4
7/21/2019 Fundamental Considerations of the Design and Function of Intranasal Antrostomies http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/fundamental-considerations-of-the-design-and-function-of-intranasal-antrostomies 1/4 646 Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine Volume 79 November 1986 Fundamental considerations of the design and function of intranasal antrostomies Valerie J Lund FRcs Institute of Laryngology and Otology, London WCI Keywords: antrostomy, intranasal; inferior nasal meatus anatomy Paper read to Section of Laryngology, 3 May 1985. Awarded Downs Travelling Scholarship for 1985 0141-0768/86/ 011646-04/ 02.00/0 01986 The Royal Society of Medicine Summary The natural history of intranasal antrostomy is poorly understood despite the popularity of the pro- cedure. Researches have been conducted to examine this and in particular to establishfactors which might be responsible forclosure.  complete appraisal ofthe anatomy of the inferior meatushas been undertaken to determine factors which limit the dimensions of an antrostomy. Retrospective and prospective studies have been performed on patients undergoing the operation to assess patency and size. The results of these studies demonstrate that initial size is import- ant in determininglong-termpatency in adults, and if an antrostomy is open at one year it usually remains open in the long-term unless infection supervenes; in children, however, antrostomies appear to close more rapidly. Introduction The operation of intranasal antrostomy is becoming increasingly popular in Great Britain1 but its natural history remains obscure. To elucidate the rationale for its performance in modern rhinology, the oper- ation has been examined from a number of aspects. It is commonly accepted that closure may occur27 but if the antrostomy closes, how does it close, how quickly does it close, and what measurable factors are associated with closure? Is it simply a question of operative technique or does it depend on factors associated with the patient, such as age, or on individual variation? The role of the initial size of the antrostomy particularlyrequiresinvestigation as it is regarded by many as the most important determining factor8. Anatomy To establish the maximum inferior meatal antros- tomy which could potentially be fashioned, the anatomy of the area has been re-evaluated. Using sagittally sectioned skulls and coronal CT scans, the dimensions of the inferior meatus have been established (Figure 1) showing a maximum height of 1.6-2.3 cm  average 1.92 cm) at 1.6 cm along the bony lateral wall. The bone constituting the inferior meatal wall has been examined using coronal sections from midfacial blocks, and demonstrates a change in thickness and quality within the meatus.  gradual transformation occurs from compact to lamellar bone, going from superior to inferior and anterior to posterior, so that the thinnest bone lies in the central superior portion of the meatus (Figure 2 . The height of the meatus in these specimens ranges from 6-18 mm with the highest point occurring at the genu of the inferior turbinate, thus confirming data obtained from coronal CT scans and sagittal skulls. The maximum distance between the floor ofthe sinus and the floor of the nose rangedfrom 5 mm to 16 mm. Evidently a wide range exists, but this does serve to demonstrate that there is alwaysa potential sump in the fully developed adult maxillary sinus. Examination of super-selective arteriograms have demonstrated a constant vessel arising from the lateral sphenopalatine artery and supplying the lateral wall of the nose. Itis seen entering the inferior meatus, running superiorly to inferiorly at between 4 and 5 cm along the bony lateral wall. It then 3.  E 1- 0 1 2 Pyriform cm Into nose fosa 3 4 Figure 1. Height of inferior meatus range and mean) Figure 2. Coronal section (8p H E) from adult midfacial block

Fundamental Considerations of the Design and Function of Intranasal Antrostomies

Embed Size (px)

DESCRIPTION

design and function of intranasal antrostomies

Citation preview

Page 1: Fundamental Considerations of the Design and Function of Intranasal Antrostomies

7/21/2019 Fundamental Considerations of the Design and Function of Intranasal Antrostomies

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/fundamental-considerations-of-the-design-and-function-of-intranasal-antrostomies 1/4

6 4 6

J o u r n a l o f

t h e

R o y a l

S o c i e t y o f

M e d i c i n e V o l u m e 7 9

N o v e m b e r 1 9 8 6

Fundamental

c o n s i d e r a t i o n s

o f t h e

d e s i g n

and f u n c t i o n

o f

i n t r a n a s a l a n t r o s t o m i e s

V a l e r i e

J

Lund

F R c s

I n s t i t u t e

o f

L a r y n g o l o g y

a n d

O t o l o g y ,

L o n d o n

WCI

K e y w o r d s :

a n t r o s t o m y , i n t r a n a s a l ; i n f e r i o r n a s a l

meatus anatomy

P a p e r

r e a d

t o

S e c t i o n o f

L a r y n g o l o g y ,

3

Ma y 1 9 8 5 .

A w a r d e d Downs

T r a v e l l i n g

S c h o l a r s h i p

f o r 1 9 8 5

0 1 4 1 - 0 7 6 8 / 8 6 /

0 1 1 6 4 6 - 0 4 / 0 2 . 0 0 / 0

0 1 9 8 6

T h e

R o y a l

S o c i e t y

o f

M e d i c i n e

Summary

T h e

n a t u r a l

h i s t o r y o f

i n t r a n a s a l a n t r o s t o m y

i s

p o o r l y u n d e r s t o o d

d e s p i t e t h e p o p u l a r i t y o f

t h e p r o -

c e d u r e .

