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Spatial Segregation In Urban Communities

Gemal Sigit Pattisahusiwa

Doctoral Program in Architecture and UrbanismDiponegoro University

AbstractThis study aimed to analyze the pattern of segregation and segmentation of urban space andresidential segregation mechanism and the factors that explain this are stored in the micro and macrolevels. in the context of society and social system that is literally associated with residentialsegregation and strong spatial, we tried to assess the extent of segregation processes lead to theoriginal form of spatial segmentation is preserved and strengthened forms of socio-spatial divisionsand its influence on public service spaces and the extent to which segregation may affect the workingsystem of urban space at the global level urban spatial organization. then pursue more detailedresearch on the regional level. analyzing housing practices developed by the socio-economic groupsare different, they consider the occupation strategy of geographical and economic space, theirtendency to cluster in a settlement that leads to social segregation.

Keywords: Social segregation, spatial pattern, structure of space.

Introduction

The phenomenon of segregation is one common phenomenon that occurs in almost all parts ofthe region in the world, many researchers who analyzed about the segregated spaces in whichthe causes of urban problems such as racial differences in regions of America, caste or sociallevel India and various phenomena of segregation in other areas

Classic issues of segregation of space by groups where each group maintains more dominatingidentity with group symbols as those they region identity or similarity of feelings and interests thatrejects all forms of cultural assimilation beyond the concept and threaten the survival oftogetherness One of the concepts of globalization in which the forces of urban process itself intosuch issues as job availability, education, health care, decent housing environment and socio-spatial disparities become increasingly complex, thus opening broad new areas in order toaccelerate the development process denngan good to walk that leads to the creation ofheterogeneous areas.

Deterioration of the socio-spatial distribution of population in the face of current developments aregetting stuck era of globalization, particularly in areas that in segregation forced to get animportant concern, the issue of urbanization in urban architecture in the present era is not justlooking at the level of crowdedness of urban population, development konservativ on the

environment, but more deeply towards the socio-spatial relations concerns within the communityitself in the form of space.

This study is expected to provide significant contribution to the urban planning and increasevocabulary knowledge on how to manage a segregated spaces that have a sensitivity to a verylarge conflict is a common phenomenon in nearly all developing countries which, when where notobserved wisely, it will bring bad effect to the conflict are quite large, so in the hope that thisresearch can provide a positive contribution towards the management of segregation associatedwith the structure of urban space.


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I. Spatial Segregation Of Period In Globalization

A. Segregation: Problems of Urban Planning

The new paradigm emerged which include systems that insist that the holistic perspective of

human settlements reflected on a natural order. The new settlement will assume thecharacteristics of living systems that will regulate itself, defend itself, repair itself, the integrity todistinguish yourself as a living system that will used and integrate into larger systems into society,as well as an integrated part way into the body .

One of the complex problems faced in urban areas since the past until today is that there are somany fundamental differences in a society that dominated in the process of establishingsettlements, which will form groups that broke away and formed their own association.

Increased population in an urban area is always followed by an increase in spacerequirements. The city as a geographical manifestation is always changing from time to time. Twomajor factors are very influential factor is the population (demographic) and aspects ofdemography, One of a phenomenon that explains the theory of strength development of the city

that is dynamic, the underlying thing is because of the perception of the environment of differentpopulation there arose the forces which causes the movement of population which resulted in achange of use of land outside the city or the suburbs,

Best efforts in supporting research which makes several related theories as the basic reference ofthought and then express openly that there are phenomena in the field is palpable. by revealingsome fundamental theories (basic knowledge) and literature-related literature in the formation ofurban settlements, settlement and socio spatial system so as to provide basic knowledge aboutthe patterns of living space to the structure of the ideal city.On the other hand showed the phenomenon of segregation of space in almost all parts of theregion in the world by revealing several areas that became the bases of research on segregationof this space so as to give an idea of the direction in this research.

Next is a study of a framework of understanding, and reveal the phenomena in an open field thatis expected to provide its own discourse in dissecting the issue about segregation settlementpatterns of urban spatial structure in depth.

B. The Availability Of Urban Space On Settlement Patterns

Residential segregation is a common phenomenon in almost every parts of the region in theworld, the era of globalization to impose the creation of this climate in which each maing morecommunity groups leading to individualistisnya in maintaining self-identity, residential segregationis an important mechanism for the survival of the group ( Boal, 1976,) the group, residentialsegregation can be sourced from a variety of basic things such as, income level or economicclass, occupation, gender, race, social status or caste, even by religion, where the group furtherstrengthens its activities and its identity with how clustered in the same residentialarea. Preindustrial cities over the mark with the existence of segregation on the social level (Ben

Arieh, 1975) which is more directed to the types of settlements are characterized by social status,income and social characteristics of themselves, which brings cunstructed segregation onsettlements them. In some countries there segregation based on ethnicity and religion and thetendency to which society groups that reside around the holy sites or religious symbols ashappened in the countries in the Middle East region, especially Jerusalem (Jews) are segregatedon the basis of cultural, majority religious group (Lewis, 1976).As for several other factors that


