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RECS 2016
Travis L. McLing Idaho National Laboratory\Center For Advanced Energy Studies.
2
Site characterization is a continuous, iterative process during all operational stages of a CO2 storage project
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7/21/09
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Key Elements of a Geological Storage
Safety and Security Strategy
Regulatory Oversight
Remediation
Monitoring
Safe Operations
Storage Engineering
Site Characterization
and Selection
Fundamental Storage
and Leakage Mechanisms
Financial
Responsibility “… the fraction retained is likely to exceed 99% over 1,000 years.”
“ With appropriate site selection informed by available subsurface information, a monitoring program to detect problems, a regulatory system, and the appropriate use of remediation methods…”
IPCC, 2005
“… risks similar to existing activities such as natural gas storage and EOR.”
Key Elements of a Geological Storage
Safety and Security Strategy
Regulatory Oversight
Remediation
Monitoring
Safe Operations
Storage Engineering
Site Characterization
and Selection
Fundamental Storage
and Leakage Mechanisms
Financial
Responsibility “… the fraction retained is likely to exceed 99% over 1,000 years.”
“ With appropriate site selection informed by available subsurface information, a monitoring program to detect problems, a regulatory system, and the appropriate use of remediation methods…”
IPCC, 2005
“… risks similar to existing activities such as natural gas storage and EOR.”
Key Elements Geological Storage: Safety, and Security Strategy
Basic Concept of Geologic Sequestration
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Basic Concept of Geological
Sequestration of CO2
•! Injected at depths of 1 km or deeper
into rocks with tiny pore spaces
•! Primary trapping –! Beneath seals of low permeability rocks
Image courtesy of ISGS and MGSC
Courtesy of John Bradshaw
What Types of Rocks are Suitable
for CO2 Storage?
•! Igneous rocks –! Rocks formed from cooling magma
–! Examples •! Granite
•! Basalt
•! Metamorphic Rocks –! Rocks that have been subjected to high
pressures and temperatures after they are formed
–! Examples •! Schist
•! Gneiss
•! Sedimentary rocks –! Rocks formed from compaction and
consolidation of rock fragments
–! Example •! Sandstone
•! Shale
–! Rocks formed from precipitation from solution –! Example
•! Limestone
Granite
Schist
Sandstone
Crystalline
Low porosity
Low permeability
Fractures
Crystalline
Low porosity
Low permeability
Fractures
High porosity
High permeability
Few fractures
• Storage below 800 m (waterhead) – Supercritical CO2
– Dense phase CO2 (500 to 800 kg/m3); Water is 1.3 to 2 times denser (heavier)
– Low viscosity 10-20 times less viscous than H2O – ~70 Mt CO2 used EOR
Storage below 800 m
CO2 Density is Defined by Storage Depth
From IPCC SRCCS, 2005
Process Scales for CO2 Geologic Storage
• Capacity, to store the intended CO2 volume
• Injectivity, to receive the CO2 at the supply rate
• Containment, to avoid or minimize CO2 leakage
Required Characteristics of Geological Media Suitable for Storage
of Fluids
Means Of CO2 Geologic Storage
Primary CCS Targets
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Example of A Cross Section
of a Sedimentary Basin
100 km
Northern California Sedimentary Basin
Example of a sedimentary basin with alternating layers of coarse and fine
textured sedimentary rocks.
Specific Types of Formations Within
Sedimentary Basins
•! Oil and gas reservoirs
–! Enhanced oil and gas recovery
–! Depleted oil and gas recovery
•! Deep formations that contain salt water
(saline aquifers)
•! Coal beds
Based on St. John et al., 1984
Types and Word Distribution of Sedimentary Basins
Plate Tectonics and CCS
Intra-cratonic, foreland and passive-margin basins
Sedimentary Basins
What Type of Rocks?
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7/21/09
2
Basic Concept of Geological
Sequestration of CO2
•! Injected at depths of 1 km or deeper
into rocks with tiny pore spaces
•! Primary trapping –! Beneath seals of low permeability rocks
Image courtesy of ISGS and MGSC
Courtesy of John Bradshaw
What Types of Rocks are Suitable
for CO2 Storage?
•! Igneous rocks –! Rocks formed from cooling magma
–! Examples •! Granite
•! Basalt
•! Metamorphic Rocks –! Rocks that have been subjected to high
pressures and temperatures after they are formed
–! Examples •! Schist
•! Gneiss
•! Sedimentary rocks –! Rocks formed from compaction and
consolidation of rock fragments
–! Example •! Sandstone
•! Shale
–! Rocks formed from precipitation from solution –! Example
•! Limestone
Granite
Schist
Sandstone
Crystalline
Low porosity
Low permeability
Fractures
Crystalline
Low porosity
Low permeability
Fractures
High porosity
High permeability
Few fractures
Unconventional… Basalts
• Capacity is immense • Chemical makeup favorable for mineralization reactions • Deposited like sedimentary rocks – Seals – reservoirs – If only 3% of basalt is suitable for injection
• 100 GtCO2 storage capacity (McGrail et al 2006)
Unconventional… Coal
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Adsorption of Various Gases on Coal
Storage Security & Permanence
•
Mineralization = Permanence
=+Calcium -
Magnesium Silicate Rock + Carbonic Acid and
Water = Calcite or Magnesite
Geologic Mineral Trapping
Basalt Sequestration (mineral trapping)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 100 200 300 400 500
Time (years)
Sto
red
CO
2 (
kg
m-3
)
Hydrodynamic
Solubility
Mineral
Rocks convert atmospheric CO2 (dissolved in surface waters) to stable, inert carbonate minerals Mineralization…. Naturally occurring
and is Stable Over Geologic Time
Reactive Rock Example (mineral trapping)
0%
20%
40%
60%
0 100 200 300 400 500
Time (years)
Po
rosit
y F
illin
g (
%)
Zeolites
Carbonates
Water
Clays
Super Critical CO 2
Time, days0 50 100 150 200 250
CO
2 Pressure, psi 0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800Reactor 1Reactor 3
Rocky Coulee BasaltCoarse grain (0.85 to 2.0 mm)T=~100°C
Test TerminatedCalcite PrecipitationConfirmed by XRD Repressurized
to1456 psi
Long-term experiments showing transition from calcite to ankerite, Ca(Fe, Mg, Mn)(CO3)2
Concluding Remarks Regarding Site Selection
! CO2 storage sites should be selected based on the safety and security of storage, their capacity and injectivity, ability to meet regulatory requirements including monitoring, accessibility and economics
! Any assessment of CO2 storage capacity should carefully consider the processes involved, their spatial and temporal scales, the resolution of the assessment, and the available data and their quality
! Sites should be properly characterized to meet regulatory and stakeholders requirements, particularly in regard to safety and security of storage