R e s e a r c h e s h a v e b e e n

c o n d u c t e d

t o

e x a m i n e

t h i s a n d i n

p a r t i c u l a r t o e s t a b l i s h

f a c t o r s

w h i c h

m i g h t

b e

r e s p o n s i b l e f o r c l o s u r e .   c o m p l e t e

a p p r a i s a l

o f t h e

a n a t o m y

o f

t h e

i n f e r i o r

m e a t u s h a s

b e e n u n d e r t a k e n

t o

d e t e r m i n e f a c t o r s

w h i c h l i m i t

t h e

d i m e n s i o n s o f a n

a n t r o s t o m y .

R e t r o s p e c t i v e

a n d

p r o s p e c t i v e

s t u d i e s

h a v e b e e n p e r f o r m e d

o n p a t i e n t s

u n d e r g o i n g

t h e

o p e r a t i o n

t o a s s e s s p a t e n c y

a n d s i z e . T h e

r e s u l t s o f

t h e s e s t u d i e s d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t i n i t i a l s i z e

i s

i m p o r t -

a n t

i n

d e t e r m i n i n g l o n g- t e r m p a t e n c y i n

a d u l t s ,

a n d i f

a n

a n t r o s t o m y

i s

o p e n

a t o n e

y e a r

i t

u s u a l l y

r e m a i n s

o p e n

i n t h e

l o n g - t e r m

u n l e s s i n f e c t i o n

s u p e r v e n e s ;

i n

c h i l d r e n ,

h o w e v e r ,

a n t r o s t o m i e s

a p p e a r t o

c l o s e m o r e

r a p i d l y .

I n t r o d u c t i o n

T h e

o p e r a t i o n

o f

i n t r a n a s a l

a n t r o s t o m y

i s

b e c o m i n g

i n c r e a s i n g l y p o p u l a r

i n

G r e a t

B r i t a i n 1

b u t

i t s n a t u r a l

h i s t o r y

r e m a i n s o b s c u r e .

T o e l u c i d a t e

t h e

r a t i o n a l e

f o r

i t s

p e r f o r m a n c e

i n

m o d e r n

r h i n o l o g y ,

t h e

o p e r -

a t i o n

h a s

b e e n

e x a m i n e d

f r o m

a n u m b e r o f

a s p e c t s .

I t

i s

c o m m o n l y

a c c e p t e d

t h a t

c l o s u r e

may

o c c u r 2 7

b u t i f t h e

a n t r o s t o m y c l o s e s ,

how

d o e s i t

c l o s e , how

q u i c k l y

d o e s i t

c l o s e ,

a n d w h a t

m e a s u r a b l e

f a c t o r s

a r e a s s o c i a t e d

w i t h

c l o s u r e ?

I s i t

s i m p l y

a

q u e s t i o n

o f

o p e r a t i v e

t e c h n i q u e

o r d o e s i t

d e p e n d

o n f a c t o r s

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e

p a t i e n t ,

s u c h

a s

a g e ,

o r o n

i n d i v i d u a l

v a r i a t i o n ? T h e

r o l e

o f

t h e i n i t i a l s i z e

o f

t h e

a n t r o s t o m y

p a r t i c u l a r l y r e q u i r e s i n v e s t i g a t i o n

a s i t i s

r e g a r d e d

b y many

a s t h e m o s t

i m p o r t a n t

d e t e r m i n i n g

f a c t o r 8 .

Anatomy

To

e s t a b l i s h

t h e

maximum

i n f e r i o r m e a t a l

a n t r o s -

t o m y

w h i c h c o u l d

p o t e n t i a l l y

b e

f a s h i o n e d ,

t h e

a n a t o m y

o f t h e

a r e a h a s b e e n

r e - e v a l u a t e d .

U s i n g

s a g i t t a l l y

s e c t i o n e d

s k u l l s a n d

c o r o n a l

C T

s c a n s ,

t h e d i m e n s i o n s o f t h e

i n f e r i o r

m e a t u s

h a v e b e e n

e s t a b l i s h e d

( F i g u r e 1 )

s h o w i n g

a

maximum

h e i g h t

o f

1 . 6 - 2 . 3

cm

  a v e r a g e

1 . 9 2

c m )

a t 1 . 6

cm

a l o n g

t h e

b o n y

l a t e r a l

w a l l .

T h e

b o n e

c o n s t i t u t i n g

t h e

i n f e r i o r m e a t a l w a l l

h a s

b e e n e x a m i n e d

u s i n g c o r o n a l s e c t i o n s

f r o m

m i d f a c i a l

b l o c k s ,

a n d

d e m o n s t r a t e s

a

c h a n g e

i n

t h i c k n e s s

a n d

q u a l i t y

w i t h i n

t h e

m e a t u s .  

g r a d u a l

t r a n s f o r m a t i o n

o c c u r s f r o m

c o m p a c t

t o l a m e l l a r

b o n e ,

g o i n g

f r o m

s u p e r i o r

t o

i n f e r i o r

a n d

a n t e r i o r

t o

p o s t e r i o r ,

s o

t h a t

t h e

t h i n n e s t b o n e l i e s i n

t h e c e n t r a l

s u p e r i o r

p o r t i o n

o f t h e m e a t u s

( F i g u r e

2 .