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cause tersegregasinya settlements in industrial areas such as the segregation based on theplacement type of work is more common in comparison with the segregation based on socialclasses in industrial countries like the UK where a group of workers tend to occupy the areaaround the location where their work (Muller and Graves, 1979), just as happened in Bostonwhere workers choose rental housing in the area around where they work (Warner, 1962), whilethe racial polarization in the United States is an extreme example of segregation that have shownsustained and high real difference to community groups are homogeneous

Spesific use of land in urban areas more metropolitan look to selectively to zones or residentialareas of a city, this segregation occurs in the frame of a broad socio-economic variables resultingmosaic of social areas in the city (David Ley, 1983), segregation in the base- certain base of thestructure of society in general are emphasized as a source of difensisasi settlements where this isvisible also in increasing numbers or further worsen social divisions in society, lifestyle, socialculture, ethnicity and lifestyle is the trigger of aspects of segregation in the life in the communitythat formed the pattern of dwelling expansion, this is more in worsen with the validity of themanagement of urban management that resulted in improvements to these restrictions.

Environment have a significant influence on residential segregation embryo formation, which inthe ecological classification put forward by Shevky and Bell, 1955) is a community on specificareas that have a dependency (social dependence) at high stages. In this ecological study of the

effect they seek from relationships atara these weaknesses by studying the multi-variation of theclassification procedure that appears on areas of social theory that they claim have been formedin advance so that they produce is the concept of social areas in implies a major benchmarks todepart, as with the real state of natural areas. They judge from the standpoint that social areassuch as human beings with the same social position in an environment, they see the socialist-freearea as something that is not bound by geographical frame, does not also look at the implicationsassociated with the interaction between people within a community this is because they study thepatterns of space in a natural way without any indications that the emphasis will change theparadigm that actually happened.

Segregation is a manaifestasi of socio-economic structures that exist on the mechanism to assertabout the social structure of society determines the standard of dividing the space on thestructure of urban settlements in different trends from one region to other regions as one of the

legal framework on land use to residential but the segregation of space has become aphenomenon, caused by both demand factors, such as security, or a new lifestyle, profitabilityand supply factors, particularly with large-scale internalization of externalities in a very controlleddevelopment (Greenstein, Sabatini, & Smolka, 2000), according to Blakely and Snyder (1997 ), inJurgens and Gnad (2002) In the United States, explained, there are three types of communitydemand, community lifestyle, community prestige, and community safety zone, while inSoutheast Asia reflects a mixture of community needs, modern design ideas and the capitalist( Leisch, 2002)

Several studies suggest that globalization has intensified the spatial segregation in cities, (deQueiroz Ribeiro and Telles, 2000) show that at present socio-economic changes in the city of Riode Janeiro (Brazil) showed that the strengthening trend towards dualism of space andfragmentation in urban. Likewise, there is a tendency to increase the spatial boundaries between

income, race, and religious groups, along with global economic integration into the city(Chakravorty, 2000)

There are three traditional perspective 'to describe the patterns and processes of spatialsegregation. First, there is human ecology approach that saw the city as a separate entity andassume that the city develop through competition for space, resultingin zones where socio-economic characteristics of the different location of the housing.The second perspective is basedon social and environmental analysis of factorial ecology which attempt to map the spatialpatterns of socio-economic city. The third perspective is the behavioral approach, focusing on thedemand side of housing (van Kempen and Ozuckren Accordingto (1998), In addition, there are


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two other approaches, the perspective of Marxist and Neo-Marxist includingthe, which considersthe spatial segregation as a reflection of social class, and perspective Neo-Weber, who viewspatial segregation as a result of accessing the group into the housing market.

in his research of the above discussed theoretical perspectives, (Falah 1996) argues that thereare some things related to spatial segregation, including a class of theories that view that spatialsegregation as a manifestation of socio-economic class memisakan himself from theories thatexplain the spatial segregation as results of preference groups to live in areas dominated by thesame groups, in the context of developed countries, there are two perspectives that firstconsiders the structure of the western capitalist economy can change the city, social classstratification and socioeconomic segregation are also deepen the gap between poorer areas andrich in the city. In this perspective, the arrangement of the economic structure has resulted insocial inequality and spatial segregation based on social strata. The second view that socialstratification should be considered independently of residential segregation that explains why richpeople do not have to live in an area rich in urban centers.

Quite often, the segregation of space also resulted from the failure of urban planning, system tocope with the overall urban development process, which only react to and try to overcome short-term urban problems. In Accra, Ghana, for example, urban planning system has led to theseparation of residential sections of town, marked by the contrast between the elite status of a

planned housing, occupied by high-income groups, such as senior government officials andmilitary personnel, while the income-group under or poor urban settlements that are occupiedslums consist of pockets of indigenous settlements with buildings constructed with no care at allwith the urban planning system (Larbi, 1996)

