FSD2292 EVA Survey on Finnish Values and Attitudes 2006 · EVA Survey on Finnish Values and Attitudes 2006 [codebook]. Finnish Social Science Data Archive [producer and distributor],

FSD2292

EVA Survey on Finnish Values andAttitudes 2006

Codebook

FINNISH SOCIAL SCIENCE DATA ARCHIVE

The bibliographic citation for this codebook:

EVA Survey on Finnish Values and Attitudes 2006 [codebook]. Finnish Social Science DataArchive [producer and distributor], 2018.

This codebook has been generated from the version 1.1 (22.1.2008) of the data.

Finnish Social Science Data ArchiveFIN-33014 University of Tampere

FSD User Services:[email protected]+358 40 190 1442

Aila Data Service Portal:https://services.fsd.uta.fi/

Finnish Social Science Data Archivehttp://www.fsd.uta.fi/en/

$ Koodikirjoitin.py v36 @ 2018-06-29 11:34:23.236000 $

To the reader

This codebook is part of the data FSD2292 archived at the FSD (Finnish Social Science DataArchive).The dataset has been described in as much detail as possible in Finnish and English.Variable frequencies, variable and value labels, and missing values have been checked. If neces-sary, the data have been anonymised. The data and its creators shall be cited in all publicationsand presentations for which the data have been used. The bibliographic citation may be in theform suggested by the archive or in the form required by the publication. The bibliographiccitation suggested by the archive:

Finnish Business and Policy Forum EVA & Yhdyskuntatutkimus: EVA Survey onFinnish Values and Attitudes 2006 [dataset]. Version 1.1 (2008-01-22). Finnish So-cial Science Data Archive [distributor]. http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:fsd:T-FSD2292

The user shall notify the archive of all publications where she or he has used the data. Theoriginal data creators and the archive bear no responsibility for any results or interpretationsarising from the reuse of the data.

The codebook contains information on data content, structure and data collection, and includesa list of publications wholly or in part based on the data, according to publication informa-tion received by the FSD. The second part of the codebook contains information on variables:question texts, response options, and frequencies. The third part contains indexes.

Variable distributions presented in this codebook have been generated from the SPSS files. Dis-tribution tables present variable values, frequencies (n), frequency percentages (%), and validpercentages (v. %) which take into account missing data. All distributions are unweighted. If thedata contain weight variables, these will be found at the end of the variables list. In some casesfrequency distributions have been substituted by descriptive statistics. Categorised responsesto open-ended questions are not always included in the codebook. Distributions may containmissing data. The note "System missing (SYSMIS)" refers to missing observations (e.g. a re-spondent has not answered all questions) whereas "Missing (User missing)" refers to data theuser has defined as missing. For example, the user may decide to code answer alternatives ’don’twant to say’ or ’can’t say’ as missing data.

The codebook may contain attached files, the most common one being the questionnaire.

Contents

1 Study description 1

1.1 Titles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.2 Subject description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.3 Structure and collection of the data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.4 Use of data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2 Variables 7

3 Indexes 91

3.1 Variables in the order of occurrence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

3.2 Variables in alphabetical order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

A Questionnaire in Finnish 109

B Questionnaire in Swedish 117

i

Chapter 1

Study description

1.1 Titles

Titles and data version: EVA Survey on Finnish Values and Attitudes 2006

Titles and data version in Finnish: EVAn kansallinen asennetutkimus 2006

This codebook has been generated from the version 1.1 (22.1.2008) of the data.

1.2 Subject description

Authoring entity

Finnish Business and Policy Forum EVAYhdyskuntatutkimus

Copyright statement for the data

According to the agreement between FSD and the depositor.

Depositor

Kiljunen, Pentti (Yhdyskuntatutkimus)

Date of deposit

2.11.2007

1

1. Study description

Keywords

attitudes; economics; entrepreneurs; environmental quality; equal rights of men and women;foreigners; globalization; identity; integration; internationalism; occupational life; politics; so-cial influence; social systems; social welfare philosophy; taxation; values; women’s rights

Topic Classification

Fields of Science Classification: social sciences

CESSDA Classification: cultural and national identity; political behaviour and attitudes; socialbehaviour and attitudes

Series description

The data belong to the series:

EVA Surveys on Finnish Values and Attitudes

Since 1984, the Finnish Business and Policy Forum (EVA) has conducted biennial surveysstudying changes in Finnish attitudes, values, and perceptions of the present and the future. Theseries, formerly known as Finnish National Attitudes, aims at measuring and analysing citizens’views on Finnish society. The data allow a detailed empirical analysis and systematic follow-upof change in public opinion. Each dataset contains both new themes and recurring themes withquestions repeated over the years.