T h e

h e i g h t

o f

t h e m e a t u s

i n t h e s e

s p e c i m e n s r a n g e s

f r o m 6 - 1 8 mm

w i t h

t h e

h i g h e s t

p o i n t

o c c u r r i n g

a t t h e

g e n u

o f

t h e

i n f e r i o r

t u r b i n a t e ,

t h u s

c o n f i r m i n g

d a t a

o b t a i n e d

f r o m c o r o n a l C T

s c a n s a n d

s a g i t t a l

s k u l l s .

T h e

maximum d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e

f l o o r

o f t h e

s i n u s

a n d

t h e

f l o o r

o f

t h e

n o s e r a n g e d f r o m 5

mm

t o

1 6 mm.

E v i d e n t l y

a

w i d e r a n g e e x i s t s ,

b u t

t h i s

d o e s s e r v e t o

d e m o n s t r a t e

t h a t

t h e r e

i s a l w a y s a p o t e n t i a l s u m p i n

t h e

f u l l y d e v e l o p e d a d u l t

m a x i l l a r y s i n u s .

E x a m i n a t i o n o f s u p e r - s e l e c t i v e a r t e r i o g r a m s

h a v e

d e m o n s t r a t e d a c o n s t a n t

v e s s e l a r i s i n g f r o m t h e

l a t e r a l

s p h e n o p a l a t i n e

a r t e r y

a n d

s u p p l y i n g

t h e

l a t e r a l

w a l l

o f

t h e

n o s e .

I t i s s e e n

e n t e r i n g

t h e

i n f e r i o r

m e a t u s ,

r u n n i n g s u p e r i o r l y

t o

i n f e r i o r l y

a t

b e t w e e n

4

a n d

5

cm

a l o n g

t h e

b o n y l a t e r a l w a l l . I t

t h e n

3 .

 

E

1 -

0

1

2

P y r i f o r m

cm

I n t o

n o s e

fosa

3

4

F i g u r e 1 .

H e i g h t

o f i n f e r i o r m e a t u s

  r a n g e

a n d m e a n )

F i g u r e

2 .

C o r o n a l

s e c t i o n

( 8 p H E) f r o m

a d u l t

m i d f a c i a l

b l o c k

Page 2: Fundamental Considerations of the Design and Function of Intranasal Antrostomies

7/21/2019 Fundamental Considerations of the Design and Function of Intranasal Antrostomies

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/fundamental-considerations-of-the-design-and-function-of-intranasal-antrostomies 2/4

J o u r n a l o f t h e

R o y a l S o c i e t y

o f

M e d i c i n e V o l u m e

7 9 N o v e m b e r

1 9 8 6

6 4 7

F i g u r e

3 .

L a t e r a l s u p e r s e l e c t i v e a r t e r i o g r a m

s h o w i n g a r t e r y

t o

i n f e r i o r

m e a t u s

  a r r o w e d )

F i g u r e 4 . L e f t i n f e r i o r m e a t u s

s h o w i n g p i n h o l e a n t r o s t o m y

d e s c e n d s b e l o w

t h e l e v e l o f t h e p a l a t e , r i s i n g

a g a i n

v e r y

a n t e r i o r l y o n

t h e

l a t e r a l

w a l l .

T h i s

may

b e

d i s t i n g u i s h e d

f r o m t h e

l e a s h o f

v e s s e l s

s u p p l y i n g

t h e

i n f e r i o r t u r b i n a t e , t h e

d e s c e n d i n g p a l a t i n e

r u n n i n g

m o r e p o s t e r i o r l y

a n d

i n f e r i o r l y ,

a n d

t h e

s e p t a l

a r t e r y

r u n n i n g

d o w n a n d

f o r w a r d s

o n t h e v o m e r ( F i g u r e 3 .

T h u s t h e

f a s h i o n i n g

o f t h e maximum

p o t e n t i a l

i n f e r i o r

m e a t a l

a n t r o s t o m y

i s l i m i t e d

b y

a

n u m b e r

o f a n a t o m i c a l f a c t o r s . M a c r o s c o p i c

e x a m i n a t i o n

o f

g r o s s

d i m e n s i o n s o f t h e

m e a t u s

d e m o n s t r a t e

t h e

a t t a c h m e n t o f t h e i n f e r i o r

t u r b i n a t e

w h i c h

c o n s t i -

t u t e s t h e

s u p e r i o r

l i m i t .

I n f e r i o r l y

t h e

i n c r e a s i n g

t h i c k n e s s

o f

b o n e m a k e s

i t

p r o g r e s s i v e l y

m o r e d i f f l -

c u l t

t o

c u t d o w n

t o

t h e f l o o r

o f

t h e

n o s e ,

w h i l s t

d i s c r e p a n c y

b e t w e e n t h e

f l o o r

o f n o s e a n d f l o o r

o f

m a x i l l a r y

s i n u s

r e s u l t s

i n

a n

i n e v i t a b l e

s u m p

e v e n

i f

t h e i n f e r i o r

m a r g i n i s c o m p l e t e l y r e m o v e d .

