Fuel Cells For a More Sustainable Energy Future - … · ©National Fuel Cell Research Center, 2009 1/26 Fuel Cells For a More Sustainable Energy Future Jack Brouwer, Ph.D. Associate

© National Fuel Cell Research Center, 2009 1/26

Fuel Cells For a Fuel Cells For a More Sustainable Energy FutureMore Sustainable Energy Future

Jack Brouwer, Ph.D.Associate Director

May 14, 2009

Calit2 Calit2 -- Clean Energy Challenge: Clean Energy Challenge: Illuminating Environmentally Progressive Technologies Illuminating Environmentally Progressive Technologies


OutlineOutline

•• What makes a fuel cell different?What makes a fuel cell different?

•• How can fuel cells be used to increase sustainability?How can fuel cells be used to increase sustainability?

•• Recommended roles and convergence conceptRecommended roles and convergence concept

•• SummarySummary


Traditional Energy Conversion RedOx ReactionsTraditional Energy Conversion RedOx ReactionsTraditional energy conversion device (combustion)Traditional energy conversion device (combustion)

CHCH44 →→

OO22 →→

Reduction and Oxidation occur at the same place & timeReduction and Oxidation occur at the same place & time

CHCH44 + 2 O+ 2 O22 →→ COCO22 + 2 H+ 2 H22OO

FormalFormalValence:Valence: C: C: –– 44 + 4+ 4

O:O: 00 –– 22 –– 22

– 8 e–

+ 4 e– + 4 e–

High temperatureHeat energyPollutants

Random electronmotion


Fuel Cell RedOx ReactionsFuel Cell RedOx ReactionsFuel cell energy conversion deviceFuel cell energy conversion device

CHCH44 →→

OO22 →→

Reduction and Oxidation separated in space:Reduction and Oxidation separated in space:

Oxidation: CHOxidation: CH44 + 2 H+ 2 H22O O →→ COCO22 + 8 H+ 8 H++ + 8 e+ 8 e––

Reduction: 2 OReduction: 2 O22 + 8 e+ 8 e–– + 8 H+ 8 H++ →→ 4 H4 H22OO

FormalFormalValence:Valence: C: C: –– 44 + 4+ 4

O: 0O: 0 –– 22 –– 22

oxidationreduction

Load Various temperaturesElectrical Work

Ordered electronflow – useful work


Fundamental Difference Leads to BenefitsFundamental Difference Leads to BenefitsEnvironment:Environment:•• Hydrogen fuel cells produce only water byHydrogen fuel cells produce only water by--productproduct•• Compared to HC combustion: NOCompared to HC combustion: NOxx, SO, SOxx, CO, HC, CO, CO, HC, CO22, lower, lower•• Fuel cells, at same scale, are more energy efficient (use less Fuel cells, at same scale, are more energy efficient (use less

fuel, less emissions per unit of useful work)fuel, less emissions per unit of useful work)•• Can contribute to energy sustainability (variety of fuels, Can contribute to energy sustainability (variety of fuels,

including renewable fuels)including renewable fuels)Energy Security, Independence:Energy Security, Independence:•• Fuel cells can operate on & hydrogen can be made from Fuel cells can operate on & hydrogen can be made from

domestic sources of primary energy:domestic sources of primary energy:• Natural gas • Oil• Electricity (renewable or grid) • Coal

Economics:Economics:•• Cheap sources of fuel (energy source and carrier) may be Cheap sources of fuel (energy source and carrier) may be

running out (~20running out (~20--50 years)50 years)•• Capital cost of fuel cell today is the major barrier to Capital cost of fuel cell today is the major barrier to

widespread usewidespread use


OutlineOutline






GHG & Sustainability Depend on Primary EnergyGHG & Sustainability Depend on Primary EnergyPrimary Energy: All We Use Comes from the SunPrimary Energy: All We Use Comes from the Sun

Courtesy: BMW Group, 2000

“Energy sustainability requires use of resources at the same rate at which they are naturally replenished on earth without externalities”


We should use more Solar and Wind Power!We should use more Solar and Wind Power!Solar PowerSolar Power: PV, dish Stirling, solar: PV, dish Stirling, solar--thermalthermal•• Widely available Widely available ““peakingpeaking”” resourceresource•• Challenges: COST, land use, water use, remoteChallenges: COST, land use, water use, remote

Wind Power:Wind Power: becoming popular (tariffs, cost effective)becoming popular (tariffs, cost effective)•• Challenges: Intermittency and nonChallenges: Intermittency and non--coincidence with peak coincidence with peak

demand, remote, aesthetics, bird killsdemand, remote, aesthetics, bird kills


Increasingly Require Increasingly Require ‘‘ComplementaryComplementary’’ PowerPowerFuel Cell Stationary PowerFuel Cell Stationary Power –– Commercially viable in many Commercially viable in many applications; continuous applications; continuous ‘‘dispatchabledispatchable’’ power; modular; low power; modular; low emissions; high efficiency; CHP; natural gas & renewable fuelsemissions; high efficiency; CHP; natural gas & renewable fuels

