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Unit 2

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1 Thepictureandthequestionshouldarousestudents’curiosity.Flyingalightaircraftlikethiswithoneengineoverlongstretchesofwaterisnotrecommended.Youmightreceivesomestrongreactions,particularlyifyouareteachingairlinepilots(ortraineeairlinepilots)whosetrainingemphasizestheimportanceofavoidinganykindofrisk.Airtrafficcontrollers(ortrainees)arelikelytoreactinasimilarway.Itislikelythatthestudentswillbeintriguedbythesituationandmotivatedtotalkabouttherisksinvolved.

(Suggestedanswers)

Theaircraftcan’tcarrymuchfuel,whichlimitshowfaritcanflyatonce.

Theaircraftdoesn’thavesophisticatednavigationalaids.

Therearefewlandmarksfornavigation.

Theaircraftonlyhasoneengine.

Therearefewplacestolandinanemergency.

2 NotethatthewordincidenthasahighfrequencyinaviationEnglish.Itreferstoanysituationinwhichoneormorethingswentwrongbutwhichdidnotactuallyresultinanaccident.Safetyandpreventionofaccidentsreliesprimarilyonthesystematicstudyofincidentsandthedrawingofappropriateconclusionsandrecommendations.

a enduranceb fixc calculated incidente trackf task

3 ThistextshouldbeclearandtheaviationvocabularyisstraightforwardorhasbeendefinedinActivity2.HF signalsstandsforhighfrequencysignals.Youmightneedtorespondtovocabularyquestionsofageneralnature.

(fromtoptobottom)OaklandHawaiiPagoPagoOnu-I-LauNorfolkIsland

4 1 Cessna1882 22hours3 15hours4 110knots5 03006 1,500nm

section one - across the Pacific

Thissectionintroducesthetruestoryofapilot,JayProchnow,whoislostwhilecrossingthePacificOceanonasoloflightinasingle-engineplane.Thesectionteachesthekeyvocabularyofairnavigationandthelanguagefunctionofexplainingabbreviations.ItalsosetsthesceneforSection2inwhichJayProchnowisrescuedthroughtheeffortsofacommercialairlinepilotwhopicksuphisdistresscall.

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5 Studentsreadthetextasecondtimeinordertomakesuretheyhaveunderstood.Theymightwishtodiscussthesituationoryoucouldpromptadiscussionwithsomesupplementaryquestions,e.g.What will happen if he runs out of daylight?(Navigationbecomesimpossibleandheprobablyhastoditchintheoceanwithlittlechanceofsurvival.)How serious is the problem?(Extremelyseriousashe’srunningoutofdaylight.)

1 AnaircraftsalescompanyinOakland2 Charts,acompassandanADF3 Togivemaximumdaylighthours.4 Therewerenonavigationalaids.5 Whenhecouldn’tseeNorfolkIsland.

6 Ifyouwishtovarytheactivity,askstudentstoclosetheirbooksandworkinpairsorsmallgroupstobrainstormtheadvicetheywouldgivetopilotslikeProchnow.

(Suggestedanswers)

CarryaGPSdevice.

Bepatientandwaitforthebestmeteorologicalconditions(completelyclearskies,afollowingwind).

Contactotherpilotswhohaveflownasimilarrouteforadvice.

Bringsomestrongcoffeeorsomethingelsetohelpkeepyouawakeatalltime.

Functional English – Explaining abbreviations

1 StudentscouldcompletetheactivityingroupsAandBtoensuretheyhavethecorrectanswersbeforebeginningtheinformationexchangeactivity.

NDB=non-directionalbeacon,ADF=automaticdirectionfinder,VFR=visualflightrules

2 Encouragestudentstohelptheirpartnerwithhints(e.g.givingthefirstwordwhenthere’smorethanone).Tofeedbackonthisactivityaskstudentstoexplaintheabbreviationsthatyoudon’tknow(orarenotsureof).Thiscouldbeanauthenticandusefulexchangeofinformation.