T h e

c h a n g e s

i n

b o n e

t h i c k n e s s

a s

t h e

a n t e r i o r

e n d

o f t h e i n f e r i o r

t u r b i n a t e i s

a p p r o a c h e d ,

a n d d e c r e a s -

i n g

m e a t a l

h e i g h t ,

p r e c l u d e a n t e r i o r

e x t e n s i o n a n d i n

p a r t e x p l a i n

w h y

t h e i n f e r i o r e n d

o f t h e n a s o l a c r i m a l

d u c t

i s

r a r e l y d a m a g e d .

T h e

i n f e r i o r

m e a t a l

a r t e r y

i s

a

c o n s t a n t

f e a t u r e o n t h e 1 0

a r t e r i o g r a m s

e x a m i n e d .

W h i l s t

t h e e x i s t e n c e

o f

t h e l a t e r a l

c o n c h a l

b r a n c h

o f

t h e l a t e r a l s p h e n o p a l a t i n e

a r t e r y

i s e s t a b l i s h e d 9

-

I

 

t h e

p a t h

t a k e n

b y

t h e

i n f e r i o r m e a t a l v e s s e l h a s n o t

b e e n

p r e v i o u s l y

d e m o n s t r a t e d . T h i s

e x p l a i n s

w h y ,

i n

m a k i n g

a n

a n t r o s t o m y ,

n o

s i g n i f i c a n t b l e e d i n g

i s

e n c o u n t e r e d

u n t i l

4 - 5

cm

p o s t e r i o r l y .

T h e

s u r g e o n ' s

d e s i r e

t o

a v o i d

d a m a g e

t o

t h e

v e s s e l

a n d

c h a n g e s

i n

b o n e

t h i c k n e s s

i m p o s e

t h e

p o s t e r i o r

s u r g i c a l

l i m i t .

R e t r o s p e c t i v e

s t u d y

M e t h o d

A l l

p a t i e n t s

who

h a d

h a d i n t r a n a s a l a n t r o s t o m i e s

p e r f o r me d d u r i n g

1 9 7 9 - 1 9 8 2

w e r e

a s k e d

t o a t t e n d

t h e

o u t p a t i e n t d e p a r t m e n t

t o

a s s e s s

p a t e n c y

a n d

s i z e

o f

a n t r o s t o m y .

T h i s

w a s d o n e

u s i n g

a

4

mm

0

H o p k i n s

r o d , O l y m p u s

c a m e r a

w i t h

i n b u i l t

g r a t i c u l e

a n d

X e n o n

l i g h t

s o u r c e .

I n

a d d i t i o n ,

d i r e c t

m e a s u r e m e n t

o f t h e

l e n g t h

w a s

p o s s i b l e

u s i n g

a c u s t o m - m a d e

i n s t r u m e n t .

A

t o t a l

o f

1 0 8

p a t i e n t s

w e r e

a s s e s s e d .

R e s u l t s

T h e r e w e r e 5 8

m en

a n d

5 0

w o m e n ,

t h e i r

a g e s

r a n g i n g

f r o m

 

t o

7 3

y e a r s .

On i n i t i a l

a t t e n d a n c e

a n

a v e r a g e

o f

2 7

m o n t h s h a d

e l a p s e d

s i n c e

t h e

o p e r a t i o n .

O f

2 1 6

a n t r o s t o m i e s

p e r f o r m e d ,

4 5

w e r e

c l o s e d

a n d

5 0

p a t e n t . T h e a v e r a g e

a g e

o f

t h o s e

p a t i e n t s

i n

w h om

t h e a n t r o s t o m y

h a d

c l o s e d c o m p l e t e l y

w a s 3 5 y e a r s

c o m p a r e d

w i t h

4 4 y e a r s i n t h e

g r o u p

w i t h

p a t e n t

a n t r o s t o m i e s ,

c o n f i r m i n g t h e

c l i n i c a l

i m p r e s s i o n

t h a t

a n t r o s t o m i e s

c l o s e m o r e

q u i c k l y

i n

y o u n g e r

p e o p l e .

T h i s

g r o u p

i n c l u d e d

1 3

o f

t h e

1 5

p a t i e n t s

a g e d

u n d e r

1 6

a t

t h e

t i m e

o f o p e r a t i o n .

P a t e n c y

w a s

c o n s i d e r e d

i n

r e l a t i o n

t o

t i m e

e l a p s e d

s i n c e

o p e r a t i o n

a n d

r e m a i n s

c o n s t a n t

o v e r s e v e r a l

y e a r s , i m p l y i n g

t h a t

c l o s u r e

o c c u r s ,

i f

a t

a l l ,

i n

t h e

f i r s t

y e a r ;

o n l y 2

a n t r o s t o m i e s

c l o s e d d u r i n g

f o l l o w

u p .

T h e

e x p e r i e n c e

o f

t h e

o p e r a t o r

d i d n o t

i m p r o v e

t h e

l e n g t h

o f

p a t e n c y ,

w i t h

c o n s u l t a n t s

h a v i n g

t h e

h i g h e s t

p e r c e n t a g e

c l o s u r e

o f

5 4 0

c o m p a r e d

t o

42

i n

r e g i s t r a r s .

