Fuel Hydrocarbons andLubricants

PETROLEUM AND PRODUCTION

Petrolem = Petra + Oleum Rock + Oil

Petroleum is often called crude oil, fossil fuel or oil. It is called a fossil fuel because it was formed from the remains of tiny sea plants and animals that died millions of years ago. When the plants and animals died, they sank to the bottom of the oceans.

From the Field to the Refinery

Oil drilling occurs both at sea and on land, depending on the size and profitability of the oil deposits located.

The first step is the transport of the crude oil from its natural location to the refinery.

Once obtained from the ground, the oil is transported by ship, truck or pipeline to the refinery.

At the Refinery To separate it into useful products begins.

Have complex stages and each part have several processes.

The very first step is to break up the crude oil.

Major products of oil refineries

• • Liquid petroleum gas (LPG)• • Gasoline (also known as petrol)• • Naphtha• • Kerosene and related jet aircraft fuels• • Diesel fuel• • Fuel oils• • Lubricating oils• • Asphalt and Tar• • Petroleum coke

Fractional Distillation

Fuel Hydrocarbons

• Gasoline• Diesel• Kerosene• Fuel oil

Gasoline

• Gasoline is an extremely flammable fuel source for automobiles and other vehicles and equipment.

• A liquid, it can be colorless, pale brown or pale pink.

• Gasoline is not a single substance.

• There is no such thing as pure gasoline.

• Gasoline is produced by refining petroleum, and it consists of a complex mixture of over 120 hydrocarbons.

Properties

• Types. In EU: Eurosuper-95, Eurosuper-98 (both lead-free). In the USA: Regular (97 RON) and Premium (95 RON)

• Density=750 kg/m (from 720 kg/m to 760 kg/m at 20 ºC)

• Thermal expansion coefficient=900x 10-2 K-1 • Boiling and solidification points. Not well defined

because they are mixtures. (e.g. when heating a previously sub cooled sample at constant standard pressure, some 10% in weight of gasoline is in the vapour state at 300 K, and some 90% when at 440 K)

• Viscosity=0.5x10-2 m2 /s at 20 ºC.• Vapor pressure. 50..90 kPa at 20 ºC, typically 70 kPa at

20 ºC. • Theoretical air/fuel ratio: A=14.5 kg air by kg fuel

• Octane number (RON)=92..98. This is a measure of autoignition resistance in a spark-ignition engine, being the volume percentage of iso-octane in a iso-octane / n-heptane mixture having the same anti-knocking characteristic when tested in a variable-Compression-ratio engine

• Cetane number=5..20, meaning that gasoline has a relative large time-lag between Injection in hot air and autoignition, although this is irrelevant in typical gasoline applications (spark ignition)

• Flash Point= - -42.70C. The flash point of a volatile material is the lowest temperature at which it can vaporize to form an ignitable mixture in air.

Diesel

• Diesel fuel comes in several different grades, depending upon its intended use.

• Like gasoline, diesel fuel is not a single substance, but a mixture of various petroleum-derived components, including paraffins, isoparaffins, napthenes, olefins and aromatic hydrocarbons, each with their own physical and chemical properties.

Properties • Diesel types. In EU: type A for road vehicles, B for

industries (agriculture, fishing; same properties as type A, but red-coloured for different taxation), C for heating (not for engines; blue coloured

• Density=830 kg/m3(780..860 kg/m3 at 40 ºC).• Thermal expansion coefficient=800x10-6 K-1

• Boiling and freezing points. Not well defined because they are mixtures. In general, these fuels remain liquid down to 30 ºC (some antifreeze additives may be added to guarantee that).

• Vapour pressure=1..10 kPa at 38 ºC • Cetane number=45 (between 40..55); 60..65 for

biodiesel. • Flash point=50 ºC typical (40 ºC minimum). In the

range 310..340 K • Viscosity=3x10-6 m2/s

Kerosene

• Kerosene is a combustible hydrocarbon liquid widely used as a fuel, in industry, and in households

• Kerosene is widely used to power jet engines of aircraft (jet fuel) and some rocket engines, but is also commonly used as a cooking and lighting fuel and for fire toys such as poi. In parts of Asia, where the price of kerosene is subsidized, it fuels outboard motors on small fishing boats.