Several cases of segregation living room as was the case in India where according to traditionalpatterns proposed by Sjorberg (1960) for Asian cities pre-modern, urban morphology reflects asocial model of layered society, with people of high status are concentrated in city center wheremost of the art of economic activity and trade, trade, and political seat of power is also located,while low social class is limited to the outskirts of town (Naqvi, 1968, p. 89). In suburban areasthey were separated, and the mark with poverty, (Gupta, 1998, p. 54) for 19 Shahjahanabadcentury. As shown by Brush (1977), field studies show how various types of urban structureshave survived in many cities in India until the 1960s. However, some authors (Rao, 1983;

Schenk, 1986), also underlines that the preindustrial urban pattern, In particular, the developmentof industrialization is along the main routes of transportation available (Rao, 1983, p. 174) and theemergence of housing groups New in the peripheral sector is still affected to the traditionalpattern and structure inherited from British colonial rule

As for other studies that explain the pattern of human settlement on the basis of social classes,described as follows by Brush (1986), on the basis of factor analysis, pattern of living in Delhithere is the separation of upper-class population, urban population consists of traditionalmerchants and the owners of the shares and the personeducated with high social status is, buton the one hand, traders and other middle-class entrepreneurs who mostly come from thePunjabi region they moved to West Delhi and Karol Bagh, and on the other hand, the elite isassigned to the areas in New Delhi and Delhi South related to the functions of the nationalgovernment of India.

Segregation-segregation that occurs in regions of India tendency to segregation, socialsegregation that is motivated by the social classes in atan more familiar with the castestructure. Hindu socio-religious hierarchy underlying the traditional caste system which alsoimplies a segmentation and hierarchy of space, from the Sanskrit treatise on architecture whichrecommended the separation of space based on caste (Begde, 1978). At the lowest level ofsocial structure, housing segregation is most evident and their timeless and still is systematicallyimplementing the distribution system residence of tingktan high to the lowest (Ege Deli,1995). examples of some cities such as the Paria, which specializes in employment, continue to


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separate, which put the environment on the outskirts. This principle is also applied to the Mughalcities, as described by (Hambly, 1982) that controls the segregation based on the job.

According to the study of segregation patterns of living space by Dupont, 2002 says that,Although a city-based socio-economic and functional division of the capital, Delhi proven largeindustrial sector is relatively heterogeneous in terms of types of residential groups and socio-economic population, however, misleading to concluded that residential segregation in Delhi is aminor phenomenon, homogeneity and heterogeneity is an idea that depends on the scale ofobservation. In fact, segregation, housing in Delhi occur at finer scales. In a study in stressedagain that, in some form of residential segregation were observed in Delhi is the result ofdifferential residential mobility, combined with the process of social selection, as shown in thecase of Chicago by the pioneering urban ecology studies in the 1920s (Burgess, 1925). Thepattern that gave rise to differences in social spaces may be the result of active or passivefiltering mechanism, or a combination of both. For example, the return of the social composition atthe center of town, where people are able to move out of the downtown zone and look for a newbuilding, more modern and comfortable housing conditions, while low-income groups live againon the same site because it has no alternative housing options. In the urban periphery, manygroups forming the block housing the same group of people who describe deliberate process ofscreening the population, while in the village organic actually turned into the pockets of traditionalsettlement by the expansion of urban agglomeration. Thus, social mosaic that make up

metropolitan community development emerged as an ever sosiospatial settings.

Segregation is a phenomenon in urban settlements of significant interest among researchersaround the world and summarized in the debate for decades. however, the debate as well as afew examples of such cases there is segregation of space in Africa is not as much as Europeancountries, the United States. the colonial and apartheid regime in South Africa which started withresidential segregation. For example, in Nairobi, residential segregation is rooted in earlycolonialism. In 1900, a separate race Nairobi has been established. Racial segregation continuesin Nairobi from early times until 1963 when Kenya achieved independence. racial segregationturned into socio-economic housing segregation and the law.

The value of a space are intimately associated with the organization, as for the relationship andform more space due to the limitations or differences Batasa-space form which shows the size of

the interests of both the functional, formal and symbolic so that the system of values can becreated because of the size, shape unique and location. Further described by Kostof (1991)Pattern of organic is a growing organism in accordance with cultural values and socially in theircommunities and usually develop from time to time without any planning. This organic patternperubahaanya occur spontaneously and shape to follow the existing topography. The nature ofthis organic pattern is flexible, not geographical, usually a curved line and in the developmentcommunity have a major role in determining the form of his city.

The nature and pattern of urban street layout can be identified as a boundary which plays animportant role in identifying a place and environment in the city (Golledge and Stimson,1987). and take part in building the identity of the population with the environment and allows todistinguish themselves from other neighborhood residents. In addition, the layout of the city canserve as a channel for symbolic communication (Rappaport, 1982) which can contribute to a

sense of community (Plas and Lewis, 1996). In this respect, the layout space of socialhomogeneity and social interaction in the environment, it is expected to contribute to the socialsphere, environment and organization.