A s

t h e i n i t i a l s i z e o f t h e

h o l e . i s

u n k n o w n ,

i t i s d i f f i c u l t t o

a s s e s s

t h e

a p p e a r a n c e s

a t

f o l l o w u p ,

b u t t h e

d e g r e e

o f

p a t e n c y

v a r i e d c o n s i d e r -

a b l y

f r o m

h o l e s

2 . 5

x

0 . 8

cm t o p i n h o l e s ,

w h i c h

a r e

p r e s u m a b l y

a

g o o d d e a l s ma l l e r t h a n o r i g i n a l l y

m a d e

( F i g u r e 4 .

T h e

o t h e r

m a i n p r o b l e m w i t h t h i s

g r o u p

i s

t h a t

t h e

e x a c t

c r i t e r i a f o r t h e o p e r a t i o n a r e

u n k n o w n , t h o u g h

a

r e v i e w o f

t h e n o t e s

s h o w s

t h a t

t h e

m a j o r i t y

h a d

l o n g s t a n d i n g

s i n u s

p r o b l e m s

w h i c h

c o u l d

b e

t e r m e d ' c h r o n i c ' .

P r o s p e c t i v e s t u d y

M e t h o d

A l l

p a t i e n t s

u n d e r g o i n g

i n t r a n a s a l

a n t r o s t o m y

h a d

a n

a c c u r a t e

a s s e s s m e n t o f

a n t r o s t o m y

s i z e made

a t

t h e t i m e

o f

o p e r a t i o n

a n d

w e r e

t h e n f o l l o w e d

u p

a t

r e g u l a r i n t e r v a l s

d u r i n g

w h i c h c l o s u r e

w a s

c a r e f u l l y

m o n i t o r e d . F a c t o r s r e l e v a n t

t o

c l o s u r e

s u c h a s i n i t i a l

s i z e , o p e r a t i v e t e c h n i q u e

a n d

p o s t o p e r a t i v e

c a r e

w e r e

e v a l u a t e d .

A l l

p a t i e n t s

h a d

p r o v e n

a n t r a l i n f e c -

t i o n w h i c h

h a d

f a i l e d

t o

r e s p o n d

t o

c o n s e r v a t i v e

m e d i c a t i o n a n d

u s u a l l y

o n e

o r t w o w a s h o u t s .

S o

f a r

6 5

p a t i e n t s

h a v e

b e e n

o p e r a t e d

o n .

R e s u l t s

T h e r e

w e r e

2 4

m en

a n d

4 1

w o m e n ,

t h e i r

a g e s

r a n g i n g

f r o m

1 1

t o

7 3

y e a r s

  m e a n

4 4 ) . T h e f o l l o w u p r a n g e d

f r o m

2 5

t o 1 0 4

w e e k s   m e a n 5 8 ) a n d 65 o f p a t i e n t s

w e r e s t u d i e d f o r

o n e

y e a r

o r l o n g e r . A l l h a d h a d

a t

l e a s t o n e a n t r a l w a s h o u t a n d 2 0 h a d h a d i n f e r i o r

m e a t a l

a n t r o s t o m i e s

p e r f o r m e d

i n t h e

p a s t .

Page 3: Fundamental Considerations of the Design and Function of Intranasal Antrostomies

7/21/2019 Fundamental Considerations of the Design and Function of Intranasal Antrostomies

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/fundamental-considerations-of-the-design-and-function-of-intranasal-antrostomies 3/4

6 4 8

J o u r n a l

o f t h e

R o y a l

S o c i e t y

o f

M e d i c i n e

V o l u m e

7 9

N o v e m b e r

1 9 8 6

T a b l e 1 .

C o m p a r i s o n o f

g r o u p s

o f

d i f f e r e n t

s i z e s

b y

u n p a i r e d

t

t e s t

G r o u p

v e r s u s

I n i t i a l

 

C l o s u r e a t

F i n a l

 

g r o u p ( c m )

c l o s u r e o n e

y e a r

c l o s u r e

2 . 7 5 x 1

v 2 . 5 x 1

- 2 . 8 8 0

- 1 . 6 2 - 0 . 6 2

2 . 7 5

x 1

v 2 . 0 x

1

- 2 . 9 8 0 - 1 . 2 4

- 0 . 4 4

2 . 7 5 x

1

v 1 . 5

x 1

- 3 . 3 7 0

- 1 . 9 9 0

- 1 . 0 8

2 . 7 5

x

1

v

1 . O x

1

- 6 . 4 8 0

- 5 . 3 7 0

- 3 . 0 5 0

2 . 5

x l v 2 . O x l

- 0 . 7 3 0 . 7 6

0 . 3 9

2 . 5

xlvl.5xl - 1 . 1 6

0 . 6 4

0 . 7 0

2 . 5

xlvl.0x1 - 4 . 9 9 0

4 . 5 2 0

3 . 1 2 0

2 . 0

x

1

v

1 . 5 x

l - 0 . 6 2

- 1 . 3 3

- 0 . 9 2

2 . 0

x 1

v

1 . 0 x

1

- 4 . 6 4 0

5 . 1 7 0

3 . 4 6 0

1 . 5 x 1

v

1 . 0

x 1

- 3 . 8 3 0

- 3 . 8 4 0

- 1 . 5 1

0

S i g n i f i c a n t

w h e r e p

<

0 . 0 0 1

F i g u r e 5 .