Santa Rita Jail, CA

San Diego Sheraton, CACA State Northridge Sierra Nevada Brewery, California

King County, WA Early DFC 1500®, Danbury, CT


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FC FC ‘‘ComplementaryComplementary’’ Power is PossiblePower is Possible

0 50000 100000 150000 200000160

162

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168

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FC P

ower

[kW

]Time [sec]

ExperimentModel

FC Power

Jan 2001

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120

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Jan-7 Jan-9 Jan-11 Jan-13 Jan-15 Jan-17 Jan-19 Jan-21Day

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http://www.fuelcellenergy.com/index.php


Dynamic Renewable FC Power is PossibleDynamic Renewable FC Power is PossibleRenewable Integrated Renewable Integrated Fuel Cell SystemsFuel Cell Systems•• Solar ResidentialSolar Residential•• Wind / Hydrogen fuelWind / Hydrogen fuel

Hydrogen Storage

Hydrogen toPower Generation

Hydrogen Production To Storage

PEM Reversible Fuel Cell /

Electrolyzer

Zero-EmissionsDispatchable

Power

RenewableElectricity

Hydrogen

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

T im e (O n e W eek)

Pow

er (k

W)

P V P ow er 7 .9 kW E Z P ow er (In ) 4 .2 kW F C P ow er (O u t) G rid P ow er

System Cost $ 42,000.00 H2 Produced 50.9 kWhkW Peak RFC 8.1 kWRFC Round Trip Eff. 57%System Eff. 71%


IGFC Cycle Enables COIGFC Cycle Enables CO22 separation and Hydrogen Coseparation and Hydrogen Co--ProductionProduction

Future FC Central PowerFuture FC Central Power

65% mixed efficiency100 MW class

GASIFICATION(ATR)

H2SEPARATINGMEMBRANE

SOFC

GENERATOR

FLUID BEDCHAR BOILER &

STACK GASCLEANUP

STACKGAS

HP STEAMAIR

CO2 TOPIPELINE

ASH

RAWSYNGAS

HPSTEAM

GENERATOR

GAS TURBINE

STEAMTURBINE

TOCONDENSER

AIR

COAL &LIMESTONE

HUMIDIFIED /PREHEATED

O2

CHAR

HPSTEAM

STACKGAS

HRSGS

CATALYTICOXIDATION, GASCOOLING & Hg

REMOVAL

CO2COMPRESSION/DEHYDRATION/

PUMPING

HOTDEPLETED

AIR

TURBINEEXHAUST

ITM

O2 FORGASIFIER &CATALYTICOXIDATION

UNITDEPLETEDFUEL GAS

SHIFT & H2SEPARATINGMEMBRANE

H2

O2 FROM ITM

HEATRECOVERY &

HT GASCLEANUP

COOLING / HEATRECOVERY &H2COMPRESSION

H2 TOPIPELINE

SWEEP GAS

SWEEPGAS

H2

Coal

GT

SOFC

Hydrogen

CO2

Electricity

Electricity

Electricity

GENERATORST


We Also Need a Low GHG Transport SolutionWe Also Need a Low GHG Transport SolutionComparison of Alternative Fuels & Transport OptionsComparison of Alternative Fuels & Transport Options

From: Jackson, TIAX, 2003

Miles per Gallon (MPG) of Gasoline Equivalent


Zero Emission Zero Emission Vehicle Vehicle ·· Network Network Enabled TransportEnabled Transport

ZEVZEV••NETNET

So We Should Use More Electricity In TransportSo We Should Use More Electricity In Transport

Major Challenges (battery limitations):•Low energy density compared to gasoline limits range•Slow charging leads to long “refueling” time•Lack of infrastructure

Major Challenges (battery limitations):•Low energy density compared to gasoline limits range•Slow charging leads to long “refueling” time•Lack of infrastructure


Current UCI Research on PlugCurrent UCI Research on Plug--in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV)in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV)•• Toyota, Horiba, UCB, and CA Air Resources Board partnersToyota, Horiba, UCB, and CA Air Resources Board partners•• Testing two prototype plugTesting two prototype plug--in Prius vehicles in Prius vehicles •• Vehicle emission standards (including grid emissions)Vehicle emission standards (including grid emissions)•• Grid interaction/impactsGrid interaction/impacts•• Air quality impactsAir quality impacts

Perhaps Hybrid Technology Can Ease TransitionPerhaps Hybrid Technology Can Ease Transition


CO2 Emission (Gasoline Powered Vehicle = 1)

0.20 1.0

Diesel HVFuture

FCHVNatural gas→Hydrogen; current status)

Diesel Vehicle

FCHV Coal→Hydrogen

Gasoline HV

FCHVH2O→H2 by Natural energy

Gasoline HVFuture

FCHV Natural gas→Hydrogen

FCHV Biomass

0.4 0.6

0.8

Well to Tank CO2

Tank to Wheel CO2

FutureFuture

Gasoline Vehicle

Toyota’s Calculation ；10-15 mode, Hydrogen fueled FCHVCourtesy: Reinert, Toyota, May, 2003