Changes in the development of a region and some cities may be affected also by thegeographical location of a city. It was very influential on the changes caused due to the growthareas in the city, (Eisner, 1993), when located on the outskirts of a sloping beach, and situated inthe position of transportation networks and networks of relationships between cities it already canbe sure that the city will experience rapid growth rate that some elements of the urban area willalso change rapidly. In daalam some process changes that result in increased scale large enough


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changes in the environment including land use change organically, this can occur because ofenvironmental causes and in the settlements, in this housing environment can be assumed as acollection of various artifacts that occur because of the merger betweensite, events and sign. Theroad network, open space, public areas, building models, and include other physical elements onthe site (Site) as a whole is a sign of certain events. This indicates a permanent sustainability thatare so complex that characterizes a residential neighborhood (Rossi, 1984).

C. Segregation Analysis Study Reference

Research done by Drake and Horace R. Cayton is more focused on quality of life of blackChicago, in Black Metropolis, Drake and Cayton discuss typical patterns of housing andsettlement patterns of blacks in Chicago. In 1945, housing patterns to maintain a line of skin colorin Chicago. Skin color line finally became known in Chicago as the "Black Belt". Contour BlackBelt visible and tangible. Creation and maintenance of the "Black Belt" itself has become thefocus of many books and scholarly articles (Park and Burgess 1925 1965 Clark, Hirsch 1983) In1930, racial segregation in Chicago because of rapid growth and sharp on the black population(Wallace 1953). According to a recent study conducted for the conference of skin color in 2003,

Chicago was the most segregated city in 2000 (Sandoval 2003). One of the interesting findingsfrom previous studies is that more than half of segregation in Chicago can be explained by thepopulation of Latin and black leather on the pattern of residential housing. (Sandoval, 2000) Inother words, the new urban landscape of segregation is no longer white and black lines. haschanged and the contour of the Black Belt has been changed.

Research will be undertaken by Alan Walks, 2001 on racial segregation in Canada suggests thatthe level of income and ethnic groups and geographical objec very important role in determiningthe housing segregation that occurred in Canada, this, the study will be undertaken by severalresearchers, most of the literature The dominant discuss the issue of establishment based urbanracialization of skin color in the United States and several other areas provide a clear picture inwhich racial segregation has been a major problem, a study found that not only the populationbased on skin color tersegregasinya will however give a negative impact on the environment thatgrows in areas of concentrated racial. Although the latest census in small towns in the territory ofthe United States showed a decrease both residential segregation and poor neighborhoods, thischange has mostly occurred in cities with a population of blacks or Hispanics will be but isdifferent in cities with larger where black population where the level of segregation is still veryclear (Jargowsky 2003 in Kingsley and Pettit 2003). In the United States live in a segregatedenvironment in the lowest economic level does not only show a person's poverty but also limit theability of residents to get out of poverty due to lack of social networks, locally based, resources,and access to employment (Wilson 1987; Massey and Denton 1993 ; 1997 Jargowsky; Ihlanfeldt1999).

A number of writers associated with racial segregation regional concentration of ethnic groupsthat appear and some group members who have a desire to leave these bags, crystallizedbecause they felt the inconsistency of some of the needs of minority groups, while the racialgroups are formed through a desire on behalf of the community against the interests of

members group so as to make them can not easily escape or exit from the group and mingle withother groups (Marcuse 1997), further distinguishing between migrants (immigrants) in the old cityareas, usually seen as a comfortable environment while containing resources ethnic groups atany time to pull themselves out of the group (immigrants) and mingle with people of ethnicgroups, so that by itself establish, 'ethnic community'. Unlike the immigrants, ethnic and culturalgroups view the ethnic community as an end in determining the residence of karma it is assumedthat an environment with one group dominant and at the same time relatively prosperous (Logan,2002). environmental concentration of visible minority groups violates traditional ecological


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models that look and integrate migrants that they assimilate ethnic groups are geographicallyculture (Park, 1925).

racialization in the context of the United States is a residential area concentrated on a particularracial or ethnic groups, the majority of its members were forced to stay there because ofdiscrimination on behalf of indigenous communities (Philpott 1978; Massey and Denton 1993;Peach 1996; 1997 Jargowsky, 1997 Marcuse; Logan et al. 2002; Johnston et al . 2003; Pattillo2003). This difference is produced through race-based discrimination in housing and labormarkets. The sense is this distinction more to the workers, further according to Wilson (1987)which examined a high poverty rate among black people and the environment, with theindigenous population, showed that industrial decentralization and globalization play a role inassisting the process of racial formation in the settlement segregation in America.

In recipient countries, such as in Sweden, many immigrant groups that are spatially separatedand concentrated in the housing. in a few cases other forms of segregation result fromdiscriminatory practices by local communities (Indigenous People), while in other cases they (theimmigrants) seeks to defend title by group cohesiveness, both by improving the cultural identityand avoid discrimination. There is debate about the advantages and disadvantages ofsegregation. For example, the spatial concentration of immigrant groups from a single ethnic

background can increase the communication between group members and encourage thedevelopment of businesses and institutions. On the other side of segregation, housing, eitherspatial or particular housing, can reduce the opportunity for structural integration. As happened inSweden in which housing policy changes resulted in changes in movement patterns of theimmigrants because of the availability of areas for those immigrants and refugees so that itbecomes the driving force model for this segregation space and residential segments. It oftenhappens that stock outlook between immigrants and indigenous people (the majority), immigrantsare often discriminated against by the majority to limit the movement of immigrants to become athreat to economic prosperity and identity of the area, things like this often occurs in areas socialdislocation and the improvement of economic structure (Castels and Miler, 1993). differentiationof space in the housing market, differentiation or segmentation related to the concentration ofgroups in the housing market, usually based on ownership. Spatial segregation is importantbecause it is closely related to social distance (Duncan and Lieberson, 1959, p. 364; Peach,