Themes covered include democracy, market economy, welfare, environment, society and poli-tics, Finland’s international position, economic depression, economic growth, Finnish identity,and views on the future. The surveys are funded by EVA and have usually been carried outby Yhdyskuntatutkimus. The FSD collections also include surveys on values and attitudes ofcorporate executives (for example, FSD1091), in which some of the questions presented in thisseries have been repeated.

Abstract

The survey charted Finnish attitudes and values. The respondents were presented with a seriesof attitudinal statements covering occupational life, work-life balance, social welfare, environ-mental issues, influencing, decision-making, political life, economy, globalisation, and politicalpower. They were also asked how the government should prioritise different areas of its activityincluding employment, taxation, education, health care, environmental protection, social secu-rity, regional policy, and equality between men and women. The respondents also gave theiropinions on whether different forces in society (e.g. labour movement, church, market forces,police, the media, citizens) have too much, just the right amount, or too little power.

The respondents’ views on taxation were charted by asking them whether taxes are generallytoo high in Finland, whether the security and services in Finnish society received in exchangefor taxes are sufficient, whether the total tax rate should be lowered to the average level of the

2

1.3. Structure and collection of the data

EU countries, whether the focus of taxation should be shifted from work to consumption, andwhether the respondents experience their taxation as unjust. Opinions on the most desirable,the least desirable, and the most likely government coalition were investigated. Views were alsoprobed on the party affiliation of the next prime minister, and on how different values should beemphasised in developing Finnish society (e.g. social and economic equality, ability to under-take bold reforms, freedom of competition and entrepreneurship, individual responsibility forone’s own welfare).

Opinions on women’s position in the labour market were charted with the help of attitudinalstatements. The respondents gave their views on whether women usually consider their deci-sions more carefully than men, whether female politicians are just as tough and calculating astheir male co-workers, whether gender quotas should be used for instance in the management ofenterprises, and whether it is wrong that women still do not always receive the same pay as mendoing the same work. Finally, there were three questions on the EU membership, Euro, and EUenlargement.

Background variables included the respondent’s gender, age group, size of municipality of res-idence, education, and industry of employment.

1.3 Structure and collection of the data

Country: Finland

Geographic coverage: Finland

Analysis or observation unit type: Individual

Universe: People aged between 18 and 70 living in Finland, excluding the Åland Islands

Collection date: 27.11.2006 – 19.1.2007

Data collector(s): Yhdyskuntatutkimus

Data producer(s): Finnish Business and Policy Forum

Mode of data collection: Self-administered questionnaire: Paper

Type of research instrument: Structured questionnaire

Time period covered: 2006

Time method of the data collection: Longitudinal: Trend/Repeated cross-section

Response rate: 42.7%

Number of variables and cases: The data contain 196 variables and 1923 cases.

Sampling procedure: Probability: Simple random

The original sample consisted of 4,500 persons aged between 18-70. They were randomly se-lected from the Finnish population (excluding the Åland Islands). Finnish-speaking persons re-ceived a questionnaire in Finnish and Swedish-speaking in Swedish. The number of adequatelycompleted questionnaires was 1,923. Most important demographic, social and regional distri-butions of the sample corresponded with those of the whole population. Distortion was mostlyperceived in the age structure. Older respondents returned the questionnaire somewhat moreoften than younger ones.

