR�GH�HVH�FDPSR�GH�REVHUYDFLyQ� FDUDFWHUHV� H[SOtFLWRV� H� LPSOtFLWRV�� (Q� TXH� VL� QR� HV� XQD� RSHUDFLyQ� GLIHUHQFLDO� GHO�SHQVDU�� QR� SRGUtD� KDFHU� VHPHMDQWHV� FRVDV� VLQR� HVWDEOHFLHUD� GLIHUHQFLDV� HQWUH� OR� TXH� HV� HO�JUDEDGRU�\�DTXHOOR�TXH�QR�HV�HO�JUDEDGRU��HO�JUDEDGRU�HV�SDUD�PL�XQ�FDPSR�GH� LQWHUpV�\�HV�PL�REMHWR� GH� LQWHUpV� HQ� OD�PHGLGD� HQ� TXH� FRQR]FR� VXV� OtPLWHV�� VL� QR� FRQR]FR� ORV� OtPLWHV� WUDWR� GH�HVWDEOHFHUORV�� \� SDUD� TXH� VXUMD� SHUDOWDGDPHQWH� HO� JUDEDGRU�� SDUD� TXH� VXUMD� FRQ� HPLQHQFLD��GHVWDFDGDPHQWH��HV�QHFHVDULR�TXH�HVWDEOH]FD�\R�GLIHUHQFLDV�FRQ�DTXHOOR�TXH�HO�JUDEDGRU�QR�HV��/D� ILMDFLyQ� GHO� LQWHUpV�� OD� FUHDFLyQ� GH� iPELWRV� GHO� SHQVDU�� VH� GHVSUHQGH� QHFHVDULDPHQWH� GH� OD�DFWLYLGDG� GLIHUHQFLDGRUD� GH� OD� PHQWH�� HV� SRUTXH� OD� PHQWH� HVWDEOHFH� GLIHUHQFLDV�� HV� SRU� HVR�SUHFLVDPHQWH� TXH� SXHGH� SRQHU� iPELWRV�� TXH� SXHGH� SRQHU� LQWHUHVHV� \� GH� QR� H[LVWLU� XQD� DSWLWXG�GLIHUHQFLDGRUD�HQ�HO�SHQVDU��WRGR�SRU�FRQWLJ�LGDG�HVWDUtD�XQLGR�GHVRUGHQDGDPHQWH��/D�ILMDFLyQ�GH�LQWHUpV�\�GH�iPELWR�HV�SRU�FLHUWR�GLIHUHQFLDO��HV�DGHPiV�UHODFLRQDGRUD�HQWUH� ODV�GLIHUHQFLDV�\�HV�VLQWHWL]DGRUD�GH� ODV� UHODFLRQHV�HIHFWXDGDV�HQWUH� ODV�GLIHUHQFLDV�� µHV�PDV�HO� UXLGR�TXH�PHWHQ� ODV�SDODEUDV�TXH�OD�LGHD¶�/D�ILMDFLyQ�GHO�LQWHUpV�HV�EiVLFDPHQWH�GLIHUHQFLDO��µDFi�HVWi�HO�JUDEDGRU��\�HVWR�QR�HV�HO�JUDEDGRU��\�FRPR�QR�HV�HO�JUDEDGRU�SXHV�QR�PH� LQWHUHVD¶��\�HQWRQFHV�\R�HVWR\�DFi�\�HVWR�\D�QR�� £SHUIHFWR��¢TXH�PiV"��%XHQR��HV�GLIHUHQFLDO��HV�UHODFLRQDGRUD�HQWUH�ODV�GLIHUHQFLDV��UHVXOWD�TXH�DKRUD�HVWR\�HQ� HO� JUDEDGRU� \� FRPR� HVWR\� HQ� HO� JUDEDGRU�� UHVXOWD� TXH� YHR� FDUDFWHUHV� H[SOtFLWRV�� LPSOtFLWRV��SDUWHV� GLIHUHQWHV� GHO� JUDEDGRU�� HVWR� QR� HV� XQD�PDVD�� HVWR� WLHQH� FRVDV� GLIHUHQWHV�� \� SRU� HVR� OR�HVWR\�REVHUYDQGR��\�PH�LQWHUHVR�SRUTXH�DFi�KD\�XQD�FDQWLGDG�GH�FRVDV��FRVDV�TXH�VRQ�GLIHUHQWHV�

)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������

Javier Flores Yañez
Javier Flores Yañez
Page 4: Fundamentos Del Pensar

HQWUH� Vt�� FODUR� TXH� Vt�� SHUR� FRVDV� TXH� HVWiQ� UHODFLRQDGDV� HQWUH� Vt�� (O� JUDEDGRU� FRQVWD� GH�QXPHURVDV�SLH]DV�TXH�HVWiQ�UHODFLRQDGDV�HQWUH�Vt��£YD\D�GHVFXEULPLHQWR�����%LHQ��OR�LQWHUHVDQWH�HV�TXH� HVDV� FRVDV� TXH� HVWiQ� UHODFLRQDGDV� HQWUH� Vt�� HQ� HVH� REMHWR�� HVR� TXH� \R� GLJR� GH� ODV� FRVDV�UHODFLRQDGDV�HQWUH�Vt��HVWD�HVWUXFWXUDOLGDG�TXH�\R�YHR�HQ�HO�JUDEDGRU�TXH�PH� LQWHUHVD��HVWR�PH�HVWi�PRVWUDQGR�TXH�\R�SXHGR�HVWDEOHFHU�UHODFLRQHV�HQWUH�ODV�GLIHUHQFLDV��GH�PDQHUD�TXH�QR�VyOR�KD\� XQD�DSWLWXG� GLIHUHQFLDO�� VLQR� TXH�KD\� XQD�DSWLWXG� UHODFLRQDGRUD� HQWUH� ODV� GLIHUHQFLDV��6L�PH�OLPLWDUD�D�GHILQLU�HO�SHQVDU�FRPR�XQ�VLVWHPD�GH� LGHDFLyQ� WDO��TXH�SURFHGLHUD�H[FOXVLYDPHQWH�SRU�GLIHUHQFLDV�QR�WHQGUtD�OD�SRVLELOLGDG�GH�UHODFLRQDU�ORV�IHQyPHQRV�HQWUH�Vt��QR�WHQGUtD�OD�SRVLELOLGDG�GH�HQFRQWUDU�HQ�HVWH�JUDEDGRU�TXH�REVHUYR�XQ�VLVWHPD�GH�FRVDV��¢FRPSUHQGHQ"�<HQGR�SRU�OD�YLD�GH� ODV�GLIHUHQFLDV��QR�SXHGR�GHWHUPLQDU� UHDOPHQWH�HO� IHQyPHQR��SXHGR�VHSDUDU�HO� IHQyPHQR�GH�RWURV��SHUR�QR�SXHGR�KDFHU�QLQJXQD�RWUD�FRVD�PiV��&RQWLQXHPRV�FRQ�HO�SURFHGLPLHQWR��\�YD\DPRV�VROR� SRU� ODV� GLIHUHQFLDV�� GLIHUHQFLR� HO� JUDEDGRU� GH� DTXHOOR� TXH� QR� HV� HO� JUDEDGRU�� ¢TXH� PiV"�'LIHUHQFLR�ODV�WHFODV�SRUTXH�VRQ�GLIHUHQWHV�HQWUH�Vt��GLIHUHQFLR�HO�FDUUHWH�SRUTXH�HV�GLIHUHQWH�D�ODV�WHFODV�� \� DVt� VLJXLHQGR�� WRGR� OR� GLIHUHQFLR� ¢<� TXp� KDJR� FRQ� HVD� GLIHUHQFLD� FRQWLQXD� H� LQILQLWD"�£$EVROXWDPHQWH�QDGD���QR�SXHGR�FRQVWUXLU��QR�SXHGR�RSHUDU��QR�PH�EDVWD�HQWRQFHV�SDUD�H[SOLFLWDU�HO�SHQVDU�GHFLU�TXH�HV�XQ�VLVWHPD�SUR\HFWDGR�KDVWD�HO� LQILQLWR�GH�RSHUDFLRQHV�GLIHUHQFLDOHV��VLQR�TXH�KD\�RWUR�RSHUDU�FRQ�OD�PHQWH��TXH�D�ODV�GLIHUHQFLDV�SXHVWDV�HQ�XQ�DFWR�SHUPLWH�D�HVD�PHQWH�RWUR� VLVWHPD�� RWUR� IXQFLRQDPLHQWR�� D� ODV� GLIHUHQFLDV�SXHVWDV� VH� OH� SHUPLWH� DGHPiV� UHODFLRQDUODV�HQWUH�Vt��SHUR�¢TXH� UHODFLRQD�\�FRPR�HV�HO�VLVWHPD�GH� UHODFLyQ"�(O�VLVWHPD�GH� UHODFLyQ� WDPELpQ�WUDEDMD� GLIHUHQFLDV�� SRUTXH� QR� SXHGH� HVWDEOHFHUVH� UHODFLyQ� HQWUH� FRVDV� TXH� QR� VH� KDQ�GLIHUHQFLDGR��GH�WDO�PDQHUD�TXH�QR�SXHGR�UHODFLRQDU�ODV�GLVWLQWDV�WHFODV�HQWUH�Vt�\�GHFLU��WRGDV�HOODV�IRUPDQ� SDUWH� GHO� WHFODGR� GHO� JUDEDGRU�� QR� SXHGR� HVWDEOHFHU� UHODFLRQHV� HQWUH� ODV� WHFODV�� VL� QR�GLIHUHQFLR� D� FDGD� XQD� GH� HOODV�� GH� PDQHUD� TXH� HV� YiOLGR� HVWR� GH� TXH� HO� SHQVDU� WUDEDMD� SRU�GLIHUHQFLDV�� GH� TXH� HO� SHQVDU� UHODFLRQD� ODV� GLIHUHQFLDV�� ¢UHODFLRQD� TXp"�� ODV� GLIHUHQFLDV�� \� QR�SXHGH� UHODFLRQDU� VLQR� GLIHUHQFLDV�� GH� PDQHUD� TXH� VLJXH� VLHQGR� YiOLGR� HO� WUDEDMR� GH� OD�GLIHUHQFLDFLyQ�� $Vt� TXH�� D~Q� FXDQGR� VH� HVWDEOH]FD� UHODFLRQHV�� HVWDEOH]FR� UHODFLRQHV� HQWUH�GLIHUHQFLDV��8VWHGHV�GLUiQ��µSHUR�D�YHFHV�SXHGR�UHODFLRQDU�FRVDV�SDUHFLGDV�\�FRPR�VRQ�SDUHFLGDV��HQWRQFHV�QR�HVWR\�KDFLHQGR�GLIHUHQFLDV¶�� £7RGR� OR�FRQWUDULR��HVWR\�KDFLHQGR�GLIHUHQFLDV�� \�HVWR\�GLFLHQGR�TXH�HVWR�HV�GLVWLQWR�DO�RWUR��DXQTXH�VHDQ�SDUHFLGRV��\�TXH�VH�UHODFLRQDQ�HQWUH�Vt�SRUTXH�VRQ�SDUHFLGRV��¢<�TXp�FUHHQ�TXH�HVWR\�KDFLHQGR"��HVWR\�UHODFLRQDQGR�GLIHUHQFLDV��HVR�OR�YDPRV�D�YHU�XQ�SRTXLWR�PiV�DGHODQWH��(V� UHODFLRQDGRUD� HQWUH� ODV� GLIHUHQFLDV� \� HV� VLQWHWL]DGRUD� GH� ODV� UHODFLRQHV� HIHFWXDGDV� HQWUH� ODV�GLIHUHQFLDV��GH�PDQHUD�TXH�FXDQGR�WHUPLQR�GLFLHQGR�µOD�HVWUXFWXUD�GHO�JUDEDGRU�HV�WDO�R�FXDO��\�QR�HV�SRVLEOH�TXH�PH�FREUHV�WUHVFLHQWRV�GyODUHV��FXDQGR�HO�WHFODGR�FRPSOHWR��¢\�D�YHU�FXDQWR�FXHVWD�HVWR��\�HVWR��\�HVWR��HVR�QR�SXHGH�FRVWDU�PiV�GH�FLHQ�GyODUHV��QR�PH�SXHGHV�FREUDU�WDQWR����µ�0X\�ELHQ�� KDEODPRV�GH� XQ� JUDEDGRU� GLIHUHQWH�� GH�PDQHUD� TXH�HVWR\� HVWDEOHFLHQGR�GLIHUHQFLDV� HQWUH�GLVWLQWRV�HOHPHQWRV�TXH�FRPSRQHQ�HO�REMHWR��HVWR\�UHODFLRQDQGR�ORV�HOHPHQWRV�HQWUH�Vt��¢\�TXp�HV�OR� TXH� HVWR\� UHODFLRQDQGR"�� £GLIHUHQFLDV�� \� OXHJR� HVWR\� VLQWHWL]DQGR�� \� HQWRQFHV� HVWR\� WHQLHQGR�XQD�LPDJHQ�PiV�R�PHQRV�FDEDO��PiV�R�PHQRV�GH�OR�TXH�SXHGH�VHU�HVWH�JUDEDGRU�GH�DFXHUGR�D�PL�JUDGR� GH� LQIRUPDFLyQ�� \� HQWRQFHV� HVWR\� HVWDEOHFLHQGR� UHODFLRQHV�� \D�PiV� FRPSDFWDV� HQWUH� ODV�GLIHUHQFLDV�� HVWR\� VLQWHWL]DQGR��¢SHUR� FXDO� KD� VLGR�PL� KLOR� FRQGXFWRU"�0L� KLOR� FRQGXFWRU� KD� VLGR�VLHPSUH� OD� GLIHUHQFLD�� )LMDU� XQ� LQWHUpV� R� ILMDU� XQ� iPELWR� HV� DQWHV� TXH� QDGD�� GLIHUHQFLDU�� ODV�GLIHUHQFLDV�� WHFODV�� ODV� GLVWLQWDV� SDUWHV� GHO� DSDUDWR�� JXDUGDQ� UHODFLyQ� DPELWDO�� QR� HV� OHJtWLPR� XQ�SHQVDU� QL� HV� FRKHUHQWH� XQ� SHQVDU� HQ� GRQGH� VH� HVWDEOH]FDQ� UHODFLRQHV� HQWUH� REMHWRV� TXH�SHUWHQH]FDQ�D�GLVWLQWRV�iPELWRV��SRUTXH��¢FRPR�YR\�D�GHFLU�SRU�HMHPSOR��HQ�HVWH�JUDEDGRU��ILMR�OD�GLIHUHQFLD�GH�HVWH�JUDEDGRU�FRQ�RWURV�REMHWRV��HQ�HVWH�JUDEDGRU�KD\��XQ��GRV��WUHV��FXDWUR��FLQFR��VHLV�WHFODV�\����VLHWH��LQGLFD�WHFOD�GH�RWUR�JUDEDGRU���5LVDV���¢FRPR�YR\�D�UHODFLRQDU�GLIHUHQFLDV�GH�GLVWLQWRV�iPELWRV"��UHODFLRQR�GLIHUHQFLDV�GHQWUR�GH�XQ�GHWHUPLQDGR�iPELWR��)LMDU�XQ�LQWHUpV�R�ILMDU�XQ� iPELWR�� HV� DQWHV� TXH� QDGD� GLIHUHQFLDU�� /DV� GLIHUHQFLDV� JXDUGDQ� UHODFLyQ� DPELWDO�� \� VH�UHODFLRQDQ�SRUTXH�HVWiQ�HQ�HVH�iPELWR� ILMDGR�\�QR�VH� UHODFLRQDQ�FRQ�HQWLGDGHV�GH�RWUR�iPELWR��VLHQGR�OD�UHODFLyQ�WDPELpQ�HIHFWXDGD�SRU�GLIHUHQFLDV��SHUIHFWDPHQWH��6L�VH�GLMHUD��SRU�HMHPSOR��GH�DFXHUGR� D� HVWR�� TXH� OD� UHODFLyQ� $ $� QR� SURFHGH� SRU� GLIHUHQFLD�� SRU� HMHPSOR� TXH� OD� LGHD� GH�LGHQWLGDG��GH�TXH�XQD�FRVD�HV�LJXDO�R�HV�LGpQWLFD�D�Vt�PLVPD��\�FRPR�\R�VR\�HO�PLVPR��\�pO�HV�pO��\�HO�RWUR�HV�pO��\�DVt�VLJXLHQGR��TXH�HVWH�REMHWR�HV�HO�REMHWR��VL�VH�GLMHUD�TXH�OD�UHODFLyQ�$�LGpQWLFD�D�$��QR�SURFHGH�SRU�GLIHUHQFLD��KDEUtD�TXH�GHVWDFDU�SRU�OR�PHQRV��3ULPHUR��4XH�KD\�XQ�iPELWR�GH�

)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������

Javier Flores Yañez
Page 5: Fundamentos Del Pensar

UHODFLyQ� ILMDGR� SRU� LJXDOGDG�� DFi� WHQHPRV� $�� DFi� WHQHPRV� �� DFi� WHQHPRV� $�� SHUIHFWDPHQWH��SULPHUR��KD\�XQ�iPELWR�GH� UHODFLyQ�GDGR�SRU� LJXDOGDG�� OR�TXH�SULPHUR�GHFLPRV�HV�TXH�HVWDPRV�XVDQGR�HO�VLJQR�LJXDO��SDUD�GHFLU�HVWR�\�HVWR�VRQ�LGpQWLFRV��HVWDPRV�XVDQGR�OD�UHODFLyQ�LJXDO��ELHQ�¢4Xp�HV�HVD� UHODFLyQ�TXH�HVWDPRV�HVWDEOHFLHQGR�DO� GHFLU�$�HV� LJXDO�$"��DO� KDFHU�HVR�HVWDPRV�GLFLHQGR� TXH� OD� UHODFLyQ� QR� HV� DGLFLyQ�� HVWDPRV� GLIHUHQFLDQGR�� QR� HV� $�PiV� $�� £1R��� QR� HV� OD�VXVWUDFFLyQ��QR�HV�RWUR�WLSR�GH�UHODFLyQ��HV�XQD�UHODFLyQ�TXH�QRVRWURV�GLIHUHQFLDPRV��XQD�UHODFLyQ�SUHFLVD��OD�GH�LJXDOGDG��¢\�TXp�SRQHPRV"�3ULPHUD�FXHVWLyQ��GDGR�WRGR�HO�VLVWHPD�GH�UHODFLyQ�TXH�FRQRFHPRV��GLIHUHQFLDPRV�HO�TXH�QRV�LQWHUHVD��TXH�HV�LJXDOGDG��HVWR�SDUD�FRPHQ]DU��DVt�TXH�GH�HQWUDGD�SRQHPRV�XQ� VLVWHPD�GH� UHODFLyQ�� GLIHUHQFLiQGROD� GH� WRGR�HO� VLVWHPD�GH� UHODFLRQHV�TXH�FRQRFHPRV������� %XHQR�� SRGUtDQ� GHFLU� XVWHGHV� TXH� $�PiV� $�� SRU� HMHPSOR�� FODUR� TXH� SRGUtDQ�� \�SRGUtDQ�GHFLU�PXFKDV�FRVDV�PiV�� VLQ�HPEDUJR�EXVFDQ� OD� UHODFLyQ� LJXDO�� \� OD�SRQHQ�� \� OD�KDFHQ�GLIHUHQFLDO��6HJXQGR��HQ�FXDQWR�D�OD�HQWLGDG�$��\D�QR�DO�VLJQR�GH�UHODFLyQ�TXH�VH�UHODFLRQD�FRQVLJR�PLVPR�\�D� OD�FXDO� VH� OH�DVLJQD� LGHQWLGDG��GHFLU�TXH�$�HV� LGpQWLFD�D�Vt�PLVPR��HV�SRVLEOH�SRU� OR�VLJXLHQWH��HV�SRVLEOH�SRUTXH�VH�OD�GLIHUHQFLD�GH�%��GH�&��GH�(��GH�)��\�DVt�VLJXLHQGR��GH�WRGDV�HVDV�HVWUXFWXUDV� TXH� XVWHGHV� FRQRFHQ�� \� TXH� GH� HQWUDGD� \D� SURGXFHQ� GLIHUHQFLD�� XVWHGHV� WRPDQ� $��DGHPiV�TXH�$�HV� LGpQWLFD�D�Vt�PLVPD��QR�HV� LGpQWLFD�D�%��&�R�'�£1R��£QR�HV�FLHUWR"��XVWHGHV� OD�GLIHUHQFLDQ� ELHQ�� GH�PDQHUD� TXH� KHPRV� HVWDEOHFLGR� GLIHUHQFLDV� GH� OD� UHODFLyQ� GH� LJXDOGDG� FRQ�WRGDV� ODV� UHODFLRQHV� SRVLEOHV� GH� $� FRQ� WRGDV� ODV� HQWLGDGHV� TXH� QR� VRQ� GH� $�� /D� KHPRV�GLIHUHQFLDGR�\�QRV�KHPRV�TXHGDGR�FRQ�$��7HUFHUR��$��FRPR�SULPHU�WpUPLQR�GH�OD�UHODFLyQ��µItMHQVH��DFi�KD\�GRV�$¶��$�SXHVWD�DKt� �$�SXHVWD�DFi�� KD\� GRV�$�� GHFLPRV� TXH� VRQ� OD�PLVPD�� SHUR� QR� LPSRUWD�� SHUR� KD\� GRV�$��$�� FRPR�SULPHU�WpUPLQR� GH� OD� UHODFLyQ�� DSDUHFH� LGpQWLFR� D� Vt� PLVPR�� VROR� VL� VH� OR� SLHQVD� FRPR� PRPHQWR� GHO�SHQVDU�� \� HQ� WDQWR� VH� OR� GLIHUHQFLD� GH� RWUR� PRPHQWR�� 'H� DFXHUGR� D� HVWR�� D~Q� OD� UHODFLyQ� GH�LGHQWLGDG� DSDUHFH� FRPR� GLIHUHQFLD� HQWUH� WpUPLQRV� SDUD� HO� SHQVDU�� <R� GLJR� TXH� HO� FHQLFHUR� HV�LGpQWLFR�D�Vt�PLVPR��VROR�VL�DEVWUDLJR�HO�WUDQVFXUULU��SRUTXH�VL�PH�HQFXHQWUR�FRQ�HVWH�FHQLFHUR�TXH�IRWRJUDItR�KR\����GH�$JRVWR��VL�PH�HQFXHQWUR�D�HVWH�PLVPR�FHQLFHUR�GHQWUR�GH����DxRV��QR�YR\�D�GHFLU�DO�SUHVHQWDU� OD�QXHYD�IRWRJUDItD��TXH�VH�WUDWD�GHO�PLVPR�FHQLFHUR��R�ELHQ�YR\�D�GHFLU��HV�HO�PLVPR�FHQLFHUR�SHUR�HVWi�FDPELDGR��SHUIHFWDPHQWH��YR\�D�GHFLU���HV�HO�PLVPR�FHQLFHUR�TXH�VH�KD�GHWHULRUDGR�� FODUR�� DVt� HV� WRGR�� SDUHFH� TXH� OD� LGHQWLGDG� WUDEDMDUD� ~QLFDPHQWH� FRQ� HO� PRPHQWR�DEVWUDFWR� GHO� SHQVDU�� SRUTXH� HQ� FXDQWR� GHMR� HO� SHQVDU�� HQ� HO� WUDQVFXUULU�� HQWRQFHV� GH� QLQJXQD�PDQHUD�VH�PH�KDFH�SRVLEOH� LGHQWLILFDU�D�$��/D� IDPRVD�GLVFXVLyQ�HQWUH�HVWRV�JULHJDFKRV��GH�TXH�QDGLH� VH� EDxD� GRV� YHFHV� HQ� HO� PLVPR� UtR�� \� TXH� OD� LGHQWLGDG� QR� H[LVWH�� VLQR� TXH� WRGR� HV�WUDQVIRUPDFLyQ�� SRU� XQ� ODGR� \� GH� TXH� WRGR� HV� LGpQWLFR�� SRU� RWUR� ODGR�� D� Vt� PLVPR�� QRV� OOHYD� D�VLWXDFLRQHV�GH�OR�PDV�ULVLEOHV�D�OR�ODUJR�GHO�WLHPSR��KXER�DOJXQRV�GHIHQVRUHV�GH�ODV�SRVWXUDV�GH�OD�LGHQWLGDG��TXH�SDUD�GHPRVWUDU�TXH� ODV�FRVDV�HUDQ� LGpQWLFDV�D�Vt�PLVPDV��XQ� WDO�=HQyQ�GH�(OHDV�SRU�HMHPSOR��ODUJy�OD�VLJXLHQWH�DSRUtD��OD�VLJXLHQWH�GLILFXOWDG��\�GLMR�DVt��³8QD�FRVD�HV�LGpQWLFD�D�Vt�PLVPD�\�QR�SXHGH�GHMDU�GH�VHUOR��FRPR�HQ�HO�FDVR�GH�XQD�IOHFKD��\R�ODQ]R�XQD�IOHFKD�\�OD�IOHFKD�HQ�XQ�PRPHQWR�GDGR��HVWi�GRQGH�HVWi��¢R�HVWi�GRQGH�QR�HVWi"�4XH�HVWp�GRQGH�QR�HVWp�QR�SXHGH�VHU��\�VL�HVWi�GRQGH�HVWi��QR�VH�PXHYH��(VDV�DSRUtDV�GH�=HQyQ�GH�(OHDV��FRPR�HO�FDVR�GH� ODV�IOHFKDV�� FRPR� HO� FDVR� GHO� YHOR]� $TXLOHV� \� OD� WRUWXJD�� TXH� $TXLOHV� MDPiV� SXHGH� DOFDQ]DU� D� OD�WRUWXJD��SRUTXH�WLHQH�TXH�LU�SDVDQGR�SRU�HVSDFLRV�FDGD�YH]�PiV�SHTXHxRV��TXH�OD�FRVD�VH�KDFH�LQILQLWHVLPDO� \� HQWRQFHV� $TXLOHV� WLHQH� TXH� DSXUDUVH� FDGD� YH]� PiV� SDUD� SDVDU� SRU� WRGRV� HVRV�SXQWRV��\�OD�WRUWXJD�FRQ�TXH�VH�PXHYD�XQ�SRTXLWR��VLHPSUH�HVWi�D�PD\RU�GLVWDQFLD�PDWHPiWLFD�GH�pO��&RVDV�SRU�HO�HVWLOR�WUDWDEDQ�GH�DUJXPHQWDU�ORV�GHIHQVRUHV�GH�OD�LGHQWLGDG��SDUD�DUJXPHQWDU�TXH�ODV�FRVDV�QR�VH�PRYtDQ��VLQR�TXH�ODV�FRVDV�HUDQ�HQ�UHDOLGDG�LOXVLyQ�\�ORV�RWURV�VH�PHWLHURQ�HQ�XQD�UiIDJD�PRYLOLVWD� WDO�� GH� WDO� QDWXUDOH]D�� TXH� HQWRQFHV�� FRPR� WRGR� FDPELDED�� GH� DKt� QR� VH� SRGtD�VDFDU� QLQJXQD� OH\�� VL� HVWH� JUDEDGRU� HQ� XQ� PRPHQWR� HV� \� HQ� XQ� PRPHQWR� QR� HV� LGpQWLFR� D� Vt�PLVPR��\�UHVXOWD�TXH�OH�SDJR�ORV�WUHVFLHQWRV�SHVRV�D�/ROD��\�GHQWUR�GH�PHGLD�KRUD��HO�JUDEDGRU�HV�XQ�UHSROOR��SRU�HMHPSOR��HQWRQFHV�VH�PH�FUHD�XQ�SUREOHPD��1R�SXHGH�WUDEDMDUVH�GH�HVWD�PDQHUD��/D�VtQWHVLV�HVWDEOHFLGD�GHO�PRGR�$� �$��VXUJH�GH�OD�GLIHUHQFLD�GH�ORV�RWURV�PRPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�\�FRPR� QXHYR� iPELWR� GLIHUHQFLDO� TXH� SRQH� HO� SHQVDU�� /D� VtQWHVLV� DVXPH� OD� GLIHUHQFLD� GH� ODV�UHODFLRQHV� HVWUXFWXUiQGRODV� SRQGHUDWLYDPHQWH�� SRU� WDQWR� GLIHUHQFLDQGR� D� ODV� GLIHUHQFLDV� TXH� QR�FRLQFLGHQ� FRQ� HO� QXHYR� iPELWR� TXH� SRQH�� 3RU� OR� WDQWR�� OD� VtQWHVLV� DVXPH� ODV� GLIHUHQFLDV� GH� OD�UHODFLyQ��/DV� UHODFLRQHV�TXH�HVWDEOHFt�SRU�GLIHUHQFLDV�HVWiQ�DVXPLGDV�HQ� OD�VtQWHVLV��/D�VtQWHVLV�DVXPH� ODV�GLIHUHQFLDV�GH� OD� UHODFLyQ�HVWUXFWXUiQGRODV�SRQGHUDWLYDPHQWH��QR�EDVWD�FRQ�GHFLU�TXH�

)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������

Javier Flores Yañez
Page 6: Fundamentos Del Pensar

WHQJR�ODV�UHODFLRQHV��FRQ�HVR�QR�GLJR�QDGD��7HQJR�ODV�UHODFLRQHV�HVWUXFWXUDGDV�HQ�XQD�VtQWHVLV��\�HVWR�HV�YiOLGR�HQ� OD�PHGLGD�TXH�WHQJD�SRQGHUDFLyQ�GH�GLVWLQWRV�VLVWHPDV�GH�UHODFLyQ�\�GLJD��³HV�PXFKR� PiV� LPSRUWDQWH� HVWD� WHFOD� TXH� OD� RWUD� FXDQGR� YR\� D� JUDEDU´�� SRUTXH� HV� OD� WHFOD� GH� OD�JUDEDFLyQ�� HQ� RWUD� RSHUDFLyQ� HV� PiV� LPSRUWDQWH� ³HVWD´� �LQGLFDQGR� RWUD� WHFOD��� SRUTXH� YR\� D�HVWDEOHFHU�XQD�SDXVD�DTXt��SRUTXH�YR\�D�GDU�WRQR��\�DTXt�YR\�D�GDU�YROXPHQ�\�DVt�VLJXLHQGR�GH�PDQHUD� TXH� KH� LGR� HVWDEOHFLHQGR� QR� VROR� UHODFLRQHV�� VLQR� SRQGHUDFLRQHV�� HQ� FXDQWR� GHWHUPLQR�XQD� VtQWHVLV� GH� XQD� GHWHUPLQDGD� HVWUXFWXUD�� HQWRQFHV� OD� VtQWHVLV� DVXPH� ODV� GLIHUHQFLDV� GH� ODV�UHODFLRQHV� HVWUXFWXUiQGRODV� SRQGHUDWLYDPHQWH�� 3RU� WDQWR�� VL� SRQGHUR�� VL� GLJR� TXH� HVWR� HV� PiV�LPSRUWDQWH�TXH�OR�RWUR��HV�PiV�LPSRUWDQWH�OD�SULPHUD�WHFOD�URMD�SDUD�JUDEDU�TXH�OD�RWUD�SDUD�ERUUDU��HWF��� VL� HVWR\� KDFLHQGR� HVH� WLSR� GH� SRQGHUDFLRQHV� HVWR\� QHFHVDULDPHQWH� SURFHGLHQGR� SRU�GLIHUHQFLDV� QXHYDPHQWH�� 'H� PDQHUD� TXH� OD� VtQWHVLV� DVXPH� ODV� GLIHUHQFLDV� GH� ODV� UHODFLRQHV�HVWUXFWXUiQGRODV�SRQGHUDWLYDPHQWH��SRU� OR�WDQWR�GLIHUHQFLDQGR�D�ODV�GLIHUHQFLDV�TXH�QR�FRLQFLGHQ�FRQ�HO�QXHYR�iPELWR�TXH�SRQHQ�\�DVt�YR\�FRQVWUX\HQGR�HO�SHQVDU�FRQ�HVH�WLSR�GH�SURFHVR��(V�OD�GLIHUHQFLD� HQWUH� ORV� PRPHQWRV� GHO� SHQVDU� OD� TXH� SHUPLWH� HVWDEOHFHU� LJXDOGDGHV� HQ� XQ� QXHYR�PRPHQWR�GHO�SHQVDU��6L�QR�KXELHUD�GLIHUHQFLDV�GH�PRPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�\R�MDPiV�SRGUtD�GHFLU�SRU�HMHPSOR�� TXH� $� � $�� WHQGUtD� TXH� GHFLU� QDGD� PiV� TXH� $�� 1R� SRGUtD� HVWDEOHFHU� OD� UHODFLyQ� GH�LJXDOGDG�SRUTXH�QR�KDEUtD� VHFXHQFLD�HQ�HO� SHQVDU�� \� DXQTXH� VHD�XQD�DEVWUDFFLyQ�$�� \� DXQTXH�GLJD�$� �D�Vt�PLVPD��HV�SRVLEOH�TXH�\R�SXHGD�HVWDEOHFHU�UHODFLyQ�HQWUH�HVH�$�FRQ�HO�RWUR�$�\�GHFLU�TXH�VRQ�LGpQWLFDV�\�TXH�HV�OD�PLVPD�TXH�HVWi�WUDVODGDGD�D�GRV�WLHPSRV�GHO�SHQVDU��3XHGR�GHFLU�WRGR�HVR�JUDFLDV�D�TXH�KD\�XQD�VHFXHQFLD�HQ�HO�SHQVDU��\�HVD�VHFXHQFLD�HQ�HO�SHQVDU�HVWi�GDGD�SRU� ORV�PRPHQWRV� GHO� SHQVDU�� 6L� IXHUD� HO�PLVPR�PRPHQWR� FRPR�XQ� µFRQWLQXXP¶� GHO� SHQVDU� VLQ�PRPHQWRV��VLQ�GLIHUHQFLDV�HQWUH�Vt��QR�KDEUtD�SRVLELOLGDG�QL�VLTXLHUD�GH�HVWDEOHFHU�LJXDOGDGHV��GH�PDQHUD� TXH�� SRU� SDUDGyMLFR� TXH� UHVXOWH�� OD� LJXDOGDG� VXUJH� GH� ODV� GLIHUHQFLDV�� \� QR� SXHGH�HVWDEOHFHUVH�FRQFHSWRV�GH�LJXDOGDG�VL�QR�WUDEDMR�FRQ�GLIHUHQFLDV�GH�PRPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU��\�HVWR�HV�LQGLVFXWLEOH��/D�PRYLOLGDG�HVWUXFWXUDGRUD�GH�OD�FRQFLHQFLD�OD�KDELOLWD�SDUD�DPSOLDU�VXV�LQWHUHVHV��SRU� HMHPSOR�� DKRUD� \D�PH� LQWHUHVD� HO� RWUR� JUDEDGRU�� PH� LQWHUHVDQ� \D� ORV� WUHV� JUDEDGRUHV�� YR\�DPSOLDQGR�PLV�LQWHUHVHV��OD�PRYLOLGDG�HVWUXFWXUDGRUD�GH�OD�FRQFLHQFLD�OD�KDELOLWD�SDUD�DPSOLDU�VXV�LQWHUHVHV��SDUD�LQFRUSRUDU�QXHYRV�IHQyPHQRV�SDUD�VX�FRPSUHQVLyQ�\�SDUD�GLIHUHQFLDU�QXHYDPHQWH�HQ�QLYHOHV�PiV�FRPSOHMDPHQWH�HVWUXFWXUDGRV��¢<�QR�VHUtD�PHMRU�TXH�HVWRV� WUHV�JUDEDGRUHV��XQ�JUDEDGRU�XQ�SRFR�PiV�FRPSOHMR�TXH�SXHGD�KDFHU�PiV�RSHUDFLRQHV�TXH�HVWRV�RWURV���TXH�KH�LGR�LQFRUSRUDQGR"�$KRUD� \D�QR�PH� LQWHUHVDQ�HVWRV� WUHV�� DKRUD�PH� LQWHUHVD�XQR� VROR�� QR�GLVPLQX\y�VLQR� TXH� DXPHQWy� \� WHQJR� DKRUD� XQD� XQLGDG� RSHUDWRULD� TXH� WLHQH� PXFKDV� PiV� SRVLELOLGDGHV��¢&yPR"� $QWHV� WHQtD� WUHV� \� DKRUD� WHQJR� XQR�� ¢0H� KH� UHGXFLGR"� ¢TXH� HV� HVR"� £1R�� PH� KH�DPSOLDGR��(VH�XQR�WLHQH�ODV�SRVLELOLGDGHV�VXPDGDV�GH�HVWRV�WUHV�GLIHUHQWHV��KH�KHFKR�XQD�QXHYD�VtQWHVLV�GH�WLSR�RSHUDWRULR��/D�PRYLOLGDG�GH�OD�FRQFLHQFLD�KDELOLWD�SDUD�DPSOLDU�VXV�LQWHUHVHV��SDUD�LQFRUSRUDU�QXHYRV�IHQyPHQRV�SDUD�VX�FRPSUHQVLyQ�\�SDUD�GLIHUHQFLDU�QXHYDPHQWH�HQ�QLYHOHV�PiV�FRPSOHMDPHQWH� HVWUXFWXUDGRV�� QXHYDV� GLIHUHQFLDV� TXH� HVWDEOH]FR� HQWUH� HVWRV� REMHWRV�� +H�FRPSUHQGLGR��KH�YLVWR�VXV�XWLOLGDGHV��VXV�RSHUDFLRQHV��DKRUD�\D�GLIHUHQFLR��WHQJR�DKRUD�XQ�REMHWR�PiV� FRPSOHMDPHQWH� HVWUXFWXUDGR� TXH� WRGD� HVWD� VXFHVLyQ� GH� REMHWLWRV�� /D� PRYLOLGDG� GH� OD�FRQFLHQFLD� VH� H[SOLFD� VRODPHQWH� HQ� WDQWR� HVWUXFWXUD� FRQ� HO� PXQGR� \� HQ� FXDQWR� GLIHUHQFLD� \�UHODFLRQD�HQ�WDO�HVWUXFWXUD��1R�VXUJH�HO�SHQVDU�VLQR�SRU�GLIHUHQFLD�FRQ�HO�PXQGR��&XDQGR�QRVRWURV��D�QLYHOHV�PiV�EDMRV��PDV�SHGHVWUHV�GH�LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ��KDEODPRV�GH�HVWDV�IXQFLRQHV�PHFiQLFDV�GH�OD� DGDSWDFLyQ� DO� PHGLR�� OD� GLIHUHQFLD� HQWUH� HO� RUJDQLVPR� \� VX� PHGLR�� GH� TXH� SULPHUR� VXUJHQ�GLIHUHQFLDV�GHQWUR�GHO�PHGLR�� \�GH�TXH�GH� ODV�GLIHUHQFLDV�HQ�HO�PHGLR� LQRUJiQLFR�YDQ�VXUJLHQGR�HOHPHQWRV�RUJiQLFRV�TXH�VH�UHODFLRQDQ�GH�XQ�PRGR�SDUWLFXODU��VH�VLQWHWL]DQ�GH�XQ�PRGR�QXHYR�\�VXUJHQ�FRPR�QXHYDV�GLIHUHQFLDV�IUHQWH�D�SURFHVRV�DQWHULRUHV��FXDQGR�HVWDPRV�H[SOLFDQGR�OD�YLGD��FRPR�OR�KDUtD�XQ�SULPDWH���FXDQGR�HVWDPRV�H[SOLFDQGR�OD�YLGD�SRU�ODV�GLIHUHQFLDV�HQWUH�HO�PHGLR��ODV� UHODFLRQHV�HQWUH�HOHPHQWRV�TXH�VH�DJOXWLQDQ��TXH�VH�HQFDGHQDQ�GH�FLHUWR�PRGR�� VXUJHQ� ORV�RUJDQLVPRV�� \� HVWRV� RUJDQLVPRV� TXH� HVWiQ� HQ� XQ� PHGLR� WLHQHQ� GLIHUHQFLDV� FRQ� pO�� £QR� VRQ� HO�PLVPR�RUJDQLVPR��6RQ�GLIHUHQWHV�HVWRV�PHGLRV�D�ORV�RUJDQLVPRV��SHUR�HVWRV�RUJDQLVPRV�YLYHQ�HQ�HVRV�PHGLRV�\�HQWRQFHV�KD\�GLIHUHQFLD�GH�SRWHQFLDO��(O�PHGLR� WLHQH�FRVDV�TXH�HO�RUJDQLVPR�QR�WLHQH��HQWRQFHV�HO�RUJDQLVPR�YD�GRQGH�KD\�DTXHOOR�TXH�pO�QR� WLHQH��3RU�GLIHUHQFLD��1R�YD�D� LU�D�GRQGH�KD\�DOJR�TXH�pO�WLHQH��£1R��(VWi�VDWLVIHFKD�OD�DPHED��QR�WLHQH�SRUTXp�GLULJLUVH��VH�GLULJH�SRU�GLIHUHQFLD��HQWUH�OR�TXH�KD\�\�OR�TXH�QR�KD\��VH�UHODFLRQD�FRQ�HVH�HOHPHQWR�QXWULWLYR��OR�DVLPLOD��OR�VLQWHWL]D��HOLPLQD� ORV�HOHPHQWRV�TXH�\D�QR�VLUYHQ��HWF����'H�PDQHUD�TXH�FXDQGR�KDEODPRV�GH� OD�FRQFLHQFLD�� OD�H[SOLFDPRV�HQ� WDQWR�HVWUXFWXUD�FRQ�HO�PXQGR�VRODPHQWH��\�HQ�FXDQWR�GLIHUHQFLD�\�)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������

Javier Flores Yañez
Page 7: Fundamentos Del Pensar

UHODFLRQD�HQ�WDO�HVWUXFWXUD��<�QR�SRGHPRV�KDFHU�XQ�PD]DFRWH�HQWUH�FRQFLHQFLD�\�PXQGR��VLQR�TXH�KDEODPRV�GH�XQD�HVWUXFWXUD�FRQFLHQFLD�PXQGR��SHUR�HQ�OD�TXH�H[LVWHQ�GLIHUHQFLDV�HQWUH�HO�DVSHFWR�RSHUDFLRQDO� TXH� HV� OD� FRQFLHQFLD�� \� HO� DVSHFWR� LQHUWH�� VL� TXLHUHQ� OODPDUOR� XVWHGHV� DVt�� TXH� HV�WDPELpQ� GLQiPLFR�� SHUR� GH� RWUR� WLSR�� TXH� HV� HO�PXQGR�� TXH� HV� HO�PHGLR�� +D\� GLIHUHQFLDV� HQWUH�FRQFLHQFLD� \� PXQGR�� 3HUR� UHVXOWD� TXH� KD\� UHODFLyQ� HVWUXFWXUDO�� HQWRQFHV� HQ� RFDVLRQHV�SRQGHUDPRV� HO� PXQGR� \� HQ� RFDVLRQHV� SRQGHUDPRV� OD� HVWUXFWXUD� GH� OD� FRQFLHQFLD�� 3HUR� KD\�UHODFLRQHV� GLIHUHQFLDOHV� HQWUH� FRQFLHQFLD� \� PXQGR� \� HQ� FXDQWR� GLIHUHQFLD� \� UHODFLRQD� HQ� WDO�HVWUXFWXUD��/R�FXDO�DGHPiV�QRV�HYLGHQFLD�OD�DPSOLDFLyQ�FUHFLHQWH�GH�WDO�HVWUXFWXUD�(O� SHQVDU� \� ODV� DFWLYLGDGHV� GHO� SHQVDU� YDQ� HQ� OtQHD� GH� OD� DPSOLDFLyQ� FUHFLHQWH�� \� HQ� WDQWR� TXH�SLHQVR��HQ�WDQWR�TXH�DPSOtR�ODV�RSHUDFLRQHV��SRUTXH�FXHQWR�FRQ�PD\RU�Q~PHUR�GH�GLIHUHQFLDV�TXH�UHODFLRQR� HQWUH� Vt�� TXH� VLQWHWL]R�� \� HQ� HVWD� DPHED� FRPR� HQ� HO� SHQVDU� KHLGHJJHULDQR�� £,JXDO�� 6L�DKRUD�VH�FRQVLGHUD�HO�IHQyPHQR�HQ�JHQHUDO��HV�GHFLU��µHVWUXFWXUD�FRQFLHQFLD�PXQGR¶��DKRUD�OR�YR\�D� FRQVLGHUDU� FRPR� IHQyPHQR� HQ� JHQHUDO� WDPELpQ�� 3RUTXH� HO� PXQGR� HV� XQ� IHQyPHQR� D� OD�FRQFLHQFLD�SXHGH�FRQVLGHUiUVHOD�WDPELpQ�FRPR�XQ�IHQyPHQR��$�OD�µHVWUXFWXUD�FRQFLHQFLD�PXQGR¶�OD� YR\� D� FRQVLGHUDU� DKRUD� FRPR� XQ� IHQyPHQR�� \� QR� YR\� D� FRQVLGHUDU� VROR� FRPR� IHQyPHQR� DO�PXQGR� \� D� OD� FRQFLHQFLD� FRPR� RWUD� FRVD� TXH� QR� HV� XQ� IHQyPHQR�� £1R�� VHxRU�� $KRUD� YR\� D�FRQVLGHUDU� WDQWR� D� OD� FRQFLHQFLD� FRPR� DO� PXQGR� FRPR� XQ� IHQyPHQR�� (VD� HVWUXFWXUD� HV� XQ�IHQyPHQR��\�FRPR�HV�XQ�IHQyPHQR��YD�D�WHQHU�VXV�OH\HV��6L�DKRUD�VH�FRQVLGHUD�DO�IHQyPHQR�HQ�JHQHUDO�� LQFOXVR� OD� HVWUXFWXUD� FRQFLHQFLD�PXQGR� HV� HYLGHQWH� FRPR� IHQyPHQR�� 6ROR� SXHGH�DSUHFLDUVH� OD� PRYLOLGDG� HQ� OD� HVWUXFWXUD� FRQFLHQFLD�PXQGR� FRPR� IHQyPHQR�� /R� TXH� SXHGR�DSUHFLDU�HV�OD�PRYLOLGDG��GH�QLQJXQD�PDQHUD�OD�LQPRYLOLGDG��3XHGR�DSUHFLDU�OD�PRYLOLGDG��\�HQ�HOOD�SXHGR�REVHUYDU�VROR�PRPHQWRV�GH�GHWHQLPLHQWR�� OR�FXDO�PH�KDFH�FRQIXQGLU�D�YHFHV� ODV�FRVDV�\�GHFLU��³DKRUD�HVWi�TXLHWR´��SRU�HMHPSOR��³DKRUD�HVWi�GHWHQLGR´��³HVWi�ILMDGR´��³DKRUD�HVWi�VDWLVIHFKR´��'LJR�TXH�VROR�SXHGH�DSUHFLDUVH� OD�PRYLOLGDG��\�HQ�HOOD�VROR�PRPHQWRV�GH�GHWHQLPLHQWR�� ORV�TXH�SXHGHQ� UHGXFLUVH� VROR� D� YDULDFLRQHV� GHO� WUDQVFXUULU�� +D\� XQ� WLSR� GH� DFHOHUDFLyQ�� XQ� WLSR� GH�VHFXHQFLD��\�RWUR�TXH�UHODWLYDPHQWH�VH�PH�DSDUHFH�FRPR�GHWHQLPLHQWR��£7DO�FRVD�QR�HV�UHDO�GHVGH�HO�SXQWR�GH�YLVWD�GH�OD�DSUHFLDFLyQ�GHO�IHQyPHQR��1R�HV�UHDO�HO�GHWHQLPLHQWR��HV�XQD�DSUHFLDFLyQ�DEVWUDFWLYD�GH� OD�PHQWH�TXH�IXQFLRQD�SRU�FRPSDUDFLyQ�\�SRU�GLIHUHQFLDV�GH�PRPHQWRV�GH�PD\RU�PRYLOLGDG�� (V� SRUTXH� OR� GLIHUHQFLR� �SRU� OR� WDQWR� KD\� UHODWLYLGDG� HQ� OD� DSUHFLDFLyQ�� FRQ� ORV�PRPHQWRV�PiV�YHORFHV�HQ�TXH�VH�SUHVHQWD�HO� IHQyPHQR��TXH�\R�GLJR� µHVWi�GHWHQLGR¶��(QWRQFHV�¢XQ� WUHQ� QXQFD� HVWi� GHWHQLGR"� 8Q� WUHQ� QR� HVWi� GHWHQLGR�� HVWi� UHODWLYDPHQWH� GHWHQLGR� D� VX�PRYLOLGDG�� QR� KD\� WDO� WLSR� GH� GHWHQLPLHQWR� HQ� QLQJ~Q� WLSR� GH� IHQyPHQR�� +D\� XQ� GHWHQLPLHQWR�UHODWLYR�\�TXH�VH�UHILHUH�D�XQ�PRPHQWR��SHUR�HQ�WRGD�OD�VHFXHQFLD��HQWUH�TXH�HO�WUHQ�VDOH�\�OOHJD�D�RWUR�SXQWR��KD\�PRYLPLHQWR��<�HVR�TXH�GLJR�GH�PRYLOLGDG�FHUR��HVD�PRYLOLGDG�FHUR� OD�HVWDEOH]FR�SRU�GLIHUHQFLDV�FRQ�ODV�RWUDV�PRYLOLGDGHV��FRQ�ORV�GLVWLQWRV�FDPELRV�GH�YHORFLGDG�GHO�IHQyPHQR��020(1726�'(�'(7(1,0,(172�48(�38('(1�5('8&,56(�$�9$5,$&,21(6�(1�(/�75$16&855,5��',)(5(1&,$6�(1�(/�75$16&855,5�/D�GLIHUHQFLD�PiV�DPSOLD�HQ�OD�DEVWUDFFLyQ�GHO�WUDQVFXUULU�GHO�IHQyPHQR�HV�HO�FRQFHSWR�GH�³6(5´��(VH� VHU� TXH� VH� PH� DSDUHFH� FRPR� HO� FDPSHyQ�� FRPR� HO� Pi[LPR� FDVR� SRVLEOH� GHO� SHQVDU�� HQ�GRQGH� HO� GHWHQLPLHQWR� VH� PH� KDFH� SRVLEOH� HQ� HO� VHU� \� VH� PH� GD� SUHVHQWH� HQ� HO� VHU�� &XDQGR�DEVWUDLJR�GH�WRGRV�ORV�REMHWRV�TXH�KD\�OD�LGHD�GH�µ6HU¶��TXH�QR�H[LVWH���HV�XQ�µ6HU¶�FRQFHSWXDO�FRQ�HO� FXDO�SXHGR�KDFHU�RSHUDFLRQHV��(VH� µ6HU¶� VH�DSDUHFH�D�Pt�FRPR�GHWHQLGR�\�HV�JUDFLDV�D�HVD�VXHUWH�GH�GHWHQLPLHQWR�SURSLR�GH� OD�DEVWUDFFLyQ�TXH�\R�SXHGR�KDFHU�RSHUDFLRQHV�PiV�R�PHQRV�FRQVWDQWHV�� 3RUTXH� VL� QR� SXGLHUD� DEVWUDHU� HQWLGDGHV� GHO� WLSR� GHO� µ6HU¶�� SRU� HMHPSOR�� QR� SRGUtD�KDFHU� RSHUDFLRQHV� VXSHULRUHV� HQ� HO� SHQVDU�� (O� Pi[LPR� GH� DEVWUDFFLyQ� HQ� HO� GHWHQLPLHQWR� SRU�HMHPSOR��R�HQ�OD�DWHPSRUDOLGDG��HV�HO�µ6HU¶�HQ�JHQHUDO��<�GLJR�GHO�µ6HU¶�HQ�JHQHUDO�TXH�HV�WRGR��SRU�HMHPSOR�� WRGR�HVWi�GHQWUR�GHO�iPELWR�GHO� µ6HU¶�� WRGDV� ODV�FRVDV� WLHQHQ� µ6HU¶��(O�6HU��SRU� OR� WDQWR��HV�OD�HVHQFLD�GH�WRGDV�ODV�FRVDV��\�HVH�VHU�TXH�HV�OD�HVHQFLD�GH�WRGDV�ODV�FRVDV��HVWi�GHWHQLGR�DXQTXH� ODV� FRVDV� VH� PXHYDQ�� (QWRQFHV� HVWDEOH]FR� GLIHUHQFLDV� HQWUH� HO� µ6HU¶� \� HO� µ(QWH¶�� /RV�HQWHV�VH�PXHYHQ��\�HO� µ6HU¶�GHO�FXDO�SDUWLFLSDQ�ORV�HQWHV�QR�VH�PXHYH��\�HVR�HV�XQD�DEVWUDFFLyQ�GHO� SHQVDU� HQ� FXDQWR� DO� µ6HU¶�� +D� KHFKR� WUDVODGDU� D�PXFKRV� OyJLFRV� HVWH� µ6HU¶� SHQVDGR� D� µ6HU¶�UHDO��\�KD\�XQD�JUDQ�GLIHUHQFLD�HQWUH�HO�µ6HU¶�SHQVDGR�\�HO�µ6HU¶�UHDO��3DUD�FROPR�HVWH�µ6HU¶��FRPR�DEDUFD� WRGRV� ORV�VHUHV��YD�FRQ�PD\~VFXOD��(QWRQFHV�HVWi� IiFLO�� VL�HVWH�6HU�YD�FRQ�PD\~VFXOD�\�

)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������

Page 8: Fundamentos Del Pensar

QRV� D\XGDPRV� GHO� OHQJXDMH�� \� HVH� µ6HU¶� DGHPiV� HVWi� HQ� WRGRV� ORV� REMHWRV� \� WRGRV� ORV� REMHWRV�SDUWLFLSDQ�GH�pO��\D�VXHQD�GH�XQ�PRGR�HVSHFLDO��\�HQWRQFHV�QR�HV�GLItFLO�KDFHU�HO�WUDVODGR�GHO�µ6HU¶�D�'LRV��SRU�HMHPSOR��£2EYLR��7RPiV�GH�$TXLQR�OR�KL]R�FRQ�WRGD�OLPSLH]D��'H�PDQHUD�TXH�FXDQGR�KDEODPRV�HQ�WpUPLQRV�OyJLFRV��OD�GLIHUHQFLD�PiV�DPSOLD�HQ�OD�DEVWUDFFLyQ�GHO�WUDQVFXUULU�GHO�IHQyPHQR��HV�HO�FRQFHSWR�GHO�µ6HU¶��<�HO�µQR�6HU¶�HVR�TXH�OHV�SUHRFXSD�VLHPSUH�D�ORV�HVWXGLDQWHV�GH�ILORVRItD��HO�µQR�6HU¶�VXUJH�FRPR�GLIHUHQFLD�GH�OD�GLIHUHQFLD�PiV�DPSOLD��6L�HO�FRQFHSWR�GHO�µ6HU¶�HV�HO�FRQFHSWR�GLIHUHQFLDO�SRU�H[FHOHQFLD��HO�µ1R�6HU¶�HV�HO�FRQFHSWR�GLIHUHQFLDO�PiV�DPSOLR�GH� WRGDV� ODV�GLIHUHQFLDV�GDGDV��'LFKR�GH�RWUR�PRGR�� OD�GLIHUHQFLD�PiV�DPSOLD�HQ� OD�DEVWUDFFLyQ�GHO� WUDQVFXUULU�GHO� IHQyPHQR�HV�HO� µ6HU¶��\�HO� µ1R�6HU¶�VXUJH�FRPR� OD�GLIHUHQFLD�GH� OD�GLIHUHQFLD�PiV�DPSOLD��1R�SRGUtD�SHQVDUVH�HQ�WpUPLQRV�GH�µ6HU¶�\�µ1R�6HU¶�VL�QR�VH�WUDEDMDUD�FRQ�GLIHUHQFLDV�� <� VH� HVWi� WUDEDMDQGR� FRQ� GLIHUHQFLDV� HQ� VHQWLGR�PiV� DPSOLR�� HQ� VHQWLGR� DEVWUDFWR��3HUR��HQ�UHDOLGDG�HV�HO�PLVPR�VLVWHPD�GH�RSHUDFLRQHV�TXH�FXDQGR�HVWR\�KDEODQGR�GH�ODV�WHFODV�\�GHO�JUDEDGRU��/D�FRVD�QR�FDPELD�PXFKR��7LHQH�PiV�PtVWLFD�KDEODU�GH�µ6HU¶�\�µ1R�6HU¶�SHUR��HQ�UHDOLGDG�� ODV�RSHUDFLRQHV�VRQ� ODV�PLVPDV�VROR�TXH� OOHYDGDV�D� OD�DEVWUDFFLyQ�£1R�VRQ�GLIHUHQWHV��(O� QR� VHU� VXUJH� FRPR� GLIHUHQFLD� GH� OD� GLIHUHQFLD� PiV� DPSOLD�� µ6HU¶� \� µ1R� 6HU¶� DSDUHFHQ� FRPR�DWHPSRUDOHV�� VH�GHODWDQ�FRPR�PRPHQWRV�DEVWUDFWLYRV�Pi[LPRV��HQ�HVR�VH� OHV�YH�SUHFLVDPHQWH�TXH� VRQ� QDGD�PiV� TXH� DEVWUDFFLRQHV�� TXH� QR� VRQ� UHDOLGDGHV�� HQ� HVR� GH� TXH� DSDUH]FDQ� FRPR�GHWHQLGRV�� FRPR� XQLYHUVDOHV�� FRPR� HWHUQRV� GH� DOJXQD� PDQHUD�� HQ� HVR� VH� GHODWD� TXH� VRQ�DEVWUDFFLRQHV��TXH�VRQ�RSHUDFLRQHV�GHO�SHQVDU�\�QR�UHDOLGDGHV��3RUTXH�VL��HQ�FDPELR��HVWH�6HU�\�HVWH�µ1R�6HU¶�WXYLHUDQ�PRYLOLGDG��HQWRQFHV�Vt�VH�SRQGUtDQ�VRVSHFKRVRV��3HUR�UHVXOWD�TXH�QR��TXH�DSDUHFHQ�FRPR�GHWHQLGRV�� FRPR�DWHPSRUDOHV�� HWF��(QWRQFHV�Vt�� HVWi� FODUR�� HV�HO� WUDEDMR�PLVPR�GH�DEVWUDFFLyQ�GHO�SHQVDU��3RU�WDQWR��FXDQGR�VH�KDEOD�GHO�µ6HU¶�GHEH�GHVWDFDUVH�TXH��HQ�WpUPLQRV�OyJLFRV� �QR� SVLFROyJLFRV��� VH� HVWi� KDFLHQGR� UHIHUHQFLD� D� XQD� DEVWUDFFLyQ�� \� TXH� HQ� WpUPLQRV�SVLFROyJLFRV�� VH�HVWi�PHQFLRQDQGR�DO�REMHWR�PiV�DPSOLR�GH�FRPSHQVDFLyQ�HVWUXFWXUDGRUD�GH� OD�FRQFLHQFLD�HQ�HO�PXQGR�¢1RWDQ�OD�FRQH[LyQ�FRQ�OD�IRUPD�SXUD"$Vt��FXDQGR�KDEOR�GH� µ6HU¶�HQ� WpUPLQRV� OyJLFRV�HVWR\�KDEODQGR�GH� OD�PD\RU�DPSOLWXG�FRQFHSWXDO�OyJLFD��SHUR�FXDQGR�KDEOR�GH�µ6HU¶�HQ�WpUPLQRV�SVLFROyJLFRV��HVWR\�KDEODQGR�GHO�REMHWR�PiV�DPSOLR�FDSD]� GH� FRPSHQVDU� HVWUXFWXUDGDPHQWH� HO� SHQVDU�� FDSD]� GH� FRPSHQVDU� D� WRGRV� ORV� DFWRV� GHO�SHQVDU� TXH� VH� UHILHUHQ� D� ORV� GLVWLQWRV� REMHWRV�� D� ODV� GLVWLQWDV� FRVDV�� (Q� HVWH� FDVR� KD\� XQ� µ6HU¶�TXH�� SVLFROyJLFDPHQWH�� SXHGH� FRPSHQVDU� WRGDV� ODV� RSHUDFLRQHV� GLQiPLFDV� GHO� SHQVDU� TXH� HQ�OD� YLGD�SUiFWLFD� VH�YDQ� UHILULHQGR�D�GLVWLQWDV� FRVDV��3VLFROyJLFDPHQWH�� VH�DSDUHFH�HO� µ6HU¶� FRPR�XQ� FXHUSLWR�� FRPSHQVDQGR� \D� WRGD� OD� DFWLYLGDG� GHO� SHQVDU�� %LHQ�� HVWR� VH� HQWLHQGH�PHMRU� SRU� HO�GHVDUUROOR�GH�OD�IRUPD�SXUD��3HUR� VRQ� GLIHUHQWHV� PRGRV� GH� SHQVDU�� SRUTXH� HO� SHQVDU� OyJLFR� HV� XQ� SHQVDU� FRPR� VHSDUDGR��FRPR�QR�FRPSURPHWLGR��\�HO�SHQVDU�YLVWR�HQ� WpUPLQRV�SVLFROyJLFRV��HV�XQ�SHQVDU�HQ�HO�TXH�XQR�HVWi�HQYXHOWR��\�HQ�HO�TXH� WLHQH�YHU�FRQ�RSHUDFLRQHV�GH�WRGR�RWUR� WLSR��QR�VROR�FRQ�RSHUDFLRQHV�GHO� SHQVDU� OyJLFR��� &XDQGR� XQR� HVWi� KDEODQGR� GHO� SHQVDU� \� VH� KDEOD� GHO� SHQVDU� HQ� WpUPLQRV�SVLFROyJLFRV��QR�VH�KDEOD�GHO�SHQVDU�HQ� WpUPLQRV� OyJLFRV�VRODPHQWH��(QWRQFHV��KD\�RWUR� WLSR�GH�FRPSURPLVR�HQ�HO�SHQVDU�SVLFRORJL]DQWH��GLIHUHQWH�GHO�SHQVDU� OyJLFR��8QR�QR�WLHQH�QDGD�TXH�YHU�FRQ�ODV�FRVDV�FXDQGR�KDFH�/yJLFD��(VWi�DKt�FRQ�FRQFHSWRV��FRPR�FRQ�Q~PHURV��SHUR�UHVXOWD�TXH�HQ�HO� SHQVDU� SVLFROyJLFR� FRWLGLDQR�XQR� WLHQH�TXH� YHU� FRQ�HVR��(QWRQFHV�� HO� µ6HU¶� YLVWR� GHVGH�HO�SXQWR�GH�YLVWD�SVLFROyJLFR�FDPELD�PXFKR�DO�µ6HU¶�SHQVDGR�HQ�WpUPLQRV�OyJLFRV�&XDQGR�VH�KDEOD�GH�µ6HU¶�GHEH�GHVWDFDUVH�TXH��HQ�WpUPLQRV�OyJLFRV�VH�HVWi�KDFLHQGR�UHIHUHQFLD�D� XQD� DEVWUDFFLyQ�� \� TXH� HQ� WpUPLQRV� SVLFROyJLFRV�� VH� HVWi�PHQFLRQDQGR� DO� REMHWR�PiV� DPSOLR�GH�FRPSHQVDFLyQ�HVWUXFWXUDGRUD�GH� OD�FRQFLHQFLD�HQ�HO�PXQGR��/DV�DEVWUDFFLRQHV�PiV�DPSOLDV�VH� UHILHUHQ� DO� µ6HU¶� \� VX� FRPSRUWDPLHQWR�� &XDQGR� VH� KDEOD� GH� SHQVDU� OyJLFR� VH� EXVFD� XQ�IXQGDPHQWR�SUHYLR�DO�SHQVDU�OyJLFR��TXH�WLHQH�TXH�YHU�FRQ�ODV�LGHDV�PDV�DPSOLDV�SRVLEOHV��WLHQH�TXH� YHU� FRQ� ODV� LGHDV� GHO� µ6HU¶�� 6H� SXHGH� IXQGDPHQWDU� HO� SHQVDU� OyJLFR� VL� HO� SHQVDU� OyJLFR� VH�HVER]D� VLPSOHPHQWH� FRPR� XQ� VLVWHPD� GH� SHQVDPLHQWR�� SHUR� VL� QR� VH� IXQGDPHQWD� HO� µ6HU¶�� QR�H[LVWH� SHQVDU� OyJLFR� FRKHUHQWH��(Q� JHQHUDO�� HO� SHQVDU� OyJLFR�� GHVGH� HVWH� SXQWR� GH� YLVWD�� GHULYD�GH� OD� PHWDItVLFD� TXH� VH� WHQJD�� (V� GHFLU�� PHWDItVLFD� HQWHQGLpQGROD� FRPR� HVWXGLR� GHO� µ6HU¶� HQ�JHQHUDO�� \� QR� KD\� /yJLFD� TXH� SXHGD� RULJLQDUVH� HQ� Vt� PLVPD�� /D� /yJLFD� VH� GHULYD� GH� OD� LGHD�GHO� µ6HU¶�HQ�JHQHUDO�TXH�VH�SXHGD�WHQHU��SRUTXH�XQD�/yJLFD�TXH�DUUDQFD�HQ�Vt�PLVPD�QR�SXHGH�IXQGDPHQWDUVH��\�WRGD�OyJLFD�TXH�WLHQH�IXQGDPHQWR�DUUDQFD�GH�XQD�GHWHUPLQDGD�PHWDItVLFD��

)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������

Page 9: Fundamentos Del Pensar

(Q� UHDOLGDG�� ORV� SHQVDPLHQWRV� PHWyGLFRV� PiV� GHVDUUROODGRV�� ORV� OyJLFRV� PiV� DYDQ]DGRV� GH�OD� KXPDQLGDG� GH� WRGDV� ODV� pSRFDV�� KDQ� GHULYDGR� GH� PHWDItVLFDV� GLIHUHQWHV� DFHUFD� GHO� µ6HU¶� \�QR�KDQ�SDUWLGR�GH� OD�/yJLFD�HQ� Vt�PLVPD��+D\�SRU�DKt� XQD� FDQWLGDG�GH�QHRSRVLWLYLVWDV�� OyJLFRV��PDWHPiWLFRV� \� WRGR� DTXHOOR�� TXH� VXSRQHQ� �PHMRU� GLFKR�� GLFHQ�� TXH� VX� SHQVDU� QR� HV�PHWDItVLFR�VLQR� VLPSOHPHQWH� OyJLFR�� TXH� QR� WLHQHQ� QDGD� TXH� YHU� FRQ� HO� µ6HU¶�� TXH� HV� XQ� FRQMXQWR� GH�RSHUDFLRQHV�OyJLFDV��(VH�RSHUDU�GHO�QHRSRVLWLYLVPR�GHVHPERFD�HQ�WRGD�XQD�YLVLyQ�TXH�VH�WLHQH�GH�OR�OyJLFR�HQ�JHQHUDO��DFHUFD�GH�OR�TXH�VH�SXHGH�KDFHU�FRQ�OD�/yJLFD��GH�GyQGH�HPSLH]D�\�GyQGH�WHUPLQD� OD�/yJLFD��DFHUFD�GH� OD� LGHD�GH� µ6HU¶�TXH�VH� WLHQH�GH� ODV�HQWLGDGHV�FRQ�TXH�HOOD�RSHUD��(O� QHRSRVLWLYLVPR�TXH�SUHWHQGH�GHULYDU� GH� QLQJXQD�PHWDItVLFD� HV�PX\� LQJHQXR� \� QR� DJXDQWD� HO�HPEDWH�GH�FXDOTXLHU�PHWDItVLFD��(V�PHWDItVLFR�VL�HV�TXH�WLHQH�IXQGDPHQWR�OyJLFR��\�QR�KD\�/yJLFD�TXH�DUUDQTXH�HQ�Vt�PLVPD��6LHPSUH�GHULYD�GH�XQ�SHQVDU�PHWDItVLFR��SRU�OR�WDQWR��GHULYD�GH�OD�LGHD�TXH�VH�WHQJD�GH�HVD�DEVWUDFFLyQ�DEVXUGD�TXH�HV�HO�µ6HU¶�HQ�JHQHUDO�\�TXH�QR�H[LVWH�HQ�UHDOLGDG��SHUR�TXH�HV� OD�FRQVWUXFFLyQ�EiVLFD�GH� OD�TXH�SXHGH�GHULYDU�XQD�/yJLFD�\�GH� OD�FXDO�XQD�/yJLFD�SXHGH� H[WUDHU� VX� IXQGDPHQWR�� 3RU� VXSXHVWR� TXH� HQ� OD� YLGD� FRWLGLDQD� QR� QHFHVLWDPRV� QL� GH� OD�OyJLFD�QL�GH�OD�PHWDItVLFD�$Vt�HV�TXH�ODV�DEVWUDFFLRQHV�PiV�DPSOLDV�VH�UHILHUHQ�DO�µ6HU¶�\�D�VX�FRPSRUWDPLHQWR��D�OR�TXH�VH�HQXQFLD�FRPR�µIXQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�OyJLFR¶��$Vt�HV�TXH�ORV�IXQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�OyJLFR�VH�GHULYDQ�GH�OD� LGHD�TXH�VH�WLHQH�DFHUFD�GH�OD�DEVWUDFFLyQ�Pi[LPD�TXH�HV�HO� µ6HU¶��3RU� OR�WDQWR��VL�QRVRWURV�YDPRV�D�KDEODU�GH�ORV�IXQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU��DQWHV�TXH�KDEODU�GH�XQD�HVWUXFWXUDFLyQ�OyJLFD�\�WRGR�DTXpOOR��KHPRV�GH�GHFLU�TXp�LGHD�WHQHPRV�GHO�µ6HU¶�HQ�JHQHUDO��/D�LGHD�TXH�WHQHPRV�GHO� µ6HU¶� HQ� JHQHUDO� HV� HVWD�� HQ� SULPHU� WpUPLQR�� TXH� QR� KD\� µ6HU¶� HQ� JHQHUDO�� VLQR� TXH� HV� XQD�DEVWUDFFLyQ�GHO�SHQVDU�(Q�VHJXQGR�WpUPLQR��TXH�D�HVD�DEVWUDFFLyQ�VH�OOHJD�SRU�VXFHVLYDV�RSHUDFLRQHV�GH�GLIHUHQFLDV�HQ�HO�SHQVDU�7HUFHUD� FRVD�� TXH� µHVWH� 6HU� HQ� JHQHUDO¶� TXH� VH� PH� DSDUHFH� FRPR� XQLYHUVDO� R� GHWHQLGR�� VH�PH� DSDUHFH� SRUTXH� KH� UHDOL]DGR� XQD� DEVWUDFFLyQ� SHUR�� HQ� UHDOLGDG�� HVD� DEVWUDFFLyQ� QR� WLHQH�H[LVWHQFLD� HQ� Vt� VLQR� TXH� H[LVWH� FRPR� XQ� IHQyPHQR� GH� OD� FRQFLHQFLD� TXH� OR� HODERUD� FRPR�DEVWUDFFLyQ�PiV�DPSOLD�\�PiV�JHQHUDOL]DGD��(VD�HV�OD�PHWDItVLFD�TXH�WHQHPRV�QRVRWURV�VREUH�HO�SDUWLFXODU�TXH��HQ� UHDOLGDG��HV�XQD�DQWLPHWDItVLFD��(V�XQD�DQWLPHWDItVLFD�GHVGH�HO�SXQWR�GH�YLVWD�TXH�QR�FRQVLGHUD�DO�VHU�FRPR�H[LVWHQWH�UHDOPHQWH�VLQR�TXH�QLHJD�OD�H[LVWHQFLD�GHO�µ6HU¶�HQ�Vt��.DQW�VH�KDEtD�UHIHULGR�DO�µ6HU¶�HQ�Vt�\�KDEtD�GLFKR�TXH�QR�VH�SRGtD�KDEODU�GH�pO�SRUTXH�QR�VH�VDEtD�TXp�FRVD�HUD�OD�FRVD�HQ�Vt��(QWRQFHV�FRQ�VX�LGHDOLVPR�WUDVFHQGHQWDO�LED�KDFLHQGR�VXV�HODERUDFLRQHV�\� KDEODQGR� GH� OR� TXH� SDVDED� HQ� OD� FRQFLHQFLD��1RVRWURV� QR� GHFLPRV� TXH� ODV� FRVDV� QR� H[LVWDQ�HQ�Vt��\�TXH�QR�VHSDPRV�QDGD�GH� ODV�FRVDV�HQ�Vt��GHFLPRV�TXH�HO� µ6HU¶��FRPR�Pi[LPD�DPSOLWXG�FRQFHSWXDO�� QR� H[LVWH� HQ� Vt�� (VH� µ6HU¶� HV� SURGXFWR� GHO� WUDEDMR� GH� ODV� RSHUDFLRQHV� GHO� SHQVDU�OOHYDGDV� D� OD� Pi[LPD� DEVWUDFFLyQ�� £(VD� HV� QXHVWUD� PHWDItVLFD�� 'HFLPRV� TXH� HO� µ6HU¶� HQ� Vt� QR�H[LVWH��HO�µ6HU¶�DPSOLR���TXH�Vt�H[LVWHQ�ODV�FRVDV��SHUR�QR�HO�µ6HU�DPSOLR¶��DEVWUDFWR��Pi[LPDPHQWH�FRQFHSWXDO��GHWHQLGR��DWHPSRUDO��(QWRQFHV� OD�/yJLFD�� ORV� IXQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU��HO�PpWRGR�GH�SHQVDPLHQWR�� OR�EDVDPRV�HQ�XQD�0HWDItVLFD�TXH�QLHJD� OD�H[LVWHQFLD�GHO� µ6HU¶��(V�XQD�VXHUWH�GH�DQWLPHWDItVLFD�TXH�HV�WDPELpQ�PHWDItVLFD�HQ�ILQ�GH�FXHQWDV�SHUR�HQ�GRQGH�VH�QLHJD�OD�H[LVWHQFLD�UHDO�GHO�µ6HU¶�FRPR�Pi[LPD�DEVWUDFFLyQ�/RV� SULQFLSLRV� \� ODV� OH\HV� XQLYHUVDOHV� SXHGHQ� VHUYLU� FRPR� IXQGDPHQWRV� DO� SHQVDU�� (Q� EDVH� D�SULQFLSLRV�DFHSWDGRV�VH�IRUPXODQ� OH\HV�JHQHUDOHV��/D�PD\RU�DPSOLWXG�GHO�FRPSRUWDPLHQWR�GH� ORV�HQWHV�VH� IRUPXOD�HQ�SULQFLSLRV��1RUPDOPHQWH��XVWHGHV�SXHGHQ�HQFRQWUDU��\�HQ�DOJXQRV� OLEURV�GH�WH[WR�HVWR�HV�PX\�UHVDOWDQWH��TXH�ORV�SULQFLSLRV�QR�WLHQHQ�IXQGDPHQWRV��VH�GDQ�SRU�VXSXHVWRV��VH�GDQ�SRU�VHQWDGRV��£1R��/RV�SULQFLSLRV�VH�GDQ�HQ�EDVH�D�OH\HV�XQLYHUVDOHV��(Q� EDVH� D� SULQFLSLRV� DFHSWDGRV� VH� IRUPXODQ� OH\HV� JHQHUDOHV� TXH� GHEHQ� WHQHU� REYLDPHQWH�PHQRU� DPSOLWXG� TXH� ORV� SULQFLSLRV�� DXQTXH� OD�PD\RU� H[WHQVLyQ� SRVLEOH�� D� ILQ� GH� VHU� DSOLFDGD� D�ORV� IHQyPHQRV�PiV�GLYHUVRV��/RV�SULQFLSLRV�\� OH\HV�XQLYHUVDOHV�VRQ� ORV�TXH�VLUYHQ�DO�GHVDUUROOR�\� IXQGDPHQWR� GH� ODV� OODPDGDV� FLHQFLDV�� &RVDV� TXH� D� QRVRWURV� QR� QRV� LQWHUHVDQ�� 3HUR� VRQ�ORV� SULQFLSLRV� \� ODV� OH\HV� XQLYHUVDOHV� \� HV� OD� DUWLFXODFLyQ� OyJLFD� GHO� SHQVDU� OD� TXH� VLUYH� GH�IXQGDPHQWR� D� ODV� OODPDGDV� FLHQFLDV�� <� VL� ODV� FLHQFLDV� QR� WLHQHQ� IXQGDPHQWR� HQ� SULQFLSLRV� \� HQ�OH\HV�XQLYHUVDOHV��\�QR�WLHQHQ�XQ�VLVWHPD�OyJLFR�GH�SHQVDU��\�QR�WLHQHQ�LGHDV�EiVLFDV�\�PHWDItVLFDV�

)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������

Page 10: Fundamentos Del Pensar

DFHUFD�GHO�µ6HU¶�HQ�JHQHUDO��VL�OD�FLHQFLD�QR�WLHQH�HVH�VXEVWUDWR�GHWUiV��HQWRQFHV�QR�VRQ�FLHQFLDV��VRQ� HPSLULDV�� VRQ� FRQMXQWRV� GH� FRQRFLPLHQWRV� HPStULFRV� TXH� VLUYHQ� D� OD� WpFQLFD� SHUR� QR� D� OD�FLHQFLD�3RUTXH� OD� FLHQFLD� WLHQH� FDUiFWHU� HVSHFXODWLYR� DXQTXH� VH� DSOLTXH� D� OD� UHDOLGDG��PLHQWUDV� TXH� OD�HPSLULD�HV�HO� WUDEDMR� VREUH�GDWRV�GDGRV��$�YHFHV� OD�HPSLULD�DYDQ]D�\� OD� WpFQLFD�YD�PiV� UiSLGR�TXH� OD�FLHQFLD��\� OR�TXH�YD�SDVDQGR�HQ�HO�PXQGR�WpFQLFR�KDFH�D� OD�FLHQFLD�UHSODQWHDUVH�PXFKDV�SUHJXQWDV�� £(VWR�HV� IUHFXHQWH��1R�FUHDQ�XVWHGHV�TXH� WRGR� OR�TXH�VH�KD�SURGXFLGR�HQ�HO�PXQGR�VH� KD� SURGXFLGR� SRUTXH� DOJXQRV� VXMHWRV� HVWXYLHURQ� SHQVDQGR� ILORVyILFDPHQWH�� /D� WpFQLFD�VH� GHVDUUROOD�� FREUD� VX� YXHOR� LQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWH� GH� OR� TXH� SDVD� D� QLYHO� GH� OD� FLHQFLD�� SHUR�HQWRQFHV«� £1R� HVWDPRV� KDEODQGR� GH� FLHQFLD�� 3RQJiPRQRV� GH� DFXHUGR�� (VWDPRV� KDEODQGR� GH�WpFQLFD��TXH�HV�PX\�SURJUHVLYD��PX\�LQWHUHVDQWH��SHUR�QR�SRGHPRV�OODPDUOH�-XDQ�DO�TXH�VH�OODPD�-RVp��$�HVR�VH�OH�OODPD�WpFQLFD��GHVDUUROOR�WpFQLFR��HPSLULD��SHUR�VL�VH�KDEOD�GH�ORV�IXQGDPHQWRV�GH�HVD�WpFQLFD��GH�HVD�HPSLULD��HQWRQFHV�HVWDPRV�KDEODQGR�GH�FLHQFLD��\�VL�KDEODPRV�GH�FLHQFLD��KDEODPRV� GH� SULQFLSLRV�� GH� OH\HV�� GH� KLSyWHVLV�� GH� WHRUtDV�� KDEODPRV� GH� XQ� VLVWHPD� OyJLFR� GH�DUWLFXODFLyQ�GHO�SHQVDU�FLHQWtILFR�\�GH�XQD�0HWDItVLFD�TXH�HVWi�GHWUiV�GH�HOOD��6L�QR��QR�KDEODPRV�GH�FLHQFLD��<�FXDQGR�XQ�HOHFWUyQLFR�VDOH�HQ�ORV�GLDULRV�\�VH�GLFH��µ(O�FLHQWtILFR�6FKHHO�GHWHUPLQy���´�£1R��eO�HV�XQ�WpFQLFR��QR�XQ�FLHQWtILFR��3HUR�QR�SRGHPRV�VHU�PX\�H[TXLVLWRV�SRUTXH�OD�FRVD�HVWi�PHGLR�PH]FODGRQD�� SHUR� HV� EXHQR� VDEHU� GH� TXp� VH� HVWi� KDEODQGR�� <� QR� KD\�PXFKR�PiV� FRQ�UHVSHFWR�D�HVWR�GH�FRPR�KD�LGR�SURFHGLHQGR�SRU�GLIHUHQFLD��\�GH�FRPR�QRWDPRV�WDPELpQ�GLIHUHQFLD�HQ�OD�PHWDItVLFD�GHO�µ6HU¶�HQ�JHQHUDO��HO�FXDO�GHFLPRV�TXH�QR�WLHQH�H[LVWHQFLD�HQ�Vt���\�GH�FyPR�VH�SXHGH�KDEODU�GH�OH\HV�\�GH�SULQFLSLRV�JHQHUDOHV��\�GH�FyPR�SXHGH�DUWLFXODUVH�HO�VLVWHPD�FLHQWtILFR��\�GH�FyPR�GLIHUHQFLDPRV�GH�OR�TXH�HV�FLHQFLD�\�GH�OR�TXH�HV�WpFQLFD��R�OR�TXH�HV�HPSLULD�SUiFWLFD�(Q�FXDQWR�DO�PpWRGR��TXH�HV�DOJR�FRQ�TXH� WUDEDMD� OD�FLHQFLD��GHFLPRV�DTXt�TXH�HV�RFLRVR�HVWDU�GLVFXWLHQGR� OD� GHGXFFLyQ�� OD� LQGXFFLyQ�� HWF��� FRPR� LQVDWLVIDFWRULRV� \� QR� FRLQFLGHQWHV� FRQ� ODV�RSHUDFLRQHV� GHO� SHQVDU� OyJLFR�� HVWUXFWXUDO�� ULJXURVR�� (V� RFLRVR� SHUR� SRGHPRV� GH� WRGRV�PRGRV�H[WHQGHUQRV�XQ�SRFR��6H�GLFH��\�DVt�VH�HQVHxD�HQ�ORV�FROHJLRV��TXH�HO�PpWRGR�FLHQWtILFR��HO�SHQVDU�FLHQWtILFR� XVD� HO� PpWRGR� LQGXFWLYR� \� HO� PpWRGR� GHGXFWLYR�� (O� SHQVDPLHQWR� DFW~D� SRU� GHGXFFLyQ��R� VHD�� TXH� GH� SULQFLSLRV� XQLYHUVDOHV� YD� D� FDVRV� SDUWLFXODUHV�� R� ELHQ� HO� SHQVDPLHQWR� DFW~D� SRU�LQGXFFLyQ��GH�FDVRV�SDUWLFXODUHV�VH�OOHJD�D�FDVRV�XQLYHUVDOHV���(QWRQFHV��XQR�OH�SLGH�XQ�HMHPSOR�DO�SURIHVRU�\�OH�GLFH��³3URIHVRU��VL�\R�TXLVLHUD�KDFHU�LQGXFFLyQ�FRPR�XVWHG�PH�GLFH��SDUD�FRPSUHQGHU�D�XQ�iUERO�GHEHUtD�SDUWLU�GH�OR�SDUWLFXODU�GHO�iUERO�\�GH�HVR�OOHJDU�D�OR�XQLYHUVDO��¢1R�HV�DVt"´�³�$Vt�HV�³��3DUD�SRGHU�KDEODU�GHO�iUERO�\R�WHQGUtD�TXH�WHQHU�WRGRV�ORV�HOHPHQWRV�TXH�FRQILJXUDQ�DO�iUERO��\� DO� WRPDU� WRGRV� HVRV� HOHPHQWRV� SRGUtD� LU� KDFLHQGR� LQGXFFLRQHV� SDUD� OOHJDU� D� OR�PiV� XQLYHUVDO�TXH�HV�HO�iUERO��'H�ORV�FDVRV�SDUWLFXODUHV�OOHJDU�D�OR�XQLYHUVDO��VXPDQGR�ORV�FDVRV�SDUWLFXODUHV�\R�OOHJR�D�OR�XQLYHUVDO��(QWRQFHV�PH�SRQJR�D�HVWXGLDU�ODV�UDtFHV��HO�WURQFR��ODV�UDPDV��ODV�KRMDV��\�HQ�FXDQWR�KH�HVWXGLDGR�WRGR�HVR�GLJR�TXH�KH�OOHJDGR�DO�iUERO��$Vt�SURFHGHUtD�OD�LQGXFFLyQ��VHJ~Q�QRV�GLFHQ��¢4Xp� KDFH� HO� FLHQWtILFR� FXDQGR� KDFH� FLHQFLD"� £3RU� YHQWXUD�� &XDQGR� KDFH� FLHQFLD� ¢6H� SRQH� D�HVWXGLDU�OD�UDLFLWD��VH�SRQH�D�HVWXGLDU�HO�WURQFR��ODV�KRMDV��HVWR�\�GHPiV"�¢2�XVD�HQ�VX�LGHDFLyQ��HQ�VX�WUDEDMR�\�HQ�WRGRV�ORV�LQVWUXPHQWRV�FRQ�TXH�VH�HVWi�PDQHMDQGR��HQ�HO�ODERUDWRULR�\�HQ�WRGRV�ODGRV"� ¢2� XVWHGHV� FUHHQ� PiV� ELHQ�� R� OR� YHQ�� TXH� HO� FLHQWtILFR� QR� WLHQH� PXFKD� PiV� OLEHUWDG�RSHUDWLYD� \� HVWi� QR� VyOR� GHGXFLHQGR� H� LQGXFLHQGR�� VLQR� TXH� HVWi� KDFLHQGR� XQ� FRQMXQWR� GH�RSHUDFLRQHV�VXPDPHQWH�FRPSOHMDV�TXH�HQ�RFDVLRQHV�QR�WLHQHQ�QDGD�TXH�YHU�FRQ�OD�GHGXFFLyQ�QL�QDGD�TXH�YHU�FRQ� OD� LQGXFFLyQ�� \�TXH�QR�KDFH� IRUPXODFLRQHV�XQLYHUVDOHV"�'LFH� ³HO� FRQFHSWR�GH�iUERO´�� \� GHO� FRQFHSWR� GH� iUERO� YD� VDFDQGR� DUEROLWRV� FKLFRV� KDVWD� TXH� VH� TXHGD� FRQ� OD� VHPLOOD�FRPR�KDUtD�$ULVWyWHOHV�R�DOJR�SRU�HO�HVWLOR��R�DO�UHYpV��TXH�SRU�OD�VXPLWD�GH�OR�TXH�YD�SDVDQGR�HQ�ODV�UDtFHV�\�GHPiV�QRV�GD�XQD�LGHD�FDEDO�GH�iUERO��'H�QLQJXQD�PDQHUD��(O�FLHQWtILFR�\�HO�ELyORJR�WLHQHQ�D�YHFHV�LGHDV�PXFKR�PiV�HVWUXFWXUDOHV��\�QRV�HVWi�H[SOLFDQGR�HO�iUERO�QR�SRU�HO�iUERO��QRV�HVWi�H[SOLFDQGR�HO�iUERO�SRU�HO� WLSR�GH� WLHUUD�GRQGH�HVWi�PHWLGR�HO�iUERO��SRU�HO� WLSR�GH�KXPHGDG�DPELHQWH�� SRU� HO� WLSR� GH� IHUWLOL]DQWH�� SRU� HO� WLSR� GH� EDFWHULDV� QLWURJHQDGDV�� SRU� DFFLyQ� VRODU�� SRU�PRQWRQHV�GH�FRVDV��eO�QR�WLHQH�QDGD�TXH�YHU�FRQ�HO�iUERO��\�VL�KDFHPRV�LQGXFFLyQ�GHO�iUERO��GH�FRVDV�SDUWLFXODUHV�GH�VX�XQLYHUVDO�TXH�HV�HO�iUERO��QR�HQWHQGHPRV�QDGD��<�HV�JUDFLDV�D�OD�UHODFLyQ�GHO�iUERO�FRQ�VX�PHGLR�\� ODV�WUDQVIRUPDFLRQHV�TXH�VH�RSHUDQ��TXH�WRGR�HO�VLVWHPD�GH�IHHG�EDFN�HVWDEOHFH��HV�JUDFLDV�D�HVD�FRPSUHQVLyQ�HVWUXFWXUDO�TXH�SRGHPRV�KDEODU�DFHUFD�GH�FyPR�HO�iUERO�

)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������

Page 11: Fundamentos Del Pensar

VH�PXHYH�PHUFHG�D�OD�DFFLyQ�GH�OD�OX]��D�OD�SUHVLyQ�DWPRVIpULFD��PHUFHG�D�XQ�PRQWyQ�GH�IDFWRUHV�TXH�GH�QLQJXQD�PDQHUD�QRV�H[SOLFDQ�HO�IXQFLRQDPLHQWR�GHO�iUERO�SRU�OD�VXPDWRULD�LQGXFWLYD�GH�ORV�HOHPHQWRV� GDGRV�� £1R�� 'H� QLQJXQD�PDQHUD� SRU� LQGXFFLyQ� OOHJDPRV� D� OD� FRPSUHQVLyQ� GHO� iUERO�¢&DSWDQ� OD� LGHD"� \� GH� QLQJXQD� PDQHUD� SRU� GHGXFFLyQ�� SRU� OD� LGHD� GH� iUERO� H[SOLFDPRV� HO�IXQFLRQDPLHQWR�GHO�iUERO�EDMiQGROR�D�FDVR�SDUWLFXODU��(O�SHQVDU�FLHQWtILFR�HV�PXFKR�PiV�FRPSOHMR�TXH�HQFHUUDUVH�HQ�XQ�VLVWHPD�PHWyGLFR�TXH�QRV�H[SOLFDQ�HQ�ORV�FROHJLRV��\�HQ�GRQGH�VH�QRV�GLFH�TXH�HO�PpWRGR�FLHQWtILFR�SURFHGH�SRU� LQGXFFLyQ��(O�SHQVDU�FLHQWtILFR�QR�SURFHGH�SRU� LQGXFFLyQ�QL�SURFHGH� SRU� GHGXFFLyQ�� HO� SHQVDU� FLHQWtILFR� SURFHGH� GH� PRGR� FRPSOHMR� \� HQ� RFDVLRQHV� KDFH�LQGXFFLRQHV�\�HQ�RFDVLRQHV�KDFH�GHGXFFLRQHV�\�HQ�RFDVLRQHV�VH�PXHYH�HVWUXFWXUDOPHQWH��<�HVD�HV� OD�UHDOLGDG�GHO�SHQVDU�FLHQWtILFR��<�FXDOTXLHUD�TXH�KD\D�WHQLGR�FRQWDFWR�FRQ�DOJXQD�RSHUDFLyQ�FLHQWtILFD�� VDEUi� TXH� DVt� HV�� <� TXH�� SRU� VXPDWRULD�� SRU� DGLFLyQ� GH� LQGXFFLRQHV�� QR� OOHJD� D� OD�FRPSUHQVLyQ� GHO� REMHWR�� 3RU� HVR� GHFLPRV� DFi� TXH�� HQ� FXDQWR� DO� PpWRGR�� HV� RFLRVR� GLVFXWLU� OD�LQGXFFLyQ�\� OD�GHGXFFLyQ�FRPR�LQVDWLVIDFWRULDV�\�QR�FRLQFLGHQWHV�FRQ�ODV�RSHUDFLRQHV�GHO�SHQVDU�OyJLFR��HVWUXFWXUDO��ULJXURVR��SRUTXH�FXDOTXLHUD�VH�GD�FXHQWD�GH�TXH�DVt�IXQFLRQD�OD�FRVD��$�YHFHV�VH�FRQIXQGH�HO�PpWRGR�LQGXFWLYR�FLHQWtILFR��FRQ�HO�WUDEDMR�GHO�SHQVDU�GLVWLQWR�DO�SHQVDU�PDWHPiWLFR�HQ� GRQGH� VH� SRQHQ� KLSyWHVLV� PX\� DPSOLDV� \� GHPiV�� \� VH� YDQ� EDMDQGR�� FRPR� XQD� HVFDOLWD��GHGXFWLYDPHQWH�� XQD� FDQWLGDG� GH� FRVDV�� 7DPSRFR� HO� SHQVDPLHQWR� GHGXFWLYR� IXQFLRQD� DVt��7DPSRFR�IXQFLRQD�DVt�HQ�0DWHPiWLFDV�R�HQ�OyJLFD��<�YDPRV�DKRUD�DO�FDPSR�GH�OD�/yJLFD�GRQGH�IXQFLRQDUtD�HO�SHQVDPLHQWR�GHGXFWLYR��+HPRV�YLVWR�HO�FDVR�GH�ODV�FLHQFLDV�QDWXUDOHV�GRQGH�GHFtDQ�HOORV�TXH�IXQFLRQDED�HO�SHQVDPLHQWR�LQGXFWLYR��GH�OR�SDUWLFXODU�D�OR�XQLYHUVDO��\�YHPRV�TXH�DVt�QR�HV��9DPRV�DO�FDVR�GH�OD�/yJLFD�GRQGH�QRV�GLFHQ�TXH�OD�/yJLFD�WUDEDMD�FRQ�HO�PpWRGR�GHGXFWLYR��9HDPRV� VL� HV� FLHUWR� HO� HMHPSOR� GH� GHGXFFLyQ�� ³WRGRV� ORV� KRPEUHV� VRQ� PRUWDOHV�� 6yFUDWHV� HV�KRPEUH�� OXHJR��6yFUDWHV�HV�PRUWDO´��<�DVt� QRV�H[SOLFDQ�HQ�HO� FROHJLR�TXH�SURFHGH� OD�/yJLFD�� OD�OyJLFD� WRPD�XQ� XQLYHUVDO� \� VL� GHQWUR� GH� HVH� XQLYHUVDO� KD\� SDUWLFXODUHV�� HVRV� SDUWLFXODUHV� GHEHQ�WHQHU�HO�PLVPR�FRPSRUWDPLHQWR�GHO�XQLYHUVDO�GRQGH�HVWiQ�PHWLGRV�¢(VWi�FODUR"�$�HVR�VH�OH�OODPD�GHGXFFLyQ�(QWRQFHV��VH�GLFH�TXH�KD\�XQD�SUHPLVD�PD\RU��XQD�SUHPLVD�PHQRU��XQ�WpUPLQR�PHGLR��\�KD\�XQD�FRQFOXVLyQ��6L�6yFUDWHV�HVWi� LQFOXLGR�GHQWUR�GH� OD� FDWHJRUtD�GH� ORV�KRPEUHV� \� ORV�KRPEUHV� VRQ�PRUWDOHV��OyJLFDPHQWH��GHGXFWLYDPHQWH��6yFUDWHV�HV�PRUWDO��HVD�HV�XQ�SRFR�OD�LGHD��(QWRQFHV��GD�OD�LPSUHVLyQ�GH�TXH��HIHFWLYDPHQWH��XQR�HVWXYLHUD�SRQLHQGR�FRVDV�XQLYHUVDOHV�\�ODV�HVWXYLHUD�GHGXFLHQGR��£0X\�ELHQ��3HUR�DKRUD��PHWiPRQRV�XQ�SRFR�PiV�DGHQWUR�GHO�SHQVDU�OyJLFR�\�YHDPRV�FyPR�HV�SRVLEOH�TXH�\R�KDJD�VHPHMDQWH�FRVD��<R�SXHGR�GHFLU��³WRGRV�ORV�KRPEUHV�VRQ�PRUWDOHV´�� GHFLU� ³6yFUDWHV� HV� KRPEUH´�� \� OXHJR� GHFLU�� ³6yFUDWHV� HV�PRUWDO´�� 6ROR� JUDFLDV� D� TXH�\R� WHQJR�SXHVWR� DQWHV� GH� VDFDU� HVD� FRQFOXVLyQ� \� DQWHV� GH� DUWLFXODU� GH� HVH�PRGR� ODV� SUHPLVDV�HQWUH�Vt��\D� WHQJR�SXHVWR�\R�DOJ~Q� WLSR�GH�UHVXOWDGR��'H�PDQHUD�TXH��QR�HV�TXH�GH� OR�XQLYHUVDO�\R�YD\D�GHGXFLHQGR�ORV�SDUWLFXODUHV�VLQR�TXH�LQWHQFLRQDOPHQWH��HVWUXFWXUDOPHQWH��\R�KH�SXHVWR�OD�FRQFOXVLyQ�GH�DOJ~Q�PRGR�\�OXHJR�KH�RUJDQL]DGR�ODV�SUHPLVDV�HQWUH�Vt�GH�WDO�PDQHUD�TXH�HQFDMHQ��$�YHU�VL�VH�ILMDQ�XVWHGHV��SRUTXH�VL�\R�SRQJR�³WRGRV�ORV�KRPEUHV�VRQ�PRUWDOHV´�\�OXHJR�GLJR�³-RVp�HV�KRPEUH´��QR�PH�YD�D� UHVXOWDU�TXH�6yFUDWHV�VHD�PRUWDO��6L� \R� UHODFLRQR�D� WRGRV� ORV�KRPEUHV�FRQ�WRGR�DTXHOOR��HV�SRUTXH��HYLGHQWHPHQWH��HVR�HVWi�GLULJLGR�HQ�XQD�OtQHD��\�GLULJLU�HO�SHQVDU�HQ�XQD� OtQHD�VLJQLILFD�TXH�HQ�HO� WpUPLQR�GH�HVD� OtQHD�KD\�\D�XQ�REMHWR�SXHVWR��<R�QR�SRGUtD�SRQHU�SUHPLVDV�PD\RUHV�� SUHPLVDV�PHQRUHV� \� WpUPLQRV�PHGLRV�� \� VDFDU� FRQFOXVLRQHV�� VL� QR�HVWXYLHUD�GH� DOJ~Q� PRGR� OD� VROXFLyQ� TXH� GHVSXpV� GLJR� HV� YHUGDGHUD� R� HV� IDOVD�� 3RUTXH� VL� GLJR� ³WRGRV�ORV� KRPEUHV� VRQ�PRUWDOHV´�� ³ORV� FDPHOORV� VRQ�PRUWDOHV´�� ³OXHJR� ORV� KRPEUHV� VRQ� FDPHOORV´�� DKt�HQFXHQWUR� XQ� FDVR� GH� VLORJLVPR� IDOVR�� ¢1R� HV� YHUGDG"� 3HUR� HQFXHQWUR� HVH� FDVR� GH� VLORJLVPR�IDOVR� FXDQGR� KH� KHFKR� RSHUDFLRQHV� \� QR� KH� LGR� HQJDQFKDQGR� SURJUHVLYDPHQWH� ORV� HOHPHQWRV�TXH�FRPELQDQ�ELHQ�HQWUH�Vt��VLQR�KXELHUD�XQD�LQWHQFLRQDOLGDG�SXHVWD�HQ�OD�FRQFOXVLyQ�GH�QLQJXQD�PDQHUD�RUJDQL]R�ODV�SUHPLVDV��£(VR�HV�OR�TXH�HVWR\�GLFLHQGR�3RU� FRQVLJXLHQWH�� HO� SHQVDU� GHGXFWLYR� QR� GHULYD� GH� OR� PiV� XQLYHUVDO� D� OR� PiV� SDUWLFXODU�� VLQR�TXH� HQ� OR� SDUWLFXODU� HVWi� SXHVWD� OD� LQWHQFLyQ�� \� FRPR� HQ� OR� SDUWLFXODU� HVWi� SXHVWD� OD� LQWHQFLyQ��HQWRQFHV� \R� YR\� HVWUXFWXUDQGR� ODV� UHODFLRQHV� HQWUH� ODV� SUHPLVDV� PD\RUHV� \� PHQRUHV�� (VWH�HV� XQ� GHVFXEULPLHQWR� TXH� SRU� ����� KL]R� \D� XQ� WDO� 3IHQGHU�� GLVFtSXOR� GHO� SHQVDU� GH� OD� /yJLFD�)HQRPHQROyJLFD�� 3IHQGHU� HVWUXFWXUD� OD� /yJLFD� )HQRPHQROyJLFD�� \� GHVFXEUH� FRQ� PXFKD�FODULGDG� TXH� HQ� HO� SHQVDPLHQWR� GHGXFWLYR� QR� KD\� WDO� GHGXFFLyQ�� VLQR� TXH� HVWi� SXHVWD� HQ� OD�

)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������

Page 12: Fundamentos Del Pensar

FRQFOXVLyQ� WRGD� OD� LQWHQFLRQDOLGDG� GHO� SHQVDU�� (V� OD� FRQFOXVLyQ� OD� TXH� HVWi� SLGLHQGR� TXH� \R�RUJDQLFH� GH� HVWH� PRGR� ODV� SUHPLVDV� HQWUH� Vt�� 'H� PDQHUD� TXH� GHFLU� TXH� HO� SHQVDU� GHGXFWLYR�HV� HO�PpWRGR� TXH� XVD� OD� /yJLFD�� QR� HV� FRUUHFWR�� \� GHFLU� TXH� HO� SHQVDU� LQGXFWLYR� HV� HO�PpWRGR�TXH� XVDQ� ODV� FLHQFLDV� QDWXUDOHV� WDPSRFR� HV� FRUUHFWR�� D� SRFR� TXH� QRV� PHWDPRV� D� SHQVDU� HQ�HVDV� FRVDV�� 3HUR� QRUPDOPHQWH� D� XQR� OH� GLFHQ� HVDV� FRVDV�� \� GLFH�� ³%XHQR�� LQGXFFLyQ� WDO� FRVD��GHGXFFLyQ� WDO� RWUD� \� £\D�HVWi�´�3DUHFH�TXH�QR� IXHUD�DVt� HO� SHQVDU�� VLQR�TXH�HO� SHQVDU� LQFOX\HUD�RSHUDFLRQHV�GHGXFWLYDV��RSHUDFLRQHV�LQGXFWLYDV�\�GH�RWUD�QDWXUDOH]D��\�¢4Xp�VRQ�ODV�RSHUDFLRQHV�GHGXFWLYDV�� ODV� RSHUDFLRQHV� LQGXFWLYDV� \� WRGR� DTXHOOR"� (VDV� RSHUDFLRQHV� VRQ� OR� TXH� QRVRWURV�OODPDPRV�³SURFHGHU�SRU�GLIHUHQFLD´��(VH�SURFHGHU�SRU�GLIHUHQFLD�HV� OR�TXH�HOORV�HQ�RWUDV�pSRFDV�OODPDEDQ�³SURFHGHU�SRU�GHGXFFLyQ´�\�FUHtDQ�TXH�HUD�XQD�VLPSOH�VHFXHQFLD�SURFHGHU�SRU�UHODFLyQ��SURFHGHU�SRU�VtQWHVLV��¢9HQ�XVWHGHV�HVDV�RSHUDFLRQHV�GHO�SHQVDU��FyPR�VH�KDQ�GHVYLQFXODGR�GH�ODV� RSHUDFLRQHV� GHO� SHQVDU� ODUJDV� VHFXHQFLDV� GH� SHQVDPLHQWR� TXH� OXHJR� KDQ� DSDUHFLGR� FRPR�PpWRGRV"�6RQ�RSHUDFLRQHV�FRPSOHMDV�GHO�SHQVDU��GH�HVH�SHQVDU�TXH�SURFHGH�SRU�GLIHUHQFLDV��SRU�UHODFLyQ�HQWUH�GLIHUHQFLDV�\�SRU�HVWUXFWXUDFLyQ�GH�UHODFLRQHV�HQWUH�GLIHUHQFLDV��TXH�HV�XQD�VtQWHVLV��(VDV�RSHUDFLRQHV�GHO�SHQVDU��DPSXWDGDV�� VHSDUDGDV��KDQ�DSDUHFLGR�FRPR� OtQHDV�PHWyGLFDV�GH�ODV� FXDOHV� VH� KD� GLFKR� ³HV� HO�PpWRGR� GHGXFWLYR´�� ³HV� HO�PpWRGR� LQGXFWLYR´�� SHUR� HQ� UHDOLGDG� VH�WUDWD� GH� RSHUDFLRQHV� GHO� SHQVDU�� (QWRQFHV�� VL� VH� KDEOD� GH� XQ�PpWRGR� GH� SHQVDPLHQWR� ¢D� TXp�KD\�TXH�DWHQGHU"�$� OR�TXH�KD\�TXH�DWHQGHU�VL�VH�KDEOD�GH�XQ�PpWRGR�GH�SHQVDPLHQWR�HV�D� ODV�RSHUDFLRQHV�GHO�SHQVDU�� \�QR�VH�SXHGH�KDEODU�GH�XQ�PpWRGR�GH�SHQVDPLHQWR�TXH�QR�DWLHQGD�D�ODV�RSHUDFLRQHV�GHO�SHQVDU��¢<�FXiOHV�VRQ�ODV�RSHUDFLRQHV�GHO�SHQVDU"�6RQ�ODV�RSHUDFLRQHV�TXH�WUDEDMDQ� SRU� GLIHUHQFLD�� SRU� UHODFLyQ� HQWUH� ODV� GLIHUHQFLDV� \� SRU� HVWUXFWXUDFLyQ� GH� ODV� UHODFLRQHV�HQWUH�ODV�GLIHUHQFLDV��3RU�OR�WDQWR��XQ�PpWRGR�SURSLR�GHO�SHQVDU��TXH�VH�DSR\D�HQ�ODV�RSHUDFLRQHV�GHO� SHQVDU�� GHULYD� GH� DKt� \� QR� GH� RWUD� SDUWH�� SRUTXH� GHULYD� GH� ODV� RSHUDFLRQHV� \� QR� GH� RWUD�SDUWH��\�QR�VH�OR�SUHIDEULFD��\�QR�VH�OH�FRUWDQ�ODV�UDPDV�\�HQWRQFHV�VH�VDFD�XQD�OtQHD�PHWyGLFD��%LHQ�� (QWRQFHV�� QRVRWURV� KDEODPRV� GH� XQ� PpWRGR� GH� WLSR� HVWUXFWXUDO� �QDGD� WLHQH� TXH� YHU� FRQ�HO� HVWUXFWXUDOLVPR� TXH� HVWi� WDQ� GH�PRGD� \� RWURV� FXHQWRV��� +DEODPRV� GH� XQ�PpWRGR� HVWUXFWXUDO�EDVDGR� HQ� HO� FRPSRUWDPLHQWR� GH� XQD� HVWUXFWXUD� IHQyPHQR�H[SHULHQFLD�� TXH� HV� XQ� PpWRGR�GLIHUHQWH�GH�UHIHULUVH�DO�PpWRGR�HQ�WDQWR�H[SUHVLyQ�GH�OR�UHDO�(O� PpWRGR� QR� HV� VROR� XQ� HQFXDGUH� IRUPDO� TXH� VLUYH� SDUD� RUGHQDU� HO� SHQVDPLHQWR� IUHQWH� D� XQ�SUREOHPD�GDGR� VLQR� TXH�HV� H[SUHVLyQ�GH� OD� GLQiPLFD�HVWUXFWXUDO� GH� OD� UHDOLGDG��(O�PpWRGR�� SRU�~OWLPR��HVWi�PRYLGR�FRPR�OD�UHDOLGDG�PLVPD�GHO�IHQyPHQR�TXH�VH�GD�HQ�HO�PRPHQWR�WHPSRUDO�\�HQ�OD�H[WHQVLyQ�([WHQVLyQ�\�PRPHQWR�VLUYHQ�GH�HQFXDGUH�DO� IHQyPHQR��HWF«�6H�KDFH�FRPSOLFDGR�\�VH� WHUPLQD�GLFLHQGR� TXH� HQ� OD� DSOLFDFLyQ� GH� XQ� PpWRGR�� DFi� H[WHQVLyQ� \� PRPHQWR� VLUYHQ� GH� HQFXDGUH� DO�IHQyPHQR��1R�KD\�HQFXDGUH�HQ�HO�IHQyPHQR�VL�QR�VH�KDEOD�GH�PpWRGR��VL�QR�VH�WLHQH�HQ�FXHQWD�H[WHQVLyQ� \� PRPHQWR�� OR� TXH� ORV� OyJLFRV� GHO� SDVDGR� KXELHUDQ� OODPDGR� ³ODV� FDWHJRUtDV� WLHPSR�HVSDFLR´��6LQ�FDWHJRUtDV�WLHPSR�HVSDFLR�QR�VH�HQFXDGUDQ�IHQyPHQRV��&DGD�YH]�TXH�VH�KDEOD�GH�XQ� IHQyPHQR��VH� OR�HQFXDGUD�HQ�HVDV�GRV�FDWHJRUtDV��(Q�H[WHQVLyQ�\�PRPHQWR�VH�HQFXDGUD�DO�IHQyPHQR��GH�PDQHUD�TXH�FXDQGR�HVWXGLR�XQ�IHQyPHQR�FXDOTXLHUD�� OR�SULPHUR�TXH�PH�SUHJXQWR�HV�SRU�HO�HVSDFLR�\�SRU�HO�WLHPSR��1R�VyOR�SDUD�OD�KLVWRULD�¢QR�HV�FLHUWR"�VLQR�TXH�SDUD�FXDOTXLHU�WLSR�GH�IHQyPHQR�HQ�H[WHQVLyQ�\�PRPHQWR��(Q�OD�DSOLFDFLyQ�GHO�PpWRGR�HO�LQWHUpV�ILMD�HO�iPELWR�\�OD�FRQFLHQFLD�DQDOL]D��FRPSOHPHQWD�\�VLQWHWL]D��VLHQGR�HO� LQWHUpV�PRYLGR�SRU� OD�UHODFLyQ�FRQFLHQFLD�IHQyPHQR�� +D\� JHQWHV� TXH� DO� DSOLFDU� HO�PpWRGR� IXHU]DQ� OD� UHDOLGDG� GH� WDO�PRGR� TXH� WUDWDQ� GH�PHWHUOH� XQ� LQWHUpV� D� OD� REVHUYDFLyQ� GH� XQ� REMHWR� TXH� OD� UHDOLGDG� QR� DJXDQWD�� ¢&yPR� YDQ� D�REVHUYDU� XVWHGHV� HO� JUDEDGRU� GHVGH� HO� SXQWR� GH� YLVWD� GH� OD�P~VLFD� FKLQD"�4XH� HVWH� JUDEDGRU�SXHGD� ODQ]DU�P~VLFD� FKLQD� FRQ� XQ� FDVVHWWH� HV� XQD� FRVD�PX\� GLIHUHQWH� D� TXH� XVWHGHV� ILMHQ� XQ�LQWHUpV� GH� HVD� QDWXUDOH]D� SRUTXH� HO� JUDEDGRU� FRPR� REMHWR�XWHQVLOLR� GHO� PXQGR�� GH� OD� YLGD�FRWLGLDQD�� \D�SRQH�pO�PLVPR�XQ�iPELWR�TXH�DGPLWH�TXH�FLHUWRV� LQWHUHVHV�VH� UHILHUDQ�D�pO�� \�KD\�RWURV�LQWHUHVHV�TXH�QR�VH�UHILHUHQ�D�pO��+D\�FRVDV�HQ�ODV�TXH�XVWHGHV�QR�SXHGHQ�ILMDU�XQ�LQWHUpV�TXH�OD�UHDOLGDG�PLVPD�QR�DJXDQWH��£$�YHU�VL�PH�H[SOLFR��(QWRQFHV��HQ�HO�PXQGR�GH�OR�FRWLGLDQR�VRQ�ODV�FRVDV�PLVPDV�ODV�TXH�HVWiQ�SRQLHQGR�GH�DOJ~Q�PRGR�HO�LQWHUpV�\�HVWiQ�ILMDQGR�HQ�XVWHGHV�HO�LQWHUpV� SDUD� TXH� OR� YXHOTXHQ� VREUH� pO�� \� QR� SXHGHQ� IRU]DU� ODV� FRVDV� GH� WDO� PDQHUD� TXH��FRQVLGHUDU� �SRU� HMHPSOR�� HO� FRKHWH� 6DWXUQR� R� DOJR� SRU� HO� HVWLOR�� GHVGH� HO� SXQWR� GH� YLVWD� GH� OD�GHFRUDFLyQ�GH�DPELHQWHV��VROR�SRGUi�VHUYLU�HQ�OD�PHGLGD�HQ�TXH�VH�WHQJD�XQD�IRWRJUDItD�KHUPRVD�

)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������

Page 13: Fundamentos Del Pensar

HQ�FRORUHV�\� OD�SRQJD�HQ� OD�SDUHG��SHUR�\D�QR�VH� WUDWD�GHO�FRKHWH�6DWXUQR��¢&DSWDQ� OD� LGHD"�<�SDUHFH�TXH�HQ�FXHVWLRQHV�GH�PpWRGR�KD\�JHQWH�TXH�VH�HTXLYRFD�PXFKR�\��HQWRQFHV��SRQH�SXQWRV�GH�LQWHUpV��VHJ~Q�D�pO�VH�OH�GD�OD�JDQD�\�VLQ�ILMDUVH�TXH�OD�UHDOLGDG�PLVPD�HVWi�GLFWDQGR�XQ�iPELWR�VREUH�HO�FXDO�SXHGHQ�DQGDU�FLUFXODQGR�XQRV�LQWHUHVHV�\�RWURV�LQWHUHVHV�QR�SXHGHQ�DQGDU��$Vt�HV�TXH�HVH�HV�XQ�SXQWR��&XDQGR�VH�ILMD�XQ�LQWHUpV�VREUH�XQ�REMHWR�KD\�TXH�ILMDUVH�VL�HVH�REMHWR�SRU�VX�QDWXUDOH]D�DGPLWH�TXH�HVH�LQWHUpV�VHD�SXHVWR�R�QR��SULPHUD�FRVD��R�VL�QR��QRV�SDVD�OR�GHO�FRKHWH�6DWXUQR��6HJXQGR��HO�LQWHUpV�ILMD�HO�iPELWR�\�OD�FRQFLHQFLD�DQDOL]D��FRPSOHPHQWD�\�VLQWHWL]D��VLHQGR�HO� LQWHUpV�PRYLGR�D�VX�YH]�SRU� OD�UHODFLyQ�FRQFLHQFLD�� IHQyPHQR��7RGR�IHQyPHQR�HQ�SURFHVR�YD�RSHUDQGR�DO�LJXDO�TXH�HO�PpWRGR��

)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������

Page 14: Fundamentos Del Pensar

�)81'$0(1726�'(/�3(16$5

&KDUOD�GDGD�SRU�6LOR�HQ�&RUI~�HQ�VHSWLHPEUH�GH�������1R�VDEHPRV�OR�TXH�SXHGH�VDOLU�GH�DFi��3HUR�HV�FRPR«�HVWR�HV�LQWHUHVDQWH�¢QR"�7UDWHPRV�GH�YHU�TXp�SDVD��(Q�HO�FRQWH[WR�GH�QXHVWURV�HVWXGLRV��HVWR�QR�HQWUD��1R�HVWi�GHQWUR�GH� OD�FRUULHQWH�GH�SHQVDPLHQWR�HQ�TXH�KHPRV�YHQLGR�WUDEDMDQGR��$Vt�TXH�HVWi�DIXHUD��(QWRQFHV��FRPSOLFD�PiV�TXH�DFODUD��3HUR�VL�D�8GV��OHV�JXVWDQ�ODV�FRPSOLFDFLRQHV��YHDPRV�SDUD�TXp�SXHGH�VHUYLU�HVWR�(Q�SULQFLSLR��HVWR�QR�WLHQH�QDGD�GH�SUiFWLFR��GH�PDQHUD�TXH�QR�VH�YH�FyPR�VH�OR�SXHGH�DSOLFDU��3DUHFH� TXH� WDPSRFR� FDEH� GHQWUR� GH� QXHVWUR� FRQWH[WR� GH� LQWHUHVHV�� SRUTXH� HVWR� HV� XQD�SUHRFXSDFLyQ�PiV� ELHQ� WHyULFD� DFHUFD� GH� DTXHOOR� HQ� TXH� VH� EDVD� HO� SHQVDU�� 3DUD� QRVRWURV� HV�PXFKR�PiV� LQWHUHVDQWH�HO� SHQVDU�� QR�HQ�TXp�VH�HVWi�EDVDQGR�HO� SHQVDU��3HUR�DO� KDEODU� GH� ODV�EDVHV� GHO� SHQVDU�� VH� SXHGH� LQWHUSUHWDU� HVWR� GH� ODV� EDVHV� GHO� SHQVDU�� SVLFROyJLFDPHQWH�� SRU�HMHPSOR�� (VDV� VRQ� SUHRFXSDFLRQHV� TXH� HVWiQ� HQWUH� QXHVWURV� LQWHUHVHV�� HO� SHQVDU� FRPR� KHFKR�SVLFROyJLFR�$Kt� HVWi� HO� SVLTXLVPR� WUDEDMDQGR�� HQWRQFHV� HVD� HVSHFLH� GH� JOiQGXOD� SURGXFH� VHFUHFLRQHV� TXH�VRQ�SHQVDPLHQWRV��(QWRQFHV�� OD�FRVD��PiV�R�PHQRV�SVLFROyJLFDPHQWH��VH� OD�SXHGH�VHJXLU��3HUR�FXDQGR�VH�KDEOD�GH� OD�EDVH�GHO�SHQVDU��QR�HQ�VHQWLGR� ³SVLFROyJLFR´�VLQR�HQ�VHQWLGR� ³OyJLFR´�� VH�HVWi�XVDQGR�XQ�SXQWR�GH�YLVWD�WRWDOPHQWH�GLIHUHQWH��$Kt�\D�QR�QRV�HVWDPRV�SUHRFXSDQGR�GH�TXp�DSDUDWRV�VRQ�ORV�TXH�RSHUDQ�VLQR�TXH�QRV�HVWDPRV�RFXSDQGR�GH�OD�HVWUXFWXUD��QR�GHO�SVLTXLVPR��VLQR�GH�OD�HVWUXFWXUD�GHO�SHQVDU�PLVPR��GHO�SHQVDU�HQ�Vt��/D�GLIHUHQFLD�HV�JUDQGH��/D�SUHRFXSDFLyQ�SVLFROyJLFD� HVWi� GHVWLQDGD� DO� SVLTXLVPR��(O� SVLTXLVPR� KDFH�PXFKDV� FRVDV�� HQWUH� RWUDV�� SLHQVD��<� HQWRQFHV� HVH� SHQVDU� QR� LQWHUHVD� WDQWR� HQ� VX� HVWUXFWXUD�� VLQR� PiV� ELHQ� FRPR� SURGXFWR� GHO�SVLTXLVPR��3HUR�HO�SXQWR�GH�YLVWD�OyJLFR��TXH�HV�HO�TXH�YDPRV�D�XVDU�HQ�HVWR��QR�VH�SUHRFXSD�SRU�GH�GyQGH�VXUJH�HO�SHQVDU��FRQ�TXp�IXQFLyQ�FXPSOH�HO�SHQVDU��VH�SUHRFXSD�SRU�HO�SHQVDU�PLVPR��FyPR�HVWi�HVWUXFWXUDGR�HVH�SHQVDU��1R�OH�LQWHUHVD�OD�XWLOLGDG�TXH�SXHGD�WHQHU�VHPHMDQWH�FRVD�'HVGH�OXHJR�TXH��SDUD�QRVRWURV��VL�KD\�SHQVDU��KD\�FRQFLHQFLD�TXH�HVWUXFWXUD�HVWH�SHQVDU��3DUD�QRVRWURV�QR�SXHGH�KDEHU�SHQVDU��GH�WRGDV�PDQHUDV��VLQ�FRQFLHQFLD�TXH�SLHQVH��<�SDUD�QRVRWURV�QR� SXHGH� KDEHU� FRQFLHQFLD� TXH� SLHQVH� VL� QR� KD\� HVWUXFWXUD� HQ� PDUFKD�� (VWD� FRQFLHQFLD� TXH�SLHQVD�HV�XQD�HVWUXFWXUD�TXH� VH� UHODFLRQD� FRQ�XQ� IHQyPHQR��1R�KD\� FRQFLHQFLD� VLQ� IHQyPHQR��3HQVDU� TXH� KD\� FRQFLHQFLD� VLQ� IHQyPHQR� HV�PiV� R�PHQRV� FRPR�SHQVDU� TXH� H[LVWH� XQ� VHU� VLQ�PDQLIHVWDFLyQ�\��SDUD�QRVRWURV��WRGR�OR�TXH�H[LVWH��VH�PDQLILHVWD��(V�GHFLU��VH�H[SUHVD��(V�GHFLU��GH�pO�VH�WLHQH�XQ�UHJLVWUR��$Vt�YHtDPRV�HQ�3VLFRORJtD��SHUR�GHVGH�HO�SXQWR�GH�YLVWD�OyJLFR��GLUtDPRV�TXH�GH�HVH�IHQyPHQR�WHQHPRV�XQD�QRFLyQ��1R�KD\�IHQyPHQR��SDUD�QRVRWURV��VL�QR�KD\�QRFLyQ�GH�HVH�IHQyPHQR�(Q�FLHUWDV�GLVFLSOLQDV�FRPR�ODV�0DWHPiWLFDV��SRU�HMHPSOR��KD\�FLHUWDV�QRFLRQHV�QR�GHWHUPLQDGDV��HO�FRQFHSWR�GH�³[´�SRU�HMHPSOR��R�HO�FRQFHSWR�GH�³Q´��3RWHQFLD�HOHYDGD�D�OD�³Q´��QR�HV�XQD�QRFLyQ�GHWHUPLQDGD�� +D\� QRFLRQHV� TXH� VRQ� LQGHWHUPLQDGDV�� [�� Q�� HWF��� OD� PLVPD� QRFLyQ� GH� LQILQLWR� HV�LQGHWHUPLQDGD�� 'H� PDQHUD� TXH� KD\� QRFLRQHV� TXH� WLHQHQ� GLVWLQWR� JUDGR� GH� GHWHUPLQDFLyQ�� GH�SUHFLVLyQ�+D\� QRFLRQHV� WRWDOPHQWH� LQGHWHUPLQDGDV�� /D� QRFLyQ� PiV� LQGHWHUPLQDGD� GH� WRGDV�� GHVGH� HO�SXQWR�GH�YLVWD� OyJLFR��HV� OD�QRFLyQ�GH�VHU��1R�GH�HVWH�VHU�R�GH�pVWH�R�GH�DTXpO��VLQR�GH� OR�TXH�HV� HQ� JHQHUDO�� /D� QRFLyQ� GH� VHU�� SRU� VHU� OD� PiV� DPSOLD� GH� WRGDV� ODV� QRFLRQHV� OyJLFDV�� HV� OD�PHQRV� SUHFLVD�� OD� PHQRV� HVFODUHFHGRUD�� $TXt� SDVD� FRPR� SDVDED� HQ� 3VLFRORJtD� XQ� SRFR�� (Q�3VLFRORJtD� GHFtDPRV� TXH� FXDQGR� XQ� REMHWR� RFXSDED� OD� SUHVHQFLD� GH� OD� FRQFLHQFLD�� HVWH� REMHWR�VH�GHWHUPLQDED�SDUD�OD�FRQFLHQFLD��VH�KDFtD�SUHFLVR��FODUR��<�HQ�/yJLFD�GHFLPRV�TXH�FXDQGR�XQD�QRFLyQ�HV�PiV�DPSOLD��HV�PHQRV�GHWHUPLQDGD��\�FXDQGR�HV�PiV�UHVWULQJLGD��HV�PiV�GHWHUPLQDGD��'H�PDQHUD� TXH�� FXDQGR� QRV� UHIHULPRV� D� XQ� REMHWR�� WHQHPRV� XQ�Pi[LPR� GH� GHWHUPLQDFLyQ�� GH�SUHFLVLyQ�� SHUR� FXDQGR�QRV� UHIHULPRV�D� ORV�REMHWRV�HQ�JHQHUDO�� FDEHQ� WDQWRV�REMHWRV�DKt�TXH� OD�SUHFLVLyQ�HV�PtQLPD�� ,PDJLQHQ�8GV���VL�DKRUD�KDEODPRV�GH�³HO�VHU�HQ�JHQHUDO´��GH�³OR�TXH�HV�HQ�JHQHUDO´��WRGDV�ODV�FRVDV�VRQ�HQ�JHQHUDO��pVD�HV�OD�QRFLyQ�PiV�DPSOLD�¢4Xp� SRGHPRV� KDFHU� FRQ� HVR� GH� TXH� WRGDV� ODV� FRVDV� VRQ"� 3RGHPRV� KDFHU� DOJXQDV� UDUH]DV�

)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������

Page 15: Fundamentos Del Pensar

FRPR�KLFLHURQ�ORV�SHQVDGRUHV�JULHJRV�SULPLWLYRV��'HFLU��SRU�HMHPSOR��TXH�HO�VHU�HV�OR�PiV�DPSOLR�\�TXH�HO�QR�VHU�WLHQH�OD�PLVPD�DPSOLWXG�TXH�HO�VHU�VyOR�TXH�QR�SRVHH�H[LVWHQFLD��<�¢FRQ�HVR�TXp�KDFHPRV"�6RQ� WRGDV�FRVDV�VXPDPHQWH�H[WHQVDV��YDJDV��\�TXH�QR�D\XGDQ�PXFKR��3HUR��FODUR��HVWRV� VHxRUHV� REVHUYDURQ� TXH� HVWH� REMHWR� HV� \� TXH� DTXpO� WDPELpQ� HV� \� TXH� WRGRV� ORV� REMHWRV�GHWHUPLQDGRV��SUHFLVRV��SDUWLFLSDQ�GH�OD�H[LVWHQFLD��VH�SDUHFHQ�HQ�TXH�H[LVWHQ��/R�PiV�JHQHUDO�GH�HOORV�HV�TXH�VRQ�\�TXH�QR�VH�SXHGH�KDEODU�GH�DTXHOOR�TXH�QR�HV�/DV�FRVDV�VH� OHV�FRPSOLFDURQ�D�HVWRV�SHQVDGRUHV�FXDQGR�YLHURQ�TXH�DOJXQRV�REMHWRV�KR\�HUDQ�GH�XQ�PRGR�\�PDxDQD�HUDQ�GH�RWUR�PRGR��/D�FRVD�VH� OHV�FRPSOLFy�FXDQGR�DSDUHFLy�HO�SHQVDU�VREUH�HO�PRYLPLHQWR��3RUTXH��FODUR��D�PHGLGD�TXH�ODV�FRVDV�LEDQ�FDPELDQGR�¢TXp�HV�OR�TXH�KDFtD�SHUPDQHFHU� VX� LGHQWLGDG"� 3RU� HMHPSOR�� 3ODWyQ� UHFRUGDED� FXDQGR� HUD� QLxR�� HUD� 3ODWyQ�� FXDQGR�QLxR��OXHJR�D�ORV����DxRV�\�OXHJR�D�ORV�����'H�DOJ~Q�PRGR�HUD�3ODWyQ�VLHPSUH��SHUR�GH�RWUR�PRGR�QR�HUD�HO�PLVPR�HQ�DEVROXWR��(QWRQFHV��KDEtD�DOJR�HQ�pO�TXH�HUD�SHUPDQHQWH�\�DOJR�TXH�HQ�pO�HUD�PyYLO��(QWRQFHV��HVR�FUHy�SUREOHPDV�SDUD�HO�SHQVDU«�DTXHOODV�FRVDV�TXH�SXHGHQ�GHMDU�GH�VHU� GH� XQ�PRGR� \� HPSH]DU� D� VHU� GH� RWUR�PRGR�� (O� SUREOHPD� GHO�PRYLPLHQWR� VH� SUHVHQWy�PX\�IXHUWHPHQWH�(QWRQFHV��SDUHFH�TXH�ODV�FRVDV�VRQ��HQ�XQ�VHQWLGR�\��HQ�RWUR�VHQWLGR��SDUHFH�TXH�ODV�FRVDV�YDQ�VLHQGR�GH�XQ�PRGR��YDQ�VLHQGR�GH�RWUR��¢(Q�TXp�VHQWLGR�YD�XQD�GH�HVDV�GRV�FRVDV"�3UREOHPD��$Vt� VXUJLHURQ�PXFKRV� SUREOHPDV� FRQ� HO� DVXQWR� GHO� SHQVDU�� 3RU� HMHPSOR�� KXER� DOJXQRV� TXH� VH�SUHRFXSDURQ�SRU�GHWHUPLQDU� OD� LGHQWLGDG��'LMHURQ����HV� LJXDO�D������HV� LJXDO�D���SHUR� WDPELpQ�HV�LJXDO�D��������¢(Q�TXp�VHQWLGR��HQ�HVWD�SDUWH�GH�OD�LJXDOGDG����HV�OR�PLVPR�TXH����"�4XH���VHD�LGpQWLFR�D�Vt�PLVPR��YD\D�\�SDVH��SHUR�TXH���VHD�OR�PLVPR�TXH�������HVWi�PiV�GLVFXWLGR��6L�SDUD�QRVRWURV� HVH� VLJQR� LJXDO� TXLHUH� GHFLU� ³OR� PLVPR´�� HV� XQD� FRVD�� 3HUR� VL� HVH� VLJQR� LJXDO� TXLHUH�GHFLU�³HTXLYDOHQFLD´��HQWRQFHV�QR�HVWDPRV�KDEODQGR�GH�LGHQWLGDG��VLQR�TXH�HTXLYDOH�DO�RWUR�'HVGH�HO� SXQWR� GH� YLVWD� GHO� VHU�� SRU� HMHPSOR�� XQD�PDQ]DQD�HV� LJXDO� D� XQD�SHUD��6L� HO� QLYHO� GH�OHQJXDMH�TXH�KHPRV�HVWDEOHFLGR�HV�HO�GH�VHU��ODV�GRV�WLHQHQ�LJXDOPHQWH�H[LVWHQFLD��SHUR�HQ�FXDQWR�LQGLYLGXRV��PDQ]DQD�\�SHUD��VRQ�ELHQ�GLIHUHQWH��0DQ]DQD�HTXLYDOH�D�SHUD��(VWDPRV�FRQVLGHUDQGR�HVWH�SODQR�GH�TXH�ODV�GRV�VRQ��TXH�ODV�GRV�H[LVWHQ��3HUR�GH�QLQJXQD�PDQHUD�VL�ODV�FRQVLGHUDPRV�FRPR�LQGLYLGXRV�(QWRQFHV� VH� SXVLHURQ� D� REVHUYDU� XQRV� FXDQWRV� IHQyPHQRV�� IHQyPHQRV� TXH� DEDUFDEDQ� XQRV�D�RWURV�� IHQyPHQRV�TXH�HUDQ�PiV�DPSOLRV��'LMHURQ�� VXSRQJDPRV�� TXH�pVWD�HV� OD� QRFLyQ�GH� VHU��GLEXMDQGR�HQ�OD�SL]DUUD������EXHQR��DKt�HVWiQ�WRGDV�ODV�RWUDV�QRFLRQHV�TXH�SDUWLFLSDQ�GH�HVR��$Kt�HVWiQ� ODV�PDQ]DQDV�� ODV� SHUDV�� ORV� JDWRV�� ORV� KRPEUHV�� 7RGRV� HVRV� VRQ�� H[LVWHQ�� SHUR� WDPELpQ�WLHQHQ�GLIHUHQFLDV�HQWUH�HOODV��WLHQHQ�GLIHUHQFLDV�HVSHFtILFDV�HQWUH�HOODV��WLHQHQ�DTXHOOR�TXH�QR�HV�LJXDO�HQWUH�D�\�E��(QWRQFHV�YLHQHQ�ORV�SULPHURV�LQWHQWRV�GH�GHILQLU��<�GLMHURQ��QR�VH�SXHGH�GHILQLU�SRU� HO� FRQFHSWR�PiV� DPSOLR�� 7DPSRFR� VH� SXHGH� GHILQLU� SRU� ODV� GLIHUHQFLDV�� /D� GHILQLFLyQ� GHEH�HVWDU�HQ�XQ�SXQWR�WDO�HQ�TXH�VH�SRQJD�OR�Pi[LPR��D� OR�FXDO� OODPDURQ�JpQHUR�VXPR��\� OR�PtQLPR��D�OR�FXDO�OODPDURQ�GLIHUHQFLD�HVSHFtILFD��<�HQWRQFHV�GLMHURQ�TXH�SDUD�GHILQLU�XQ�REMHWR�FXDOTXLHUD��KDEtD� TXH� WRPDU� VXV� FXDOLGDGHV�Pi[LPDV� \� DTXHOODV� FRVDV� HVSHFtILFDV� GH� HVH� REMHWR�� SURSLDV�GH� HVH� REMHWR�� TXH� QRV� LPSLGLHUD�PH]FODUOR� FRQ� RWURV� REMHWRV�� (QWRQFHV�� HQWUH� JpQHUR� VXPR� \�GLIHUHQFLD�HVSHFtILFD�VXUJLy�OD�GHILQLFLyQ�GHO�REMHWR�(VWR� WXYR�PXFKD� LPSRUWDQFLD� SDUD� HO� RUGHQDPLHQWR� GHO� SHQVDPLHQWR� FLHQWtILFR� HQ� RFFLGHQWH�� (O�SHQVDPLHQWR�FLHQWtILFR�QHFHVLWy�GHWHUPLQDU�VXV�PDWHULDV�GH�HVWXGLR��6DEHU��SRU�HMHPSOR��KDEODQGR�GH�XQD�FLHQFLD��TXp�HV�OR�Pi[LPR�TXH�DEDUFD�HVD�FLHQFLD�\�HQ�TXp�VH�GLIHUHQFLD�GH�ODV�RWUDV��$O�KDFHU�WDO�FRVD�GHILQLPRV�XQD�FLHQFLD�*UDFLDV�D�HVD� LGHD�GH� OR�VXPR�\�GH� OR�GLIHUHQWH��GHILQLPRV��(QWRQFHV��DSDUHFH�XQD�QRFLyQ�PiV�FODUD��PiV�SUHFLVD��3RU�HO�DVSHFWR�PiV�DPSOLR�\�SRU� ODV�GLIHUHQFLDV�SUHFLVDV�TXH�WLHQH�FRQ�RWURV�REMHWRV��$Kt� HVWDEDQ�HVWRV� VHxRUHV� \D� SUHRFXSiQGRVH�SRU� HQFDVLOODU� DO�PXQGR�� SRU� FODVLILFDU� DO�PXQGR�� HV� GHFLU�� SRU� SRQHUOR� HQ� ³FODVHV´� OyJLFDV�� &XDQGR� HQ� =RRORJtD�� SRU� HMHPSOR�� KDEODPRV�GH�HVSHFLHV��JpQHURV��VXEJpQHURV��FODVHV�� IDPLOLDV�� WLSRV��HWF��\�YDPRV�RUGHQDQGR� WRGD� OD� OtQHD�KDVWD� OOHJDU��SRU�HMHPSOR��DO� VDSR��HQWRQFHV��GHFLPRV�TXH�HO� VDSR�SHUWHQHFH�D� OD� IDPLOLD�GH� ORV�EDWUDFLRV��DO�RUGHQ�GH�ORV�FRUGDGRV�R�YHUWHEUDGRV��DO�JpQHUR«�¢WH�ILMDV"�4XLHUH�GHFLU�TXH�YDPRV�WRPDQGR� HVH� FDVR� SDUWLFXODU� \� YDPRV� XELFiQGROR� GHQWUR� GH� FtUFXORV�PiV� DPSOLRV�� �GLEXMD�� $Kt��HVSHFtILFDPHQWH��VH�HQFXHQWUD�pO��SHUR�HQ�XQ�FtUFXOR�LQPHGLDWDPHQWH�PiV�DPSOLR�VH�HQFXHQWUD�pO�

)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������

Page 16: Fundamentos Del Pensar

\�RWURV�PDV��\�VL�GDPRV�RWUR�VDOWR�VH�YDQ�D�HQFRQWUDU�RWURV�SDULHQWHV��KDVWD�TXH�WRGRV�SRGDPRV�PHWHUQRV�HQ�HO� JUDQ�FtUFXOR�GH� ORV�DQLPDOHV��SRU�HMHPSOR��GLIHUHQWH�DO� GH� ORV� YHJHWDOHV��TXH�YD�KDFLpQGRVH� WDPELpQ� HVSHFtILFR� �GLEXMD� FtUFXORV� FRQFpQWULFRV�� KDVWD� OOHJDU� D� OD� VXPD� GLIHUHQFLD�GRQGH�WHQJDPRV�HO�REMHWR�GDGR��XQD�IORU��SRU�HMHPSOR��HQ�XQ�WLSR�GH�iUERO�SUHFLVR��(QWRQFHV�HVWD�KLVWRULD� GH� ORV� JpQHURV� VXPRV� \� ODV� GLIHUHQFLDV�HVSHFtILFDV�� VLUYLy� SDUD�RUGHQDU� HO� SHQVDU�� SDUD�FODVLILFDU�ORV�SHQVDPLHQWRV��SDUD�HVWDEOHFHU�GLIHUHQFLDV�HQWUH�GLVWLQWDV�UHJLRQHV�GHO�SHQVDU�\�SDUD�TXH�QR�VH�QRV�PH]FODUD� WRGR��(QWRQFHV��SDUHFH�TXH�HQ�VX�PRPHQWR� IXH�XQ�DYDQFH� LPSRUWDQWH�HO�SUHRFXSDUVH�SRU�HVWR�GH� OD�GHILQLFLyQ�GH�XQ�REMHWR�GH�HVWXGLR��+DEtD�TXH�KDFHUOR�SRU� OR�PiV�DPSOLR�\�OR�PiV�SHTXHxR��6t�� SHUR�� FRQ� HO� SUREOHPD� GHO�PRYLPLHQWR�� WHQtDQ� RWUD� KLVWRULD� TXH� FRQWDU�� SRU� HMHPSOR�� ¢FyPR�HV�SRVLEOH�TXH�HVWD�VHPLOOD�VH�FRQYLHUWD�HQ�iUERO"�¢'H�TXp�PRGR�HVWD�VHPLOOD�SXHGH�FDPELDU�\�FRQYHUWLUVH�HQ�iUERO"�(VD�FRVD�PiJLFD�\�H[WUDRUGLQDULD�TXH�YHtDQ� WRGRV� ORV�GtDV�� OHV�GLR�PXFKR�TXp�SHQVDU��1R�HVWDED�FODUR�FyPR�GHEtD�SURGXFLUVH�HVH�FDPELR�HQ�HO�VHU��2��SRU� OR�PHQRV��HQ�HO�REMHWR�SDUWLFXODU��<��HQWRQFHV��SDUD�H[SOLFDU� WRGR�HO�PRYLPLHQWR��SDUD�H[SOLFDU�FyPR�XQD�FRVD�SRGtD� FDPELDU� HQ� RWUD�� \� FyPR�XQD� FRVD� SRGtD�PRYHUVH�� GHVSOD]DUVH�� LQYHQWDURQ� OD� LGHD� GH� OD�SRWHQFLD� \� GHO� DFWR�� 4XH� WRGDYtD� VLUYH� SDUD� QXHVWUD� )tVLFD� DFWXDO�� (QWRQFHV� GLMHURQ�� HVWH� iUERO�SXHGH�OOHJDU�D�VHU�iUERO�SRUTXH�HQ�OD�VHPLOOD��WRGR�HVWH�iUERO��HVWi�DUPDGR�HQ�SRWHQFLD��(V�FRPR�VL�VH�HVWXYLHUD�FRPSULPLGR�WRGR�HO�iUERO�DGHQWUR�GH�OD�VHPLOOD��(Q�HVD�VHPLOOD�HQWRQFHV��HO�iUERO�HVWi� HQ� ³SRWHQFLD´�� SXHGH� OOHJDU� D� VHU� iUERO�� 'H�PDQHUD� TXH� HQ� WRGDV� ODV� FRVDV� KD\� SRWHQFLD��(Q� WRGDV� ODV� FRVDV� KD\� OD� SRVLELOLGDG�GH�GHVDUUROODU� HQ� XQ� VHQWLGR�� GH� FRQYHUWLUVH� HQ� DFWR��3RU�HQGH��HQ�HVWD�WL]D��KD\�HQHUJtD�FLQpWLFD�SRWHQFLDO��(VWD�WL]D�HVWi�TXLHWD��3HUR�VXFHGH�TXH�HVWD�WL]D�SXHGH��GH�SURQWR��VL�\R�OD�VXHOWR��HPSH]DU�D�PRYHUVH�KDFLD�HO�FHQWUR�GH�OD�7LHUUD��3RU�DFFLyQ�GH�OD�JUDYHGDG�R�GH�OR�TXH�VHD��HVWD�WL]D�HV�FDSD]�GH�GHVSOD]DUVH�VL�OD�VXHOWR��4XLHUH�GHFLU�TXH�HQ�HOOD�KD\�XQD�HQHUJtD�SRWHQFLDO�� FRPR�FRPSULPLGD�HQ�HOOD��SDUD�SRQHUVH�HQ�PRYLPLHQWR�HQ�FXDOTXLHU�FLUFXQVWDQFLD��<�QR�HV�OR�PLVPR�OD�HQHUJtD�SRWHQFLDO�GH�HVWD�WL]D�TXH�OD�GH�HVWH�RWUR�DSDUDWR��(Q�ORV�GRV�KD\�HQHUJtD�SRWHQFLDO��VLQ�GXGD��SHUR�GLVWLQWR�WLSR�GH�HQHUJtD�SRWHQFLDO��6L�\R�ODV�VXHOWR�D�ODV�GRV��OD�HQHUJtD�FLQpWLFD�TXH�YDQ�D�GHVSOD]DU�YD�D�VHU�GLIHUHQWH��OD�HQHUJtD�GHO�PRYLPLHQWR��ODV�GRV�YDQ�D�HPSH]DU�D�FDHU�D�XQD�FLHUWD�YHORFLGDG��\�YD�D�HPSH]DU�D�DFHOHUDUVH�PiV�XQR�TXH�RWUR�GH�DFXHUGR�DO�SHVR��3HUR�HVWR�GHO�SHVR�\� OD�DFHOHUDFLyQ��SDUD�HVWRV�DQWLJXRV�HUD� OD�HQHUJtD�GHO�PRYLPLHQWR�TXH�HVWDED�HQ�SRWHQFLD�(QWRQFHV��HVWRV�VHxRUHV�WHQtDQ�HO�SUREOHPD�GH�ORV�VHUHV�YLYRV��3RU�HMHPSOR��SDUD�VDEHU�FyPR�YD�D�VHU�HO�iUERO�YDPRV�D�WHQHU�TXH�HVWXGLDU� OD�VHPLOOD�HQ�WRGRV�VXV�DVSHFWRV��(QWRQFHV�� ODV�FRVDV�VRQ�SRUTXH�FLHUWDV�SRWHQFLDV�VH�KDQ�SXHVWR�HQ�DFWR��<�VL�XQD�FRVD�GHULYD�GH�RWUD��QR�SXHGH�KDEHU�XQD�SRWHQFLD�TXH�QR�VHD�GHULYDGD�GH�RWUD��6L�XQD�EROD�VH�SRQH�HQ�PDUFKD�HV�SRUTXH�DOJXLHQ� OH�DSOLFy�HQHUJtD�\�VH�OD�WUDQVPLWLy�D�HVWD�EROD��$Vt�VLJXLHQGR�FRQ�WRGR�HO�PRYLPLHQWR��VH�IXH�OOHJDQGR�D�XQ�SULPHU�PRYLPLHQWR�TXH�SRQH�HQ�PDUFKD�WRGRV�ORV�RWURV�PRYLPLHQWRV��3HUR�FRPR�HVWH�SULPHU�PRYLPLHQWR�SRQH�HQ�PDUFKD�D�WRGRV�\�D�pO�QR�OR�PXHYH�QDGLH��HQWRQFHV�VXUJH�OD�LGHD�GHO�SULPHU�PRWRU� LQPyYLO��6HUi� WRGD�XQD�SDUDGRMD�DULVWRWpOLFD�TXH�GHVSXpV�YD�D�VHUYLU� D�7RPiV�GH�$TXLQR�SDUD�UHODFLRQDU�DO�SULPHU�PRWRU� LQPyYLO�FRQ�'LRV��SRU�HMHPSOR��8QD�HQWLGDG�TXH�SRQH�HQ�PDUFKD�WRGR�SHUR�TXH�QR�HV�SXHVWD�HQ�PDUFKD�SRU�QDGD�\�HQWRQFHV�VH� LGHQWLILFD�D�HVWD� LGHD�GH�VHU�HQ�JHQHUDO�FRQ�HVWD�HVSHFLH�GH�'LRV�TXH�HVWi�HQ�WRGRV�ORV�REMHWRV��7RGRV�ORV�REMHWRV�VRQ��WRGRV�ORV�REMHWRV�WLHQHQ�HQHUJtD�HQ�SRWHQFLD�TXH�SXHGH�FRQYHUWLUVH�HQ�DFWR�\��D�OD�YH]��WRGRV�HVWRV�REMHWRV�GHULYDQ�GH�RWURV��GHVFLHQGHQ�GH�RWURV��&RQ�OR�FXDO�WHQHPRV�WRGR�XQ�SDQRUDPD�FRPSOHWDGR�DFHUFD�GHO�PRYLPLHQWR�\�DFHUFD�GH�ODV�GHSHQGHQFLDV�GH�XQ�REMHWR�FRQ�UHVSHFWR�D�RWUR�&ODUR�TXH�WRGR�HVWR�VRQ�FODVLILFDFLRQHV��FRQFHSWXDOL]DFLRQHV�OyJLFDV��TXH�QR�WHQtDQ�QDGD�TXH�YHU�FRQ� OD� )tVLFD�� SRU� HMHPSOR�� (V� DO� UHYpV�� (Q� 2FFLGHQWH� QXPHURVDV� LGHDV� GH� HVWRV� OyJLFRV� KDQ�SDVDGR� OXHJR� D� OD� )tVLFD�� 3HUR� OXHJR� OD� )tVLFD� KD� DYDQ]DGR� PXFKR�� HVWDV� LGHDV�� GH� QLQJXQD�PDQHUD� KDQ� UHVXOWDGR� VDWLVIDFWRULDV��+DQ� VHUYLGR� SDUD� KDFHU� HO� DUPD]yQ�GH� OD� FLHQFLD� ItVLFD�� HO�DUPD]yQ� GH� FRQFHSWRV�� SHUR� QR� KDQ� VHUYLGR� HQ� OD� SUiFWLFD� SDUD� H[SOLFDU� HIHFWLYDPHQWH� HO�IHQyPHQR�GHO�PRYLPLHQWR��SRU�HMHPSOR��3RUTXH�¢FyPR�SRGHPRV�GHFLU�TXH�ODV�FRVDV�VH�PXHYHQ�SRUTXH� DQWHV� HVWiQ� FRQWHQLGDV� HQ� XQD� SRWHQFLD� TXH� OXHJR� VH� FRQYLHUWH� HQ� DFWR"� 6RQ� WUDEDMRV�PHQWDOHV��SHUR�HVR�QR�HV�OR�TXH�UHDOPHQWH�VXFHGH�HQ�HO�PXQGR�ItVLFR��(V�PX\�FODUR�TXH�HQ�HVH�SHQVDPLHQWR� LVOHxR�� HVH� SHQVDPLHQWR� DLVODGR� DULVWRWpOLFR�� HO� REMHWR� TXH� VH� YD� FRQYLUWLHQGR� HQ�iUERO� DSDUHFH� FRPR� DLVODGR� GHO�PHGLR�� (V� HYLGHQWH� TXH� D� HVWDV� DOWXUDV� REVHUYDPRV� TXH� HQ� HO�iUERO�KD\�JUDQ�FDQWLGDG�GH�HOHPHQWRV�TXH�GH�QLQJXQD�PDQHUD�HVWDEDQ�HQ�OD�VHPLOOD��(Q�OD�VHPLOOD�)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������

Page 17: Fundamentos Del Pensar

QR� KDEtD� QL� IRVIDWRV�� QL� VDOHV� PLQHUDOHV�� QL� KDEtD� EDFWHULDV� QLWURJHQDQWHV� WUDEDMDQGR�� QL� KDEtD�LQIOXHQFLD� VRODU�� QL� KDEtD� WUDQVIRUPDFLyQ� GH� JDVHV� HQ� JOXFRVD�� 'H�PDQHUD� TXH� HQ� HVD� VHPLOOD��WRGRV� ORV�HOHPHQWRV�SURSLRV�GHO�DPELHQWH��GHO�PHGLR�� IXH�QHFHVDULR�TXH� WUDEDMDUDQ�VREUH�HOOD� \�TXH�VH�VROWDUDQ�XQD�FDQWLGDG�GH�PHFDQLVPRV�TXH�Vt��TXH�KDEtD�HQ�HOOD��SHUR�SDUD�WUDEDMDU�FRQ�HO�PHGLR��SDUD�SRGHU�VLQWHWL]DU�XQD�FDQWLGDG�GH�VXVWDQFLDV�TXH�QR�HVWDEDQ�GH�QLQJXQD�PDQHUD�HQ�HVD�VHPLOOD��'H�PDQHUD�TXH�HQ�HVWH�SHQVDPLHQWR�DLVODGR�OD�H[SOLFDFLyQ�GHO�PRYLPLHQWR�FRQ�OR�TXH�HVWi�HQFHUUDGR�HQ�OD�SRWHQFLD��PiV�R�PHQRV�UHVXOWDED�VDWLVIDFWRULR��SHUR�GHVGH�OXHJR�TXH�IDOWDED�OD� LGHD� GH� PHGLR�� OD� LGHD� GH� WRGRV� HVRV� HOHPHQWRV� TXH� GH� QLQJXQD� PDQHUD� HVWDEDQ� HQ� HVD�VHPLOOD��(QWRQFHV�WRGR�VH�H[SOLFDED�GH�DFXHUGR�D�FLHUWDV�FXDOLGDGHV�LQQDWDV�GH�OD�VXVWDQFLD��(VR�WLHQH�XQD�LPSRUWDQFLD�D~Q�SDUD�QRVRWURV��WRGDYtD�HQ�3VLFRORJtD�VH�VLJXH�FUH\HQGR�HQ�FRVDV�WDOHV�FRPR�OD�LQWHOLJHQFLD�¢VH�ILMDQ"�FRPR�VL�OD�LQWHOLJHQFLD�HVWXYLHUD�HQ�SRWHQFLD�HQ�HO�QLxR�\�D�PHGLGD�TXH� DYDQ]D� HQ� HGDG� VH� YD� GHVDUUROODQGR�� SHUR� QR� VH� YD� D� GHVDUUROODU�PiV� TXH� VHJ~Q� DTXHOOD�FDQWLGDG� TXH� HVWi� HQ� SRWHQFLD�� +D\� SHUVRQDV� TXH� QDFHQ� PDODV�� SRU� HMHPSOR�� \� FRPR� HVWiQ�FXDOLILFDGDV��GLUtDPRV�KR\��GH�HVH�PRGR��YDQ�D�FRQYHUWLU�HQ�DFWR�D�OR�ODUJR�GH�VX�YLGD��WRGR�DTXHOOR�TXH� HVWi� HQ� SRWHQFLD� HQ� HOORV�� +D\� XQD� FDQWLGDG� GH� GHWHUPLQLVPRV�� SURSLRV� GHO� SHQVDPLHQWR�DFWXDO��TXH�HVWiQ�EDVDGRV��SUHFLVDPHQWH��HQ�HVD�IRUPD�PHQWDO�DULVWRWpOLFD��TXH�KD�H[SOLFDGR�WRGR�PRYLPLHQWR��WRGD�SURGXFFLyQ��HQ�EDVH�D�OD�LGHD�GH�SRWHQFLD��GH�OR�TXH�HVWi�HQFHUUDGR�GHQWUR�GH�Vt��(QWRQFHV�VH�KDEOD�GH�ODV�SRWHQFLDOLGDGHV�GHO�DOPD�KXPDQD��SRU�HMHPSOR��(VWiQ�ODV�YLUWXGHV��ORV�GHIHFWRV��ORV�YLFLRV��ODV�SDVLRQHV�\�WRGR�HVR�HVWi�HQ�SRWHQFLD��SUHSDUDGLWR�\�OR�~QLFR�TXH�KDFH�HV�LUVH�PDQLIHVWDQGR�D� OR� ODUJR�GHO� WLHPSR��$Vt� TXH�HO� TXH�DSDUHFLy� GH�XQ�PRGR�� TXH� VH�GHVSLGD��SRUTXH�\D�HVWi�GHWHUPLQDGR�D�PDQLIHVWDUVH�HQ�HVD�PLVPD�GLUHFFLyQ��3DUHFH�TXH�HO�DPELHQWH�QR�MXJDUD�XQ�SDSHO�PX\� LPSRUWDQWH� HQ�HVWR��3DUHFH�TXH�HO�PHGLR� QR�H[LVWLHVH�� TXH� WRGR�HVWXYLHUD�FRPSULPLGR�HQ�ORV�VHUHV�\�OR�~QLFR�TXH�SXHGHQ�KDFHU�HV�PDQLIHVWDUVH��PDQLIHVWDU�HVR�TXH�\D�HVWi�HQ�HOORV��&RPR�YHQ��HVWR�\D�HVWDED�XQ�SRFR�DQWHV�GH�$ULVWyWHOHV��HVWR�\D�HVWDED�WUDEDMDQGR�HQ�OD�FDEH]D� GH� 3ODWyQ�� (Q� OD� FDEH]D� GH� 3ODWyQ� HVWDEDQ� DTXHOODV� ³HVHQFLDV� SXUDV´��DTXHOORV�³DUTXHWLSRV´�GH�ORV�TXH�GHULYDEDQ�OXHJR�ODV�FRVDV��TXH�HQ�$ULVWyWHOHV�FRPLHQ]D�D�WRPDU�XQ�FDUiFWHU�PHQRV�ILORVyILFR�\�HPSLH]D�D�WUDWDU�\D�GH�DSOLFDUVH�D�ODV�FRVDV��SDUD�H[SOLFDU�FRVDV�\�QR�VyOR�DO�PXQGR�GH�ODV�LGHDV��<D�D�$ULVWyWHOHV�OH�LQWHUHVD�HO�PRYLPLHQWR�GH�ODV�FRVDV��OH�LQWHUHVD�OD� ItVLFD�GH� ODV�FRVDV�� OH� LQWHUHVD�HO�FRPSRUWDPLHQWR�GH� ORV�REMHWRV��3HUR�� OyJLFDPHQWH��FRQ�HVH�HVTXHPD�TXH�\D�FRPHQ]y�D�RUJDQL]DUVH�DQWHV�GH�pO��KD\�DSRUWHV�VXPDPHQWH�LPSRUWDQWHV�SDUD�HO�DUPD]yQ�GH� ODV� FLHQFLDV� \� GHO� SHQVDPLHQWR� RFFLGHQWDO� HQ� HVWRV� SHQVDGRUHV��3HUR�� OyJLFDPHQWH�WDPELpQ�� LPSXVLHURQ� GXUDQWH� GRV� PLOHQLRV�� SUiFWLFDPHQWH�� WRGD� VX� IRUPD� PHQWDO�� <� DKt� VH� IXH�GHVDUUROODQGR��GHQWUR�GH�HVRV�OtPLWHV��HO�SHQVDPLHQWR�HXURSHR�(VRV�VRQ�DOJXQRV�SUREOHPDV�TXH�WHQtDQ�HVWRV�SHQVDGRUHV��HO�SUREOHPD�GHO�VHU��HO�SUREOHPD�GHO�QR�VHU��HO�SUREOHPD�GHO�PRYLPLHQWR��HO�SUREOHPD�GH�ODV�GHILQLFLRQHV�GH�ORV�REMHWRV��HO�SUREOHPD�GH�ODV�FODVLILFDFLRQHV�GH� ORV�REMHWRV��(OORV��HYLGHQWHPHQWH��HVWDEDQ�WUDWDQGR�GH�RUJDQL]DU�HO�PXQGR�GH� ODV� LGHDV�� <� OR� KDFtDQ� EDVWDQWH� ELHQ�� OR� KDFtDQ�PX\� ELHQ�� WDQWR� TXH� VLJXLHURQ� D� OR� ODUJR� GH�PXFKRV�VLJORV��SUHGRPLQDQGR�2WUD�GH�ODV�JUDQGHV�SUHRFXSDFLRQHV�IXH�DFHUFD�GH�ODV�FDXVDV�TXH�PXHYHQ�D�ODV�FRVDV��$Kt�WHQtDQ�RWUR�SUREOHPD��6t��WRGDV�ODV�FRVDV�GHULYDQ�GH�RWUDV��SHUIHFWR��+D\�VLHPSUH�FDXVD�\�KD\�HIHFWR�\�QR�KD\�HIHFWR�VLQ�FDXVD��\�FDGD�YH]�TXH�VH�SURGXFH�XQ�IHQyPHQR�VH�GHEH�D�RWUR�IHQyPHQR��\�OR�TXH�KD\�TXH�EXVFDU��FXDQGR�VXUJH�XQ�IHQyPHQR��HV�GH�GyQGH�GHULYD��GH�GRQGH�YLHQH�HVH�IHQyPHQR��+D\�TXH� WHQHU� FDSDFLGDG�SDUD� LU� D� UDVWUHDU� ODV� IXHQWHV�GH�HVH� IHQyPHQR��(OORV�VH�SUHRFXSDURQ�SURIXQGDPHQWH�SRU�HO�SUREOHPD�GH� ODV�FDXVDV�\� ORV�HIHFWRV��<D�$ULVWyWHOHV�QR�HVWDED�VDWLVIHFKR�FRQ�HVR�GH�TXH� ODV�FRVDV� IXHUDQ�GH�XQ�PRGR��KDEtD�TXH�H[SOLFDU�GH�GyQGH�YHQtDQ�� ODV�FDXVDV�TXH�GHWHUPLQDEDQ�HVH�IHQyPHQR��)tMHQVH�VL�KDVWD�DKRUD�QR�VH�VLJXH�SHQVDQGR�DVt��+D\�TXH�YHU�TXp� IXHU]D� WLHQH�HVH�SHQVDPLHQWR�\�KD\�TXH�FRQWDU�FRQ�TXH� OR�KDFtDQ�VLQ� ORV� LQVWUXPHQWRV�TXH�WHQHPRV�KR\�2EVHUYHQ� XVWHGHV� HVR� GH� H[SUHVDU� FRQ� FODULGDG� OD� LGHD� GH� FDXVD� \� HIHFWR�� HVR� HV� DOJR� PX\�QRWDEOH��<�QR�VyOR�KL]R�HVR��VLQR�TXH�FODVLILFy�ODV�GLVWLQWDV�FDXVDV�TXH�RSHUDEDQ�HQ�XQ�IHQyPHQR��\�GLMR��HQ�OD�SURGXFFLyQ�GH�XQ�IHQyPHQR�KD\�VLHPSUH�FXDWUR�FDXVDV��<�SXVR�HO�HMHPSOR�GH�)LGLDV��XQ� HVFXOWRU� GH� OD� pSRFD� \� GLMR�� SDUD� TXH� )LGLDV� SXHGD� SURGXFLU� XQD� HVWDWXD� GH� HVH� SHGD]R� GH�PiUPRO�� WLHQH� TXH� REUDU� HQ� WRGR� HVWR� SRU� OR� PHQRV� FXDWUR� FDXVDV� GLIHUHQWHV�� 3RU� HMHPSOR�� WDO�HVWDWXD� QR� SXHGH� VXUJLU� VL� QR� KD\� XQD� FDXVD�PDWHULDO�� OD� FDXVD�PDWHULDO� HV� HO�PiUPRO� TXH� VH�XWLOL]D��1R�SXHGH�KDEHU�HVWDWXD�VL�QR�KD\�XQD�FDXVD�HILFLHQWH��VL�QR�KD\�DOJR��DOJ~Q�IDFWRU�H[WHUQR�)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������

Page 18: Fundamentos Del Pensar

D�HVD�PDWHULD��TXH�WUDEDMH�VREUH�HVD�PDWHULD��HVD�HV�OD�FDXVD�HILFLHQWH��HVH�HV�)LGLDV��HVH�HV�HO�HVFXOWRU��HVD�HV� OD�FDXVD�TXH�HVWi� WUDEDMDQGR�VREUH� OD�PDWHULD�� OOHYiQGROD�� WUDQVIRUPiQGROD��1R�SXHGH�SURGXFLUVH�OD�HVWDWXD�VL�QR�KD\�XQD�FDXVD�IRUPDO��VL�QR�KD\�XQD�IRUPD��6L�QR�KXELHUD�XQD�IRUPD�� MDPiV� SRGUtD� SURGXFLUVH� HVD� HVWDWXD�� VLQR� TXH� VHJXLUtD� VLHQGR� HVH� SHGD]R�� HVH� EORTXH�PDWHULDO�� (VH� EORTXH�PDWHULDO� WDPELpQ� pO� WLHQH� XQD� IRUPD�� 3HUR� FXDQGR� WRGR� VH� WUDQVIRUPD� GHO�EORTXH�HVH��HQ�XQD�HVWDWXD��HV�SRUTXH�KD�RSHUDGR��HV�SRUTXH�VLHPSUH�HVWi�SUHVHQWH�XQD�FDXVD�PDWHULDO� �VL�QR�KD\�FDXVD�PDWHULDO�QR�SXHGH�KDEHU�QLQJ~Q�REMHWR���XQD�FDXVD� IRUPDO�±VL�QR�KD\�IRUPD� OD� PDWHULD� QR� SXHGH� H[SUHVDUVH�� XQR� SXHGH� LPDJLQDU� FXDOTXLHU� WLSR� GH� PDWHULD�� SHUR�VLHPSUH�WHQGUi�XQD�IRUPD��\�WLHQH�TXH�KDEHU�XQD�FDXVD�HILFLHQWH��DOJR�TXH�DFW~D�VREUH�XQ�REMHWR��TXH�QR�HVWi�HQ�HO�REMHWR��TXH�HVWi�IXHUD�GHO�REMHWR��TXH�RSHUD�VREUH�HO�REMHWR«�FDPELD�FLQWD�����SHUR�DOOi� WRGR�VH�YD�RULHQWDQGR�KDFLD�HVD�FDXVD�TXH� WRGDYtD�QR�HVWi�PDQLIHVWDGD��XQD�FDXVD�FRPR�TXH�HVWXYLHUD�HVSHUDQGR�DO�REMHWR�DO� ILQDO�GHO�FDPLQR��KDFLD� OD�FXDO�VH�YD�RULHQWDQGR�WRGR��KDVWD�FRPSOHWDUVH�HQ� OD�FRVD� WHUPLQDGD��(QWRQFHV�$ULVWyWHOHV�YLR�TXH�VLHPSUH�KDEtD�XQD�FDXVD�ILQDO�� XQD� VXHUWH� GH� SODQ� DO� ILQDO� GHO� FDPLQR�GH� WRGR� VHU��$Vt� IXH�� HO� DPLJR�)LGLDV� SXGR� UHDOL]DU�VX� HVWDWXD�JUDFLDV� D� TXH�SDUWLFLSDEDQ�HVDV� FXDWUR� FDXVDV�� \� OD� HVWDWXD� IXH� UHVXOWDGR�GH� FXDWUR�FDXVDV� GLIHUHQWHV�� XQD� FDXVD� IRUPDO�� XQD�PDWHULDO�� XQD� HILFLHQWH� \� XQD� ILQDO�� \� VLQ� HVDV� FXDWUR�FDXVDV�QR�SRGtD�H[SOLFDUVH�HO�VXFHGHU�GH�ODV�FRVDV��$Vt�SXHV��ODV�FRVDV�GHSHQGtDQ�GH�FDXVDV�\�HVWDV�FDXVDV�SRGtDQ�VHU�GLIHUHQWHV��\�QR�SRGtD�KDEHU�IHQyPHQR�VLQ�FDXVD��(V�XQD�DUWLFXODFLyQ�GHO�SHQVDU�VXPDPHQWH�LQWHUHVDQWH�$Vt�TXH�VH�SUHRFXSy��QR�VyOR�GH� ODV�GHILQLFLRQHV��QR�VyOR�GH� ODV�FODVLILFDFLRQHV��QR�VyOR�GH� ORV�SUREOHPDV�GH�ODV�PD\RUHV�R�PHQRUHV�DPSOLWXGHV�GHO�VHU��VLQR�GH�ORV�SUREOHPDV�GHO�PRYLPLHQWR��GHO� SUREOHPD� GH� ODV� FDXVDV� \� GH� ORV� HIHFWRV�� \� QR� VyOR� HVR�� VLQR� TXH�� DGHPiV�� HVWUXFWXUy� XQ�VLVWHPD� GH� /yJLFD� \� VH� SUHRFXSy� DKRUD� SRU� HO� PLVPR� SHQVDU�� \� VH� GLMR�� ¢&yPR� HV� SRVLEOH�HO� SHQVDU"� \� ¢FyPR� KDFH� XQR� SDUD� SHQVDU"� \� ¢FXiQGR� DOJR� HVWi� FRUUHFWDPHQWH� SHQVDGR� R�LQFRUUHFWDPHQWH�SHQVDGR"�\�¢FyPR�GHEH�KDFHU�XQR�SDUD�SHQVDU�FRUUHFWDPHQWH"�\�HQWRQFHV�VH�SUHRFXSy�SRU� ORV� SUREOHPDV�GHO� RUGHQDPLHQWR� GH� ORV� MXLFLRV�� SRU� HO� SUREOHPD�GH� ORV� VLORJLVPRV�R� GH� ORV� UD]RQDPLHQWRV�� \� VH� SUHRFXSy� WDPELpQ� SRU� ORV�PpWRGRV�� 'H�PDQHUD� TXH� HV� EDVWDQWH�JUDQGH��HO�DSRUWH��HO�VLVWHPD�GH�SHQVDPLHQWR�TXH�HVWUXFWXUy�HVWH�JULHJR�DQWLJXR�\�GHO�FXDO�WRGDYtD�VH� UHFLEHQ�VXV� LQIOXHQFLDV��3RU�HMHPSOR��HV�DFHSWDGR�XQLYHUVDOPHQWH�TXH�GHEH�SHQVDUVH�VHJ~Q�XQ�PpWRGR��(V�DFHSWDGR�TXH�VLQ�PpWRGR�KD\�GHVRUGHQ��HV�DFHSWDGR�TXH� WRGR�VH�PXHYH�VHJ~Q�FDXVDV�\�HIHFWRV��\�DVt�VLJXLHQGR��7RGDYtD�VLJXH�VLHQGR�DFHSWDGR�SDUD�QXHVWUD�IRUPD�PHQWDO��(VWH�SXQWR�GH� ORV� MXLFLRV��HVWH�SXQWR�GH� ORV�UD]RQDPLHQWRV��HVWH�SXQWR�GHO�FRUUHFWR�SHQVDU�KDFH�PiV�ELHQ�D� OD� OyJLFD�GHO�SHQVDPLHQWR�DULVWRWpOLFR��¢6H�FDSWD� OD� LGHD�GH� WRGDV� ODV�FRVDV�TXH� LED�KDFLHQGR"�'HEHPRV�VHU� UD]RQDEOHV�\�GDUQRV�FXHQWD�TXH�PLO� DxRV�DQWHV�GH�$ULVWyWHOHV� WDPELpQ�HO�2ULHQWH�KDEtD�SURGXFLGR� WRGR�HVWH� WLSR�GH�SHQVDPLHQWRV�� WDPELpQ�HOORV�VH�SUHRFXSDURQ�SRU�HO�SUREOHPD�GHO�VHU�\�GHO�QR�VHU�� WDPELpQ�HOORV�HVWUXFWXUDURQ�FXHVWLRQHV�GH�PpWRGR�� WDPELpQ�HOORV�VH�GLHURQ�FXHQWD�GHO�RUGHQDPLHQWR�GH� ODV� LGHDV�� WDPELpQ�HOORV� WUDWDURQ�GH�FODVLILFDU�DO�PXQGR��GH�PDQHUD�TXH��FODUR��HVWDPRV�KDEODQGR�GH�$ULVWyWHOHV�SRUTXH�HVWi�FHUFD�GH�QRVRWURV��3HUR�PXFKR�WLHPSR�DQWHV�TXH�$ULVWyWHOHV�\D�VH�KDEtDQ�SUHRFXSDGR�SRU�HO�PXQGR�GH�OR�OyJLFR��QR�VyOR�SRU�HO�PXQGR�GH�OR�SVLFROyJLFR��VLQR�SRU�HO�WUDEDMR�GH�ODV�LGHDV�HQ�Vt�\�2ULHQWH�IXH�PX\�ULFR�HQ�HVH�WUDEDMR�3HUR� WRPy� XQD� YtD� GLIHUHQWH� D� OD� GHO� SHQVDPLHQWR� JULHJR�� 0XFKRV� RULHQWDOHV� REVHUYDURQ� HO�PRYLPLHQWR��SRU�HMHPSOR��YLHURQ�TXH� WRGR�FDPELDED� LQFHVDQWHPHQWH�\�HQ�HVH�FDPELR�FRQVWDQWH�QR� SXGLHURQ� GHWHQHU� HVDV� DEVWUDFFLRQHV�� HVDV� FRVDV� TXH� DSDUHQWHPHQWH� TXHGDEDQ� TXLHWDV� \�JUDFLDV�DO�IUHQDU�IRWRJUiILFR�GH�HVDV�FRVDV�TXH�VH�PRYtDQ��2FFLGHQWH�WHQGLy�D�SURGXFLU�VX�WHNKQp��VX� WpFQLFD�� HV� GHFLU�� D� DEVWUDHU� OH\HV�� D� DEVWUDHU� FRQVWDQWHV� GH� IHQyPHQRV�� PLHQWUDV� TXH� HQ�HO� SHQVDPLHQWR� RULHQWDO� HQ� JHQHUDO�� HVH� JUDQ� PRYLOLVPR� GHO� SHQVDU�� HVH� FDPELR� FRQWLQXR� TXH�KDEtD� HQ� ODV� FRVDV�� LPSHGtD� DO� SHQVDPLHQWR� GHWHUPLQDU� FRQVWDQWHV�� 7RGR� HVWDED� FDPELDQGR�LQFHVDQWHPHQWH�� HQWRQFHV�� HO� FRPSRUWDPLHQWR� GH� ODV� FRVDV� HUD� FRQWLQXR�PRYLPLHQWR�� (QWRQFHV�¢GH� TXp�PDQHUD� SXHGH� VHUYLU� SDUD� HO� IXWXUR� XQD� FRVD� TXH� GHFLPRV� KR\"� VL� HVWR� TXH� HVWDPRV�REVHUYDQGR�GH�HVWH�REMHWR�DO�SRFR�WLHPSR�YD�D�HVWDU�FDPELDGR��(QWRQFHV��QRV�HQFRQWUDPRV�FRQ�HO�PRYLPLHQWR�GH�WRGR�\�OD�HQRUPH�GLILFXOWDG�GH�HVWUXFWXUDU�VLVWHPDV�GH�OH\HV�%LHQ��HVWRV�JULHJRV��TXH�YLQLHURQ�PXFKR�GHVSXpV�GH� ORV�HQVD\RV�GHO�SHQVDPLHQWR�RULHQWDO��TXH�

)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������

Page 19: Fundamentos Del Pensar

WXYLHURQ� WDO� YH]�PHQRV� YXHOR� OyJLFR�TXH� ORV�RULHQWDOHV�� HV�JUDFLDV�D�HVD� IDOWD� GH� YXHOR�� WDO� YH]��TXH�SXGLHURQ�HVWUXFWXUDU�OR�TXH�OXHJR�FRQRFLPRV�QRVRWURV�FRPR�FLHQFLD�\�FRPR�WpFQLFD��FLHQFLD��FRPR�XQ�VLVWHPD�GH�RUGHQDPLHQWR�OyJLFR��\�WpFQLFD��FRPR�OD�DSOLFDFLyQ�GH�HVH�FRQRFLPLHQWR�D�OD�FRVD��(OORV� GLIHUHQFLDURQ�PX\�ELHQ�HQWUH� FLHQFLD� \� WpFQLFD��7RGDYtD�KR\� OD� JHQWH� FRQIXQGH�HVR��\� OHV� OODPD�SRU� HMHPSOR� FLHQWtILFRV�D� ORV� WpFQLFRV�� XQ� WpFQLFR�HOHFWUyQLFR�� SRU� HMHPSOR�� XQ� VHxRU�TXH�KDFH�FRVDV��TXH�KDFH�DSDUDWRV��HV�GHFLU�XQ�SUiFWLFR��HV�XQ�FLHQWtILFR�SDUD�PXFKRV��FXDQGR�HQ�UHDOLGDG�HO�FLHQWtILFR�HV�HO�FLHQWtILFR�SXUR��HO�TXH�VH�SUHRFXSD�SRU�HO�DVSHFWR�WHyULFR�GHO�DVXQWR��QR�HO�TXH�VH�SUHRFXSD�SRU�FyPR�VH�KDFHQ�HVDV�FRVDV��HO�TXH�RUGHQD� ORV�FRQFHSWRV�� ODV� OH\HV��ORV� UD]RQDPLHQWRV� TXH� KD\� TXH� HVWDEOHFHU� HQ� XQD� GHWHUPLQDGD� WHRUtD� \�� HQWRQFHV�� GHVSXpV�HVWiQ� ORV� WpFQLFRV� TXH� VRQ� ORV� TXH�DSOLFDQ�HVDV� WHRUtDV� D� ODV� FRVDV��6RQ�GLIHUHQWHV� QLYHOHV� GH�RSHUDFLyQ��'LIHUHQWH«�DEVWUDHU��KDFHU� WHRUtD��D� OR�(LQVWHLQ�SRU�HMHPSOR�� WHRUtD��FLHQFLD�SXUD«�D�OXHJR�DSOLFDU�HVRV�FRQRFLPLHQWRV�\�KDFHU�IXQFLRQDU�XQ�UHDFWRU�QXFOHDU��'LIHUHQWHV�RSHUDFLRQHV��(V�FLHUWR�TXH�D�YHFHV�VH�PH]FODQ�HVDV�GRV�FRVDV��SHUR�VRQ�FDPSRV�TXH�\D�GLVWLQJXLHURQ�PX\�ELHQ�HVWRV�SHQVDGRUHV��\�HVRV�FDPSRV�TXH�GLVWLQJXLHURQ��SHUPLWLHURQ�PXFKDV�FRVDV��SHUPLWLHURQ�KDFHU�FRVDV��GHVDUUROODU�IXHUWHV�VLVWHPDV�WpFQLFRV�'H� PDQHUD� TXH� WDO� YH]� HQ� HO� PRPHQWR� GH� GHVDUUROOR� GH� OD� KXPDQLGDG�� HVD� IDOWD� GH� YXHOR�PHWDItVLFR� GH� ORV� SULPHURV� JULHJRV�� KD\D� VLGR� GH� WRGRV�PRGRV�PX\� EHQHILFLRVR�� (Q� FDPELR�� HO�HQRUPH� YXHOR� TXH� WXYLHURQ� DOJXQDV� PHWDItVLFDV� RULHQWDOHV�� QR� IXHURQ� DGHFXDGRV�� WDO� YH]�� SDUD�HO� GHVDUUROOR� GH� HVH�PRPHQWR� KLVWyULFR� \� KR\� QRV� HQFRQWUDPRV� FRQ� FRVDV�PX\� VRUSUHQGHQWHV��FRQ� TXH� SHQVDPLHQWRV� WDOHV� FRPR� ORV� GH�+HJHO�� SRU� HMHPSOR�� TXH� UHFLpQ� YLHQHQ� D� VXUJLU� HQ� HO�VLJOR�;,;��FDVL�GRV�PLO�DxRV�GHVSXpV�GH�$ULVWyWHOHV��HVRV�SHQVDPLHQWRV�FRPSOHMRV��FRPR�ORV�GH�+HJHO�� \D� DGHFXDGRV� D� VX�PRPHQWR� KLVWyULFR�� HVWiQ�PX\� SUy[LPDPHQWH� IRUPDOL]DGRV� HQWUH� ORV�SHQVDGRUHV�KLQG~HV�GH�KDFH� WUHV�PLO� DxRV�SHUR�� FODUR�� HQ�HO� VLJOR�;,;�� \D�HVH�SHQVDPLHQWR� VH�DGHFXD�DO�PRPHQWR��\�WUHV�PLO�DxRV�DQWHV�¢TXp�tEDPRV�D�KDFHU�FRQ�HVH�SHQVDPLHQWR"�'H�PDQHUD�TXH�HVWR�GHO�FRUUHFWR�SHQVDU��\�HVWR�GHO�WUDEDMR�OyJLFR�GH�OD�PHQWH��D�YHFHV�WLHQH�PXFKR�TXH�YHU�HQ�VX�GHVDUUROOR�FRQ�HO�PRPHQWR�KLVWyULFR��<�KD\�PRPHQWRV�KLVWyULFRV�HQ�TXH�XQ�SHQVDPLHQWR��SRU�PX\�DPSOLR�TXH�VHD��HVWi�IXHUD�GH�pSRFD��HV�WDO�YH]�GHPDVLDGR�DYDQ]DGR�\�HQWRQFHV�QR�VH�HQFXHQWUD�VX�DSOLFDFLyQ�SUiFWLFD��QR� WLHQH�XWLOLGDG� LQPHGLDWD�HQ�HVH�WLSR�GH�PXQGR�\� WDO�YH]�HVH�SHQVDPLHQWR�PXHUH��+D�KDELGR�PXFKRV�FDVRV�GH�SHQVDPLHQWRV�EULOODQWHV�HQ�GLVWLQWDV�SDUWHV�GHO�PXQGR�\�PX\�DYDQ]DGRV��SHUR�TXH�KDQ�GHVDSDUHFLGR��(VWR�GH�OD�/yJLFD«�HV�GLIHUHQWH�OD�IRUPD�GH�RUGHQDU�ORV�FRQFHSWRV�VHJ~Q�ORV�OXJDUHV��/RV�JULHJRV�HPSH]DURQ�D�WUDEDMDU�FRQ�ORV�VLORJLVPRV��HO�RUGHQDPLHQWR�GH�ORV�MXLFLRV�SDUD�VDFDU�FRQFOXVLRQHV��HOORV� WUDWDURQ�GH�KDFHU�XQD�VXHUWH�GH�PDWHPiWLFD�GH�HVR��HOORV�HVWDEOHFtDQ�UHODFLRQHV�HQWUH�XQD�SUHPLVD�PD\RU��XQD�SUHPLVD�PHQRU��XQ�WpUPLQR�PHGLR�\�XQD�FRQFOXVLyQ��$OJXQDV�OtQHDV�KLQG~HV��SRU� HMHPSOR�� RUJDQL]DURQ� VX� SHQVDU� QR� GH� HVH� PRGR�� VLQR� VHJ~Q� XQ� VLVWHPD� OODPDGR� 1\D\D��/D� OyJLFD� 1\D\D�� QR� VH� PXHYH� SRU� VLORJLVPRV�� VH� PXHYH� SRU� VXFHVLRQHV� GH� FRQFHSWRV�� XQRV�FRQFHSWRV�YDQ�H[SOLFDQGR�D�RWURV�FRQFHSWRV��GH�WDO�PDQHUD�TXH�GLFHQ��SRU�HMHPSOR��HQ� OD�FROLQD�KD\� KXPR� SRUTXH� KD\� IXHJR�� KD\� IXHJR� SRUTXH� KD\� FDORU�� KD\� FDORU� SRUTXH� KD\�PRYLPLHQWR����¢REVHUYDQ�HVH� WLSR� GH� UD]RQDU� HQ� VHFXHQFLDV"�'LIHUHQWH� D� GHFLU� HO� VLORJLVPR� FOiVLFR�� WRGRV� ORV�KRPEUHV�VRQ�PRUWDOHV��6yFUDWHV�HV�KRPEUH��OXHJR�6yFUDWHV�HV�PRUWDO��¢6H�ILMDQ�FRPR�UHODFLRQDQ��FRPSDUDQ� \� VDFDQ� FRQFOXVLRQHV"� ¢&yPR� YDQ� GHGXFLHQGR"� 'LIHUHQWH� D� OD� VXFHVLyQ� H[SOLFDWLYD�GH� XQ� FRQFHSWR� SRU� RWUR�� ¢6H� ILMDQ� TXH� \D� DKt� HVWi� HVD� IRUPD� FDVL� FXDGUDGD� GHO� SHQVDPLHQWR�RFFLGHQWDO"�¢&RQ�HVDV�SUHPLVDV�TXH�VH�FRPSDUDQ��HVD�UD\D�TXH�VH�WLUD�\�OD�FRQFOXVLyQ�TXH�VDOH"�'LIHUHQWH� D� HVD� RWUD� GHOLFDGH]D� GHO� SHQVDU�� HQ� VXFHVLRQHV�� HQ� WUDQVLFLRQHV�� FRQ� PDWLFHV�� VLQ�YLROHQFLD�GH�FRORUHV�FRQWUDSXHVWRV��6RQ�FDOLGDGHV�GLVWLQWDV�GHO�SHQVDU��VRQ�IRUPDV�GLIHUHQWHV�GHO�SHQVDU��<�PX\�LQWHUHVDQWHV�DPEDV��VLQ�QLQJXQD�GXGD��&RVDV�TXH�FXPSOHQ�FRQ�WDUHDV�GLVWLQWDV�¢3DUD�TXp�HVWDPRV�KDEODQGR�GH�HVWD�UHODFLyQ�GH�OD�OyJLFD�1\D\D�FRQ�OD�OyJLFD�IRUPDO�DULVWRWpOLFD"�6LPSOHPHQWH�SDUD�PRVWUDU�TXH�QR�KD\�XQD�VROD�IRUPD�GH�/yJLFD��KD\�PXFKDV�IRUPDV�GH�/yJLFD�\�FXDQGR�DOJXLHQ�SRU�DKt�GLFH�³HVWR�HV�OyJLFR�\�HVWR�QR�HV�OyJLFR´«�\«�KDEUtD�TXH�SRQHUVH�XQ�SRFR�GH�DFXHUGR�GH�TXp�HVWDPRV�KDEODQGR��3HUR�PX\�OLYLDQDPHQWH�VH�VXHOH�KDEODU�GH�OR�OyJLFR�\�OR�QR�OyJLFR��GH� OR�FLHQWtILFR�\� OR�QR�FLHQWtILFR��GH� OD�UHDOLGDG�REMHWLYD�\�GH� OR�VXEMHWLYR�\�DVt�VLJXLHQGR��6XFHGH�TXH�HVWR�VH�KD�FRQYHUWLGR�HQ�XQ�VORJDQ�\�HQWRQFHV�³OyJLFR´�HV�OR�DULVWRWpOLFR��HQ�ILQ��OR�TXH�HVWi�GH�PRGD��3HUR�DFi�VH�YH�FODUDPHQWH�FyPR�ORV�SHQVDPLHQWRV�SXHGHQ�VHU�RUGHQDGRV�GH�PX\�GLVWLQWD�PDQHUD��FRQ�GLVWLQWRV�WLSRV�GH�/yJLFD�\�SRU�OR�WDQWR��GDU�UHVXOWDGR��GDU�SURGXFFLyQ�D�WHRUtDV�FRPSOHWDPHQWH�GLIHUHQWHV�GHO�PXQGR��FRPSOHWDPHQWH�GLIHUHQWHV�GHO�SVLTXLVPR��GH�ODV�FRVDV��GH�OD�)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������

Page 20: Fundamentos Del Pensar

+LVWRULD��HWF���VHJ~Q�VHD�HO�WLSR�GH�/yJLFD�XVDGR��3RUTXH�VHJ~Q�VH�RUGHQH�HO�SHQVDPLHQWR�OyJLFR�GH�XQ�PRGR�X�RWUR��ORV�PpWRGRV�GH�LQYHVWLJDFLyQ�YDQ�D�VHU�GLIHUHQWHV�\�OD�IRUPD�GH�DFHUFDUVH�D�OD�UHDOLGDG�WDPELpQ�YD�D�VHU�GLIHUHQWH��(QWRQFHV��YDQ�D�VXUJLU�WHRUtDV�GHO�PXQGR�GLIHUHQWHV��LPiJHQHV�GHO�PXQGR�GLIHUHQWHV��$Vt�TXH�HVWR�GH� OD�HVWUXFWXUDFLyQ�GHO�SHQVDU��TXH�HV� WDQ�YDJR�\� WDQ�HQ�HO�DLUH��DFW~D�SUHFLVDPHQWH�FRPR�HO�DLUH��WDQ�YDJR�HV�HO�DLUH�TXH�QRV�URGHD��TXH�QR�OR�QRWDPRV��QR�VLUYH�SDUD�QDGD��¢3DUD�TXp�SXHGH�VHUYLU�HO�DLUH��VL�QL�VLTXLHUD�QRV�GDPRV�FXHQWD�GH�pO"�(VWi�FODUR��QR� QRV� GDPRV� FXHQWD� GH� pO� SRUTXH� HQ� pO� YLYLPRV� \� GH� pO� UHVSLUDPRV�� 3HUR�� D� YHFHV�� FXDQGR�FDPELD� XQ� SRFR� HO� DLUH� \� VH� HQUDUHFH� \� VH� OOHQD� GH� VPRJ�� HQWRQFHV� QRV� GDPRV� FXHQWD� GH� OD�IXQFLyQ�FRQ�TXH�FXPSOH�HVD�FRVD�WDQ�HWpUHD��<�HQWRQFHV��FXDQGR�ORV�ItVLFRV�VH�HQFXHQWUDQ�HQ�VXV�ODERUDWRULRV�\�YHQ�TXH�HO�FRPSRUWDPLHQWR�GH�ODV�PLFURSDUWtFXODV�QR�UHVSRQGH�D�WRGR�OR�GLFKR�SDUD�HO� PXQGR� PDFUR�� SDUD� HO� PXQGR� JUDQGH�� HQWRQFHV� WLHQHQ� TXH� HPSH]DU� D� UHYLVDU� WRGRV� ORV�FRQFHSWRV� FLHQWtILFRV� \� WLHQHQ� TXH� HPSH]DU� D� UHYLVDU� ODV� GHILQLFLRQHV�� $� YHU� ¢\� FyPR� YDPRV� D�GHILQLU�D� OD�PDWHULD��SRU�HMHPSOR"�¢<�FyPR�YDPRV�D�GHILQLU�D� OD�HQHUJtD"�<�VL� OD�PDWHULD�VH�QRV�FRQYLHUWH�HQ�HQHUJtD�¢TXp�KDFHPRV"�¢<�QR�VHUi�TXH�OD�HQHUJtD�SXHGH�GHVGREODUVH�QXHYDPHQWH�HQ�PDWHULD"� <� HQ� GHILQLWLYD� ¢TXp� HV� HVWR� GH� OD� HQHUJtD� \� OD�PDWHULD"� ¢<� FyPR� HPSH]DPRV� D�GHILQLU�HVDV�FRVDV�D�HVRV�QLYHOHV"�¢<�HV�FLHUWR�TXH�XQD�SDUWtFXOD�VHD�LGpQWLFD�D�Vt�PLVPD"�¢2�HQ�XQ�WLHPSR���VH�FRPSRUWD�GH�XQD�PDQHUD�\�HQ�XQ�WLHPSR���GH�RWUD�PDQHUD�GLIHUHQWH"�¢<�HVWDPRV�KDEODQGR�GH� OD�PLVPD�SDUWtFXOD�FRQ�GRV�FRPSRUWDPLHQWRV�GLVWLQWRV�R�HVWDPRV�KDEODQGR�GH�TXH�HVWD�SDUWtFXOD�\D�QR�HV�OD�DQWHULRU"�SRUTXH�SHUGLy�DOJXQD�FDUDFWHUtVWLFD�TXH�OD�GHILQH��R�SRUTXH�VH�FRQYLUWLy�HQ�UDGLDFLyQ��R�SRUTXH�VH�FRQYLUWLy�HQ�XQD�FRVD�\�GLR�OXJDU�D�XQ�JDV��WDPELpQ��(QWRQFHV��FODUR��HVWH�DLUH�HQUDUHFLGR�TXH�QRV�SDUHFH� WDQ�FRP~Q��D�YHFHV�VH�HQUDUHFH�HQ� ORV� ODERUDWRULRV��HQWRQFHV�ORV�FLHQWtILFRV��Vt�HPSLH]DQ�D�SUHRFXSDUVH�VHULDPHQWH�SRU�HO�RUGHQDPLHQWR�GHO�SHQVDU�/D�JHQWH�SUiFWLFD��OD�JHQWH�TXH�QHFHVLWD�GHO�FDUUR��OD�WHOHYLVLyQ�\�WRGR�DTXHOOR��OH�GDQ�LPSRUWDQFLD�D� ORV� FLHQWtILFRV� VyOR� HQ� OD� PHGLGD� HQ� TXH� KDQ� KHFKR� SRVLEOH� HVD� SURGXFFLyQ�� /RV� FLHQWtILFRV�SDUHFH� TXH� VRQ� LPSRUWDQWHV� SRUTXH� GDQ� OXJDU� D� HVD� SURGXFFLyQ�� 3HUR� VL� VH� DFHUFDUDQ� D� XQ�FLHQWtILFR� \� HQ� OXJDU� GH� YHUOR� IDEULFDQGR�DXWRPyYLOHV�� OR� YLHUDQ�SUHRFXSDGR�SRU� XQRV�SUREOHPDV�GH�IyUPXODV�HQ�OD�SL]DUUD��OH�GLUtDQ�³¢SDUD�TXp�SXHGHQ�VHUYLU�HVDV�SRUTXHUtDV"�¢TXp�WLHQH�TXH�YHU�HVR�FRQ�ODV�FRVDV"´�1R�Vp�VL�FRPSUHQGHQ�ODV�UHODFLRQHV�TXH�KD\�HQWUH�OD�FLHQFLD�\�OD�WpFQLFD�\�HO�RUGHQDPLHQWR�GH�ORV�SHQVDPLHQWRV�SDUD�OD�SURGXFFLyQ�GH�FRVDV�([LVWHQ� JHQWHV� TXH� WRGDYtD� VH� SUHRFXSDQ� SRU� HVR�� 6RQ� VHUHV� DQDFUyQLFRV�� VHUHV� IXHUD� GHO�PRPHQWR�DFWXDO��3RU�HMHPSOR��VH�DQGDQ�SUHRFXSDQGR�SRU�FRVDV�FRPR�pVWD��¢GyQGH�HPSLH]D�XQD�FLHQFLD�\�GyQGH� WHUPLQD"�/RV�QLYHOHV�GH� OHQJXDMH�GH�XQD�FLHQFLD�VRQ�GLIHUHQWHV�D� ORV�GH�RWUD��\�DKRUD�¢FyPR�KDFHPRV�SDUD�FRPELQDU�D� ODV�GRV�\�SDUD�TXH�SXHGDQ� WUDEDMDU�HQ�HTXLSR"�3RUTXH�VL�ORV�ELyORJRV��SRU�HMHPSOR��HVWiQ�WUDEDMDQGR�HQ�FLHUWR�QLYHO�GH�OHQJXDMH�¢FyPR�ORV�UHODFLRQDPRV�FRQ� ORV�ItVLFRV�TXH�WUDEDMDQ�HQ�RWUR�QLYHO"�¢R�WHQHPRV�TXH�UHGXFLU� OD�%LRORJtD�D�)tVLFD"�%LHQ�¢\�ORV�KLVWRULDGRUHV�TXp�KDFHQ�D� WRGR�HVWR��QRV�FXHQWDQ�FXHQWRV"�3HUR�¢\�TXp� WLHQHQ�TXH�YHU� ORV�KLVWRULDGRUHV�FRQ� OD�)tVLFD"��¢\� OD�%LRORJtD� WLHQH�DOJR�TXH�YHU�FRQ� OD�+LVWRULD��R�QR"� ILQDOPHQWH��¢3RGUtD�GH�DOJXQD�PDQHUD�HVWUXFWXUDUVH�XQD�LPDJHQ�GHO�PXQGR��HQ�GRQGH�OR�KLVWyULFR�\�OR�ItVLFR�WXYLHUDQ� TXH� YHU"� ¢R� OD� UD]yQ� KLVWyULFD� QR� WLHQH� QDGD� TXH� YHU� FRQ� OD� UD]yQ� ItVLFD"�+D\� JHQWHV�TXH�VH�SUHRFXSDQ�GH�HVH� WLSR�GH�FRVDV�YDFXDV��$OJXQRV�GH�HVRV�VRQ� ORV� OyJLFRV��/RV� OODPDQ�D�HVRV��HSLVWHPyORJRV��6RQ� ORV�TXH�VH�DQGDQ�SUHRFXSDQGR�SRU� OD�FLHQFLD�\�QR�SURGXFHQ�DXWRV�QL�WHOHYLVRUHV��6RQ�WHyULFRV��TXH�QR�VH�VDEH�SDUD�TXp�VLUYHQ�\�SDUHFH�TXH�YDQ�TXHGDQGR�SRFRV���%LHQ�� XQR� GH� ORV� SUREOHPDV�PiV� LQWHUHVDQWHV� GHO� RUGHQDPLHQWR� GHO� SHQVDU� HV� HO� SUREOHPD� GHO�PpWRGR��(VWR� GHO�PpWRGR�� HVWR� GH� LU� SRU� HO� FDPLQR�� HVWR� GHO� SHQVDU� FRUUHFWDPHQWH��1XPHURVRV�HQVD\RV� VH�KDQ�KHFKR�SDUD�RUGHQDU�HO� SHQVDU��6L�8GV�� WRPDQ�D�XQ�HVWXGLDQWH�GH� FLHQFLDV�� SRU�HMHPSOR��OH�YDQ�D�GHFLU�TXH�HO�PpWRGR�TXH�HOORV�XVDQ�HV�HO�PpWRGR�FLHQWtILFR��(V�OyJLFR��VL�HVWXGLDQ�FLHQFLDV�VX�PpWRGR�WHQGUi�TXH�VHU�FLHQWtILFR��QR�VHUi�OLWHUDULR��FODUR��0X\�ELHQ��\�¢HQ�TXp�FRQVLVWH�HVH�PpWRGR�FLHQWtILFR"�%XHQR��VL� ODV�FLHQFLDV�TXH�HVWXGLDQ�VRQ�DSOLFDGDV��SRU�HMHPSOR��FLHQFLDV�ELROyJLFDV��YDQ�D�GHFLU�TXH�VX�PpWRGR�HV�LQGXFWLYR��6L�HVWXGLDQ��HQ�FDPELR��FLHQFLDV�SXUDV��FRPR�PDWHPiWLFDV�SXUDV��YDQ�D�GHFLU�TXH�VX�PpWRGR�HV�GHGXFWLYR��/RV�GRV�YDQ�D�GHFLU�TXH�VX�PpWRGR�HV� FLHQWtILFR�� (QWRQFHV�� SDUHFH� TXH� OR� FLHQWtILFR� IXHUD� LQGXFWLYR�� VHJ~Q� ORV� FDVRV�� R� GHGXFWLYR�VHJ~Q�ORV�RWURV�FDVRV�$ULVWyWHOHV� VH� SUHRFXSy� GHO� PpWRGR� GHGXFWLYR�� (VWH� VHxRU� HQVHxy� D� SHQVDU� GH� HVH� PRGR��GH� OR� JHQHUDO�� GH� HVWH� VHU� FRQ� HO� TXH� HPSH]DPRV� QXHVWUD� FRQYHUVDFLyQ�� HPSH]y� D� GHGXFLU�

)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������

Page 21: Fundamentos Del Pensar

FRVDV�� &RPR� \D� HVWDED� WRGR�� HUD� FXHVWLyQ� GH� LU� VDFiQGROH� FRVDV�� (V� XQ� H[FHOHQWH� VLVWHPD� GH�SHQVDPLHQWR�HVWDPHQWDO��$Kt�HVWi�HO�6HU�DUULED�\�GH�pO�HVWDPRV�GHGXFLHQGR�FRVDV��<�RWURV��HQ�FDPELR��DOOi�SRU�HO�VLJOR�;,9��PXFKRV�FLHQWRV�GH�DxRV�GHVSXpV��GLMHURQ�³QR�� ODV�FRVDV�QR�VH� ODV�H[SOLFD�GHGXFLHQGR��D�ODV�FRVDV�VH�ODV�H[SOLFD�REVHUYiQGRODV�\��GH�DFXHUGR�D�ODV�REVHUYDFLRQHV�VREUH�ODV�FRVDV��VH�YD�LQGXFLHQGR´�(QWRQFHV�� HVWRV� DULVWRWpOLFRV� DQGDEDQ� FRQ� OD� EDMDGD� GHO� SHQVDPLHQWR�� GH� OR� JHQHUDO� OOHJDU� D� OR�SDUWLFXODU��6L�XQD�OH\�YDOH�SDUD�PXFKDV�FRVDV��HQWRQFHV�YDOH�SDUD�ODV�SHTXHxDV�FRVDV�TXH�HVWiQ�DGHQWUR��6L� WHQHPRV�XQD�JUDQ� OH\�SRGHPRV�GHGXFLU�FRVDV�PiV�SHTXHxDV��'H� OR�XQLYHUVDO��GH� OR�JHQHUDO��YDPRV�EDMDQGR�KDFLD� OR�SDUWLFXODU��<� ORV�RWURV� WtRV�HPSH]DURQ�D�GHFLU� ³¢\�FyPR�YDPRV�D� GHGXFLU� WRGR� HVR�� VL� QR� WHQHPRV� GDWRV� VXILFLHQWHV"� ¢&yPR� YDPRV� D� GHGXFLU� HVWH� SHUUR�� SRU�HMHPSOR�� GHO� FRQFHSWR� GH� SHUUR�� R� GH� FODVLILFDU� DO� SHUUR� GHQWUR� GH� RUGHQDPLHQWRV"� GH� FODVHV�� R�JpQHURV��R�IDPLOLDV��FRQ�HVR�QR�GHGXFLPRV�OD�HVWUXFWXUD�GHO�SHUUR�\�HO�FRPSRUWDPLHQWR�GHO�SHUUR��¢4Xp� GHFLPRV� FRQ� TXH� SHUWHQHFH� D� OD� FODVH� GH� ORV� PDPtIHURV�� SRU� HMHPSOR"� 9DPRV� GDQGR�GHILQLFLRQHV�XQDV�GHWUiV�GH�RWUDV�SHUR�QR�H[SOLFDPRV�FyPR� IXQFLRQD�HO�SHUUR��1HFHVLWDPRV� LU�D�OD�REVHUYDFLyQ�GH� OR�SDUWLFXODU� \� SRU� OD� VXPD�GH�HOHPHQWRV�GH�REVHUYDFLyQ�SDUWLFXODU�� HQWRQFHV�YDPRV�D�SRGHU�VDFDU�OH\HV�JHQHUDOHV��OH\HV�PiV�JUDQGHV�TXH�VLUYDQ�QR�VyOR�SDUD�HVWH�SHUUR�VLQR�SDUD�WRGRV�ORV�SHUURV��(QWRQFHV��QR�VDFDPRV�GHO�FRQFHSWR�GH�SHUUR�HVWH�FDVR�VLQR��GH�OD�VXPD�GH�FXDOLGDGHV�TXH�YDPRV�REVHUYDQGR�HQ�HVH�SHUUR�� WUDWDPRV�GH� LU�VXELHQGR�KDFLD� OH\HV�JHQHUDOHV��(QWRQFHV��KDEtD�VHxRUHV�TXH�VH�SUHRFXSDURQ�GH�ODV�OH\HV�JHQHUDOHV�SDUD�OOHJDU�D�OR�SDUWLFXODU�\�OXHJR�YLQLHURQ�RWURV�TXH�VH�SUHRFXSDURQ�GH�OR�FRQWUDULR�(QWRQFHV�� VXUJLy� WRGD� XQD� UHYROXFLyQ� HQ� HO� SHQVDU� HQ� 2FFLGHQWH�� 6XUJLy� XQ� QXHYR�PpWRGR� GH�SHQVDU��HO�PpWRGR� LQGXFWLYR��HO�PpWRGR�GHO�D]DU�HQ� OD�REVHUYDFLyQ�GH� ORV� IHQyPHQRV��HO�PpWRGR�GH�OR�H[SHULPHQWDO�HUD�IXQGDPHQWDO�\�HO�PpWRGR��HQ�GRQGH�OR�TXH�VH�KDFtD�R�VH�GHFtD��GHEtD�VHU�SUREDGR� SRU� OD� H[SHULHQFLD�� 1DFLy� OD� UD]yQ� H[SHULPHQWDO�� GLIHUHQWH� D� OD� UD]yQ� OyJLFD�� (V� FODUR��HVWD� UD]yQ� H[SHULPHQWDO� WHQtD� VX� OyJLFD�� SHUR� HO� FULWHULR� TXH� GDED� OD� YHUGDG� GH� OR� GLFKR� HUD� OD�GHPRVWUDFLyQ�SRU�YtD�GH�OD�H[SHULHQFLD�(Q� HO� RWUR� FDVR�� ODV� GHPRVWUDFLRQHV� VH� KDFtDQ� SRU� YtD� GH� OD� /yJLFD�� 6H� SUREDED� TXH� ORV�SHQVDPLHQWRV� HVWDEDQ� ELHQ� DUPDGRV� \� FRQ� HVR� HUD� VXILFLHQWH�� $TXt�� OR� TXH� KDEtD� TXH� SUREDU�HQ� FDPELR�� H[SHULPHQWDOPHQWH�� SRU� YtD�GH� OD�REVHUYDFLyQ�� KDEtD�TXH�SUREDU� OD� UD]yQ�GH� OR�TXH�VH� GHFtD�� SRU� HO� WUDEDMR� GH� ODV� FRVDV�� (QWRQFHV�� FXDQGR� HVR� VH� OR� SUREDED� \� HVR� HUD� UD]yQ�FRQVWDQWH�� VH�SRGtD� VDFDU� GH�DKt� XQD� OH\�� XQ� FRPSRUWDPLHQWR��(QWRQFHV�� HV�XQ�PRYLPLHQWR�GHO�HVStULWX�EDVWDQWH�GLIHUHQWH��XQ�PRYLPLHQWR��HQ�GRQGH�SULPHUR�VH�KDFH�XQD� OH\�\� OXHJR��KD\�TXH�DQGDU�EXVFiQGROD�HQWUH�ODV�FRVDV�D�YHU�VL�VH�FXPSOH�R�QR�VH�FXPSOH�HVD�OH\��HV�PX\�GLIHUHQWH�D�REVHUYDU� ODV�FRVDV�\� OXHJR�GH�WRPDU�QRWD�GH� ORV�UHVXOWDGRV�GH�GLVWLQWRV�FRPSRUWDPLHQWRV��VDFDU�HQWRQFHV� HVDV� FRQVWDQWHV�� HVDV� OH\HV�� ¢1RWDQ� XQ� WUDEDMR� GLIHUHQWH� GHO� SHQVDU"� 6REUH� HVR� KD�KDELGR�PXFKDV�GLVFXVLRQHV�/XHJR�� \D� VXUJLHURQ� RWURV�PpWRGRV� TXH� WDPELpQ� SURYRFDURQ� IXHUWHV� UHYROXFLRQHV� HQ� HO� SHQVDU��'HVSXpV�GH�HVRV�WUDEDMRV�LQGXFWLYRV�TXH�GLHURQ�QDFLPLHQWR�\�GLHURQ�OXJDU�D�ODV�FLHQFLDV�OODPDGDV�H[SHULPHQWDOHV�� OXHJR�GH�HVR�YLQLHURQ�RWURV�PpWRGRV��0pWRGRV�WDO�YH]��PiV�FRPSOHMRV��PpWRGRV�TXH� WUDWDURQ� GH� H[SOLFDU� ODV� FRVDV�� GH� HVWDEOHFHU� OH\HV�� HWF��� VHJ~Q� FLHUWDV� LGHDV� PHWDItVLFDV��OyJLFDV�WDPELpQ��FRPR�HQ�HO�FDVR�GH�HVWH�VHxRU�+HJHO��TXH�HQWRQFHV�H[SOLFy�ODV�FRVDV�\D�GH�RWUR�PRGR�� (QWRQFHV� \D� QR� VH� KDEOy� GHO�PpWRGR� GHGXFWLYR� R� GHO� LQGXFWLYR�� \D� VH� KDEOy� GH�PpWRGR�GLDOpFWLFR��HQWRQFHV�\D�ODV�FRVDV�QR�HUDQ�H[SOLFDGDV�SRUTXH�VH�LEDQ�GHGXFLHQGR�XQDV�GH�RWUDV�R�SRUTXH�DO�REVHUYDU� ODV�FRVDV�VH�SRGtDQ�H[WUDHU�YHUGDGHV�JHQHUDOHV��1R��QR��\D�VH�DUPy�GH�RWUR�PRGR�OD�FXHVWLyQ�<� GHVSXpV� YLQLHURQ� RWURV�� PiV� H[DJHUDGRV�� TXH� KLFLHURQ� KDFHU� RWUR� PpWRGR�� HO� PpWRGR�IHQRPHQROyJLFR��PXFKR�PiV�FRPSOHMR�WRGDYtD��HQ�GRQGH�VH�GXGDED�GH�WRGR��\�HQWRQFHV��GLMHURQ��¢SRUTXp�YDPRV�D�FUHHU�TXH�ODV�LGHDV�VH�SXHGHQ�RUGHQDU�GH�HVD�PDQHUD"�¢R�SRUTXp�OH�YDPRV�D�GDU�WDQWD�LPSRUWDQFLD�D�OD�REVHUYDFLyQ�GH�ODV�FRVDV"�VL�WDPELpQ�ORV�VHQWLGRV�SXHGHQ�HTXLYRFDUVH��$Fi� GHEH� KDEHU� HYLGHQFLDV�� QR� SDUD� ORV� VHQWLGRV�� TXH� D� YHFHV� VH� DOWHUDQ�� SRU� PRQWRQHV� GH�IDFWRUHV��D�YHFHV�HVWiQ�VRPHWLGRV�D�OD� LOXVLyQ��$Fi�ODV�FRVDV�KD\�TXH�SUREDUODV�SRU� OD�HYLGHQFLD�PLVPD�GHO�SHQVDU��VLQ�LQWHUPHGLR�GH�ORV�VHQWLGRV��(QWRQFHV��VDTXHPRV�WRGR�OR�TXH�SXHGHQ�GHFLU�ORV� VHQWLGRV�� SRQJDPRV� HQWUH� SDUpQWHVLV� D� HVRV� GDWRV� GH� ORV� VHQWLGRV�� \� HQWRQFHV� ¢TXp� HV� OR�TXH� UHDOPHQWH� YHPRV� VL� VDFDPRV� WRGRV� HVRV� GDWRV"� YHPRV� HO� WUDEDMR� GHO� SHQVDU�� YHPRV� TXH�)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������

Page 22: Fundamentos Del Pensar

HO� SHQVDU� VH� UHILHUH� D� FLHUWDV� FRVDV�� HWF�� HWF�� (QWRQFHV�� SURYRFDURQ� WDPELpQ� VX� JUDQ� GHVRUGHQ��FRQ�HO� VXUJLPLHQWR�GH�HVH�PpWRGR��<� WRGRV�HUDQ�PpWRGRV� ³FLHQWtILFRV´��3HUR�� FODUR��GLHURQ� OXJDU�DO�QDFLPLHQWR�GH�GRFWULQDV�PX\�GLIHUHQWHV�\�VHJ~Q�VH�RUJDQL]DUD�XQ�PpWRGR�GH�XQ�PRGR�X�RWUR��VXUJtDQ�FRQFHSFLRQHV�WRWDOHV�GHO�PXQGR��GLIHUHQWHV�6L��SRU�HMHPSOR��XQ�FRQWHPSRUiQHR�GH�+HJHO�KXELHUD�YLVWR�D�HVH�RVFXUR�SURIHVRU��XQ�WHyORJR�SDUD�FROPR�� HV� GHFLU�� SUHRFXSDGR� SRU� ORV� SUREOHPDV� GH�'LRV�� VL� OR� KXELHUD� YLVWR� UD]RQDQGR�� KXELHUD�GLFKR� ³¢\� HVWH� VHxRU� TXp� WLHQH� TXH� YHU� FRQ� ORV� SUREOHPDV� GHO�PRPHQWR"� VL� ORV� SUREOHPDV� GHO�PRPHQWR�VRQ�OD�5HYROXFLyQ�,QGXVWULDO�TXH�VH�HVWi�SURGXFLHQGR��$Fi�ODV�FRVDV�LPSRUWDQWHV�VRQ�ODV�FRVDV�SURSLDV�GHO�HVWDGR�SUXVLDQR��SRU�HMHPSOR��¢4Xp�WLHQH�TXH�YHU�HVWH�WtR��TXH�DQGD�KDEODQGR�GH�ORV�SUREOHPDV�GH�ODV�FRQWUDGLFFLRQHV��\�GH�ODV�GLDOpFWLFDV"�&ODUR��HO�TXH�OR�YHtD�D�HVWH�RVFXUR�SURIHVRU� HQ� HO� VLJOR� ;,;� QR� VH� OH� KXELHUD� RFXUULGR� SHQVDU� TXH� HQ� HO� VLJOR� ;;�� ����PLOORQHV� GH�FKLQRV�VRQ�GLDOpFWLFRV�KHJHOLDQRV��SRU�HMHPSOR��TXH�KDEODQ�HQ�HO�PXQGR�VRFLDOLVWD��GH�OD�GLDOpFWLFD��TXH�HVR�KD�GDGR�OXJDU�D�XQD�GHWHUPLQDGD�RUJDQL]DFLyQ�GHO�PXQGR��TXH�HVR�KD�GDGR�OXJDU�D�XQD�LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ�GH�OD�KLVWRULD�\�GH�OD�FLHQFLD�HQ�JHQHUDO��\�GHO�FRPSRUWDPLHQWR�KXPDQR��3HUR��FODUR�¢TXp� WHQtD�TXH�YHU�HVH�SURIHVRU�FRQ�HO�SUREOHPD�GH� ODV� WHVLV�� ODV�DQWtWHVLV�\� ODV�VtQWHVLV"�¢TXp�WHQtD�TXH�YHU�FRQ�HO�PRPHQWR�TXH�VH�HVWDED�YLYLHQGR"'H�PDQHUD�TXH�HVWR�GH�ORV�PpWRGRV��WDQ�HWpUHRV��WDQ�HQ�HO�DLUH��TXH�DO�FREUDU�FXHUSR�HQ�OD�FDEH]D�GH� $ULVWyWHOHV� GDQ� QDFLPLHQWR� DO� SHQVDPLHQWR� FLHQWtILFR� \� D� OD� WpFQLFD�� TXH� DO� FREUDU� FXHUSR�HQ� OD� FDEH]D� GH� %DFRQ�� GDQ� QDFLPLHQWR� DO�PpWRGR� H[SHULPHQWDO� \� DO� VXUJLPLHQWR� GH� OD� FLHQFLD�ItVLFD�� FRQ� PHGLFLRQHV�� FRQ� FULWHULRV� PDWHPiWLFRV�� HWF��� TXH� DO� FREUDU� FXHUSR� HQ� OD� FDEH]D� GH�+HJHO� GDQ� FXHUSR� D� XQD� QRWDEOH� UHYROXFLyQ� GHO� SHQVDPLHQWR� KXPDQR�� HVWRV�PpWRGRV�� SDUD� ORV�QR� HVSHFLDOLVWDV�� QR� WLHQHQ� QDGD� TXH� YHU� FRQ� ODV� FRVDV�� 6RQ� LGHDV�� LGHDV� TXH� WHUPLQDQ� VLHQGR�EDVWDQWH�FRQFUHWDV��HQ�DTXHOOR�D�OR�TXH�GDQ�OXJDU��HQ�DTXHOOR�TXH�PXHYHQ��'H�PDQHUD�TXH�HVWDV�LGHDV�FXDQGR�VH�RUJDQL]DQ��FRQILJXUDQ�XQD�LPDJHQ�GHO�PXQGR�\�HVWD�LPDJHQ�GHO�PXQGR�WLHQH�TXH�YHU�FRQ�OD�JHQWH�TXH�OXHJR�HPSLH]D�D�SHQVDU�HQ�HVRV�WpUPLQRV�\�HVWR�VH�WUDGXFH�GH�XQ�PRGR�X�RWUR��\�OXHJR�HV�PX\�QRUPDO�SHQVDU�VHJ~Q�HVH�QXHYR�PpWRGR�TXH�VXUJLy�\�TXH�HQ�DTXHO�PRPHQWR�QR� WHQtD� QDGD� TXH� YHU� FRQ� QDGD�� XQ� SUREOHPD� GH� HVSHFLDOLVWDV� RVFXURV�� 3DUHFH� TXH� KD\� TXH�SRQHU��PH�SDUHFH��FLHUWD�DWHQFLyQ�D�ORV�IHQyPHQRV�TXH�GDQ�RULJHQ�D�ORV�VXUJLPLHQWRV�GH�PpWRGRV��3RUTXH� GHWUiV� GH� ORV� PpWRGRV� KD\� RUGHQDPLHQWRV� GHO� SHQVDU� \� HVR� OOHYD� D� FRQVWUXFFLRQHV� H�LPiJHQHV�GHO�PXQGR�GLIHUHQWHV�&RPR�SDUD�SUHVWDUOH�FLHUWD�DWHQFLyQ�DO�SDVDU���¢2�8GV��QR�KDQ�YLVWR� OR�TXH�KD�SDVDGR�FRQ�HO�PpWRGR�HVWDGtVWLFR"�SRU�HMHPSOR��¢6H�KDQ� ILMDGR�FXDQGR�XQ�WDO�/HLEQL]��FRQ�DOJXQRV�RWURV��FRPHQ]DURQ�D�YHU�HO�DVXQWR�GH�ORV�QXPHULWRV�\�D�YHU�VL�VH� ORV�SRGtD� UHODFLRQDU�\�KDFHU�FLHUWDV�FRQVWDQWHV"�\�DSDUHFLHURQ�RWURV�TXH�HPSH]DURQ�D�VDFDU�IXQFLRQHV� HQWUH� ORV� QXPHULWRV���� <D�'HVFDUWHV� KDEtD� WUDEDMDGR� XQ� SRFR� HQ� HVDV� FXHVWLRQHV�� \D�KDEtD�YLVWR�XQDV�GLIHUHQFLDV�HQWUH�RUGHQDGDV�\�DEVFLVDV��\�KDEtD�WUDWDGR�GH�HVWDEOHFHU�UHODFLRQHV�HQWUH� IHQyPHQRV� GLVWLQWRV�� XQ� IHQyPHQR� \� HO� WLHPSR�� SRU� HMHPSOR�� (QWRQFHV� HVDV� UHODFLRQHV�TXH�HPSH]DURQ�D�KDFHU�DKt��FODUR��DVt�PX\�RVFXUDPHQWH��KR\�VH�KD�FRQYHUWLGR�HQ�HO� IRUPLGDEOH�GHVSOLHJXH� GHO� PpWRGR� HVWDGtVWLFR�� 8Q�PpWRGR� DEVROXWDPHQWH� QHFHVDULR� HQ� OD� YLGD� DFWXDO�� HVH�PpWRGR�HVWDGtVWLFR�TXH�HV�VXPDPHQWH�FRPSOHMR�KR\�\�HQ�HO�FXDO�VH�DSR\D�PXFKtVLPD�JHQWH�SDUD�KDFHU�SURGXFFLRQHV�PX\�FRQFUHWDV��3LHQVHQ�VRODPHQWH�HQ�OD�LPSRUWDQFLD�GHO�PpWRGR�HVWDGtVWLFR��TXH�DOJXQRV�QR�OR�FRQVLGHUDQ�XQ�PpWRGR��VLQR�TXH�OR�FRQVLGHUDQ�XQ�DX[LOLDU�GHO�PpWRGR�GHGXFWLYR�$Vt�TXH��VL�HVWR�GHO�SHQVDU�HQ�Vt�PLVPR�WLHQH�DOJXQD�LPSRUWDQFLD��HV�SRU�FXDQWR�VLUYH�XQ�SRFR�SDUD�RUGHQDU�ODV�LGHDV��SDUD�HVWUXFWXUDU�PpWRGRV�����FDPELR�GH�FLQWD�����WHUPLQD� KDFLHQGR� LPSDFWR� HQ� HO� PXQGR�� 'H� PDQHUD� TXH� ORV� IXQGDPHQWRV� GHO� SHQVDU� VH�SUHRFXSDQ� SRU� HVWH� SUREOHPD� GH� OD� EDVH� GHO� SHQVDU�� LQGHSHQGLHQWH� GH� OR� TXH� VXFHGH� HQ� HO�SVLTXLVPR�KXPDQR��1R�HV�XQ�SXQWR�GH�YLVWD�SVLFROyJLFR��HV�XQ�SXQWR�GH�YLVWD� OyJLFR�� VREUH� ODV�LGHDV�� FyPR� VH� RUGHQDQ�� FyPR� VH� HVWUXFWXUDQ�� ¢&DSWDQ� OD� GLIHUHQFLD� HQWUH� OR� SVLFROyJLFR� \� OR�OyJLFR"�&ODUR��KD\�GLIHUHQFLDV��1RVRWURV�YDPRV�D�GHFLU�TXH��FODUR��QR�SXHGH�KDEHU�XQ�SHQVDGRU�VL�QR�KD\�XQ�SVLTXLVPR�GHWUiV��FODUR��SHUR�pVH�QR�HV�HO�SXQWR��(O�SXQWR�HV�HO�RUGHQDPLHQWR�GH�ODV�LGHDV�HQ�Vt�%XHQR�¢\�TXp�HQFRQWUDPRV�QRVRWURV�FXDQGR�SHQVDPRV�HQ�ODV�LGHDV�HQ�Vt"�<��QRV�GDPRV�FXHQWD�GH� TXH� VL� SHQVDPRV�� SHQVDPRV� HQ� DOJR�� &ODUR�� \� FXDQGR� SHQVDPRV� HQ� DOJR�� QRV� HVWDPRV�

)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������

Page 23: Fundamentos Del Pensar

UHILULHQGR�D�HVH�DOJR��HVR�HV�OR�SULPHUR�TXH�HQFRQWUDPRV��%RQLWR�GHVFXEULPLHQWR���'HVGH� OXHJR� TXH� SDUD� SHQVDU� HQ� DOJR� KD\� XQD� UHIHUHQFLD�� KD\� XQD� GLUHFFLyQ� GH� OD� FRQFLHQFLD��KD\�XQ�LQWHUpV�KDFLD�HVH�DOJR��'H�PDQHUD�TXH�SHQVDU�HQ�DOJR��VL�VH�KDEOD�HQ�WpUPLQRV�OyJLFRV��HV�DQWHV�TXH�QLQJXQD�RWUD�FRVD��ILMDU�OD�GLUHFFLyQ�GHO�SHQVDU��6L�VH�YD�D�KDEODU�GH�RUGHQDPLHQWR�GHO�SHQVDU��OR�SULPHUR�TXH�GHEHUtD�FRQVLGHUDU�HV�OD�GLUHFFLyQ�GHO�SHQVDU�6DEHPRV��SXHV��TXH�SHQVDPRV�HQ�DOJR��£$MD��¢<�TXp�WUDWDPRV�HQWRQFHV�GH�ILMDU"�/D�GLUHFFLyQ�GH�HVH�SHQVDU�HQ�DOJR��HQ�DOJR�\�QR�HQ�RWUD�FRVD��'H�PDQHUD�TXH�ILMDU�OD�GLUHFFLyQ�GHO�SHQVDU�R�ILMDU�HO�LQWHUpV��VL�8GV��TXLHUHQ��OD�ILMDFLyQ�GH�XQ�LQWHUpV��TXH�HV�OD�ILMDFLyQ�GH�OD�GLUHFFLyQ�GHO�SHQVDU�KDFLD�XQ�REMHWR��OD�ILMDFLyQ�GH�OD�GLUHFFLyQ�KDFLD�XQ�REMHWR��(VWR�GH�ILMDU�HO�LQWHUpV��SDUHFH�VHU�XQD�FRVD�GH�LPSRUWDQFLD�¢<� FyPR� SURFHGH� OD� ILMDFLyQ� GH� XQ� LQWHUpV"�3URFHGH� SRU� GLIHUHQFLD��&XDQGR� \R� SLHQVR� HQ� HVWH�REMHWR�� OR�KDJR�SRUTXH�OR�VHSDUR�GH�RWURV�REMHWRV��&XDQGR�\R�GHWHUPLQR�PL� LQWHUpV�\�GLJR��YR\�D�SHQVDU�HQ�HVWH�REMHWR��YR\�D�HVWXGLDU�HVWH�REMHWR��DQWHV�TXH�QDGD��HVH�ILMDU�HO�LQWHUpV��HVH�UHIHULUVH�D�HVWH�REMHWR��HV�GLIHUHQFLDU�GH�RWURV��/D�ILMDFLyQ�GHO�LQWHUpV��PiV�FODUD�HV�FXDQWDV�PiV�GLIHUHQFLDV�HVWDEOH]FD� FRQ� RWURV� REMHWRV�� &XDQWR� PiV� PH]FODGR� HVWp� HO� REMHWR�� FXDQWR� PHQRV� GLIHUHQFLDV�H[LVWDQ�HQWUH�HVH�REMHWR�\�RWURV��PiV�GLItFLO�HV�ILMDU�VX�GLUHFFLyQ��/D�GLUHFFLyQ�GHO�SHQVDU�VH�SLHUGH�FXDQGR�QR�HVWi�GLIHUHQFLDGR�HO�REMHWR�GH�RWURV��7RGR�SHQVDU�SURFHGH�SRU�GLIHUHQFLDV��7RGR�SHQVDU�WLHQH�XQD�GLUHFFLyQ��7RGR�SHQVDU�VH�UHILHUH�D�XQ�REMHWR�\� WRGR�SHQVDU�SDUD�UHIHULUVH�D�XQ�REMHWR�GHEH�GHVFDUWDU��GHEH�GLIHUHQFLDU��GHEH�HOLPLQDU�RWURV�REMHWRV��7RGR�OR�TXH�VXUJH�HQ�OD�FRQFLHQFLD�FXDQGR�VH�UHILHUH�D�XQ�REMHWR��VXUJH�SRU�GLIHUHQFLD�<� HQWRQFHV�� VL� HVWR� HV� DVt� ¢FyPR� VHUtDQ� SRVLEOHV� ODV� LGHQWLGDGHV� DULVWRWpOLFDV"� ¢FyPR� VHUtD�SRVLEOH�GHFLU�TXH�³D´�HV�LGpQWLFR�D�VL�PLVPR��TXH�HO���HV�LJXDO�D�VL�PLVPR"�6L�HVWDPRV�KDEODQGR�GH�DOJR�TXH�WUDEDMD�SRU�DQDORJtD�R�SRU�LGHQWLGDG�¢GyQGH�HVWi�OD�GLIHUHQFLD"�6L�QRVRWURV�HVWDPRV�KDEODQGR�GH�TXH�WRGR�SHQVDU�REUD�SRU�GLIHUHQFLD��VL�VH�GLMHUD��SRU�HMHPSOR��TXH�OD�UHODFLyQ�D D�QR�SURFHGH�SRU�GLIHUHQFLD��KDEUtD�TXH�GHVWDFDU�3ULPHUR��TXH�KD\�XQ�iPELWR�GH�UHODFLyQ�ILMDGR��GDGR�SRU�OD�LJXDOGDG���VH�PXHYH�D�OD�SL]DUUD��\�VL�HVWDPRV�KDEODQGR�GH�HVWD�UHODFLyQ��QR�HVWDPRV�KDEODQGR�GH�HVWD�UHODFLyQ��VHxDOD�HQ�OD�SL]DUUD���$O�KDEODU�GH�HVWD� UHODFLyQ��\D�HVWDPRV� ILMDQGR�XQ�iPELWR�GLIHUHQFLDGR�GH�RWURV�iPELWRV��3ULPHUD�FXHVWLyQ��SDUD�KDEODU�GH� LJXDOGDG��SRU�HMHPSOR��HV�QHFHVDULR�TXH�HVWDEOH]FDPRV�GLIHUHQFLDV�FRQ�RWURV�VLVWHPDV�GH�UHODFLyQ�6HJXQGR�� HQ� FXDQWR� D� OD� HQWLGDG� ³D´� TXH� VH� UHODFLRQD� FRQVLJR�PLVPR� \� D� OD� FXDO� VH� OH� DVLJQD�LGHQWLGDG�� WDO� FRVD� HV� SRVLEOH� SRUTXH� VH� ODV� GLIHUHQFLD� GH� RWUDV� HQWLGDGHV�� 3RUTXH� GHFLPRV� ³D´�HV� LJXDO� D� ³D´� VyOR� SRUTXH� QR� HV� QL� ³E´�� QL� ³F´�� QL� ³G´�� SRUTXH� HQ� OD� PHGLGD� TXH� QR� HVWXYLHUD�GLIHUHQFLDGD�GH�RWUDV�HQWLGDGHV��QR�SRGUtDPRV�KDEODU�VLTXLHUD�GH�VX�SURSLD�LGHQWLGDG�7HUFHUR�� ³D´� FRPR� SULPHU� WpUPLQR� GH� OD� UHODFLyQ�� HV� GHFLU�� OD� GH� OD� L]TXLHUGD�� DSDUHFH� LGpQWLFR�D� VL�PLVPD�� VyOR� VL� VH� OR� SLHQVD� FRPR�PRPHQWR� GHO� SHQVDU� \� HQ� WDQWR� VH� OR� GLIHUHQFLH� GH� RWUR�PRPHQWR��(VWR� HV�PiV� FRPSOHMR��%LHQ�� \D� OR� YHUHPRV����'H�DFXHUGR�D�pVWR�� D~Q� OD� UHODFLyQ�GH�LGHQWLGDG� ³ ´� OD� FRQVLGHUDPRV� UHODFLyQ� GH� LGHQWLGDG�� /D� UHODFLyQ� GH� LGHQWLGDG� DSDUHFH� FRPR�GLIHUHQFLD�HQWUH�WpUPLQRV�SDUD�HO�SHQVDU��(V�GHFLU��D�HVWD�UHODFLyQ�OD�FRQVLGHUDPRV�FRPR�GLIHUHQWH�D� OD� HQWLGDG� ³D´� GH� OD� L]TXLHUGD� GH� ³ ´� \� GLIHUHQWH� D� OD� HQWLGDG� ³D´� GH� VX� GHUHFKD�� 'H�PDQHUD�TXH� HVWDEOHFHPRV� WDPELpQ� GLIHUHQFLD� HQWUH� HO� VLJQR� GH� LJXDOGDG� \� ORV� RWURV� VLJQRV� TXH� HVWiQ�UHODFLRQDGRV�SRU�pO��$Vt�TXH�WHQHPRV�XQD�FDQWLGDG�GH�GLIHUHQFLDV��D~Q�SDUD�SRGHU�GHFLU�TXH�XQD�FRVD�HV�LJXDO�D�VL�PLVPD��(Q�GHILQLWLYD��GHFLU�TXH�XQD�FRVD�HV�LJXDO�D�VL�PLVPD��HV�VyOR�GHFLU�TXH�QR�HV�LJXDO�D�RWUD��TXH�VL�KD\�DOJR�D�OR�TXH�VH�SDUHFH�\�HV�LGpQWLFR�\�HQFDMD�FRQ�pO�PLVPR��HV�VyOR�\�~QLFDPHQWH��pO�PLVPR��(V�HO�FROPR�GH�OD�GLIHUHQFLD�%LHQ�� VH� VHSDUDQ� ODV� GLIHUHQFLDV� GH� ORV� DFWRV� GHO� SHQVDU� \� VH� HVWDEOHFH� OD� GLIHUHQFLD� GH� OD�GLIHUHQFLD��\�VH�HVWDEOHFH�OD�UHODFLyQ�HQWUH�WpUPLQRV�TXH�HV��D�VX�YH]��GLIHUHQFLD�HQWUH�RWUR�WLSR�GH�UHODFLyQ�\�GLIHUHQFLD�HQ�FXDQWR�D�RWURV�WpUPLQRV�GH�OD�UHODFLyQ�(VWDPRV�GLFLHQGR�TXH�DFi�WHQHPRV�D�XQ�SHUUR��0X\�ELHQ��(VWH�SHUUR�HV�LGpQWLFR�D�VL�PLVPR��(VWH�SHUUR� WLHQH�FXDWUR�SDWDV��HVWDV�FXDWUR�SDWDV�VRQ�GLIHUHQWHV�HQWUH�Vt�SHUR��FODUR�� ODV�FXDWUR�SDWDV�HVWiQ� UHODFLRQDGDV�� 3DUD� TXH� HVWH� SHUUR� SXHGD� FDPLQDU�� HV� QHFHVDULR� TXH� XQD� SDWD� KDJD� XQ�PRYLPLHQWR��RWUD��RWUR��HWF��1RVRWURV�DKRUD�HVWDPRV�KDEODQGR�GH� ODV� UHODFLRQHV�HQWUH� ODV�FXDWUR�

)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������

Page 24: Fundamentos Del Pensar

SDWDV�\�FXDQGR�HVWDEOHFHPRV�UHODFLRQHV��HVWDEOHFHPRV�UHODFLRQHV�HQWUH�GLIHUHQFLDV��'H�PDQHUD�TXH�UHODFLRQDU�HV�HVWDEOHFHU�WDPELpQ�GLIHUHQFLDV�&XDQGR�QRVRWURV�ILQDOPHQWH�KDFHPRV�XQD�VtQWHVLV�\�GHILQLPRV�\D�DO�SHUUR��FRPR�DTXHO�VXMHWR�TXH�WLHQH�FXDWUR�SDWDV��GLHQWHV�GH�FLHUWR� WLSR�\�KDFH�FLHUWDV�FRVDV��\�SRGHPRV�KDEODU�PXFKR� WLHPSR�DFHUFD� GH� OD� HVWUXFWXUD� DQDWyPLFD� \� ILVLROyJLFD� GHO� SHUUR�� FXDQGR� UHGXFLPRV� WRGD� HVD� VtQWHVLV��OR�TXH�HVWDPRV�KDFLHQGR�HV� UHODFLRQDQGR� ODV�GLIHUHQFLDV�GH� ODV�GLIHUHQFLDV��(V�GHFLU��D~Q�HQ� OD�VtQWHVLV�HVWDPRV�HVWDEOHFLHQGR�UHODFLRQHV�HQWUH�GLIHUHQFLDV��¢&RPSUHQGHQ�OD�LGHD"'H�PDQHUD� TXH�HQ�HO� SHQVDU�� OR� TXH� Vt� REVHUYDPRV� FRPR� FRQVWDQWH�� HV� XQD� UHODFLyQ� HQWUH� ODV�GLIHUHQFLDV��/R�TXH�DSDUHFH�HQ�HO�SHQVDU�HV�HO�GLIHUHQFLDU��'HVGH�HO�SULPHU�SDVR�TXH�HV�HO�ILMDU�XQ�LQWHUpV��KDVWD�RWUR�SDVR�TXH�HV�HO�FRPSUHQGHU�ORV�HOHPHQWRV�FRPSRVLWLYRV��<�SRGHPRV�KDEODU�GH�HOHPHQWRV�FRPSRVLWLYRV�JUDFLDV�D�TXH�VRQ�HOHPHQWRV�GLIHUHQWHV��SRUTXH�VL�QR� IXHUDQ�GLIHUHQWHV��QR� KDEUtD� WDOHV� HOHPHQWRV�� <� VL� GHFLPRV� TXH� VH� UHODFLRQDQ�� GHFLPRV� TXH� HVWDV� UHODFLRQHV� VRQ�HQWUH� GLIHUHQFLDV�� <� FXDQGR� KDFHPRV� XQD� VtQWHVLV�� HVWDPRV� HVWUXFWXUDQGR� OD� FRPSRVLFLyQ� \� OD�UHODFLyQ�HQ�XQ�WRGR�HVWUXFWXUDO��<�HVD�VtQWHVLV�HVWi�FRPSXHVWD��SUHFLVDPHQWH��HVWi�DUWLFXODGD�SRU�GLIHUHQFLDV��<�QR�SRGUtD�VHU�GH�RWUD�PDQHUD�/R�SULPHUR�TXH�HVWDEOHFHPRV�DO�REVHUYDU�HO�PRYLPLHQWR�GHO�SHQVDU�\�OD�GLUHFFLyQ�GHO�SHQVDU��HV�OD�UHIHUHQFLD�D�XQ�REMHWR�\�HVD�UHIHUHQFLD�QR�SXHGH�SURFHGHU�VLQR�SRU�GLIHUHQFLD��'H�PDQHUD� TXH� FXDQGR� KDEOHPRV� GH�PpWRGR�� YHUHPRV� TXH� WDO� PpWRGR�� OR� ~QLFR� TXH� KDFH� HV�VHJXLU�HO�WUDEDMR�SURSLR�GHO�SHQVDU��(V�GLIHUHQWH�D�GHFLU��KD\�XQ�6(5��FRQ�PD\~VFXOD��GHO�FXDO�VH�GHULYDQ�GHGXFWLYDPHQWH�XQD�FDQWLGDG�GH�FRVDV��(V�GLVWLQWR�D�GHFLU��KD\�REMHWRV�\�GH�HVWRV�REMHWRV�YR\� VDFDQGR� FRVDV� FRPXQHV� SRU� REVHUYDFLyQ�� KDVWD� TXH� HVWDEOH]FR� OH\HV� JHQHUDOHV�� 3HUR�� VL�IXpUDPRV�D�EXVFDU�ODV�EDVHV��ORV�IXQGDPHQWRV�GH�HVH�SHQVDU�GHGXFWLYR�R�GH�HVH�SHQVDU�LQGXFWLYR�¢TXp�QRV�SRGUtDQ�UHVSRQGHU"�1RV�SRGUtDQ�UHVSRQGHU��SRU�HMHPSOR��TXH�DVt�HV�~WLO��TXH�DVt�VH�KDFH�¢\�FyPR�VH�YD�D�KDFHU�VLQ�REVHUYDFLyQ"�(VD�HV�OD�IRUPD�PiV�SUiFWLFD�\�HV�SURSLD�GH�ODV�FLHQFLDV�DSOLFDGDV��WDPELpQ�QRV�GLUtDQ�TXH�DVt�WUDEDMDQ�ODV�PDWHPiWLFDV��Vt�¢SHUR�FXiO�HV�HO�IXQGDPHQWR�GH�HVH�SHQVDU"�¢HQ�TXp�VH�EDVD"��¢HQ�TXH�ODV�FRVDV�VRQ�GHGXFWLYDV"�8QR�HV�GHGXFWLYR�¢SRU�TXp"�¢SRUTXH� OD�QDWXUDOH]D�HV�GHGXFWLYD"�8QR�HV� LQGXFWLYR��¢SRUTXp"�¢SRUTXH�DVt�VH�FRQVWUX\HQ� ODV�FRVDV"��¢ORV�iUEROHV�VH�FRQVWUX\HQ� LQGXFWLYDPHQWH"�¢&XiO�HV� OD�UD]yQ�EiVLFD�� OD�UD]yQ�UDt]��GHO�SHQVDU�GHGXFWLYR�\�GHO�SHQVDU�LQGXFWLYR"�¢FXiO�HV�HO�IXQGDPHQWR"�'H�PDQHUD�TXH��VLQ�GXGD��HVWRV�PpWRGRV�VRQ�~WLOHV��QDGLH�OR�GLVFXWH�¢SHUR�FXiO�HV�VX�IXQGDPHQWR"�&XDQGR� QRVRWURV� GHFLPRV� TXH�� HO� SHQVDU� VH� UHILHUH� D� XQ� REMHWR� \� HVWD� GLUHFFLyQ� GHO� SHQVDU� R�ILMDFLyQ�GHO�LQWHUpV�GH�OD�FRQFLHQFLD�KDFLD�HO�REMHWR��SURFHGH�SRU�GLIHUHQFLD��\�TXH�HVWDV�GLIHUHQFLDV�VH� UHODFLRQDQ� \� TXH� VH� VLQWHWL]D� HO� SHQVDU� HVWDEOHFLHQGR� UHODFLRQHV� HQWUH� GLIHUHQFLDV�� FXDQGR�GHFLPRV�HVR��HO�IXQGDPHQWR�GHO�SHQVDU�QR�HVWi�SXHVWR�HQ�XQD�LGHD�GHO�6HU��QR�HVWi�SXHVWR�HQ�OD�LGHD�GH�TXH�HV�SUiFWLFR�SHQVDU�LQGXFWLYDPHQWH��(O�IXQGDPHQWR�GHO�SHQVDU�HVWi�SXHVWR�HQ�HO�PLVPR�SHQVDU�� HV� GHFLU�� HO� SHQVDU� SURFHGH� GH� HVH�PRGR�� 7DPELpQ� SRGUtD� GHFLU� XQ� GHGXFWLYR�� EXHQR��FXDQGR�\R�SLHQVR�GHGXFWLYDPHQWH�DVt�SLHQVD�PL�PHQWH��6L��SHUR�REVHUYHPRV�OD�PHQWH�¢SURFHGH�OD�PHQWH�GHGXFWLYDPHQWH"�¢R�OD�PHQWH�VH�UHILHUH�D�REMHWRV�SRU�GLIHUHQFLD"�(VWH�HV�XQ�SXQWR�TXH�VHUtD�PX\�LQWHUHVDQWH�REVHUYDU�$�YHU�¢FyPR�KDFH�HVWH�VHxRU�FXDQGR�GLFH��WRGRV�ORV�KRPEUHV�VRQ�PRUWDOHV"�0X\�ELHQ��6yFUDWHV�HV� KRPEUH�� SRU� OR� WDQWR�� OXHJR�� 6yFUDWHV� HV� PRUWDO�� ¢$Vt� TXH� DVt� SURFHGH� HO� SHQVDPLHQWR"�9HiPRVOR� SRU� GHQWUR�� VL� \R� GLJR� SULPHUR� WRGRV� ORV� KRPEUHV� VRQ� PRUWDOHV� \� OXHJR� EXVFR� OD�RWUD� SUHPLVD��6yFUDWHV� HV� KRPEUH�¢QR� VHUi�� SRUTXH� \D� DQWHV� GH� SHQVDU� HVWR�� \R� \D� KH� SXHVWR�WiFLWDPHQWH� OD� FRQFOXVLyQ� TXH� EXVFR"� ¢1R� VHUi� SRUTXH�PL�PHQWH� \D� KD� FRORFDGR� HO� ³6yFUDWHV�HV�PRUWDO´� KDFLD� GHODQWH� \� SRUTXH� KD� FRORFDGR� HVH� 6yFUDWHV� DGHODQWH�� HVWRV� SHQVDPLHQWRV� VH�HVWUXFWXUDQ� GH� HVWH� PRGR"� 6L� HVR� HV� OR� TXH� SDVD�� TXH� HQ� UHDOLGDG� OD� FRQFOXVLyQ� HVWi� SXHVWD�DQWHV� GH� ODV� SUHPLVDV�� HQWRQFHV� WDO�PpWRGR�GHGXFWLYR�� QR� H[LVWH��6H� KDFH�HMHUFLFLR� GHO�PpWRGR�GHGXFWLYR��SHUR�HVWi�ELHQ�FODUR�TXH�OD�FRQFOXVLyQ�HVWi�SXHVWD�DQWHV�GH�ODV�SUHPLVDV�PLVPDV��\�ODV�SUHPLVDV�VH�KDQ�HVWUXFWXUDGR��VH�KDQ�RUGHQDGR��SDUD�TXH�GHQ�HVH�UHVXOWDGR�(VR�HV�PX\�GLIHUHQWH�D�REVHUYDU�HO�SHQVDU�FXDQGR�VH�UHILHUH�D�XQ�REMHWR�\��DO�REVHUYDU�HVH�SHQVDU��OR�SULPHUR�TXH�VH�FRPSUXHED�HV�TXH�HQ�VX� UHIHUHQFLD�SURFHGH�SRU�GLIHUHQFLD��$Kt�QRV�HVWDPRV�ILMDQGR�HQ�HO�PHFDQLVPR�GHO�SHQVDU�PLVPR�

)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������

Page 25: Fundamentos Del Pensar

(QWRQFHV��FXDQGR�QRVRWURV�KDEODPRV�GH�PpWRGR��QR�IXQGDPHQWDPRV�XQ�PpWRGR�SRU�XQD�UD]yQ�GH�6HU��R�SRU�XQD�UD]yQ�SUiFWLFD��~WLO�R�OR�TXH�IXHUH��VLQR�TXH�VL�KDEODPRV�GH�PpWRGR�\�HQWHQGHPRV�TXH�HO�PpWRGR�HV�XQ�VLVWHPD�SDUD�HO�FRUUHFWR�SHQVDU��VL�QRV�SRQHPRV�GH�DFXHUGR�HQ�TXH�XVDU�XQ�PpWRGR� HV� XVDU� XQ� VLVWHPD� SDUD� SHQVDU� GH� XQ� FLHUWR�PRGR�� VL� HVWDPRV� GH� DFXHUGR� HQ� TXH�VH� UHILHUH� HO�PpWRGR� DO� SHQVDU�� HQWRQFHV�� HVWi� FODUR� TXH� HO� IXQGDPHQWR� WLHQH� TXH� SURFHGHU� GHO�SHQVDU��3RUTXH�VL�HQWRQFHV�HPSH]DPRV�D�KDEODU�GH�TXH�HO� IXQGDPHQWR�YD�D�VXUJLU�GH�XQD� LGHD�GHO�6HU��R�GH�TXH� ODV�FRVDV�VHDQ�~WLOHV�R�SUiFWLFDV��HQWRQFHV�GHILQDPRV� ORV�PpWRGRV�GH�QXHYR�\� SRQJiPRQRV� GH� DFXHUGR�� (QWRQFHV� GLJDPRV�� SRU� HMHPSOR�� TXH� HO� PpWRGR� HV� XQD� IRUPD� GH�RUGHQDPLHQWR�SUiFWLFR�HQ� OD�YLGD��TXH�QDGD�WLHQH�TXH�YHU�FRQ� OD�UD]yQ� OyJLFD��TXH�WLHQH�TXH�YHU�FRQ�OD�XWLOLGDG��SRU�HMHPSOR��$K��EXHQR��H[FHOHQWH��HQ�HVH�FDVR�HVWDPRV�GH�DFXHUGR�3HUR�VL�QRV�SRQHPRV�GH�DFXHUGR�HQ�TXH�HO�PpWRGR�WLHQH�TXH�YHU�FRQ�HO�FRUUHFWR�SHQVDU��FRQ�HO�OyJLFR�SHQVDU��HQWRQFHV�QHFHVDULDPHQWH� WRGR�PpWRGR�GHEH�WRPDU�VX� IXQGDPHQWR�\�VX�EDVH��GHO�SURSLR� SHQVDU�� GHEH� REVHUYDU� DQWHV� TXH� QDGD�� FyPR� KDFH� HO� SHQVDU�� <� QRVRWURV� REVHUYDPRV�TXH� HO� SHQVDU� SURFHGH� UHILULpQGRVH� D� REMHWRV� \� TXH� HVWD� UHIHUHQFLD� HV� GH� WLSR� GLIHUHQFLDO�� <� DO�GHFLU�VRODPHQWH�HVR��TXH�VH�UHILHUH�D�REMHWRV��\�TXH�QR�KD\�SHQVDPLHQWR�VLQ�UHIHUHQFLD��\�TXH�DO�UHIHULUVH�D�REMHWRV�SURFHGH�SRU�GLIHUHQFLDV��DO�GHFLU�VRODPHQWH�HVR��\D�KHPRV�FUHDGR�XQ�PXQGR�FRPSOHWR�GH�FRQVHFXHQFLDV�HQ� WRGRV� ORV�FDPSRV��$O�GHFLU��VLPSOHPHQWH��TXH�HO�SHQVDU�SURFHGH�SRU�GLIHUHQFLDV�\�TXH�UHODFLRQD�GLIHUHQFLDV�\�TXH�HVWUXFWXUD�VtQWHVLV�SRU�GLIHUHQFLDV�\�TXH�HO�SHQVDU�HV�WDO��SRUTXH�SDUWH�GH�OD�ILMDFLyQ�GH�XQ�LQWHUpV�KDFLD�XQ�REMHWR��(VR�HV�WRGR�OR�TXH�GHFLPRV��(V�XQ�SRFR�GLIHUHQWH�D�SHQVDU�ODV�FRVDV�HQ�WpUPLQRV�GHGXFWLYRV�R�LQGXFWLYRV��(VWDPRV�SHQVDQGR�\D�ODV�FRVDV�HQ�WpUPLQRV�HVWUXFWXUDOHV��HQ�GRQGH�YHPRV�TXH�HO�SHQVDU�GHVGH�HO�FRPLHQ]R�PLVPR�HV�XQD�HVWUXFWXUD��4XH�QR�KD\�SHQVDU�VLQ�REMHWR�\�TXH�HVH�SHQVDU�KDFLD�HO�REMHWR�WLHQH�GLUHFFLyQ��4XH�QR�KD\�SHQVDU�HVWiWLFR��TXH�HVH�SHQVDU�HV�GLQiPLFR��SRUTXH�VH�UHILHUH�D�REMHWRV�\�TXH��DO�KDFHUOR��GHVFDUWD�RWURV��GLIHUHQFLD�GH�RWURV��$K��HVWDPRV�GLFLHQGR�PXFKDV�FRVDV��(VWDPRV�GLFLHQGR�TXH�HO�SHQVDU��HQ�VX�HVWUXFWXUD�PtQLPD��HV�HVR��HVWUXFWXUD��\�TXH�HV�XQD�HVWUXFWXUD�GLQiPLFD�\�TXH�SURFHGH�SRU�GLIHUHQFLD��7RGR�HVR�HVWDPRV�GLFLHQGR�DFHUFD�GHO�SHQVDPLHQWR�PHWyGLFR�<D�YHQ�FyPR�HV�DEXUULGR��SHUR�8GV��TXHUtDQ�KDEODU�GH�HVWR�/D�PRYLOLGDG�GH�OD�FRQFLHQFLD�VH�H[SOLFD�VRODPHQWH�HQ�WDQWR�HVWUXFWXUD�FRQ�HO�PXQGR�\�HQ�FXDQWR�D�GLIHUHQFLD�\�UHODFLyQ�HQ�WDO�HVWUXFWXUD��OR�FXDO��DGHPiV��QRV�PXHVWUD�OD�DPSOLDFLyQ�FUHFLHQWH�GH�WDO� HVWUXFWXUD�� (VWDPRV� GLFLHQGR� TXH� QR� KD\� SHQVDU� VLQ� REMHWR�� TXH� HVR�� SHQVDU�REMHWR�� HV� XQD�HVWUXFWXUD��<�HVWD�HVWUXFWXUD��DFWR�GHO�SHQVDU��REMHWR�DO�FXDO�VH�UHILHUH�HO�SHQVDU��HVWD�HVWUXFWXUD�HQWUH�DFWR�\�REMHWR�PyYLO��WRGR�HVWR�IXQFLRQD�HQ�FXDQWR�D�GLIHUHQFLD�\�HQ�FXDQWR�D�UHODFLyQ��HQ�WDO�HVWUXFWXUD��(VWDPRV�GLFLHQGR�TXH�KD\�DFWR�\�KD\�REMHWR�DO�FXDO�pVWH�VH�UHILHUH�\�HVWDPRV�GLFLHQGR�TXH� HVWR� HV� XQD� HVWUXFWXUD� \� TXH� HV� XQD� HVWUXFWXUD� GLQiPLFD�� (VWDPRV� GLFLHQGR� DGHPiV�� TXH�HVWR�SXHGH�SURFHGHU�DVt��~QLFDPHQWH�VyOR�SRUTXH�HVWRV�VH�GLIHUHQFLDQ�HQWUH�Vt��*UDFLDV�D�TXH�KD\�GLIHUHQFLD�HQWUH�HO�DFWR�\�HO�REMHWR�DO� FXDO� VH� UHILHUH� OD�FRQFLHQFLD��JUDFLDV�D�TXH�KD\�GLIHUHQFLD�HQWUH�HVWRV�HOHPHQWRV�FRPSRVLWLYRV�GH�WDO�HVWUXFWXUD��HV�SRUTXH�VH�SXHGHQ�HVWDEOHFHU�UHODFLRQHV�HQWUH�HVWRV�HOHPHQWRV�FRPSRVLWLYRV�'H�WDO�PDQHUD�TXH�XQ�REMHWR�QR�SXHGH�SHQVDU�D�RWUR�REMHWR��XQ�DFWR�QR�SXHGH�SHQVDU�D�XQ�DFWR�\�VL�HO�DFWR�SLHQVD�VREUH�XQ�SURSLR�DFWR��D�HVWH�DFWR�VH�OR�FRQYLHUWH�HQ�REMHWR�GHO�SHQVDU��3RUTXH�XQ�DFWR�QR�SXHGH�SHQVDUVH�D�VL�PLVPR��HO�DFWR�SXHGH�SHQVDUVH�HQ�OD�PHGLGD�HQ�TXH�FRQYLHUWD�HQ�REMHWR�HVH�DFWR��HVR�TXH�DQWHULRUPHQWH�IXH�DFWR�/D� FRVD� HV� VLPSOH� \�8GV�� OR� VDEHQ� ELHQ��<R� WRPR�SRU� EDVH� FXDOTXLHU� REMHWR�� OD� WL]D��$KRUD�PH�ROYLGR�GH� OD� WL]D��QR� OD�YHR�D� OD� WL]D��DKRUD� UHSUHVHQWR� OD� WL]D��¢TXp�HVWi�SDVDQGR"�+D\�XQ�DFWR�HQ�PL� FRQFLHQFLD� TXH� VH� UHILHUH� D� XQ� REMHWR�� DKRUD� HO� REMHWR� H[WHUQR� WL]D� KD� GHVDSDUHFLGR�� QR�LPSRUWD���� $KRUD� WHQJR� OD� UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ� ³WL]D´� HQ� OD� FRQFLHQFLD��PH� SXHGR� LPDJLQDU� OD� WL]D�� \R�WHQJR�XQ� DFWR� TXH� VH� UHILHUH� D� OD� WL]D�� ¢TXp�HV� OD� WL]D� HQ� HVH� FDVR"�(V�HO� REMHWR�� SHUR� KD\� XQ�DFWR�TXH�SLHQVD� OD� WL]D��3HUIHFWDPHQWH�� DKt� YHR� OD� GLIHUHQFLD��3HUR�DKRUD�PH�GLJR�� HVWR� HV�XQD�UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ��GH�PDQHUD�TXH�DKRUD�QR�PH�SUHRFXSR�QL�SRU�OD�FRQFLHQFLD�QL�SRU�OD�WL]D��DKRUD�\D�SLHQVR�HQ�TXH�HVWR\�UHSUHVHQWDQGR��DKRUD�SLHQVR�TXH�HQ�PL�FRQFLHQFLD�KD\�XQD�UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ��¢4Xp�HVWR\� KDFLHQGR"�7HQJR�XQ� DFWR� \� HVWH� DFWR�¢TXp�HVWi� KDFLHQGR"�HVWi� SHQVDQGR�TXH� HQ�VX� FRQFLHQFLD� KD\� XQD� UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ�� $K�� HQWRQFHV�� OR� TXH� DQWHV� HUD� HO� DFWR� GH� UHSUHVHQWDU��DKRUD� VH�HVWi� FRQYLUWLHQGR�HQ�XQ�REMHWR�HQ�PL� FRQFLHQFLD�� DKRUD�HVWR\�SHQVDQGR�HQ�HO� DFWR�GH�UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ��DKRUD�HVWR\�FRQVLGHUDQGR�DO� UHSUHVHQWDU��TXH�DQWHV�HUD�XQ�DFWR��DKRUD� OR�HVWR\�)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������

Page 26: Fundamentos Del Pensar

FRQVLGHUDQGR� FRPR� REMHWR�� OR� HVWR\� HVWXGLDQGR�� $KRUD� HVWR\� GLFLHQGR� ¢TXp� HV� HO� UHSUHVHQWDU"��SRU�HMHPSOR��¢6H�GDQ�FXHQWD�TXH�\D�QR�HVWR\�UHSUHVHQWDQGR"�1R�HVWR\�UHSUHVHQWDQGR��PH�HVWR\�ILMDQGR�HQ�OR�TXH�HV�HO�DFWR�GH�UHSUHVHQWDU��¢<�TXp�HVWR\�KDFLHQGR�HQWRQFHV"�(VWR\�FRQYLUWLHQGR�OR� TXH�HUD�DFWR�GH� UHSUHVHQWDU�� DKRUD� OR� HVWR\� FRQYLUWLHQGR�HQ�XQ�REMHWR�TXH�HVWR\�HVWXGLDQGR��HQ�XQ�REMHWR�DO�FXDO�VH� UHILHUH�PL�FRQFLHQFLD��$KRUD�HVWR\�GLFLHQGR��HO�DFWR�GH�UHSUHVHQWDU� WLHQH�WDOHV�\�FXDOHV�FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV��SRU�HMHPSOR��HO�DFWR�GH� UHSUHVHQWDU�QR�HV�XQ�DFWR�GH�HYRFDU��SRU�HMHPSOR��HV�GLIHUHQWH�DO�DFWR�GH�SHUFLELU��¢4Xp�HVWR\�KDFLHQGR"��HVWR\�HVWXGLDQGR�HO�UHSUHVHQWDU�\� VL� HVWR\� HVWXGLDQGR� HO� UHSUHVHQWDU� ¢TXp� HV� HO� UHSUHVHQWDU� SDUD�PL� HQ� HVWH�PRPHQWR"� (V� XQ�REMHWR�GH�HVWXGLR��QR�HV�XQ�DFWR��\D�QR�HVWR\�UHSUHVHQWDQGR�FRQ�pO��DKRUD�OR�HVWR\�HVWXGLDQGR��<�VL�PH�GLMHUD�DKRUD��SRU�HMHPSOR�¢\�TXp�HV�HVWR�GH�HVWXGLDU�HO�UHSUHVHQWDU"�¢4Xp�HVWDUtD�KDFLHQGR�DKRUD"�(VWH�DFWR��TXH�DQWHV�HVWDED�HVWXGLDQGR�HO� UHSUHVHQWDU��DKRUD��HQ�HVWH�PRPHQWR��VH�PH�HVWi�FRQYLUWLHQGR�HQ�REMHWR�¢3RU�TXp"�3RUTXH� OR�HVWR\�HVWXGLDQGR�D�pO��(QWRQFHV��HQ� WRGRV� ORV�FDVRV��QHFHVDULDPHQWH��KD\�XQD�GLIHUHQFLD�IXQGDPHQWDO�HQWUH�HO�DFWR�\�HO�REMHWR�DO�FXDO�VH�UHILHUH��'H�PDQHUD�TXH�VL�HO�DFWR�VH�SXGLHUD�SHQVDU�D�VL�PLVPR�HQ�WpUPLQRV�LGpQWLFRV��\�GHVDSDUHFLHUD�OD�GLIHUHQFLD�HQWUH�HO�DFWR�\�HO�REMHWR��GHVDSDUHFHUtD�HO�SHQVDU��3RU� OR� WDQWR��HQ� OD�EDVH�PLVPD�GHO�SHQVDU�HVWi�OD�GLIHUHQFLD�HQWUH�HO�DFWR�\�HO�REMHWR�0X\�ELHQ��1RVRWURV�GHFLPRV�TXH�HVR�HV�XQD�HVWUXFWXUD�GHO�SHQVDU�\�¢FXiO�HV�HVD�HVWUXFWXUD�GHO�SHQVDU"�(V� OD�UHODFLyQ�HQWUH�DFWR�\�REMHWR��\�¢TXH�PiV�GHFLPRV"�TXH�HV�XQD�UHODFLyQ�GLQiPLFD��\� ¢TXH�PiV� GHFLPRV�"�4XH� SRGHPRV� HVWDEOHFHU� HVDV� UHODFLRQHV� JUDFLDV� D� TXH� VRQ� GLIHUHQWHV�HO� DFWR� \� HO� REMHWR��<�HQWRQFHV�¢TXp�HVWDPRV�GLFLHQGR"�4XH�QRV� UHIHULPRV�D� XQ�REMHWR� HO� FXDO�KHPRV� ILMDGR�� KHPRV� SXHVWR� QXHVWUR� LQWHUpV� HQ� HVH� REMHWR�� OR� KHPRV� GLIHUHQFLDGR� GH� RWURV�REMHWRV��<�¢TXp�PiV�GHFLPRV"�'HFLPRV�TXH�KD\�XQ�DFWR�TXH�VH�UHILHUH�D�pO��GHFLPRV�TXH�VL�KD\�UHIHUHQFLD�KD\�GLQiPLFD�KDFLD�pO��GHFLPRV�TXH�QR�SRGHPRV�SHQVDU�VLQ�REMHWRV�\�VLQ�DFWRV��SRU�OR�WDQWR��GHFLPRV�TXH�pVD�HV� OD�HVWUXFWXUD�GHO�SHQVDU��<�HV�XQD�HVWUXFWXUD�GRQGH�QHFHVDULDPHQWH�HVWDEOH]FR�UHODFLRQHV�HQWUH�GLIHUHQFLDV��\�QR�KD\�RWUD���6L�HO�SHQVDU�QRV�YD�GLFLHQGR�HVR��YD�D�VHU�EDVWDQWH�PiV�FRKHUHQWH�KDEODU�GH�ORV�IXQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�EDViQGRVH�HQ� OD�PHFiQLFD�PLVPD�GHO�SHQVDU�\�QR�HQ�RWUDV�FXHVWLRQHV� ODWHUDOHV�TXH�QR�YLHQHQ�DO�FDVR�3XHV�ELHQ�� OD�VtQWHVLV�DVXPH� ODV�GLIHUHQFLDV�GH� OD� UHODFLyQ��DVXPH� ODV�GLIHUHQFLDV�GH� OD� UHODFLyQ�HVWUXFWXUiQGRODV�SRQGHUDWLYDPHQWH��SRU�WDQWR��GLIHUHQFLDQGR�ODV�GLIHUHQFLDV�TXH�QR�FRLQFLGHQ�FRQ�HO�QXHYR�iPELWR�TXH�SRQHQ��'H�PDQHUD�TXH��VL�DKRUD�YR\�D�KDEODU�GHO�IDPRVR�SHUUR�\�YR\�D�KDFHU�XQD�VtQWHVLV�GH�HVH�SHUUR�\�YR\�D�WRPDU�VXV�FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV�HVHQFLDOHV��HVWUXFWXUDOHV��YR\�D�WRPDU�ORV�HOHPHQWRV�GH�HVH�DQLPDO��YR\�D�UHODFLRQDU�WRGRV�HVRV�HOHPHQWRV�\�OR�YR\�D�KDFHU�GH�XQ�PRGR�SRQGHUDWLYR�� HV� GHFLU�� HOLPLQDQGR�� HV� GHFLU�� GLIHUHQFLDQGR� QXHYDPHQWH�� $~Q� HQ� OD� VtQWHVLV�� TXH�DSDUHQWHPHQWH�VHUtD�PHWHU� WRGR�HQ�XQD�EROVD�VLQ�TXH�VH�TXHGH�QDGD�DIXHUD��D~Q�HQ� OD�VtQWHVLV�YR\�D� SURFHGHU� SRU� GLIHUHQFLDV� \� YR\�D� VDFDU� GH�HVD�HVWUXFWXUD� WRGR�DTXHOOR� TXH�QR� WHQJD�TXH�YHU�FRQ�OD�VtQWHVLV�PLVPD��3DUD�GHILQLU� OD�HVWUXFWXUD�ELROyJLFD�GH�HVWH�DQLPDO�SRU�HMHPSOR��SXHGH�LQWHUHVDUPH�SRFR�TXH�WHQJD�HO�SHOR�GH�XQ�FRORU�R�TXH�PLUH�KDFLD�OD�GHUHFKD�HQ�YH]�GH�PLUDU�KDFLD�OD� L]TXLHUGD�� R� FRVDV�SRU� HO� HVWLOR�� R�TXH�PH�JXVWH�R�QR�PH�JXVWH�HO� SHUUR��'H�PDQHUD�TXH�HQ�WRGD� VtQWHVLV� TXH� VH� HVWDEOHFH�� VH� SURFHGH� WDPELpQ� SRU� GLIHUHQFLDV� GH� ODV� GLIHUHQFLDV� HQWUH� ORV�HOHPHQWRV�GLIHUHQWHV�FRPSRVLWLYRV��<�QR�KD\�RWUD���'H�PDQHUD� TXH� HO� SHQVDU� VH� DPSOtD� \� FDGD� YH]� VH� YD� DPSOLDQGR�PiV� \� YD� FUHFLHQGR�� JUDFLDV�D� TXH� VH� SXHGHQ� HVWDEOHFHU� GLIHUHQFLDV� HQWUH� GLVWLQWRV� REMHWRV�� HQWUH� GLVWLQWRV� DFWRV�� HQWUH�GLVWLQWDV�HVWUXFWXUDV�GHO�SHQVDU��HQWUH�GLVWLQWDV�UHJLRQHV�GHO�SHQVDU��(O�SHQVDU�FUHFH�JUDFLDV�D�ODV�GLIHUHQFLDV��0X\�ELHQ���6L�DKRUD�VH�FRQVLGHUD�DO�IHQyPHQR�HQ�JHQHUDO�� LQFOXVR�OD�HVWUXFWXUD�FRQFLHQFLD�PXQGR��VL�D�HVWD�HVWUXFWXUD� VH� OD� FRQVLGHUD� FRPR� IHQyPHQR� WDPELpQ�� HV� HYLGHQWH� TXH� VyOR� SXHGH� DSUHFLDUVH� OD�PRYLOLGDG��HO�PRYLPLHQWR��HO�GHVSOD]DPLHQWR�� OD�UHIHUHQFLD�GH�XQD�FRVD�D�RWUD��\�VyOR�PRPHQWRV��PRPHQWRV� GH� GHWHQLPLHQWR�� PRPHQWRV� TXH� SRQH� HO� SHQVDU�� (O� SHQVDU�� HQ� VX� WUDQVFXUULU�� SRQH�FLHUWRV� PRPHQWRV�� VDFD� FLHUWDV� IRWRJUDItDV�� SHUR� HO� SHQVDU� FRQWLQXDPHQWH� HVWi� HQ� GLQiPLFD��HVWi� HQ� PRYLPLHQWR�� (VWRV� PRPHQWRV� GH� GHWHQLPLHQWR�� SXHGHQ� UHGXFLUVH� D� YDULDFLRQHV� HQ�HO� WUDQVFXUULU�� SXHGH� UHGXFLUVH� VyOR� D� GLIHUHQFLDV� HQ� HO� WUDQVFXUULU�� 6L� REVHUYDPRV� OD� PHQWH�WUDEDMDQGR��YHPRV�TXH�HQ�HOOD�QDGD�HVWi�HVWiWLFR��TXH�SRGHPRV�FRQFHQWUDUQRV�HQ�XQ�PRPHQWR�HQ� XQ� SHQVDPLHQWR�� 3RU� HMHPSOR�� \R� DKRUD� SLHQVR� HQ� HVH� HQFHQGHGRU�� FLHUUR� ORV� RMRV�� DKRUD�)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������

Page 27: Fundamentos Del Pensar

UHSUHVHQWR�HO�HQFHQGHGRU��3RU�XQRV�PRPHQWRV�HO�HQFHQGHGRU�HVWi�TXLHWR�HQ�PL�PHQWH��SHUR�¢TXp�HVWi� TXLHWR� HQ�PL�PHQWH"�(VWi� TXLHWD� OD� LPDJHQ� GHO� HQFHQGHGRU�� QR� HVWi� TXLHWD�PL�PHQWH�� (Q�XQ�PRPHQWR�GDGR�HO�HQFHQGHGRU�VH�PXHYH��D�YHFHV�DSDUHFH��D�YHFHV�VH�GHVDSDUHFH��D�YHFHV�OR� WUDLJR� QXHYDPHQWH� D�PL� FDPSR� GH� SUHVHQFLD�� <R� REVHUYR� TXH� SXHGR� GHWHQHU� OD� LPDJHQ� GHO�HQFHQGHGRU�� SHUR� OD� UHIHUHQFLD� GH� PL� FRQFLHQFLD� D� HVH� REMHWR�� HVH� WUDWDU� GH� GHWHQHU� HO� REMHWR�PHQWDO�� HVD� WHQVLyQ� LQWHUQD� TXH� REVHUYR� DO� FRQFHQWUDUPH� HQ� HVH� REMHWR�PHQWDO��PH� UHYHOD� TXH�PL� FRQFLHQFLD� QR�HVWi�GHWHQLGD�� TXH�HVWR\�SDVDQGR�XQD� IRWRJUDItD� SRU� OD� SDQWDOOD� GH� WHOHYLVLyQ��SHUR�TXH�HO�DSDUDWR�GH� WHOHYLVLyQ�VLJXH� IXQFLRQDQGR�\� WLHQH�VX�GLQiPLFD��\�\R�HQ�HVH�PRPHQWR�KH�GHWHQLGR�XQD� LPDJHQ�\�¢TXp�HV�HVR�GH�GHWHQHU� LPiJHQHV"��HVR�HV�SRQHU�XQD�GLIHUHQFLD�HQ�OD� VHFXHQFLD�� HQ� HO� WUDQVFXUULU�� <R� VLPSOHPHQWH� KH� HVWDEOHFLGR� XQD� GLIHUHQFLD� HQ� HO� WUDQVFXUULU�QRUPDO� \� HQWRQFHV� \R� DKRUD� WHQJR� OD� DSDULHQFLD� GH� TXH� HVWR� HVWi� GHWHQLGR��<R� GHWHQJR� FRQ� HO�FRQFHSWR�� SRU� HMHPSOR�� SHUR� \R� QR� GHWHQJR�PL�PHQWH� \�PL�PHQWH� VLHPSUH� HVWi� HQ�PRYLPLHQWR��(QWRQFHV� WHQJR�YDULDFLRQHV�GH�PRPHQWRV�HQ�HO�SHQVDU��(QWRQFHV� OR�TXH�Vt�SXHGR� UHJLVWUDU�VRQ�GLIHUHQFLDV�HQWUH�ORV�PRPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU��GLIHUHQFLDV�HQ�ORV�WLHPSRV�GHO�SHQVDU��GLIHUHQFLDV�HQ�ODV�YDULDFLRQHV��(VR�Vt�OR�YR\�D�REVHUYDU�\�DVt�VLJXLHQGR�$KRUD�VH�FRPSOLFD�PXFKR�PiV��FRQ�HO�SUREOHPD�GHO�³VHU´�\�HO�³QR�VHU´�\�WRGDV�HVDV�KLVWRULDV��3HUR�QRVRWURV� OR�VLPSOLILFDPRV�GLFLHQGR�TXH� OD�GLIHUHQFLD�PiV�DPSOLD�HQ� OD�DEVWUDFFLyQ�GHO� WUDQVFXUULU�GHO�IHQyPHQR�HV�HO�FRQFHSWR�GH�³VHU´��&XDQGR�XQR�KDEOD�GH�HVH�³VHU´�GH�TXH�KDEODED�$ULVWyWHOHV��OR�TXH�HVWi�KDFLHQGR�OD�PHQWH��HV�HVWDEOHFHU�OD�GLIHUHQFLD�PiV�DPSOLD�SRVLEOH�HQ�OD�DEVWUDFFLyQ�GHO�WUDQVFXUULU�GHO�IHQyPHQR��(V�GHFLU��\R�YHR�HVWD�WL]D��HVWH�HV�HO�IHQyPHQR��\R�OR�~QLFR�TXH�YHR�VRQ�IHQyPHQRV��)HQyPHQRV�TXH�VH�PXHYHQ�� IHQyPHQRV�TXH�FDPELDQ��SHUR�FXDQGR�KDEOR�GHO� ³VHU´��TXH�SDUHFH�TXH�QR�HVWXYLHUD�DOWHUDGR�SRU�HO�PRYLPLHQWR��HO�VHU�TXH�³HV´��TXH�VLHPSUH�SHUPDQHFH��HVR�VyOR�HV�SRVLEOH�SRUTXH�HV�HO�FRQFHSWR�PiV�DPSOLR�TXH�WUDEDMD�SRU�GLIHUHQFLDV�FRQ�ORV�REMHWRV�SDUWLFXODUHV�\�GHO�FXDO�\R�KDJR� OD�DEVWUDFFLyQ��<R�VDFR�HO� WUDQVFXUULU�GHO� WLHPSR��\R�DEVWUDLJR�HO�WUDQVFXUULU� �FRPR� VL� OR� H[SULPLHUD�� OR� GHMR� VLQ� MXJR�� \� HQWRQFHV� GLJR� ³HO� VHU´� TXH� QR� WUDQVFXUUH��HQWRQFHV� RSLQR� TXH� OD� GLIHUHQFLD�PiV� DPSOLD� HQ� OD� DEVWUDFFLyQ� GHO� WUDQVFXUULU� GHO� IHQyPHQR� HV�HO� FRQFHSWR� GH� ³VHU´�� (QWRQFHV� HO� FRQFHSWR� GH� ³VHU´� QR� HV� XQ� VHU� UHDO�� QR� H[LVWH� HO� 6(5� �FRQ�PD\~VFXOD���QR�KD\� WDO� ³VHU´��HV�XQD�DEVWUDFFLyQ�GH� OD�PHQWH��HV�XQ�GHWHQLPLHQWR�HQ� IRWRJUDItD��HV� XQ� VDFDUOH� HO� WLHPSR� DO� WUDQVFXUULU� GH� ODV� FRVDV� \� KDFHU� XQ� JUDQ� VDOWR�� XQD� JUDQ� GLIHUHQFLD��HQWUH� ODV�FRVDV�TXH� WUDQVFXUUHQ�\�TXH�VRQ��FRQ�HO� ³VHU´�TXH�QR� WUDQVFXUUH��SRUTXH�KH�DEVWUDtGR�LQWHOHFWXDOPHQWH�WDO�LGHD�GH�ODV�FRVDV��HVWDEOHFLHQGR�WDO�GLIHUHQFLD�SRU�HVD�FDSDFLGDG�TXH�OD�PHQWH�WLHQH�GH�WUDEDMDU�FRQ�GLIHUHQFLDV��SHUR�TXH�GH�QLQJXQD�PDQHUD�PH�SRQH�HQ�FRQWDFWR�FRQ�HO�³VHU´��VLQR�TXH�PiV�ELHQ�WUDEDMD�����FDPELR�GH�FLQWD����\�FRQVLGHUDUOR�FRPR�VL�IXHUD�XQD�H[LVWHQFLD�VHSDUDGD��2.��HQ�ILQ���3RU�OR�WDQWR�FXDQGR�VH�KDEOD�GHO�³VHU´��GHEH�GHVWDFDUVH�TXH�HQ�WpUPLQRV�OyJLFRV�VH�HVWi�KDFLHQGR�UHIHUHQFLD�D�XQD�DEVWUDFFLyQ��D�XQD�FRVD�TXH�QR�H[LVWH�HQ� ODV�FRVDV��HV�XQD�DEVWUDFFLyQ� OyJLFD��<� HQ� FDPELR� HQ� WpUPLQRV� SVLFROyJLFRV�� QR� HQ� WpUPLQRV� OyJLFRV� VLQR� HQ� WpUPLQRV� SVLFROyJLFRV��FXDQGR�VH�KDEOD�GHO�³6(5´��FRQ�PD\~VFXOD��HVH�³VHU´�LQWHPSRUDO��HVH�³VHU´�XQLYHUVDO�TXH�HVWi�HQ�WRGDV�ODV�FRVDV��\D�QR�FXDQGR�VH�KDEOD�GHO�³VHU´�HQ�OyJLFD��FXDQGR�VH�KDEOD�GHO�³VHU´�HQ�WpUPLQRV�SVLFROyJLFRV�� VH� HVWi� PHQFLRQDQGR� DO� ³REMHWR´� PiV� DPSOLR� �\� HVH� REMHWR� YD� HQWUH� FRPLOODV�� DO�REMHWR�PiV� DPSOLR� GH� FRPSHQVDFLyQ� HVWUXFWXUDGRUD� GH� OD� FRQFLHQFLD� HQ� HO� PXQGR�� 3XQWR� HVWH�TXH�VH�HVWXGLy�DO�KDEODU�GH�³OD�IRUPD�SXUD´��'H�PDQHUD�TXH��SVLFROyJLFDPHQWH��FRPR�REMHWR�PiV�DPSOLR� \� XQLYHUVDO�� HV� GH� JUDQ� LPSRUWDQFLD�� SVLFROyJLFDPHQWH� KDEODQGR�� FRPR� FRPSHQVDFLyQ�HVWUXFWXUDGRUD�WRWDO�3HUR� HQ� WpUPLQRV� OyJLFRV�� QR� HV�PiV� TXH� XQD� DEVWUDFFLyQ� TXH� SURFHGH� SRU� GLIHUHQFLDV� FRQ� ORV�REMHWRV� SDUWLFXODUHV� \� FRQ� HO� WUDQVFXUULU�� 'HVDSDUHFH� WRGR� OR� SDUWLFXODU� \� VH� QRV� FRQYLHUWH� HQ�XQLYHUVDO��'HVDSDUHFH�HO�WUDQVFXUULU�GH�ODV�FRVDV�\�VH�QRV�FRQYLHUWH�HQ�DWHPSRUDO��SDUD�DOJXQRV�HQ�LQPRUWDO��([DFWR���%XHQR��ODV�DEVWUDFFLRQHV�PiV�DPSOLDV�VH�UHILHUHQ�DO�³VHU´�\�VX�FRPSRUWDPLHQWR�GD�OXJDU�D�OR�TXH�VH� HQXQFLD� FRPR� SULQFLSLRV� GHO� SHQVDU� OyJLFR�� (Q� EDVH� D� ORV� SULQFLSLRV� DFHSWDGRV� VH� IRUPXODQ�OH\HV�JHQHUDOHV��TXH�VRQ�PiV�UHGXFLGDV�TXH�ORV�SULQFLSLRV��PHQRV�XQLYHUVDOHV�TXH�ORV�SULQFLSLRV��DXQTXH� WLHQHQ� OD� PD\RU� H[WHQVLyQ� SRVLEOH� D� ILQ� GH� VHU� DSOLFDGDV� D� IHQyPHQRV� GLYHUVRV�� 6RQ�ORV�SULQFLSLRV�\� ODV� OH\HV�XQLYHUVDOHV� ODV�TXH�VLUYHQ�DO� IXQGDPHQWR�\�DO�GHVDUUROOR�GH� OD� OODPDGD�FLHQFLD��(VWR�GH�ORV�SULQFLSLRV�\�GH�ODV�OH\HV�KD�VLGR�HVWXGLDGR�GHVGH�KDFH�PXFKR�WLHPSR�\�VH�KD�)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������

Page 28: Fundamentos Del Pensar

GLFKR�TXH�HV�HQ�ORV�SULQFLSLRV�HQ�ORV�TXH�VH�DSR\DQ�ODV�FLHQFLDV�SDUD�WHQHU�IXQGDPHQWR��(V�GHFLU��ODV�FLHQFLDV�WLHQHQ�PXFKDV�DUWLFXODFLRQHV�HQ�VX�SHQVDU��GLVWLQWDV�DPSOLWXGHV��1R�HV�OR�PLVPR�XQ�SULQFLSLR��TXH�XQD�OH\��TXH�XQ�HQXQFLDGR��TXH�XQ�SRVWXODGR��HWF��%XHQR��SDUHFH�TXH�OR�PiV�DPSOLR�HV�HVWR�GH�ORV�SULQFLSLRV�<� FXDQGR� VH� OOHJD� DO� SUREOHPD� GH� ORV� SULQFLSLRV�� ORV� OyJLFRV� QRV� GLFHQ�� ORV� SULQFLSLRV� HQ� TXH�VH� DSR\DQ� ODV� FLHQFLDV� QR� WLHQHQ� GHPRVWUDFLyQ�� 6RQ� HO� IXQGDPHQWR� GH� OD� FLHQFLD�� SHUR� QR�WLHQHQ� GHPRVWUDFLyQ�� 'H� PDQHUD� TXH� HQ� ORV� SULQFLSLRV� OyJLFRV� VH� EDVD� OD� FLHQFLD�� SHUR� WDOHV�SULQFLSLRV� QR� WLHQHQ� GHPRVWUDFLyQ�� 'H� WDOHV� SULQFLSLRV� GHULYDQ� OXHJR� ODV� OH\HV� \� HVDV� OH\HV� Vt��\D� WLHQHQ� FRPSUREDFLyQ� \� H[SHULPHQWDFLyQ� \� WRGR� DTXHOOR�� (Q� ODV� WHRUtDV� FLHQWtILFDV� VLHPSUH�HVWiQ� WUDEDMDQGR� OH\HV� \� HQ� ODV� KLSyWHVLV� FLHQWtILFDV� WDPELpQ� HVWiQ� WUDEDMDQGR� OH\HV�� &ODUR�TXH� ODV� KLSyWHVLV� VRQ� LGHDV� D� FRQILUPDUVH�� PLHQWUDV� TXH� ODV� WHRUtDV� VRQ� HVWUXFWXUDFLRQHV� GH�KLSyWHVLV��TXH�D�YHFHV�KDQ�VLGR�FRQILUPDGDV�\�D�YHFHV�HVWiQ�HQ�OD�VDOD�GH�HVSHUD��FRQILDQGR�HQ�VHU� GHPRVWUDGDV�� $Vt�� KD\� WHRUtDV� FLHQWtILFDV� KR\� FRPSUREDGDV� H[SHULPHQWDOPHQWH� \� RWUDV� TXH�WRGDYtD�QR�KDQ�VLGR�FRPSUREDGDV��SHUR�TXH�WLHQHQ�DGHFXDFLyQ�OyJLFD�\�TXH�HV�PX\�SUREDEOH�VX�FRQILUPDFLyQ�/DV�WHRUtDV�FLHQWtILFDV�VRQ�KR\�FXHUSRV�FRPSOHMRV��6RQ�PiV�FRPSOHMDV�ODV�WHRUtDV�FLHQWtILFDV�TXH�ODV� KLSyWHVLV� FLHQWtILFDV� SHUR�� FODUR�� WRGDV� HOODV� HVWiQ� GHVFDQVDQGR� HQ� XQ� FRQMXQWR� GH� OH\HV� \�WRGDV�HVWDV�OH\HV��LUUHPLVLEOHPHQWH��VH�DSR\DQ�HQ�SULQFLSLRV�LQGHPRVWUDEOHV��+H�DKt�HO�SUREOHPD�/RV�SULQFLSLRV�PiV�XVDGRV��TXH�QR�KDQ�SRGLGR�VHU�GHPRVWUDGRV��VRQ�ORV�SULQFLSLRV�GH�LGHQWLGDG��SULQFLSLR�GH�QR�FRQWUDGLFFLyQ��SULQFLSLR�GHO�WHUFHUR�H[FOXLGR��HWF�(O�SULQFLSLR�GH�LGHQWLGDG��H[SOLFD�TXH�XQD�FRVD�HV�LGpQWLFD�D�VL�PLVPD�\�TXH�HV�LPSRVLEOH�TXH�VHD�LGpQWLFD�\�QR� LGpQWLFD�D�VL�PLVPD��$O�GHFLU�HVR�HVWDPRV�H[SOLFDQGR�OD�QR�FRQWUDGLFFLyQ�TXH�WLHQH�TXH�KDEHU�HQ�XQ�REMHWR��$Vt�TXH�GHFLPRV��XQ�VHU�HV�LGpQWLFR�D�VL�PLVPR�\��SRU�RWUR�ODGR�GHFLPRV��HV�LPSRVLEOH�TXH�XQ�VHU�VHD�\�QR�VHD�LGpQWLFR�D�VL�PLVPR��$Vt�TXH�XQD�FRVD�HV�\�QR�SXHGH�VHU�RWUD�FRVD��HVD�HV�OD�LGHD��(V�\�QR�SXHGH�VHU�RWUD�FRVD��6RQ�SULQFLSLRV���0X\�ELHQ��GH�HVH�PRGR�\�VLQ�SRQHUQRV�D�GLVFXWLU�PXFKR�\�SDUD�WHUPLQDU�FRQ�HVWD�KLVWRULD��QRVRWURV�WDPELpQ�HQXQFLDPRV�SULQFLSLRV��HQXQFLDPRV�OH\HV�\�HQXQFLDPRV�XQ�PpWRGR�/RV�SULQFLSLRV�TXH�QRVRWURV�HQXQFLDPRV��VRQ�HVWRV�3ULPHUR��3ULQFLSLR�GH�([SHULHQFLD��GHFLPRV��QR�KD\�VHU�VLQ�PDQLIHVWDFLyQ��(V�GHFLU��QR�SRGHPRV�KDEODU�GH�DOJR�GH�OR�FXDO�QR�WHQJDPRV�IHQyPHQR��'H�PDQHUD�TXH��FXDQGR�VH�KDEOD�GHO�³VHU´�SRU�HMHPSOR��R�GH�FXDOTXLHU�RWUD� LGHQWLGDG�TXH�D�8GV�� OHV�SDUH]FD��QR�SRGHPRV�UHDOPHQWH�KDEODU�GH�HOOD�VL�QR�WHQHPRV�PDQLIHVWDFLyQ�GH�HOOD��$�HVR�OH�OODPDPRV�3ULQFLSLR�GH�([SHULHQFLD�6HJXQGR�� 3ULQFLSLR� GH� *UDGXDFLyQ�� OR� TXH� ³HV´� \� OR� TXH� ³QR� HV´� DGPLWHQ� JUDGRV� GH� GLIHUHQWH�SUREDELOLGDG�\�FHUWH]D��2�VHD��TXH�GDGD�XQD�SURSRVLFLyQ�HQ�GRQGH�VH�GLFH��WDO�FRVD�HV�YHUGDGHUD�R�IDOVD��QRVRWURV�FRORFDPRV�XQ�3ULQFLSLR�GH�*UDGXDFLyQ�\�QR�GHFLPRV��WDO�FRVD�HV�R�YHUGDGHUD�R�IDOVD��EDViQGRQRV�HQ�HO�VLVWHPD�GH�FRQWUDGLFFLyQ��QR��QR�GHFLPRV�ODV�FRVDV�VRQ�R�YHUGDGHUDV�R�IDOVDV��1RVRWURV�GHFLPRV�KD\�XQD�JUDGDFLyQ��KD\�GLVWLQWRV�JUDGRV�GH�SUREDELOLGDG�\�GH�FHUWH]D��HQ� GRQGH� XQD� FRVD� HV�PiV� SUREDEOHPHQWH� FLHUWD��PiV� SUREDEOHPHQWH� IDOVD�� HV� FRQ� VHJXULGDG�YHUGDGHUD�� FRQ� SUREDELOLGDG� IDOVD�� HWF�� 'H� PDQHUD� TXH� HVWDEOHFHPRV� JUDGDFLRQHV� HQWUH� HVRV�FULWHULRV�WDMDQWHV�HQ�GRQGH�ODV�FRVDV�SDUHFH�TXH�HVWXYLHUDQ�WRWDOPHQWH�VHSDUDGDV�\�QR�FRQHFWDGDV�HQWUH� Vt�� 3RU� HMHPSOR�� OD� H[LVWHQFLD� HQ� JHQHUDO� GH� WRGDV� ODV� FRVDV� QR� HV� SDUD� QRVRWURV� XQD�VHJXULGDG��'H�DFXHUGR�DO�3ULQFLSLR�GH�*UDGXDFLyQ�� OD�H[LVWHQFLD�GH� WRGDV� ODV�FRVDV�QR�HV�QDGD�PiV�TXH�XQ�JUDGR�GH�SUREDELOLGDG�PX\�HOHYDGR��'H�PDQHUD�TXH�OD�H[LVWHQFLD�GH�ODV�FRVDV�HV�XQ�GHWHUPLQDGR�WLSR�GH�SUREDELOLGDG��HV�XQ�JUDGR�GH�SUREDELOLGDG�\�KD\�SUREDELOLGDGHV�PiV�JUDQGHV�TXH� RWUDV�� 'HO� PLVPR� PRGR� TXH� OD� SHUFHSFLyQ� GH� HVWH� REMHWR� WLHQH� XQ� JUDGR� GH� SUREDELOLGDG�HQ� GRQGH� HVWH� REMHWR� DSDUHFH� FRPR� GHWHUPLQDGR�� SHUR� HVWH� REMHWR� SRGUtD� QR� VHU� H[DFWDPHQWH�VHJ~Q� PL� UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ�� HVWH� REMHWR� SRGUtD� WHQHU� XQ� JUDGR� GH� GHWHUPLQDFLyQ� PD\RU� VL� VH� OR�FRPSUHQGLHUD�D�QLYHO�GH�HVWUXFWXUD�PROHFXODU��\�XQ�JUDGR�GH�FHUWH]D�PD\RU�VL�VH�OR�FRQVLGHUDUD�D�QLYHO�GH�SDUWtFXOD�DWyPLFD�SHUR��FRPR�D�QLYHO�DWyPLFR�ODV�FRVDV�HPSLH]DQ�D�VHU�XQ�SRFR�H[WUDxDV��DTXpOOR�WDPELpQ�HPSLH]D�D�UHODWLYL]iUVHQRV�\�D�VHU�WDPELpQ�EDVWDQWH�JUDGXDO�VXV�SRVLELOLGDGHV�GH�H[LVWHQFLD��(VWR�HV�WRGR�OR�TXH�TXHUHPRV�GHFLU�FXDQGR�KDEODPRV�GHO�3ULQFLSLR�GH�*UDGXDFLyQ��GH�TXH�ODV�FRVDV�TXH�VRQ�\�QR�VRQ��DGPLWHQ�JUDGRV�GH�GLIHUHQWH�SUREDELOLGDG�\�GH�GLIHUHQWH�FHUWH]D��

)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������

Page 29: Fundamentos Del Pensar

(VR�HV�OR�TXH�HVWDPRV�GLFLHQGR��QDGD�PiV�7DPELpQ�KDEODPRV�GH�3ULQFLSLR�GH�1R�&RQWUDGLFFLyQ�\�HQ�HVWH�FDVR�GHFLPRV��HV� LPSRVLEOH�TXH�OR�TXH�HV��VHD�\�QR�VHD�HQ�HO�PLVPR�PRPHQWR�\�FRQ�HO�PLVPR�VHQWLGR��2�VHD��HVWH�REMHWR�SXHGH�VHU�RWUD�FRVD�GHQWUR�GH�PHGLD�KRUD��HYLGHQWHPHQWH�� OH�GDPRV�XQRV�PDUWLOOD]RV�\�HVWR�GHQWUR�GH�PHGLD� KRUD� HV� GLVWLQWR�� 3HUIHFWDPHQWH�� 7DPELpQ� HVWR� SXHGH� VHU� GLVWLQWR�� VHJ~Q� VH� OR� REVHUYH�FRPR�HQFHQGHGRU��R�VHJ~Q�VH�OR�REVHUYH�FRPR�SUR\HFWLO��SRUTXH�HVWi�FXPSOLHQGR�FRQ�IXQFLRQHV�GLIHUHQWHV��(QWRQFHV�� HV�REYLR�TXH�HVWH�REMHWR�SXHGH�VHU�GLIHUHQWH�D� VL�PLVPR�VHJ~Q�HO� WLHPSR�TXH�SDVH��\�SXHGH�VHU�GLIHUHQWH�D�VL�PLVPR�VHJ~Q�OD�IXQFLyQ�FRQ�TXH�VH�OR�KDJD�FXPSOLU��3RU�HVR�GHFLPRV�TXH��~QLFDPHQWH��HO�VHU�HV�VHJ~Q�VH�OR�FRQVLGHUH�HQ�HO�PLVPR�PRPHQWR�\�FRQ�HO�PLVPR�VHQWLGR��1R�SXHGH�VHU�HVWH�HQFHQGHGRU�XQ�SUR\HFWLO�� QR�SXHGH�VHU�RWUD� FRVD�VL� VH� OR� FRQVLGHUD�HQFHQGHGRU��$O�FRQVLGHUDUOR�HQFHQGHGRU�FRPR�WDO�\�HQ�HVWH�PLVPR�PRPHQWR��QR�SXHGH�VHU�\�QR�VHU�GLIHUHQWHV�FRVDV��'H�PDQHUD�TXH�HO�3ULQFLSLR�GH�1R�&RQWUDGLFFLyQ��QRVRWURV� OR�HQWHQGHPRV�DVt��FRPR�LPSRVLEOH�TXH�XQD�FRVD�VHD�\�QR�VHD��HQ�HO�PLVPR�PRPHQWR�\�FRQ�HO�PLVPR�VHQWLGR��6L�ILMDPRV�HQWRQFHV�HVRV�GRV�SDUiPHWURV��GHO�PLVPR�PRPHQWR�\�HO�PLVPR�VHQWLGR��HQWRQFHV��QR�SXHGH�KDEHU�FRQWUDGLFFLyQ��3HUR�VL�QR� ILMDPRV�HO�PLVPR�PRPHQWR�\�HO�PLVPR�VHQWLGR��HQWRQFHV�XQD�FRVD�SXHGH�VHU�GLIHUHQWH�D�Vt�PLVPD��'H�PDQHUD�TXH�HVH�GHWDOOH� WLHQH�DOJXQD� LPSRUWDQFLD��<�HVR�WLHQH�PXFKD�LPSRUWDQFLD�VREUH�WRGR�HQ�FXHVWLRQHV�PiV�SUiFWLFDV��FRPR�HV�ILMDU�ORV�QLYHOHV�GH�OHQJXDMH��<�FODUR��VL�VH�ILMDQ�GLVWLQWRV�QLYHOHV�GH�OHQJXDMH��\�GH�XQ�REMHWR��D�HVH�REMHWR��VH�OR�YD�FRQVLGHUDQGR�GH�GLVWLQWRV�SXQWRV�GH�YLVWD��FODUR��R�VL�VH�WRPD�XQ�REMHWR�\�VH� OR�GHMD� LU�D� OR� ODUJR�GHO� WLHPSR�� FODUR�� HQWRQFHV�� HO� REMHWR� YD� VLHQGR� GLVWLQWR�� YD� FDPELDQGR� H� LQFOXVR� SXHGH� WHQHU�FRQWUDGLFFLRQHV�FRQVLJR�PLVPR��3HUR�VL�VH�OR�WRPD�HQ�HO�PLVPR�VHQWLGR�\�HQ�HO�PLVPR�PRPHQWR��QR�SXHGH�VHU�\�QR�VHU��QR�SXHGH�KDEHU�WDO�FRQWUDGLFFLyQ��3HUIHFWR�<�HO�~OWLPR�3ULQFLSLR�QRV�KDEOD�GH�OD�9DULDELOLGDG�\�VH�HQXQFLD�DVt��HO�VHU�HV�\�QR�HV�LGpQWLFR�D�Vt�PLVPR��VHJ~Q�VH�OR�FRQVLGHUH�FRPR�PRPHQWR�R�FRPR�SURFHVR��(V�XQ�SRFR�OR�TXH�VH�KDEtD�GLFKR�DQWHV�� HQ� RWUR� FRQWH[WR�� 6L� D� HVWH� HQFHQGHGRU� VH� OR� FRQVLGHUD� HQ� HVWH�PRPHQWR�� WDO� FXDO� HVWi�DFi�SUHVHQWDGR��VH�OR�FRQVLGHUD�LGpQWLFR�D�Vt�PLVPR��3HUR�VL�OR�KDFHPRV�YDULDU�HQ�HO�WLHPSR��VL�D�HVWR�OR�SRQHPRV�HQ�SURFHVR��\D�QR�HV�LGpQWLFR�D�Vt�PLVPR��(QWRQFHV�KDEODPRV�GH�OD�9DULDELOLGDG�GLFLHQGR�TXH�XQ�VHU�SXHGH�VHU�R�QR�VHU�LGpQWLFR�D�Vt�PLVPR�VHJ~Q�VH�OR�FRQVLGHUH�FRPR�PRPHQWR�R�FRPR�SURFHVR��<�HVR�HV�WRGR�OR�TXH�GHFLPRV�(QWRQFHV�� KDEODQGR� GH� 3ULQFLSLRV�� KDEODPRV� GH�� 3ULQFLSLR� GH� ([SHULHQFLD�� QR� KD\� VHU� VLQ�PDQLIHVWDFLyQ��3ULQFLSLR�GH�*UDGXDFLyQ��HO�VHU�\�HO�QR�VHU�DGPLWHQ�JUDGRV�GH�GLIHUHQWH�SUREDELOLGDG�\� FHUWH]D�� WHUFHUR�� 3ULQFLSLR� GH� 1R�&RQWUDGLFFLyQ�� HV� LPSRVLEOH� TXH� HO� VHU� VHD� \� QR� VHD�� HQ� HO�PLVPR� PRPHQWR� \� FRQ� HO� PLVPR� VHQWLGR�� FXDUWR�� 3ULQFLSLR� GH� 9DULDELOLGDG�� HO� VHU� HV� \� QR� HV�LGpQWLFR�D�Vt�PLVPR��VHJ~Q�VH�OR�FRQVLGHUH�FRPR�PRPHQWR�R�FRPR�SURFHVR�/DV�/H\HV�\D�HVWiQ�FRQRFLGDV�\�YLVWDV�SRU�QRVRWURV�/H\�GH�(VWUXFWXUD��QDGD�HVWi�DLVODGR�VLQR�UHODFLRQDGR�GLQiPLFDPHQWH�FRQ�RWURV�VHUHV�GHQWUR�GH�iPELWRV�FRQGLFLRQDQWHV�±VH�FRPSUHQGH�GH�GRQGH�VDOH�HVWR�¢QR"�'RV�� &RQFRPLWDQFLD�� WRGR� SURFHVR� HVWi� GHWHUPLQDGR� SRU� UHODFLRQHV� GH� VLPXOWDQHLGDG� FRQ�SURFHVRV�GHO�PLVPR�iPELWR�7HUFHUR��&LFOR�� WRGR�HVWi�HQ�HYROXFLyQ�\�YD�GH� OR�VLPSOH�D� OR�FRPSOHMR�VHJ~Q� ULWPRV�FtFOLFRV��HQ�GRQGH� YHPRV� VLHPSUH� ±SRGHPRV� DJUHJDU� DKRUD±� HVD� VXFHVLyQ� FRQWLQXD� GH� GLIHUHQFLDFLRQHV��GH� FRPSOHPHQWDFLRQHV�� GH� VtQWHVLV�� GH� QXHYDV� GLIHUHQFLDFLRQHV� GH� OD� VtQWHVLV�� GH� QXHYDV�FRPSOHPHQWDFLRQHV�HQWUH�HOODV��\�GH�VtQWHVLV�PD\RUHV��VHJ~Q�OR�TXH�KHPRV�HVWDGR�HVWXGLDQGR�DO�YHU�HVWH�SUREOHPD�GH�ODV�GLIHUHQFLDV�FUHFLHQWHV�&XDUWR�� 6XSHUDFLyQ�� OD� VtQWHVLV� GH� XQ� SURFHVR� DVXPH� ODV� GLIHUHQFLDV� DQWHULRUHV� HOLPLQDQGR�HOHPHQWRV�FXDOLWDWLYDPHQWH�QR�DFHSWDEOHV�SDUD�SDVRV�PiV�FRPSOHMRV�(VWDV�/H\HV�ODV�WHQHPRV�FRQRFLGDV�<� HQ� FXDQWR� DO� 0pWRGR�� GHFLPRV� TXH� HV� XQ� HQFXDGUH� TXH� VLUYH� SDUD� RUGHQDU� HO� SHQVDPLHQWR��VLHQGR� VX� IXQGDPHQWR� OD� GLQiPLFD� HVWUXFWXUDO� GHO� SHQVDPLHQWR�� (O� SULPHU� SDVR� GHO� 0pWRGR�H[LJH� OD� GHWHUPLQDFLyQ� GHO� SXQWR� GH� LQWHUpV� VREUH� HO� REMHWR�� HV� GHFLU�� GLIHUHQFLD� GHO� REMHWR� FRQ�UHVSHFWR� D� RWURV�� OR� TXH� OODPDUtDPRV� ILMDFLyQ� GHO� iPELWR�� SURFHGLpQGRVH� OXHJR� D� HVWXGLDU� ORV�

)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������

Page 30: Fundamentos Del Pensar

HOHPHQWRV�FRPSRVLWLYRV�GHO�REMHWR��D�OR�TXH�OH�SRGUtDPRV�OODPDU�GLIHUHQFLD�LQWHUQD��GLIHUHQFLDFLyQ�±DFi� KHPRV� ILMDGR� HO� HQFHQGHGRU� GHVGH� XQ� FLHUWR� SXQWR� GH� YLVWD��PX\� ELHQ�� DKRUD�¢FyPR�HVWi�FRPSXHVWR�HO�HQFHQGHGRU"��GLIHUHQFLDV�LQWHUQDV�GHO�HQFHQGHGRU±��+HPRV�ILMDGR�HO�SXQWR�GH�YLVWD��KHPRV�ILMDGR�QXHVWUR� LQWHUpV��DKRUD�YHPRV�HO�HQFHQGHGRU��DKRUD�QRV�PHWHPRV�HQ�VX�HVWUXFWXUD��¢FyPR� HVWi� FRPSXHVWR"�� YHPRV� ODV� GLIHUHQFLDV� HQ� VX� FRPSRVLFLyQ�� ODV� GLIHUHQWHV� FRVDV� TXH�KD\�HQ�pO��%LHQ��HVH�HV�HO�HVWXGLR�FRPSRVLWLYR�GH�HVWH�REMHWR��SHUIHFWDPHQWH����'LIHUHQFLDFLRQHV��GLIHUHQFLDPRV�FRVDV�HQ�HVH�REMHWR�/XHJR�� HVWXGLDPRV� OD� UHODFLyQ� GH� ORV� HOHPHQWRV� FRPSRVLWLYRV� HQWUH� Vt�� $� PL� QR� PH� EDVWD� FRQ�GHFLU� HVWR� HVWi� FRPSXHVWR� GH� WDOHV� \� FXDOHV� FRVDV�� HV� QHFHVDULR� TXH� YHD� ODV� UHODFLRQHV� TXH�H[LVWHQ�HQWUH�HVRV�HOHPHQWRV�FRPSRVLWLYRV��<R�KH�SURFHGLGR�SRU�GLIHUHQFLDV�HQ�HVWH�HQFHQGHGRU��DKRUD� HVWDEOH]FR� UHODFLRQHV� HQWUH� HVDV� GLIHUHQFLDV�� HV� FRPR� VL� YLHUD� DKRUD� FyPR� IXQFLRQD��SHUIHFWDPHQWH��2� VHD� TXH� ¢TXp� HVWR\� KDFLHQGR"�� HVWR\� KDFLHQGR� UHODFLRQHV� HQ� ODV� GLIHUHQFLDV�\� D� HVWR� \D� QR� OH� OODPR� GLIHUHQFLDFLyQ�� D� HVR� OH� OODPR� FRPSOHPHQWDFLyQ�� &RPSOHPHQWR�� KDJR�UHODFLRQHV��TXH�SRU�VXSXHVWR�SURFHGH�SRU�GLIHUHQFLD�WDPELpQ��(V�RWUR�DFWR��\R�KH�HVWDEOHFLGR�HQ�WRGR� HVWH� FDPSR�� GLIHUHQFLDV� FRPSRVLWLYDV�� DKRUD� HVWDEOH]FR� UHODFLRQHV� HQWUH� HVDV� GLIHUHQFLDV��DKRUD�YHR�FRPR�IXQFLRQD��3HUIHFWR�<�SRU�~OWLPR�� OD�PDQLIHVWDFLyQ�GHO�PLVPR�REMHWR�� GLQiPLFD�R�PDQLIHVWDFLyQ�HVWUXFWXUDO��$�HVR� OH�OODPDPRV�VtQWHVLV��HV�GHFLU�¢GH�GyQGH�YLHQH"�¢D�GyQGH�YD"��R�ELHQ��¢FyPR�VH�SUHVHQWD"3XQWR� GH� LQWHUpV�� FRPSRVLFLyQ�� UHODFLyQ� \� PDQLIHVWDFLyQ�� VRQ� ORV� DVSHFWRV� \� SDVRV� D� WHQHU� HQ�FXHQWD�HQ�HO�HMHUFLFLR�GHO�0pWRGR��+DJiPRVOR�VLPSOH��/RV�ELyORJRV�SRU�HMHPSOR��$OJXQRV�GH�HOORV�GLFHQ�TXH�WUDEDMDQ�LQGXFWLYDPHQWH�R�GHGXFWLYDPHQWH��SHUR�¢TXp�KDFHQ�HQ�OD�SUiFWLFD"�(Q�OD�SUiFWLFD�KDFHQ�XQ�SRFR�HVWR��QR�KDFHQ�HVR�GH�ODV�LQGXFFLRQHV�\�ODV�GHGXFFLRQHV��(Q�OD�SUiFWLFD�GLYLGHQ�ODV�UDPDV�GH�VX�FRQRFLPLHQWR�HQ�XQD�DQDWRPtD��HV�GHFLU��GHVFULSFLyQ�FRPSRVLWLYD�GHO�REMHWR�D�HVWXGLDU�±DKt�HVWXGLDQ� ORV�KXHVRV��ORV� WHMLGRV�� ORV� GLVWLQWRV� WLSRV� GH� HOHPHQWRV� TXH� HVWiQ� WUDEDMDQGR±�� HVWiQ� KDFLHQGR� DQDWRPtD��HVWiQ�KDFLHQGR�FRPSRVLFLyQ��HVWXGLR�FRPSRVLWLYR��SHUR�GHVSXpV�HVWXGLDQ� ILVLRORJtD��HV�GHFLU��QR�OHV�EDVWD�FRQ�GHVFULELU�VLPSOHPHQWH�FyPR�HVWi�FRPSXHVWR�XQ�FXHUSR��HV�QHFHVDULR�VDEHU�FyPR�IXQFLRQD��FyPR�VH�UHODFLRQD�XQD�FRVD�FRQ�RWUD��$Vt�TXH�HVD�GLYLVLyQ�HOHPHQWDO�HQWUH�OD�DQDWRPtD�\�OD�ILVLRORJtD��QRV�HVWi�SRQLHQGR�HQ�SUHVHQFLD�GH�OD�QHFHVLGDG�TXH�HOORV�WLHQHQ�GH�KDFHU�XQ�HVWXGLR�SULPHUDPHQWH� FRPSRVLWLYR�� GHVFULSWLYR�� GH� ¢FyPR� HV� HVD� PDTXLQDULD� TXH� HVWiQ� HVWXGLDQGR"��¢FyPR�VRQ�VXV�SDUWHV��VXV�SLH]DV��FRPR�VL�IXHUD�XQ�PRWRU"�\�OXHJR�YHU�FyPR�HVDV�SLH]DV�HVWiQ�UHODFLRQDGDV�HQWUH�Vt��<�SRU�~OWLPR�YDQ�D�KDFHU�XQD�VtQWHVLV�\�QRV�YDQ�D�KDEODU�GH�XQD�ELRTXtPLFD��\�QRV�YDQ�D�KDEODU�GH�OD�WUDQVIRUPDFLyQ�GH�ODV�VXEVWDQFLDV�\�GH�WRGR�HO�WUDEDMR�PHWDEyOLFR�GH�HVH�RUJDQLVPR��\�OR�YDQ�D�SRQHU�HQ�PDUFKD�HO�SURFHVR�\�YDQ�D�GHFLU�FyPR�QDFH��FyPR�VH�UHSURGXFH��GH�GyQGH�SURFHGH��KDFLD�GyQGH�YD��ORV�FRQWDFWRV�\�ODV�UHODFLRQHV�FRQ�HO�DPELHQWH��ORV�SUREOHPDV�GH�QXWULFLyQ��HWF��(OORV�YDQ�D�SRQHU�HQ�SURFHVR�WRGR�HVR�3HUR� HOORV� PLVPRV� HQ� OD� RUJDQL]DFLyQ� GH� VX� FLHQFLD�� GHMDQGR� GH� ODGR� OR� TXH� GLFHQ� DFHUFD� GHO�PpWRGR�FLHQWtILFR�\�DFHUFD�GH�OD�LQGXFFLyQ�R�OD�GHGXFFLyQ��HQ�OD�UHDOLGDG�SUiFWLFD��QXHVWURV�DPLJRV�KDQ� WHQLGR� TXH� GLYLGLU� VXV� HVWXGLRV� HQ� GHVFULSWLYRV� R� DQDWyPLFRV�� HQ� IXQFLRQDOHV� R� ILVLROyJLFRV�\� OXHJR�HQ�SURFHVR�ELRTXtPtFR��$Vt�TXH��GH� WDO�PRGR�HVWiQ�RUJDQL]DGDV�FLHQFLDV�FRPR�pVD�TXH�GD� OD� LPSUHVLyQ� TXH� HVWXYLHUDQ� RUJDQL]DGDV� VHJ~Q� HVWH� 0pWRGR�� \� FODUR�� SRUTXH� VRQ� ODV� PiV�UHODFLRQDGDV�FRQ� OD�YLGD�\�HQWRQFHV�WDPELpQ�SRGHPRV�SHQVDU�TXH�HVWH�0pWRGR�HVWi�RUJDQL]DGR�VHJ~Q� OD� ELRORJtD�����ULVDV��� SRUTXH� IXQFLRQD� VHJ~Q� ORV� PLVPRV� SDVRV� TXH� OR� YLYR�� TXH� VRQ� ORV�PLVPRV�SDVRV�GHO�SHQVDU�\�GH�OD�FRQFLHQFLD�'H�PDQHUD�TXH�HQ�FXHVWLRQHV�GH�0pWRGR�±HO�0pWRGR��HQ�WRGR�FDVR�GHEH�VHUYLU�GH�D\XGD�\�QR�GH�WUDED��QR�GH�LPSHGLPHQWR�\�DOOt�GRQGH�HO�0pWRGR�QRV�FRORTXH�XQ�LPSHGLPHQWR�SDUD�HVWXGLDU�DOJR��HVWi�IiFLO��VDFDPRV�HO�0pWRGR��GH�PDQHUD�TXH�HO�0pWRGR�WLHQH�TXH�VHU�XQD�KHUUDPLHQWD�GH�D\XGD��VL� QRV� FUHD� SUREOHPD�� IXHUD� FRQ� HO� 0pWRGR�� VH� VXSRQH� TXH� HVWi� HQ� IXQFLyQ� GHO� RUGHQDPLHQWR�GHO� SHQVDU� \� VL� SRU� DOJXQD� FLUFXQVWDQFLD� QR� WXYLpUDPRV� GRPLQLR� GHO� 0pWRGR� HQ� HVH� PRPHQWR��SHUIHFWDPHQWH�� DIXHUD� FRQ� HO�0pWRGR±�� SHUR�� KDEODQGR� GH�0pWRGR�� QRVRWURV� VLHPSUH� ILMDPRV� HO�LQWHUpV��VH�WUDWH�GH�XQ�QLYHO�GH�OHQJXDMH��GH�XQ�REMHWR��GH�XQ�WHPD��GH�OR�TXH�VHD�6L�SURGXFLPRV�XQD�PRQRJUDItD��R�HQWUDPRV�HQ�XQ�GHWHUPLQDGR�WHPD��R�QRV�SRQHPRV�D�KDFHU�XQD�LQYHVWLJDFLyQ��OR�TXH�GHEH�HVWDU�FODUR�GH�HQWUDGD�HV��TXp�FRVD�YDPRV�D�HVWXGLDU��HQ�TXp�VHQWLGR�

)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������

Page 31: Fundamentos Del Pensar

OD�YDPRV�D�HVWXGLDU��FRQ�TXp�LQWHUpV�OD�YDPRV�D�HVWXGLDU��SDUD�TXp�ILQ��D�TXp�VLUYH�ILMDU�HO�iPELWR�GHO�REMHWR��8QD�YH]�ELHQ� ILMDGR�HO�iPELWR�GHO�REMHWR��GLIHUHQFLDGR�GH�RWURV�REMHWRV��DKt�HQWRQFHV�YDPRV�D�YHU�VX�DQDWRPtD��VX�ILVLRORJtD�\�VX�ELRTXtPLFD��YDPRV�D�YHU�FyPR�HVWi�FRPSXHVWR��FyPR�VH�UHODFLRQDQ�ORV�HOHPHQWRV�TXH�OR�FRPSRQHQ�\�FyPR�SURFHVD�R�FyPR�VH�SUHVHQWD�%LHQ�� &RQ� ODV� UHODFLRQHV� VLHPSUH� KD\� XQ� SUREOHPD�� FRQ� HVWR� GH� OD� UHODFLyQ�� &RPR� SDVDED� HQ�SVLFRORJtD� \� FRPR� SXHGH� SDVDU� HQ� ELRORJtD�� KD\� GLVWLQWRV� QLYHOHV� GH� UHODFLyQ�� VL� \R� DFi� WHQJR�GLVWLQWRV� WHMLGRV� �WHMLGR� ySWLFR�� WHMLGR� FRQMXQWLYR�� WHMLGR� PXVFXODU�� HWF��� \� HVWDEOH]FR� UHODFLRQHV�HQWUH�HOORV��FODUR��VRQ�UHODFLRQHV�HVWUXFWXUDOHV�GHQWUR�GH�HVH�RUJDQLVPR��SHUR�HVR� WLHQH�XQ�QLYHO�GLIHUHQWH�D�VL�DKRUD�HVWDEOH]FR�UHODFLRQHV�HQWUH� WRGR�HO�RUJDQLVPR�\�VX�PHGLR��$Vt�TXH�KD\�XQD�FXHVWLyQ�GH� FULWHULR� \� GH�EXHQ�PDQHMR�HQ�HO�0pWRGR� \� VDEHU� TXH� FXDQGR�HVWDPRV�KDEODQGR�GH�UHODFLRQHV��EXHQR��PX\�ELHQ��HVWDPRV�KDEODQGR�GH� UHODFLRQHV�HQWUH� ORV�HOHPHQWRV�FRPSRVLWLYRV�R�� D� YHFHV�� VHJ~Q� HO� FDVR�� GH� UHODFLRQHV� HQWUH� HVD� HVWUXFWXUD� \� VX� PHGLR�� 8GV�� YHQ� TXH� KD\�GLIHUHQFLDV� GH� QLYHOHV� GH� UHODFLyQ� \� HVWR�� HQ� OXJDU� GH� FRPSULPLUQRV�� GHEHUtD� VHUYLUQRV� SDUD�WHQHU�PiV�PRYLOLGDG�HQ�HO�PDQHMR�GHO�VLVWHPD�GH�UHODFLRQHV��$Vt�TXH��VL�HVWDPRV�KDEODQGR�GH�OD�UHODFLyQ�HQWUH�ORV�WHMLGRV��HV�XQD�FRVD��SHUR�VL�HVWDPRV�KDEODQGR�GHO�PHWDEROLVPR��OD�UHSURGXFFLyQ�\� OD� ORFRPRFLyQ�� HQ� UHODFLyQ� FRQ� HO�PHGLR�� HV� XQD� FRVD� EDVWDQWH� GLVWLQWD�� 9HQ� OD� GLIHUHQFLD� GHO�HMHUFLFLR�GH�OD�UHODFLyQ��3HUR�HVR�QR�GHEH�VHU�XQ�REVWiFXOR��VL�QR�DO�FRQWUDULR��XQD�IDFLOLGDG�SDUD�PRYHUQRV��6L�QR��QRV�FRPSULPLPRV�FRQ�HVD�KLVWRULD�GH� OD�UHODFLyQ�\�QRV�TXHGDPRV�HPEROVDGRV�VLHPSUH�$Vt�TXH�YHPRV�HOHPHQWRV�FRPSRVLWLYRV��YHPRV� ODV� UHODFLRQHV�HQWUH� ORV�HOHPHQWRV�FRPSRVLWLYRV�\�VHJ~Q� ORV�FDVRV��SRGHPRV�YHU� UHODFLRQHV�FRQ�HO�PHGLR��(Q� ILVLRORJtD�D�FDGD� UDWR�VXFHGH�HVR��1R�VyOR�HVWDPRV�YLHQGR�UHODFLRQHV�HQWUH�WHMLGRV��VLQR�TXH�HVWDPRV�YLHQGR��FyPR�HVH�WHMLGR�R�HVH�yUJDQR�� WDPELpQ� WUDEDMD�GLUHFWDPHQWH�HQ� UHODFLyQ�FRQ�HO�PHGLR��$Vt�TXH�FODUR��SRGHPRV�YHU� ODV�UHODFLRQHV�HQWUH�HO�VLVWHPD�GLJHVWLYR�\�HO�VLVWHPD�SXOPRQDU��'HVGH�OXHJR��KD\�XQ�WLSR�GH�UHODFLyQ��SHUR�WDPELpQ�SRGHPRV�YHU�OD�UHODFLyQ�HQWUH�HO�VLVWHPD�GLJHVWLYR�\�HO�PHGLR�HQ�OR�TXH�KDFH�D�ORV�DOLPHQWRV��DVt�TXH�ItMHQVH�TXH�VRQ�GRV�VLVWHPDV�GH�UHODFLRQHV�EDVWDQWH�GLIHUHQWHV�\�HQWRQFHV� OR�~QLFR�TXH�KDFHPRV�DO�ILMDU�HVRV�GRV�VLVWHPDV�GH�UHODFLRQHV�±LQWHUQR�D�OD�HVWUXFWXUD�R�H[WHUQR�D�OD�HVWUXFWXUD±��OR�~QLFR�TXH�KDFHPRV�HV�H[SOLFDUOR��(V�GHFLU��EXHQR�DKRUD�YDPRV�D�YHU�ODV�UHODFLRQHV�LQWHUQDV� \�DKRUD� YDPRV�D� YHU� ODV� UHODFLRQHV� FRQ� VX�PHGLR�� OR� ~QLFR�TXH�KDFHPRV�VLPSOHPHQWH�HV�H[SOLFDU� ODV�GLIHUHQFLDV�GH� ODV� UHODFLRQHV�TXH�HVWDPRV�HVWDEOHFLHQGR��%XHQR��HVR�HV� WRGR�XQ�SUREOHPD�TXH�KD\�FRQ�HVWR�GH�ODV�UHODFLRQHV�<�HQ�FXDQWR�D�OD�VtQWHVLV��OR�TXH�H[SOLFD�WRGD�HVWD�HVWUXFWXUDFLyQ��D�YHFHV�HVWD�VtQWHVLV�OD�SRGHPRV�YHU�FRPR�DOJR�TXH�VH�SUHVHQWD�JOREDOPHQWH��D�YHFHV�OR�SRGHPRV�YHU�FRPR�SURFHVR��HQWRQFHV�QRV�YDPRV�D�SUHRFXSDU�GH� OD�JpQHVLV�GH� WRGR�HVWH�RUJDQLVPR��HVWH�RUJDQLVPR�QDFH�GH�GRV�FpOXODV�\� OXHJR�VH�FRQYLHUWH�HQ�XQ�FLHUWR�DSDUDWR��\� OXHJR�VH�YD�WUDQVIRUPDQGR�HQ�VX� LQWHULRU��\� OXHJR�����HWF��� HWF��� KDVWD� TXH� DSDUHFH� HO� RUJDQLVPR� HQ� FXHVWLyQ� TXH� HVWDPRV� YLHQGR� \� D� HVWH� VXMHWR� OH�YDQ� VXFHGLHQGR� GLVWLQWDV� FRVDV� HQ� HO� WLHPSR�� LQFOXVR� HVH� RUJDQLVPR� SXHGH� UHSURGXFLUVH�� HVWH�RUJDQLVPR� PXHUH� \� VH� GHVFRPSRQH� QXHYDPHQWH�� HQ� VXEVWDQFLDV� PLQHUDOHV� EiVLFDV�� HWF�� \� VH�HVWDEOHFH�RWUR�FLFOR�YLWDO�¢QR�HV�FLHUWR"��TXH�ORV�PLQHUDOHV�WUDEDMDQGR��ORV�PDPtIHURV�GH�QXHYR��\�GH�QXHYR����%LHQ��HVWH�HV�XQ�SUREOHPD�YLWDO��XQ�SURFHVR�ELROyJLFR��HV�XQ�SURFHVR�PX\�LQWHUHVDQWH��SRUTXH�QRV�YD�D�KDFHU�HQWHQGHU�FyPR�IXQFLRQD�HVWD�FRVD��1R�YDPRV�D� WRPDU�HO�RUJDQLVPR�DKt��FRPR�VL�KXELHUD�VDOLGR�GH� OD�HVWUDWyVIHUD��YDPRV�D�YHU�VX�FRPSRVLFLyQ��VXV� UHODFLRQHV� LQWHUQDV��VXV� UHODFLRQHV� FRQ� VX� PHGLR�� \� DFi� QR� OR� YDPRV� D� YHU� TXH� HVWi� SURFHVDQGR�� %LHQ�� FXDQGR�KDEODPRV�GH�SURFHVR��KDEODPRV�GH�WRGR�HVH�WLSR�GH�WUDQVFXUULU�(QWRQFHV�HQ�FXDOTXLHU�HVWXGLR�TXH�KDFHPRV��VLHPSUH�DQGDPRV�FRQ�HVD�KLVWRULD�GH�ILMDU�HO�LQWHUpV��YHU�ORV�HOHPHQWRV�FRPSRVLWLYRV��ODV�UHODFLRQHV�\�ORV�SURFHVRV�7DO� 0pWRGR� ¢OR� XVDPRV� QRVRWURV� HQ� OD� YLGD� FRWLGLDQD"� 'H� QLQJXQD� PDQHUD�� ¢&yPR� YDPRV� D�SHQVDU�VLJXLHQGR�XQ�PpWRGR�GH�SHQVDPLHQWR"�6L�HVR�QR�WLHQH�QDGD�TXH�YHU�FRQ�QXHVWUR�SHQVDU�FRWLGLDQR��(VR� WLHQH�TXH�YHU�FRQ�XQ�SHQVDU� ULJXURVR��FXDQGR�VH�HVWi�KDFLHQGR�XQ�HVWXGLR��SHUR�HQ� OD� YLGD� GLDULD�� FXDQGR� HVWDPRV� HQ� QXHVWUDV� FRVDV�� QR� HVWDPRV� KDFLHQGR� XQ� HVWXGLR�� 6L� \R�HVWR\�FRQ�XQ�DPLJR��SXHV�HVWR\�FRQ�XQ�DPLJR�\�SXQWR��4Xp�WHQJR�TXH�HVWDU�PHWLHQGR�UXLGR�FRQ�XQ� PpWRGR�� 3HUR� FODUR�� FXDQGR� WHQJR� TXH� HVWXGLDU� XQ� REMHWR�� QR� SXHGR� WUDWDUOR� FRPR� VL� IXHUD�HO�DPLJR��PHMRU� WUDWDUOR�FRQ�FLHUWR�DMXVWH�VL�HV�TXH� OR�TXLHUR�HQWHQGHU�ELHQ��SHUR�D�XQ�DPLJR�QR�OR� HVWXGLR�� QR� OH� DSOLFR� HO�0pWRGR� D� XQ� DPLJR� ¢TXp� HV� HVR"� �ULVDV�� 5XLGR� GH� SODQRV���� HVR� HV�)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������

Page 32: Fundamentos Del Pensar

HYLGHQWH��(QWRQFHV�QR�VH�HQWLHQGH�OD�IXQFLyQ�GH�OD�YLGD��QR�VH�SXHGH�UHGXFLU�OD�YLGD�D�XQ�PpWRGR��KD\�TXH�HQWHQGHU�PiV�ELHQ�XQ�PpWRGR�VXUJLHQGR�GH�OD�YLGD�\�SDUD�OD�YLGD��VL�QR��GD�YXHOWD�WRGR�\� VH� SURGXFHQ� HVDV� PRQVWUXRVLGDGHV� UDFLRQDOLVWDV�� GH� ODV� TXH� DIRUWXQDGDPHQWH� HVWDPRV� \D�VDOLHQGR�%LHQ�� DVt� TXH� HO� 0pWRGR� SXHGH� VHUYLUQRV� VREUH� WRGR� FXDQGR� KD\� DOJ~Q� HVWXGLR� \� KD\� DOJ~Q�LQWHUpV�SUHFLVR��<R�KH�YLVWR� FRVDV�� D� YHFHV��XQ�SRFR� ULVXHxDV�HQ�HVWR�GHO�0pWRGR��6H� WRPD�XQ�REMHWR� FXDOTXLHUD� \� VH� GLFH�� YDPRV� D� HVWXGLDUOR� GHO� SXQWR� GH� YLVWD� GHO� 0pWRGR� �ULVDV��� 4XH� VX�FRPSRVLFLyQ«�KD\�XQRV�FDUWRQHV��FODUR«�TXH�Vt��TXH�HVWiQ�UHODFLRQDGRV�HQWUH�Vt«�\�TXH�SDUHFH�VLJXLHURQ�XQ�SURFHVR�SRUTXH�OR�IDEULFDURQ«�\�\R�OR�FRPSUp��<�\D�HVWi��'H�WDO�PDQHUD�TXH�VL�HVWR\�HMHUFLWDQGR�HO�0pWRGR��HV�SRUTXH�KD\�DOJXQD�FXHVWLyQ�GH�HVWXGLR�\�SRU�XQD�FRVD�PX\�LPSRUWDQWH��PX\�D�WHQHU�HQ�FXHQWD��HO�0pWRGR�QR�RSHUD�HQ�YDFtR��HO�0pWRGR�RSHUD�HVWXGLDQGR�VXV�HOHPHQWRV�FRPSRVLWLYRV��VXV�UHODFLRQHV�\�VX�SURFHVR�\�SRU�OR�WDQWR��HO�0pWRGR�RSHUD�HVWUXFWXUDQGR�GDWRV��(O�0pWRGR�QR�SXHGH�RSHUDU�VLQ�GDWRV��1R�SXHGR�KDFHU�XQ�HVWXGLR�FRPSRVLWLYR�GH�WDO�FDMD��VL�QR�WHQJR�OD�PiV�PtQLPD�LGHD�GH�OR�TXH�VHD�OD�FHOXORVD��VL�QR�WHQJR�OD�PiV�PtQLPD�LGHD�GH�OR�TXH�VLJQLILFDQ�HVWDV�SLQWXUDV��VL�QR�WHQJR�OD�PiV�PtQLPD�LGHD�GHO�SURFHVR�SURGXFWLYR�GH�HVWD�IiEULFD��HWF��4XLHUR�GHFLU�VLPSOHPHQWH��TXH�HO�0pWRGR�QR�SXHGH�RSHUDU�HQ�YDFtR��VLQR�FRQ�GDWRV��HO�0pWRGR�QR�SXHGH�HQWUHJDU�GDWRV��HO�0pWRGR�SXHGH�RUGHQDU�GDWRV�\�SXHGH�VHUYLUQRV�SDUD�EXVFDU�GDWRV�TXH�IDOWHQ�HQ�XQ�HVWXGLR�GDGR��$Vt�TXH�QRV�VLUYH��SRU�XQ�ODGR��SDUD�HVWUXFWXUDU�OD�PDVD�GH�LQIRUPDFLyQ�\�SRU�RWUR�ODGR�SDUD�VDEHU� ODV�GHILFLHQFLDV�GH� OD�PDVD�GH� LQIRUPDFLyQ�\�RULHQWDUQRV�D� OOHQDU�HVDV� ODJXQDV��3HUR�� FRQ� YDFtR� QR� SRGHPRV� HVWXGLDU� FRPSRVLFLyQ�� QL� UHODFLyQ�� QL� SURFHVR�� <� D� YHFHV� VXFHGHQ�HVDV�FRVDV�H[WUDxDV�HQ�HO�HMHUFLFLR�GHO�0pWRGR�%LHQ��VL�UHGXMpUDPRV�WRGR�OR�TXH�KHPRV�GLFKR��TXp�SRGUtDPRV�GHFLU�DKRUD�����£QR�PXFKR���ULVDV���3RGUtDPRV� GHFLU� TXH� DKt� FRQ� HO� SHQVDPLHQWR� KD\� XQD� KLVWRULD� \� TXH� HVWD� KLVWRULD� YDSRURVD� GHO�SHQVDPLHQWR�� WLHQH�TXH� YHU� FRQ�HVWDV� FXHVWLRQHV� GH�/yJLFD�� TXH�HVR�QR�HV�PX\�SUiFWLFR� HQ� OD�YLGD�GLDULD��SHUR�TXH�HVWDV�LGHDV�D�YHFHV�VH�RUJDQL]DQ�\�HQWRQFHV�VLUYHQ�SDUD�KDFHU�FRVDV�R�SDUD�HQWHQGHU�FRVDV��(QWRQFHV��HVD�RUJDQL]DFLyQ�GH�ODV�LGHDV�FRQILJXUDQ�XQ�FLHUWR�WLSR�GH�OyJLFD�\�HVD�OyJLFD�WUDEDMD�FRQ�DOJXQRV�SULQFLSLRV��DOJXQDV�OH\HV�\�XQ�FLHUWR�WLSR�GH�PpWRGR��TXH�HV�OD�PHFiQLFD�D� OD� TXH� VH� DGHFXD� HO� SHQVDU�� SDUD� OOHYDU� XQD� VHFXHQFLD� UD]RQDEOH�� FRKHUHQWH�� $Vt� TXH� ¢TXp�HVWDPRV�GLFLHQGR"�HVWDPRV�KDEODQGR�GH�TXH�HO�SHQVDU�SXHGH�VHU�PiV�R�PHQRV�RUGHQDGR��\�VL�HV�PiV�R�PHQRV�RUGHQDGR�GHEHUtD�WHQHU�HQ�FXHQWD�DOJXQRV�SULQFLSLRV�PX\�JHQHUDOHV�TXH�RSHUDQ�HQ�WRGDV�ODV�FRVDV��DOJXQDV�OH\HV�PX\�DPSOLDV�TXH�WDPELpQ�RSHUDQ�HQ�GLVWLQWRV�FDPSRV�\�XQ�PpWRGR�GH�SHQVDPLHQWR�TXH�QRV�SHUPLWD�WDPELpQ�RSHUDU�HQ�GLVWLQWRV�FDPSRV��(QWRQFHV�Vt�HV�FRPSOHWR�\�HV�LQWHUHVDQWH��(VRV�SULQFLSLRV��HVDV�OH\HV�\�HVH�PpWRGR��GHEHQ�VHUYLUQRV�SDUD�VHU�DSOLFDGRV�HQ�GLVWLQWRV�FDPSRV��DXQTXH�HQ�FDGD�FDPSR�WHQJDPRV�TXH�KDFHU�ODV�WUDGXFFLRQHV�TXH�FRUUHVSRQGHQ�D�HVH�OHQJXDMH��1R�YDPRV�D�XVDU�XQ�OHQJXDMH�KLVWyULFR�HQ�%LRORJtD��3HUR�FRQ�VHJXULGDG��TXH�WDQWR�HQ�OD�KLVWRULD�FRPR�HQ�OD�ELRORJtD��WHQGUiQ�TXH�RSHUDU� ORV�PLVPRV�SULQFLSLRV�� ODV�PLVPDV�OH\HV�\�WHQGUi�TXH� WUDEDMDU� HO�PLVPR� WLSR�GH�PpWRGR��(QWRQFHV�� FRVDV�TXH�QRV�SDUHFHQ� WDQ� VHSDUDGDV�HQWUH� Vt�� HPSLH]DQ� D� FRQILJXUDUVH� RUGHQDGDPHQWH�� (QWRQFHV�� HO� PXQGR� HPSLH]D� D� HQFDMDU��HQWRQFHV�OD�LPDJHQ�GHO�PXQGR�VH�KDFH�PiV�FRPSDFWD�����ILQ�GH�FLQWD��

)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������)XQGDPHQWRV�GHO�SHQVDU�±���FKDUODV��&RUI~������