DTG distancetogoFAF finalapproachfixFDR flightdatarecorderOAT outsideairtemperatureRVR runwayvisualrangeTAS trueairspeedTBS tobespecifiedTOGA takeoff,goaroundZFW zerofuelweightILS instrumentlandingsystem

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section two - Finding flight n45ac

ThissectiondealswiththerescueofJayProchnow.StudentslistentotheinitialcontacthemadewithAucklandairtrafficcontrolandthesubsequentassistancehereceivedfromCaptainVette.Thelisteningactivityoutlinestheconsiderableaidhereceivedandformsaninterestingandchallenginglisteningcomprehensionactivity.Laterinthesectionstudentspractisegivingandreceivingcoordinatesaswellasthepronunciationofregularpasttenseendings.

1 Thisisawarm-upactivitypriortolistening.Theaimisforthestudentstodiscussthepossibleorderofeventsandreviewsomeofthekeypartsofthepilot-controllerdialogue.

2 07, 08, 09 Mayday. Mayday. Mayday.isthestandardphrasefordeclaringanemergency.Notethatpilotsmaysometimescontactacontrollerwithaproblembutnotactuallyneedtoorwishtodeclareanemergency(whenindoubt,acontrollerwillaskAre you declaring an emergency?).Onceanemergencyhasbeendeclared,allpossibleassistancewillbeprovidedtoapilot,whetherfromairtrafficcontrolservicesorotherpilotswhopickuptheemergencycall.

1 d 2 e 3 a 4 b 5 c

Unit 2

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P = Prochnow, C = controller, V = VetteP MAYDAY.MAYDAY.MAYDAY.AucklandControl.N45AC.

I’mlost.I’maCessna188AgWagon.C N45AC.Aucklandcentrerogermayday.

V TE103contactingN45AC.P N45AC.Copy.V N45AC.WeareaDC-10enroutefromFijitoNewZealand.

Wereceivednewsofyoursituation.Weareofferingassistance.Canyoutellmewhathappened?

P TE103.Thanks.DepartedPagoPagoatthreethismorningwitharound22hoursendurance.Iwantedtohaveenoughlighttoseemyfixes.ButtheADFstoppedworkingcorrectlyandnowunabletocalculatemyposition.N45AC.

V N45AC.WearegoingtotrytoestablishVHFcommunicationwithyou.

07 Listening script

V Turntowardsthesunandreportyourheading.P Wilco. Myheadingis274º.V N45AC.Wearefacingthesun.Ourheadingis270.The

differenceis4º,soyouaresouthofourposition.Nowholdoutyourhand.Howmanyfingersdoyouhavebetweenthehorizonandthesun?

P Abouttwoandahalffingers.V N45AC.Wehavefourfingers,soyouaresouth-westofour

position.Flyheading315.P Heading315.V N45AC.Maintainyourposition,sowecanestablishyour

positionusingtheradiosignal.We’llmaintainourheadinguntilwelosecontact.Thenwewillturnlefttore-establishcontact,andthentrytoboxyouinthisway.We’llcontactyouagainverysoon. N45AC.It’sgettingdark.Whattimeisyoursunset?

P Thesunissettingnow,andit0752zulu.

08 Listening script

V N45AC.SunsetonNorfolkIslandis0730zulu.Thatmeansyouare5.6ºeastand30ºsouthofNorfolkIsland.Maintainyourheading.

P TE103.Icanseealight.Ithinkit’sanoilrig.V N45AC.Yourcoordinatesare31°south170°21’east.You

are150milesfromNorfolkIsland.

09 Listening script

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3 07, 08, 09 Evenallowingforthefactthatpilotswillalwayshelpeachotherout,theassistanceprovidedbyCaptainVettewasquiteremarkable.HeagreedstraightawaytoincurasignificantdiversionofhispassengerflightinordertosearchforProchnow.Healsohadlittleinformationtogoon,makingthesearchverydifficult.ThenavigationaltechniquesheusedtodetermineProchnow’sapproximatepositionwerehighlyinnovativeandeffective.NotethewordtransponderinQuestion4.Thisistheonboarddevicewhichallowsaircrafttobeidentifiedonacontroller’sradar.EvenifJayProchnow’saircraftwasequippedwithatransponderitwouldnothavebeenanyuseintheremoteareahewasflyinginasradarcoveragewasnotprovided.Hadtherebeenradarcoverageinthearea,anairtrafficcontrollerwouldhavebeenabletogivehimhisprecisepositionandhelphimtonavigatesafelytohisdestination.