1975). small social distance between individuals, it is likely that they will live near eachother. Also, the closer people live to one another, greater potential for social interaction and lesssocial distance. Therefore, physical and social distance tend to mutually reinforce segregationwith the results in space is a good size and in the social distance. concentration of immigrants incertain parts of the country (Sweden), which eventually form the level of residential segregationand segmentation of space. Castles and Miller, 1993) identified three main types of immigrants,although they also noted that the differences between them has become less obvious or moresubtle, the first that the classical immigration countries like the United States, Canada, Australia,Sweden, which encourages immigration persistent, clustered on family relations and the securitylevel demand on housing. The second is by the colonial powers like France, Holland and Britainthat gives preferential improvement of life for immigrants from former colonies and countriesworkplaces such as Germany, Switzerland, Belgium which has a tighter control on a permanentsettlement and family relations, Which separation problem has become part of public policy.

In Sweden and the Swedish integration policy appears relatively negative, especially regardingthe segmentation of housing, which has been organized by the Swedish government and policyplanners. In the case of inin-called problem of segregation is the improvement of the socialstructure or identity, in some periods, segmentation of the housing is still the ownership and rentalhomes, residential segregation based on economic status is recognized as a social problemespecially in the social context, the difference in class between the occupants and owner-occupied and multi-family residence. Finally, ethnic segregation is also considered as a socialproblem, especially as immigrants from countries such as Greece, Italy and Turkey tend toconcentrate in the family (Sou, 1975). For immigrants and refugees have better growth, ability on


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certain things in the ability closely related to housing and economic resources. Families withrelatively low economic position tended to concentrate on areas that is considered poor bymentioning the status of housing with a low probability. Therefore, for many immigrant groups,residential segregation and segmentation of space has become the norm. Housingpolicy. Housing policy and housing market characteristics are very important in providingopportunities for or impose constraints on the settlement of new immigrant groups. Because ofdifferences in ethnic background, race and lifestyle, social distance between new immigrants andSweden increased. Also, employers' attitudes towards new immigrants is gradually changing,because of low education and skill levels, not that they regard as something major by theimmigrant workforce in the previous period, Despite strong economic growth, and high demandfor labor, unemployment rate two to three times immigrant Swedes and the income of immigrantsalso declined further relative to those from Sweden (Ekberg and Gustafsson, 1995). Immigrantintegration policy in Sweden, as developed from the 1970s, is based on three objectives: equality,and free enterprise and partnership. The aim of this equality is meant to provide immigrants withthe same rights and opportunities as native Sweden, especially in jobs and housing. Freeenterprise and partnering to ensure that immigrants have the right to maintain their culturalheritage and partnership based on mutual tolerance and solidarity between Sweden and theimmigrant population.

Segregation that occurred in parts of Ireland according to the results of Poole (1996), which

provides preliminary evidence that the Northern Ireland town vary radically in the intensity ofreligious segregation which they live. However, further stimulus provided by the comparativestudy of urban America in the separation of blacks from whites. For example, (Massey andDenton, 1987) concluded that the most likely to segregation would be relaxed through the mobilityto towns small and medium-sized black settlements where some black people are currentlyliving. This view has more recently been supported by (Farley and Frey, 1994) but added that thenew towns in the South and West appear to offer better prospects to relax segregation of oldermetropolitan areas of North and South Old . This is to distinguish between the segregation ofterkjadi in Ireland and segregation in some areas of America that trend occurred in the socialclasses (Racial), but did not rule out any segregation based on skin color terjai in ireland,Combination of local area and the evidence international shows that there are large geographicalvariations between cities in the intensity and the tendency of segregation. This means the need toavoid falling into the trap of assuming that all of Northern Irelands towns of the same - from the

assumption, for example, that, because Belfast has the environment that might be described as aghetto (the Black and White), the segregation should explain contrast multi-residentialspace. This last requirement, one of the appropriate response to (Boal's, 1987) petition for, thedevelopment of sound theoretical perspective for the study of segregation, wise with theappropriate empirical material ". A further justification for an urban area.