Properties • Density is 0.78–0.81 g/cm3

• It is miscible in petroleum solvents but immiscible in water.

• The flash point of kerosene is between 37 and 65 °C (100 and 150 °F), and its auto ignition temperature is 220 °C (428 °F)

• Melting point:: 24-25 °C • Boiling point:: 175-325 °C(lit.)• Vapor pressure : 0.23 mm Hg ( 20 °C)

Fuel Oil

• Fuel oil is a fraction obtained from petroleum distillation, either as a distillate or a residue

• Fuel oil is any liquid petroleum product that is burned in a furnace to generate heat.

• Fuel oil is also the heaviest commercial fuel that is produced from crude oil.

Properties• There are two bsic types of fuel oil: Distilate

fuel oil (lighter, thinner, more powerful, better for cold-start) and Residual fuel oil (heavier, thicker, more powerful, better lubrication)

• Density: 900.10 kg/m3.Varies with composition and temperature

• Flash point is approximately around 400C

Lubricants • Lubricants are just one of many fractions, or

components, that can be derived from raw petroleum, which emerges from an oil well as a yellow-to-black, flammable, liquid mixture of thousands of hydrocarbons (organic compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms, these occur in all fossil fuels).

• Lubricating oils consist of base oils and additives. • Different lubricating oils are classified as

paraffinic, naphthenic, or aromatic. • Lubricating oils are used between two surfaces to

reduce friction and wear

• Sedimentation• Fractionating• Filtering and solvent extraction• Additives, inspection, and packaging

The Manufacturing Process

Sedimentation

The crude oil is transported from the oil well to the refinery by pipeline or tanker ship. At the refinery, the oil undergoes sedimentation to remove any water and solid contaminants, such as sand and rock, that maybe suspended in it. During this process, the crude is pumped into large holding tanks, where the water and oil are allowed to separate and the contaminants settle out of the oil.

Fractionating • Next, the crude oil is heated to about 700 degrees

Fahrenheit (371 degrees Celsius). At this temperature it breaks down into a mixture of hot vapor and liquid that is then pumped into the bottom of the first of two fractionating towers. Here, the hot hydrocarbon vapors float upward. As they cool, they condense and are collected in different trays installed at different levels in the tower. In this tower, normal atmospheric pressure is maintained continuously, and about 80 percent of the crude oil vaporizes.

• The remaining 20 percent of the oil is then reheated and pumped into a second tower, wherein vacuum pressure lowers the residual oil's boiling point so that it can be made to vaporize at a lower temperature. The heavier compounds with higher boiling points, such as tar and the inorganic compounds, remain behind for further processing.

Filtering and solvent extraction

After further processing to remove unwanted compounds, the lubricant that has been collected in the two fractionating towers is passed through several ultrafine filters, which remove remaining impurities. Aromatics, one such contaminant, contain six-carbon rings that would affect the lubricant's viscosity if they weren't removed in a process called solvent extraction. Solvent extraction is possible because aromatics are more soluble in the solvent than the lubricant fraction is. When the lubricant is treated with the solvent, the aromatics dissolve; later, after the solvent has been removed, the aromatics can be recovered from it.

Additives, inspection, and packaging

Finally, the oil is mixed with additives to give it the desired physical properties (such as the ability to withstand low temperatures). At this point, the lubricant is subjected to a variety of quality control tests that assess its viscosity, specific gravity, color, flash, and fire points. Oil that meets quality standards is then packaged for sale and distribution

The Future

The future of mineral-based lubricating oil is limited, because the natural supplies of petroleum are both finite and non-renewable. Experts estimate the total recoverable light to medium petroleum reserves at 1.6 trillion barrels, of which a third has been used. Thus, synthetic-based oils will probably be increasingly important as natural reserves dwindle. This is true not only for lubricating oil but also for the other products that result from petroleum refining.

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