R i g h t i n f e r i o r m e a t a l

a n t r o s t o m y

6

w e e k s

p o s t o p e r a t i v e l y

F i g u r e

7 .

L e f t

l a r g e

i n f e r i o r

m e a t a l

a n t r o s t o m y

w i t h

p o l y p o i d

m u c o s a

e x t r u d i n g

F i g u r e

6 .

S a m e

a n t r o s t o m y

a s

s h o w n i n

F i g u r e 5 ,

b u t

3

w e e k s

l a t e r

a f t e r

i n f e c t i o n , s h o w i n g

c o n t r a c t u r e

o f

t h e

h o l e w i t h

p u s

p o u r i n g

o u t

One h u n d r e d

and

on

a n t r o s t o m i e s o f

v a r i o u s

s i z e s

were

f a s h i o n e d :

1 1 a t

2 . 7 5

cm ,

2 1

a t 2 . 5

cm ,

3 2

a t

2 . 0

cm ,

1 0

a t

1 . 5

cm,

2 2 a t

1 . 0

cm

a n d

5

a t

0 . 5

cm .

T h e

s u p e r o i n f e r i o r

h e i g h t

was 1 . 0

cm

i n a l l

c a s e s

e x c e p t

f o r

t h e 0 . 5 cm

group,

w h i c h

were a l s o 0 . 5 cm i n

h e i g h t .

W h e n t h e

r e s u l t s are c o n s i d e r e d

o v e r a l l ,

i t b e c o m e s

a p p a r e n t

t h a t

an

i n i t i a l

d i m i n u t i o n i n s i z e

o c c u r s

s h o r t l y

a f t e r

s u r g e r y , t h o u g h

an

av er ag e

o f

f i v e

w e e k s

e l a p s e d

b e f o r e an

a c c u r a t e

measurement

was

p o s s i b l e .

The

r ang e

o f

e a r l y

lumen

d i m i n u t i o n

was

8 - 1 0 0 ,

w i t h

an

av er ag e

o f

2 7 .

S u b s e q u e n t l y

73

r e m a i n e d

c o m p l e t e l y

u n c h a n g e d ,

7

h a v i n g

u n d e r -

g o n e

100

c l o s u r e

b y

t h e f i r s t

o u t p a t i e n t

a t t e n d a n c e

  F i g u r e

5 .

F u r t h e r

g r a d u a l c l o su r e o c c u r r e d

i n

1 7

a n t r o s t o m i e s and

r a p i d

c l o s u r e

was

o b s e r v e d

i n

1 0 .

R a p i d

c l o s u r e

was

a s s o c i a t e d

w i t h

an

o b v i o u s

c l i n i -

c a l

i n f e c t i o n

 s e v e r e

e x a c e r b a t i o n o f

m u c o p u r u l e n t

d i s c h a r g e )

i n 9 a n t r o s t o m i e s

  F i g u r e 6 )

and

r e s u l t e d

i n

c o m p l e t e

c l o s u r e i n

6 .

P e r c e n t a g e

c l o s u r e

f o r

e a c h

group

o f

d i f f e r e n t

l e n g t h

was

c o n s i d e r e d o v e r a l l

i r r e s p e c t i v e

o f

f o l l o w

u p

a n d ,

i f

a v a i l a b l e , a t o n e

y e a r

f o l l o w

u p . The

r e s u l t s

f o r

e a c h

g r o u p w e r e

c o m p a r e d ,

a n d d e m o n s t r a t e

a

s i g n i f i c a n t

d i f f e r e n c e

b e t w e e n

t h e 1

cm

g r o u p

a n d

t h e

2 . 0 ,

2 . 5 a n d

2 . 7 5 cm

g r o u p s i r r e s p e c t i v e o f

t i m e

a f t e r

o p e r a t i o n T a b l e

1 .

I n t h o s e

9 p a t i e n t s

( 1 3

a n t r o s -

t o m i e s ) w i t h

100 c l o s u r e

d u r i n g

f o l l o w

u p ,

t h e r e

w a s

1 a t

2 . 0

x

1 . 0

c m , 1

a t

1 . 5

x 1 . 0

c m ,

6

a t

1 . 0

x

1 . 0

cm

a n d 5 a t

0 . 5 x 0 . 5

c m ,

w h i c h

r e p r e s e n t s

27

o f

t h e

1 . 0

x

1 . 0 cm

g r o u p

a n d

100

o f t h e

0 . 5 x 0 . 5 cm

g r o u p .

T h r e e o f t h e

1 . 0 x

1 . 0

cm

p a t i e n t s w e r e u n d e r

1 6

a t

t h e

t i m e

o f

o p e r a t i o n .

P a t e n c y d o e s

n o t ,

h o w e v e r , g u a r a n t e e s u c c e s s

a n d

p a t i e n t s

may

b e

c l i n i c a l l y

s y m p t o m a t i c d e s p i t e

l a r g e

a n t r o s t o m i e s f r o m

w h i c h

p u s

o r

p o l y p o i d mucosa

m a y

b e s e e n

e x t r u d i n g

  F i g u r e

7 .

D i s c u s s i o n

I t

h a s

b e e n

p o s s i b l e

i n

t h e

p r o s p e c t i v e

s t u d y

t o

e l i m i -

n a t e

a number

o f

v a r i a b l e f a c t o r s

w h i c h a r e

i n t r i n s i c

t o

a

r e t r o s p e c t i v e s t u d y .