Several studies of residential space separator to be something very dominant in thedetermination of segregation in urban areas, the influence of other factors such as environmentand unfavorable impact in the establishment of relations of the ideal interaction in an urban area,besides the selection of space settlement could hamper the process of economic assimilation,especially if the ethnic enclaves are present.groups live together often affect the job. Jobopportunities that arise in the community are preferred, such as language and cultural barriers,for example when someone is present or when obtaining a job was associated with country of

origin. This can quickly promote segregation, because they limit the interaction of foreign citizenswith urban natives (Majority Group) (Borjas, 2000). In addition, it has been shown that oneimportant weakness related to the integral settlement was the failure of education (Datcher,1982), and this can affect the process of assimilation. Research will be undertaken by (Falvia,2002) showed that the distribution list of housing foreigners to identify areas of spatialsegregation. The process will be evaluated by analysis of each group, so that the index ofsegregation by the group and the location is calculated, and mapped the distribution ofoccupancy which allows the preparation of easy to learn the motion pattern space. As in Rome(Italy) Public policy for the integration of housing in which integration of housing to be part ofRome's urban policy became one of the most problematic aspect of immigrant integration. Many


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believe that the foundation of social integration is the abode of stabilization on the part offoreigners and their progressive towards equality with citizens of Italy in the equality of civil rights"(Caritas, 1997), Post-modern theories maintain that the suburbanisation process is linked to thedecline in residential segregation , but few detailed studies revealed that the "socio-spatialsegregation remain weak group" (Massey, 2000), many factors influence the pattern ofsettlement, including cultural differences between ethnic groups, housing market segmentation,about places of worship and social aggregation, the presence of certain services and types of

jobs residents. (Massey and Denton, 1988)Urban ethnic segregation in Lebanon is a unique model, in which depending on religious andcultural backgrounds. Demographics of this religion has historically shaped the face of urban, andempowered by the political institutions in the territory of Lebanon, and is also maintained by thecommunity in a broad social network that is reflected in their physical settings, and determine theformulation of the informal areas according to their ethnic diversity. (Soliman, 2008) Movement inBeirut urban areas have been affected by these changes, or perhaps also by the political policiesor else in because of the conflicts that occur in almost all parts of the city. Lebanon has 17officially recognized religions, and the majority of the population is under the umbrella of twoMuslim religion (Sunni, Shiite, Druze, and Alawites) and Christians (Orthodox, Catholic, andProtestant). More than five thousand Jews who still live in Lebanon (Faghaley, K, 2002)Separation of urban space in the bottom of the ethnic and cultural characteristics of the

population, thus the legacy of segregation is not discriminatory past, but the characteristics andgeneral description of Lebanese society.

Heterogeneity of urban areas in Beirut to put pressure on families by creating alternative sourcesare available for individual identification. Religious institutions put pressure on group members toadopt a religious identity. Ethnic and political ideology of the group given a similarpressure. Therefore, every resident of religious adherents in Beirut has established urban areasas urban informality, so follow the same path.Urban settings much reinforced by kinship ties andmake them pentingdan become stronger. This is due to strong family ties so that the role ofmediator is something critical, so that political leaders will play a major role in shaping anddeveloping the environment as a socio-political role and economic development in urban areas.

Income inequality, hunger and war, and discriminatory practices in the housing market led to the

concentration of ethnic minorities are disproportionately high in certain urban areas in the city ofBeirut. For example, a major district to the Jewish community in Beirut is located in Wadi AbouGameal. Each ethnic group has a specific location within the city; and urban informality followedthe same pattern (Soliman, 2008).

Parse of a few cases of segregation of urban space in particular concentrated on residentialsegregation is something that is prevalent in nearly all parts of the region, segregation of urbanspace, especially in socio-economic segregation-segregation is a common phenomenon but itcan carry a less harmonious effect in interaction relationships between groups segregatedsociety, lack of economic peningktan, accomplished public services to the public, the rights of civilsociety who intimidated and improved settlement systems are things that can barely keep it awayfrom segregation in the living room. Are like things that happen in a few areas where the welfareof American blacks received less attention in the development of self and group, which worse off

economy, living in an environment of conflict and violence that are full with low levels ofeducation which makes the larger gaps that occur between citizens of different colors on theterms skin. lain the case in Canada, differences in skin color is also dominant in determiningsegregation patterns of space but rather a tendency to level of economic income, people whohave a better level of income will opt out of the settled together with community groups who arepoor or lower classes but segregation spaces are still present in one area of the skin color lineand settled separately based on the economic level of each individual.

Segregation of space that occurred in India, settled segregation as was the case in India whereaccording to traditional patterns proposed by Sjorberg (1960) in which the research by exploring


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the city Sjorberg pre-industrial city is more the city focuses on religious characteristics, retain-symbols symbol. But the segregation that occurred in India over the differences in caste, religioussegregation disni felt very smooth, while the location of the settlement were greatly influenced bythe caste in which citizens have a higher caste will occupy the residential areas on the maintransportation routes.

Examples of other cases that occurred in the region Segregation ireland is the segregation ofreligious radicals are formed based on this line is causing concern to the development of urbanareas in because of the separator chamber by religious radicals is more fundamental to thepolitical interests which the Protestant community in assume themselves as a group union andCatholic groups on the other hand consider themselves as nationalist group which formed in theregion segregation ireland is a derivative of heritage preserved in public life. different things withreligious characteristics of segregation on the terms that occurred in Lebanon since the conflict inwhich each respective forcing religious institutions to introduce more group members individuallyto determine the formulation of the informal areas according to their ethnic diversity, religiousdifferences that occur in pieces to the group- small groups, two religious groups the majority onlybecome part of almost neglected so that in this discourse of segregation in Lebanon are foundalmost no majority group.Separation of urban space in the bottom of the ethnic and culturalcharacteristics of the population, thus the legacy of segregation is not discriminatory past, but the

characteristics and general description of Lebanese society.