1 b 2 b 3 b 4 b 5 a

Vocabulary – Co-ordinates

1 08, 09 NotethataccordingtostandardICAOphraseology,thefollowingnumbershavespecialpronunciationsinaviationEnglish:3 tree 5 fife 9 niner.Numbersareofcriticalimportanceandtheaimisthatthereisnoambiguityinthisarea.Fiveandninecouldbeconfused.Thethsoundisdifficultformanynationalitiestopronounceandhencetreeinsteadofthree.Thatsaid,manypilotsandcontrollers(nativeEnglishspeakingorforeign)donotincorporatethesevariationswhentheycommunicateonthefrequency.

1 274°2 5.6°east3 30°south4 31°south170°21’east5 150miles

2 10 Studentsrepeatthenumbers.

3 ExactpositionsontheglobearestatedlongitudinallyandlaterallywiththeEarth’ssurfacedividedinto360°aroundeachaxis.Eachdegreeisdividedinto60minutesandforfurtherprecisionanumberofsecondscanalsobestated.

Inthispair-workinformationexchangeactivity,itisimportantthatstudentscommunicatenumericaldataaccurately.Monitorstudents’rhythmandofferthemadviceonimprovingitasnecessary.

Pronunciation – Regular past tense endings

1 11 Correctpronunciationoftheedpasttenseendingisdifficultformanynationalitiesanditisimportantinpreventingapossiblyseriousmiscomprehension.Makesureallstudentscanhearandreproducethethreebasicsoundsbeforemovingtothenextactivity.

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northsoutheastwestsouth-eastnorth-westsouth-westnorth-east274°56°east30°south170°21’east14°32’40.25”north

10 Listening script

Wereceivednewsofyoursituation.TheADFstoppedworkingcorrectly.Iwantedtohaveenoughlighttoseemyfixes.

11 Listening script

2 12 Youcoulddothisactivitywiththewholeclass.Encouragestudentstosayeachverb.Youcouldmodeloneortwoverbsiftheycan’tagree,butstudentsshouldbeabletocompletethetablewithouthelp.Thenplaytherecordingtocheck.

1\d\ followed arrived tried2\t\ established approached tasked3\Id\ contacted departed calculated

1\d\ followed arrived tried2\t\ established approached tasked3\Id\ contacted departed calculated

12 Listening script

3 Aftersuccessfulchoralrepetition,youmightelicitsomeotherregularverbsandaskstudentswhichgrouptheybelongto.

4 Inthisactivitystudentspractisereproducingthecorrectpasttenseendingsincontext.

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section three - lost

ThissectiondealswithasituationwhereapilotwhoisqualifiedtoflyonlyVFRendsuplostinIMC(InstrumentMeteorologicalConditions).Thisisafrequentanddangerousoccurrence,especiallywithinexperiencedpilotsorstudentpilotsflyingsolo.Oftenitistheairtrafficcontrollerwhorescuesthepilotbyguidinghim/hertosafety.Aswellasprovidingfurtherrelevantlisteningcomprehensionpracticeforthestudents,thesectionfocusesonthevocabularyneededtodescribelandmarksandalsoonthefunctionallanguageofconfirminganddisconfirming.

1 Beforebeginningthisactivity,reviewvocabularyforgeographicalfeatures.Havestudentskeeptheirbooksclosedandaskthemthefollowingquestion:What geographical features can help a pilot navigate visually?Writetheirsuggestionsontheboard,supplyingthevocabularyyourselfwhennecessary.

ThenstudentsworkinpairsorsmallgroupstocompleteActivity1.Bereadytoexplainanywordstheyarenotsureof.

1 built-uparea 2 lake 3 highground 4 mast 5 reservoir 6 valley 7 woods 8 fields 9 highway 10 powerlines 11 coast

2 13 Toprovidestudentswithvocabularyrevisionbeforecompletingthetable,askthemtoclosetheirbooksandelicitanswerstothefollowingquestion:

What is the most important information a disorientated pilot needs to give ATC?(Altitude–thepilotcouldbedangerouslylowdependingontheterrain–andenduranceshouldbehighontheirlists.Notethatcontrollersarerequiredtoaskhowmanypassengersareonboard.)