Ultimately Some FC Use in Transport is KeyUltimately Some FC Use in Transport is KeyCO2 Emissions (Gasoline Vehicle = 1)


Fuel CellsFuel Cells –– All major auto manufacturers pursuingAll major auto manufacturers pursuingFortunately FC Vehicle Progress is TremendousFortunately FC Vehicle Progress is Tremendous

Mazda Premacy Nissan FCV

Ford P2000 H2

Honda FCX V3GM_Opel Hydrogen 1

Daimler FCell

Hyundai FCEV Toyota Fine

Honda FCX Clarity

GM Sequel

GM HyWire

GM Equinox

Toyota FCHV

Hyundai iBlue

UCI

UCI


Fuel Cell VehiclesFuel Cell Vehicles

Range: Range: 350 miles (700 bar)350 miles (700 bar)Top Speed:Top Speed: 96 mph96 mphFuel Cell:Fuel Cell: 90kW PEM90kW PEMFueling Time:Fueling Time: ~5~5--10 minutes10 minutes

First (2002) U.S. Commercial First (2002) U.S. Commercial Deployment and Independent Deployment and Independent Testing of Fuel Cell VehiclesTesting of Fuel Cell Vehicles

Some Personally Tested ExamplesSome Personally Tested Examples

GM testingGM testinginitiated in 2005initiated in 2005


OutlineOutline






1.1. Install more renewable powerInstall more renewable power2.2. Install more stationary fuel cells (complementary, dispatchable)Install more stationary fuel cells (complementary, dispatchable)

• e.g., FuelCell Energy power plants operated on renewable fuel3.3. Use more renewable power & green power from stationary fuel Use more renewable power & green power from stationary fuel

cells in transport by widespread use of BEV and PHEVcells in transport by widespread use of BEV and PHEV• e.g., UCI’s ZEV-NET and PHEV programs

Roles & Convergence ConceptRoles & Convergence Concept


Roles & Convergence ConceptRoles & Convergence ConceptThird Rail Vehicle (TRV) ideaThird Rail Vehicle (TRV) idea•• All auto featuresAll auto features

desired bydesired byconsumersconsumers(range, fast charge)(range, fast charge)

•• Charge on majorCharge on majorelectrified roadselectrified roads‘‘ee--roadroad’’

•• Functions likeFunctions likebattery electricbattery electricvehicle (BEV)vehicle (BEV)off off ‘‘ee--roadroad’’


FC

FUEL CELL HYBRID VEHICLE

POWER CONTROL UNIT

SECONDARYBATTERY

MOTOR

FUEL CELL HYDROGEN

Roles & Convergence ConceptRoles & Convergence ConceptPlugPlug--In HybridIn HybridFuel Cell VehicleFuel Cell Vehicle(PHFCV)(PHFCV)••Meet longMeet longrange drivingrange drivingdemandsdemands••Fast refuelingFast refueling••Small, costSmall, cost--effective FCeffective FC


DIGESTER GAS

LAND-FILL GAS

Energy Station

• Electric Power Generation

• Thermal Power Generation

• Hydrogen Generation

NATURAL GAS

“Renewable Energy Station”

•Green Electricity

•Green Thermal Power

•Renewable Hydrogen

Roles & Convergence ConceptRoles & Convergence ConceptEnergy Station Concept Energy Station Concept –– locally colocally co--produce Hproduce H22

PV

UC Irvine H2 Fueling Station350 bar; 700 bar; liquid (future)

2009:2009: WorldWorld’’s First Renewable High Temperature s First Renewable High Temperature Fuel Cell Hydrogen CoFuel Cell Hydrogen Co--Production DemonstrationProduction DemonstrationOrange County Sanitation District, Fountain Valley, CAOrange County Sanitation District, Fountain Valley, CA


OutlineOutline






SummarySummary•• Fuel Cells are fundamentally different from traditional energy Fuel Cells are fundamentally different from traditional energy

conversion devicesconversion devices• Electrochemistry, direct electric work production, separated streams,

CO2 sequestration, low emissions, high efficiency

•• Fuel Cells can substantially contribute to sustainabilityFuel Cells can substantially contribute to sustainability• Stationary Power – continuous ‘dispatchable’ power; extremely low

pollutant and GHG emissions; high efficiency; renewable & fossil fuels - compliment the relative intermittency of renewable power.

• Transportation - Increase electrification first, domestic H2 fuel production, no GHG at vehicle, efficient, long range, fast fueling

•• Convergence ConceptConvergence Concept• Renewable power from fuel cells, wind, solar used first for stationary

power and battery electric transport• Sustainability aided by high efficiency; use of renewable & waste

fuels; efficient co-generation & co-production of hydrogen• Only small transport FC required in long-term


Documents

Fuel Cells For a More Sustainable Energy Future - … · ©National Fuel Cell Research Center, 2009 1/26 Fuel Cells For a More Sustainable Energy Future Jack Brouwer, Ph.D. Associate