II. STRUCTURE OF THE CITY

According to Elisabeth in the Ever, 1982) that one theory is enough to get followers of UrbanSocial Ecology Theory, developed around in the 20s and known by the name of the ChicagoSchool. The Chicago School adherents are ultimately developed three basic models of urbandevelopment. Burgees preparing a thesis or a theory of concentric circles. Burgees states thatsocial areas characterized by social and economic city like the shape of a circle arranged aroundthe central rise. And variables to measure these traits systematically with the structure of landprices, the closer the land from the city center the more expensive, increasingly distant from thecenter becomes more affordable. By Hoyt develop Sector Model and some other developing corecorpuscular theory. (Ever, 1986).

Sector Model by Hoyt is the zoning patterns of settlement and social characteristics of particularsocial status. Variable types of work and ownership of caste and the measuring instrumentSimilarly systemic form groups and separate settlements. There is a settlement of fishermen,employee housing, housing-growing elite housing, in addition there are also residential slum-settlements. All of that form in communal settlements separate. Sector model, also known as theHoyt model, is a model of urban land use proposed in 1939 by economist Homer Hoyt. This is amodification of the concentric zone model of urban development. Advantages of applying thismodel is able to progress beyond growth. Like all simple models of complex phenomena with alimited validity.

While accepting the existence of a central business district, Hoyt suggested that tersebuat zone

will extend out from the city center along the transportation routes. With make Chicago area as anexample, the housing sector is growing out along the north shore of Lake Michigan desirable fromthe central business district, while the industry will grow to the south in sectors that follow thetrajectory of other transport points.In developing this model Hoyt observed that it was common for low-income households becomenear railroad tracks, and berpendapata high or large corporations will grow along the main roador artery. Recognizing that the various transportation routes into urban areas, including railways,seaports, and tram lines, represented greater access, Hoyt argues that cities tend to grow in the


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sector-shaped patterns derived from the central business district and centered on majortransportation routes . High levels of access to a higher mean value of the land, thus, manycommercial functions would remain in the CBD but manufacturing functions would develop inslices around transport routes. Residential function will grow in patterns with adjacent housingsector manufacturing or industrial sector, while the secondary sector and high-incomehouseholds are located furthest from the function. Hoyt's model tries to state a broad principle ofurban organization.

While the core model to make ethnic differences as a variable size. Settlements tend to beformed on the basis of ethnic communal. There are settlements according to certain ethnic,where the settlement has a set of socio-cultural characteristics, including social, economic,political, and religious customs of each. Core model of multiple ecological model proposed byChauncy Harris and Edward Ullman in a 1945 article "The nature of the City." This modelexplains the layout of the city. It notes that although a town may have started with a centralbusiness district, similar industries with common land use and financial requirements set close toeach other. This grouping is the direct influence of their environment. Hotels and restaurantsspring around the airport, for example. The number and type of growth marks a city's core.Thistheory was formed based on the idea that people have a greater movement due to increased carownership. Increased movement allows for the specialization of regional centers (such as heavyindustrial, business park). There is no clear CBD (Central Business District) in this type of model.

While Shevky and Bell in the late 50s early 60s dn propagandize with the name Social AreaAnalysis. (Evers, 1986:5). Shevky Analysis and Beel and his followers on the analysis of socialareas in American cities to limit further the problems of social ecology, but expanding thedatabase with the use of census materials are more extensive (E. Shevky and Wendell Bell,1974). They assume, that the structure of urban areas can be explained by three principalvariables, each of which consisted of different characteristics. The third variable is the socialstatus, ethnic and cultural segregari city, where the latter is a combination of demographiccharacteristics, which is a measure of family structure and household. Social city region can bedescribed and dipilahkan by combining these three basic variables.

Conclusion and Closing Notes

urban morphology reflects a social model of community-plated, segregation at certain bases ofthe structure of society in general are emphasized as a source of difensisasi settlements wherethis is visible also in increasing numbers or further worsen social divisions in society, lifestyle,social culture, ethnicity and lifestyle is the trigger of aspects of segregation, some things relatedto spatial segregation, including a class of theories that view that spatial segregation as amanifestation of socio-economic class memisakan himself from theories that explain the spatialsegregation as a result of preference for group live in areas dominated by the same groups

patterns and processes of spatial segregation. First, the approach to the economic environmentin which they view the city as a separate entity and assume that the city develop throughcompetition for space, resultingin zones where socio-economic characteristics of the differentlocation of the housing. Focuses on how the impact of this spatial segregation contributed to the

growth and development of urban space

Thought the second is based on the analysis of social and ecological environment factorial tryingto map the spatial patterns of socio-economic city which makes reinforcement-strengthening ofcertain urban spaces in certain communities and provide economic power groups that affect thegrowth of the city in the direction utilization of environmental Understanding the third is thebehavioral approach, focusing on the demand side of housing, residential segregation can besourced from a variety of basic things such as, income level or economic class, occupation,gender, race, social status or caste, even by religion, which the group further strengthen theactivities and identities in a way clustered in the same residential area that greatly affects on the