1 152 south-east3 BeechBaron4 3,0005 1106 7807 88 1,30minutes

3 14 Forlessconfidentclasses,playtherecordingonceandaskthestudentstojustlisten.Thenplaytherecordingagainpausingatregularintervalstogivethemtimetoanswer.

trees,fields,road,valley,river,reservoir,communicationsmast,highground

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Unit 2

P = pilot, C = controllerP MAYDAY.MAYDAY.MAYDAY.TJB.C TJB.Passyourmessage.P MAYDAY.MAYDAY.MAYDAY.We’relost.C TJB.Saylastknownposition.P Lastknownpositionwas15milessouth-eastofCELRAVOR.TJB.C TJB.Roger,lastknownposition15milessouth-eastofCELRAVOR.

Remainstraightandlevel.P I’mstraightandlevelrightnow.We’reintotalIMC.Ican’tseetheground.C TJB.Squawk7700onyourtranspondersir.P Squawking7700.TJB.C TJB.Idon’thaveyouonmyscreen.Canyouconfirmyouraircrafttype,

altitudeandspeed?P We’reinaBeechBaron.Altitude3,000.Speed110.TJB.C TJB.Pleasestatefuelonboardandpersonsonboard.P Ihave780lboffuel,andeightpersonsonboard.Enduranceis

approximatelyonehourand30minutes…Icanseethegroundnow.Icanseetrees,andIcanmakeout…highgroundoneachsideoftheaircraft…

13 Listening script

C TJB.CanyouflyintoVFR?P Affirm…Icanseehighgroundtothenorth.I’mflyingupavalley,with

woodstothenorth,andfieldsbelowme.Thereisaroadbelowme.C TJB.Confirmthatyoucanseearoad.P Affirm.Icanseearoad.C TJB.Whatsideofthevalleyistheroadon?P Thehighwayistomyright,onthesouthsideofthevalley.C TJB.Canyoumakeoutariver?P Affirm.Thereisariver.C TJB.Istheriveronthenorthsideoftheroad?P Affirm.Theriveris…no…theroadiscrossingtheriver.Theriverisnow

onthesouthsideoftheroad.C TJB.Canyouclarifythattheroadcrossedtheriverandisnowonthe

southsideoftheroad?P Negative.Theroadisnowonthenorthsideoftheriver.Theroadisnow

turningsouth-east.There’sareservoirbelowmenow.C TJB.Canyouseeacommunicationsmastat12o’clock,atabout4miles?P Affirm.Thereisacommunicationsmastat12o’clock.C TJB.Turnhardleftandmakea180ºturn,heading265.Expedite.P Makinga180ºleftturn,heading265.TJB. I’mcomingoutofthe

valleyandIcanseeabuilt-upareaandalakeatoneo’clock.TJB.C TJB.Thereisanairportwithatower5milesnorth-west.Sayintentions.P I’dliketoland.Canyougivemevectors?

14 Listening script

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Functional English – Confirming and disconfirming

1 14 Youcouldreviewthesentenceswiththestudentsbeforelisteningtothedialogueandgetthemtopredicttheanswers.Aftercompletingtheactivity,youcouldreviewquestionformationwithstudents.

1 Can 2 Confirm 3 Can 4 Is 5 Canyouclarify 6 Canyousee

2 14

1 4 2 4 3 4 4 then,8 5 8 6 4

3 14 Aswellasaneffortonthepartofthecontrollertospeakmoreslowlyandclearly(asinthisexample),rephrasingorareformulationcanalsohelpwhenthepilotishavingdifficultyunderstanding(orviceversa).MostcontrollersandpilotswhoarespeakingEnglishasaforeignlanguagedothisautomatically.ControllersandpilotswhoarenativeEnglishspeakers,ontheotherhand,aresometimescriticizedfortheirlackofsensitivitywhenchecking,confirmingandclarifyinginstructions.Youcoulddiscusswithyourstudentssomeoftheirexperiencesanddifficultiesinthisarea.

(2)isslowerandclearer.Requeststoconfirminformationmustbespokenslowlyandclearly.