A l l

t h e

a n t r o s t o m i e s w e r e

p e r f o r m e d

b y

t h e

same

s u r g e o n , e m p l o y i n g

an

i d e n t i -

c a l

o p e r a t i v e

t e c h n i q u e ,

p o s t o p e r a t i v e

management

a n d

s e r i a l

a s s e s s m e n t .

The c o m b i n e d r e s u l t s

o f

t h e

r e t r o s p e c t i v e a n d

p r o s p e c t i v e

s t u d i e s

d e m o n s t r a t e

t h a t ,

a s

m i g h t b e

Page 4: Fundamental Considerations of the Design and Function of Intranasal Antrostomies

7/21/2019 Fundamental Considerations of the Design and Function of Intranasal Antrostomies

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/fundamental-considerations-of-the-design-and-function-of-intranasal-antrostomies 4/4

J o u r n a l o f

t h e

R o y a l S o c i e t y

o f

M e d i c i n e

V o l u m e 7 9 N o v e m b e r

1 9 8 6 6 4 9

e x p e c t e d , i n t r a n a sa l

a n t r o s t o m i e s c l o s e

m o r e q u i c k l y

i n c h i l d r e n ,

g i v e n t h e

c o n t i n u i n g

g r o w t h

i n

t h e

m e d i a l w a l l

o f t h e m a x i l l a .

T h e y a l s o s u g g e s t

t h a t

i f

a n

a n t r o s t o m y i s o p e n

a t

o n e

y e a r ,

t h e n i t

u s u a l l y

r e m a i n s

o p e n i n

t h e

l o n g - t e r m a n d t h a t i n i t i a l

s i z e

i s

i m p o r t a n t

i n

d e t e r m i n i n g l o n g - t e r m

p a t e n c y i n

a d u l t s .

C l e a r l y

a n

i n i t i a l

h e a l i n g o c c u r s w i t h i n

t h e

f i r s t

f e w w e e k s w h i c h i s

o f t h e s a m e o r d e r

( 0 . 4

c m )

i n

a l l c a s e s a n d

i s c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l . T h e

m a j o r i t y t h e n

r e m a i n

u n c h a n g e d

u n l e s s

i n f e c t i o n

s u p e r v e n e s

when

r a p i d c l o su r e

may

b e

o b s e r v e d .

I t

i s

d i f f i c u l t t o

d e f i n e

t h e

d e g r e e o f i n f e c t i o n w h i c h

p r e c i p i t a t e s

t h i s

c h a n g e ,

a s many

p a t i e n t s u n d e r g o c y c l i c a l

s y m p t o -

m a t i c

d e t e r i o r a t i o n a n d i m p r o v e m e n t

w i t h o u t

a n y

a l t e r a t i o n

i n

a n t r o s t o m y

a p p e a r a n c e , a p a r t f r o m

t h e

p r e s e n c e o f m u c o p u r u l e n t

d i s c h a r g e d r a i n i n g f r o m

t h e s i n u s .

A

r e c e n t

s u r v e y

b y

t h e

a u t h o r 8

c o n f i r m s t h a t t h e

o p e r a t i o n o f i n t r a n a s a l

a n t r o s t o m y

i s

d o n e f o r

w i d e l y

d i f f e r i n g

c l i n i c a l

i n d i c a t i o n s , w h i c h i s

r e f l e c t e d

i n

i t s

p o p u l a r i t y ,

a n d

u s i n g

a w i d e

v a r i e t y o f

t e c h n i q u e s ,

w h i c h may

e x p l a i n t h e

v a r i a b l e

r e s u l t s

p a r t i c u l a r l y

w i t h

r e g a r d t o

l o n g - t e r m

p a t e n c y .

I t

s e e m s

l i k e l y ,

g i v e n t h e a n a t o m i c a l

c o n s t r a i n t s ,

t h a t

a

2 . 0

x

1 . 0

cm

o r

g r e a t e r

h o l e i s

r a r e l y

a c h i e v e d .

I s i t

p o s s i b l e t h a t

s u r g i c a l c o n s e r v a t i s m h a s

s w u n g

t o o f a r ,

w i t h

m o r e

a n d

m o r e

a n t r o s t o m i e s

b e i n g

p e r f o r m e d

f o r

c h r o n i c

c o n d i t i o n s

c h a r a c t e r i z e d

b y

i r r e v e r s i b l e m u c o s a l d i s e a s e ? T h e

p h y s i o l o g y a n d

n a t u r a l

h i s t o r y o f

a n t r o s t o m i e s a r e

p o o r l y u n d e r -

s t o o d ,

a n d

w h i l s t

p a r t i c l e s

o f

i n k

c a n

b e m o s t

b e a u t i -

f u l l y

d e m o n s t r a t e d s t r e a m i n g

t o w a r d s t h e n a t u r a l

o s t i u m i n

n o r m a l

s i n u s e s 1 2 ,

t h e

s i t u a t i o n

w i t h

s e v e r e l y d a m a g e d

mucous m e m b r a n e a n d

c i l i a , a n d

t h i c k t e n a c i o u s

p u s ,

i s

q u i t e

d i f f e r e n t .