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working system of urban space, mapping public facilities and public services separately onmasiang each group.Segregation is a manaifestasi of socio-economic structures that exist on the mechanism to assertabout the social structures in society that mejadikan standard determinants of dividing space inurban residential structure. perspective, the arrangement of the economic structure has resultedin social inequality and spatial segregation based on social strata. The second view that socialstratification should be considered independently of residential segregation, Quite often, thesegregation of space also resulted from the failure of urban planning, systems to cope with theoverall urban development process, which only react to and try to solve urban problems.

References

Blakely, E. J. and Snyder, M. G. (1997) Fortress America: Gated Communities in theUnited States. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press; Cambridge, MA: Lincoln Institute ofLand PolicyCastells (2002) The information Age: Economy, Society and culture, Volume II, The power ofIdentity, Blackwell PublishersCristaldi. Flavia. 2002. Multiethnic Rome: Toward residential segregation. GeoJournal58: 8190,

2002.Dupont. Veronique. 2002. Socio-spatial differentiation and residential segregation in Delhi: aquestion of scale. Geoforum 35 (2004) 157175Faghaley, Kamal (2002) (in Arabic) Encyclopedia of Lebanon, Vol. 1, International Publisher,Beirut, Lebanon.Firman. T. 2003. New town development in Jakarta Metropolitan Region: a perspective of spatialsegregation, Habitat International 28 (2004) 349368Forsyth, A. (2005) Reforming Suburbia: The Planned Communities of Irvine, Columbia and TheWoodlands. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Greenstein, R., Sabatini, F., & Smolka, M. (2000). Urban spatial segregation: Forces,consequences, and policy responses. Land Lines Newsletter of the Lincoln Institute of LandPolicy, NovemberHEISZ, A., and MCLEOD, L. 2004 Low-Income in Census Metropolitan Areas, 19802000(Ottawa: Statistics Canada Analytical PaperSeries) Cat. 89-613-MIE No. 001JARGOWSKY, P. 1997 Poverty and Place: Ghettos, Barrios, and the American City(New York:Russell Sage) 2003 Stunning Progress, Hidden Problems: The DramaticDecline of Concentrated Poverty in the 1990. Washington,Immergluck, Daniel. 1998. Progress Confined: Increases in Black Home Buying and thePersistence of Residential Segregation. Journal of Urban Affairs 20 (4):443Kotze,NJ. 1999. The influence of residential desegregation on property prices in South Africa:The Pietersburg case study. ISSN 0378-5254 Tydskrif vir Gesinsekologie enVerbruikerswetenskappe, Vol 27: No 1, 1999Kato. Yuki. 2006. Planning and Social Diversity: Residential Segregation in American NewTowns, Urban Studies, Vol. 43, No. 12, 22852299..LOGAN, J., ALBA, R., and ZHANG, W. 2002 Immigrant enclaves and ethnic communities in NewYork and Los AngelesAmericanSociological Review67(2), 299322.Larbi, W. O. (1996). Spatial planningand urban fragmentation in Accra. Third World Planning

Review, 18(2), 193215Lloyd. C, Shuttleworth. I. and McNair D. Centre for Spatial Territorial Analysis and Research (C-STAR), School of Geography, Queens University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, UKPark, Robert E., and Ernest W. Burgess. 1925. The City: Suggestions for Investigation ofHuman Behavior in the Urban Environment. Chicago, IL: The University ofChicago PressRakowski, A. (1994) (ed.) Contrapunto: The Informal Sector Debate in Latin America, SunnyPress, New York,Roy, A. and AlSayyad, N. (eds.), pp. 171-208.


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Soliman, A. (2004b) A Possible Way Out: Formalizing Housing Informality in Egyptian Cities,University Press of America, LanhamRoy A. (forthcoming) Urban Informality: Toward an epistemology of planning Journal of planningassociation, USA.Robert A. Murdie and Lars-Erik Borgegaerd. 1997. Immigration, Spatial Segregation and HousingSegmentation of Immigrants in Metropolitan Stockholm, 1960 95. sagepublication,Soliman A.M. (2008). Diversity Of Ethnicity And State Involvement On Urban Informality In Beirut,Cercetari practice si teoretice n Managementul Urban, Anul 3, Nr. 9, 2008ISSN: 1842-5712, EgyptSoliman, A. (2004a) Tilting at Sphinxes: Locating Urban Informality in Egyptian Cities, in.Sandoval, J. Onsimo. 2003. The Geography of Residential Segregation and Diversity inU.S. Cities: Polarization or Integration? Conference Paper for the Color Lines ConferenceHarvard University.WILSON, W. J. 1987 The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and PublicPolicy, Chicago: University ofChicago Press. ChicagoWong, David W.S. 1997. Spatial Dependency of Segregation Indices. The CanadianGeographer41 (4):128-136.

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