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ESL, Pronunciation, -ed, final sound
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Pronunciation of “-ED”
When we have regular past-tense verbs, they typically end in “-ed”
There are 3 different sounds for “-ed”
But, how do you know which sound a word makes?
The final sound will largely depend on the last sound of the verb.
* Place your fingertips on the front of your neck, and pronounce the following words. What do you feel on your fingers when you say the underlined sound?
vow | fake (vvv | fff) zebra | snake (zzz | sss)
When we pronounce voiced sounds, our vocal chords vibrate when we say those sounds. [v] [z].
When we pronounce voiceless sounds, our vocal chords do not vibrate. [f] [s]. No vibration.
[t] final soundVerbs ending in voiceless sounds [p, k, f, s, ʃ, tʃ] cause the “-ed” ending to be pronounced as the voiceless [t] (with no vocal chord vibration).
[p] “He popped a balloon.” [papt][k] “They talked a lot” [takt][f] “I laughed at the movie.” [læft][s] “She kissed her child good-bye.” [kIst][ʃ] “sh”: “We brushed our teeth.” [bruʃt][tʃ] “ch”: “I reached the end of the road.” [riytʃt]
[d] final soundVerbs ending in the voiced sounds [b, g, v, z, ʒ, dʒ, m, n, ŋ, r, l] cause the “-ed” ending to be pronounced as a voiced [d].
[b] “She grabbed her coat and ran away.” [grabd][g] “He begged her to stay.” [bɛgd][v] “They loved it.” [luvd][z] “He raised his hand.” [reyzd][dʒ] “They managed the issue quickly.” [ ][m] “She claimed the prize.” [kleymd][n] “They banned smoking in public spaces.” [bænd][ŋ] “She banged on the door.” [bæŋd][r] “The waitress cleared the table.” [kliyrd][l] “I rolled up the paper.” [rowld]
mænɪdʒd
[ɪd] final soundVerbs ending in the sounds [t] or [d] will cause the “-ed” ending of a verb to be pronounced as the syllable [əd] or [ɪd].
[t] “I visited the Empire State Building.” [vɪzɪtəd][t] “She edited the report.” [ɛdɪtɪd][d] “We ended the game early.” [ɛndɪd][d] “the chef breaded the chicken.” [brɛdɪd]
Why are these rules important?
Connected Speech [c+v]
These “-ed” pronunciation rules are particularly important, because in English we connect our speech when we have a word that:• ends in a consonant; and• is followed by a word that begins with a vowel.
In this case, the way you say the verb’s “-ed” ending will be heard loudly and clearly.
“He walked away” [walkt] –> “He walk taway” [hiy WAWK təWEY]
“She turned around.”
For Example:
Cont…
The same rule of connected speech [c+v] occurs when h-deletion causes us to delete the “h” sound at the beginning of a word.
…Cont.
H- deletion
“We raised her expectations” [reyzd] –> “We raizd her expectations” –>
“We raizdər expectations”
Pronunciation Quiz
/t/ /d/ /ɪd/
Smacked
/t/ /d/ /ɪd/
Smacked
/t/ /d/ /ɪd/
Landed
/t/ /d/ /ɪd/
Landed
/t/ /d/ /ɪd/
Informed
/t/ /d/ /ɪd/
Informed
/t/ /d/ /ɪd/
Mixed
/t/ /d/ /ɪd/
Mixed
/t/ /d/ /ɪd/
Rocked
/t/ /d/ /ɪd/
Rocked
/t/ /d/ /ɪd/
waited
/t/ /d/ /ɪd/
waited
/t/ /d/ /ɪd/
Skipped
/t/ /d/ /ɪd/
Skipped
/t/ /d/ /ɪd/
Scrubbed
/t/ /d/ /ɪd/
Scrubbed
/t/ /d/ /ɪd/
Cried
/t/ /d/ /ɪd/
Cried
/t/ /d/ /ɪd/
Wanted
/t/ /d/ /ɪd/
Wanted
/t/ /d/ /ɪd/
Learned
/t/ /d/ /ɪd/
Learned
/t/ /d/ /ɪd/
haunted
/t/ /d/ /ɪd/
haunted
/t/ /d/ /ɪd/
rented
/t/ /d/ /ɪd/
rented
/t/ /d/ /ɪd/
Killed
/t/ /d/ /ɪd/
Killed
/t/ /d/ /ɪd/
Laughed
/t/ /d/ /ɪd/
Laughed
/t/ /d/ /ɪd/
Helped
/t/ /d/ /ɪd/
Helped
/t/ /d/ /ɪd/
Shouted
/t/ /d/ /ɪd/
Shouted