T h e c r i t i c a l

f u n c t i o n a l s i z e o f t h e

a n t r o s t o m y i n

r e l a t i o n

t o

t h e

v i s c o s i t y

o f t h e s e c r e t i o n

r e m a i n s

t o

b e

d e t e r m i n e d .

H o w e v e r ,

i f

o n e

a c c e p t s t h a t

s i z e i s

i m p o r t a n t

t o

t h e s u c c e s s o f t h e

o p e r a t i o n , t h e n

c a r e -

f u l

a t t e n t i o n t o

t e c h n i q u e

i s

r e q u i r e d .

N e v e r t h e l e s s ,

p r o b a b l y t h e s i n g l e m o s t i m p o r t a n t

a r e a

i s

c a r e f u l

p a t i e n t

s e l e c t i o n , a n d t h e

p r e s e n t

s t u d y s u gg e s t s t h a t

i t

i s

t h o s e p a t i e n t s w i t h

a r e l a t i v e l y

s h o r t h i s t o r y

o f

a c u t e

r e c u r r e n t

i n f e c t i o n

who

a r e

m o s t l i k e l y

t o

b e n e f i t

f r o m

t h e o p e r a t i o n .

A c k n o w l e d g m e n t s : I w o u l d l i k e t o

t h a n k

Mr B

K e n d a l l

f o r

h i s a s s i s t a n c e

w i t h

t h e

a r t e r i o g r a p h y ,

D r

G

L l o y d

a n d D r J

P a l f r e y f o r t h e i r

h e l p

w i t h

t h e a n a t o m y , a n d

P r o f e s s o r

D F N

H a r r i s o n

f o r

h i s

i n v a l u a b l e a d v i c e

a n d

s u p p o r t .

R e f e r e n c e s

1 L u n d

V J . F u n d a m e n t a l

c o n s i d e r a t i o n s o n t h e d e si g n

a n d f u n c t i o n

o f i n t r a n a s a l a n t r o s t o m i e s .

R h i n o l o g y

1 9 8 5 ; 2 3 : 2 3 1 - 6

2

H e m p s t e a d

B . E n d r e s u l t s

f o r

i n t r a n a s a l

o p e r a t i o n

f o r

m a x i l l a r y s i n u s i t i s . A r c h

O t o l a r y n g o l

1 9 3 9 ; 3 0 : 7 1 1 - 1 5

3 M o o r e P .

I n t r a n a s a l a n t r o t o m y

i n

m a x i l l a r y s i n u s i t i s .

S u r g

  l i n

N o r t h

 m

1 9 3 9 ; 1 9 : 1 2 4 3 - 5 2

4 H i l d i n g

A C . P h y s i o l o g i c b a s i s

o f

n a s a l o p e r a t i o n s .

C a l i f o r n i a

JMed

1 9 5 0 ; 7 2 : 1 0 3 - 7

5

C a p p s

FCW.

O b s e r v a t i o n s

o n

t h e

t r e a t m e n t

o f

i n f e c -

t i o n s

o f t h e

m a x i l l a r y

a n t r u m .

J

L a r y n g o l

O t o l

1 9 5 2 ;

6 6 : 1 9 9 - 2 1 0

6

L a v e l l e

R J , S p e n c e r H a r r i s o n

M .

I n f e c t i o n

o f

t h e

m a x i l -

l a r y s i n u s :

t h e

c a s e f o r t h e

m i dd l e m e a t a l

a n t r o s t o m y .

L a r y n g o s c o p e

1 9 7 1 ; 8 1 : 9 0 - 1 0 6

7

Mann

W ,

B e c k C . I n f e r i o r

m e a t a l

a n t r o s t o m y

i n

c h r o n i c

m a x i l l a r y

s i n u s i t i s . A r c h

O t o r h i n o l a r y n g o l

1 9 7 8 ; 2 2 1 : 2 8 9 - 9 5

8

L u n d

V J .

D e s i g n

a n d

f u n c t i o n

o f i n t r a n a s a l

a n t r o s -

t o m i e s .

J L a r y n g o l

O t o l

1 9 8 6 ; 1 0 0 : 3 5 - 9

9

W a r w i c k

R ,

W i l l i a m s

PL

e d s .

G r a y ' s

a n a t o m y .

3 5 t h e d .

L o n d o n : L o n g m a n , 1 9 7 3

1 0

D j i n d j i a n

J ,

M e r l a n d

J J .

S u p e r s e l e c t i v e a r t e r i o g r a p h y o f

t h e

e x t e r n a l

c a r o t i d

a r t e r y .

B e r l i n :

S p r i n g e r

V e r l a g ,

1 9 7 8

1 1

L a s j a u n i a s

P L .

C r a n i o f a c i a l

a n d

u p p e r

c e r v i c a l

a r t e r i e s .

B a l t i m o r e :

W i l l i a m s

 

W i l k i n s ,

1 9 8 2

1 2

P r o e t z

AW .

E s s a y s

o n

t h e

a p p l i e d p h y s i o l o g y o f

t h e

n o s e .

S t L o u i s : A n n a l s

P u b l i s h i n g C o ,

1 9 4 1

( A c c e p t e d

1 6

A p r i l 1 9 8 6 )