SpeakingThisisafreepracticeactivity.Explaintostudentsthattheywillreusethelanguagetheyhavestudiedinthissectionandthattheyshouldconfirm,checkandclarifytheinformationgivenbyStudentsAandB.Whentheyhavedonetheactivityonce,youmightliketochangepairsandchangerolesanddoitagain.Youcanaddanextrachallengethistimebytellingthepilotstodeliberatelyreadbackwronglyoneofthecontroller’sinstructions.

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4 14 Getstudentstolistenagainanddrawthepilot’spathonthemap.Inlargeclasses,studentscouldworkingroups,thenexchangetheirmapswithothergroupstochecktheiranswers.

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Unit 2

PhotocoPiablE activitY

section four - language development

Functional English – Simple past

1 1 made2 happened3 reported4 departed5 flew6 didnotreach7 landed8 believed9 was10werenot

2 1 Whydidyoumake2 Whendidyounotice3 Didyoudecide4 Whydidyouland5 Howdidthefirestart6 Howmanypassengersdidyouhave

3 1 tookplace/happened2 avoided3 detected4 steered5 was6 was7 crossed8 tookplace/happened9 issued10blamed11didn’ttell

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Unit 2

Confirming and disconfirming1 Saylast 4 whatyou 7 Negative2 thatcorrect 5 cansee 8 givefurther3 Affirmative 6 Confirmthat

Vocabulary

1 1 d 4 i 7 e2 b 5 h 8 c3 g 6 a 9 f

2 1 Maintain 4 lose 7 box2 establish 5 turn 8 contact3 maintain 6 re-establish 9 getting

3 typeofland urbanarea harbourhighterrain farmland cemeterymarshland features lighthousedesert bridge ridge plain footpath

Thisisarole-playactivitywherethestudentsworkinpairs.FirstStudentAisaTVjournalistinterviewingJayProchnowandStudentBisJayProchnow.ThenStudentAisCaptainVetteandStudentBisaTVjournalist.

Beforestudentsstart,reviewwhathappenedtoJayProchnowandhowCaptainVetterescuedhim(Sections1and2).Studentswillthenneedtenminutespreparationtimetodotheactivityandtothinkoftwoadditionalquestions.Withmoreconfidentclasses,youcanexplainthattheyarenotobligedtofollowthescript.

Ifyouhaveaccesstorecordingequipment,youcouldvideothestudents’interviews.Youshouldseekyourstudentsagreementifyouplantodothis.

PhotocoPiablE activitY

Key

QuestionsforStudentA

1 Whywereyouflyingforsuchalongdistanceacrosstheocean?2 Whatspecialpreparationsdidyoumakeforthisflight?3 Whendidyourealizeyouwerelost?

QuestionsforStudentB

1 WhydidyouaskJayProchnowtoflytowardsthesun?2 Howdidyouestablishhisexactposition?3 Whatadvicedidyougivehim?

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Unit 2

PhotocoPiablE activitY

role card for student a

Firstyouwillplaytheroleofajournalist.YouaregoingtoconductaninterviewwithJayProchnow.Lookatthewordsbelowandputtheminthecorrectordertomakequestions.Thenwritetwomorequestions.AfteryoufinishtheinterviewyouwillplaytheroleofCaptainVetteandansweryourpartner’squestions.Whenyouandyourpartnerarebothready,conductthetwointerviews.Youmaychoosetoaskadditionalquestionsdependingontheresponsesyoureceive.

1 a/across/distance/flying/for/long/ocean/such/the/were/why/you

?

2 did/flight/for/make/preparations/special/this/what/you

?

3 did/lost/you/realize/were/when/you

?

Additional questions:

?

?

aviation English tEachEr’s book©MacmillanPublishersLimited2008

role card for student b

FirstyouwillplaytheroleofJayProchnowandansweryourpartner’squestions.Afteryoufinishtheinterviewyouaregoingtoplaytheroleofajournalist.YouaregoingtoconductaninterviewwithCaptainVette.Lookatthewordsbelowandputtheminthecorrectordertomakequestions.Thentrytowritetwomorequestionsofyourown.Whenyouandyourpartnerarebothready,conductthetwointerviews.Youmaychoosetoasksomeadditionalquestionsdependingontheresponsesyoureceive.

1 ask/did/JayProchnow/to/fly/sun/the/towards/why/you

?

2 did/establish/exact/his/how/position/you

?

3 advice/did/give/him/what/you

?

Additional questions:

?

?