3

1. Study description

1.4 Use of data

Related publications

Arter, David & Kestilä-Kekkonen, Elina (2014). Measuring the Extent of Party Institutional-isation. The Case of a Populist Entrepreneur Party. West European Politics 37(5), 932-956.doi:10.1080/01402382.2014.911486

Erola, Marko & Haavisto, Ilkka & Hokkanen, Eveliina & Kauhanen, Antti & Koskinen, Seppo& Malm Lindberg, Henrik & Makkula, Janne & Vihriälä, Vesa (2018) [verkkodokumentti].Työn uudet ehdot raportti. Miten avaamme työmarkkinoiden umpisolmut? Helsinki: Elinkei-noelämän valtuuskunta. EVA Raportti. https://www.eva.fi/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/eva_raportti_tyon_uudet_ehdot.pdf[viitattu 29.6.2018]

Haavisto, Ilkka & Kiljunen, Pentti & Nyberg, Martti (2007). Satavuotias kuntotestissä: EVAnkansallinen arvoja asennetutkimus 2007 [verkkodokumentti]. Helsinki: Taloustieto. Saatavissa:http://www.eva.fi/files/1783_satavuotias_kuntotestissa.pdf [viitattu 3.12.2007].

Kilpi, Elina (2008). Prejudice as a response to changes in competitive threat. Finnish attitudestowards immigrants 1986-2006 [online]. Working paper number 2008-01, Department of Soci-ology, University of Oxford, March. http://www.sociology.ox.ac.uk/documents/workingpapers/2008/2008-01.pdf [cited 3.9.2012].

Kilpi-Jakonen, E. (2015). Explaining temporal trends and regional variation in attitudes towardsforeign workers: group conflict theory and Finland 19902013. Research on Finnish Society, 8,1932.

Penttilä, Katariina (2017). Ympäristöhuolen muutos ja sukupuolittuneisuus Suomessa 1986 -2013. Tampere: Tampereen yliopisto. Sosiologian kandidaatin tutkielma.

Savolainen, Riikka (2015). Essays on Empirical Political Economics. Aalto University. De-partment of Economics. Aalto University publication series DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS,171/2015. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-60-6575-5

Updated list of publications in the study description at

https://services.fsd.uta.fi/catalogue/FSD2292?lang=en&study_language=en

Related material

Haavisto, Ilkka & Kiljunen, Pentti & Nyberg, Martti (2007). Satavuotias kuntotestissä : EVAnkansallinen arvoja asennetutkimus 2007 [verkkodokumentti]. Helsinki : Taloustieto. Saatavissa:http://www.eva.fi/files/1783_satavuotias_kuntotestissa.pdf [viitattu 3.12.2007].

Location of the data collection

Finnish Social Science Data Archive

4

1.4. Use of data

Weighting

There are no weight variables in the data.

Restrictions

The dataset is (B) available for research, teaching and study.

5

Chapter 2

Variables

[FSD_NO] FSD study number

Question

FSD study number

Descriptive statistics

statistic valuenumber of valid cases 1923minimum 2292.00maximum 2292.00mean 2292.00standard deviation 0.00

[FSD_VR] FSD edition number

Question

FSD edition number



7

2. Variables

[FSD_PRO] FSD processing level

Question

FSD processing level

Frequencies

label value n % v. %A (see codebook) 1 1923 100.0 100.0B (see codebook) 2 0 0.0 0.0C (dataset has not been checked at FSD) 3 0 0.0 0.0

1923 100.0 100.0

[FSD_ID] FSD case id

Question

FSD case id



[Q1_1] No party promotes issues that are important to me

Question

No party promotes issues that are important to me

Frequencies

label value n % v. %Strongly agree 1 234 12.2 12.3Agree 2 571 29.7 30.1Neither agree nor disagree 3 381 19.8 20.1

(continued on next page)

8

Q1_3

(cont. from previous page)

label value n % v. %Disagree 4 548 28.5 28.8Strongly disagree 5 166 8.6 8.7System missing (SYSMIS) . 23 1.2 –

1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_2] In the future, science and technology will be able to solve mostpresent-day problems

Question

In the future, science and technology will be able to solve most present-day problems

Frequencies

label value n % v. %Strongly agree 1 120 6.2 6.3Agree 2 653 34.0 34.3Neither agree nor disagree 3 427 22.2 22.4Disagree 4 533 27.7 28.0Strongly disagree 5 172 8.9 9.0System missing (SYSMIS) . 18 0.9 –

1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_3] The contribution of older employees in Finnish workplaces is need-lessly underrated

Question

The contribution of older employees in Finnish workplaces is needlessly underrated

Frequencies



9

2. Variables


label value n % v. %1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_4] Nowadays in Finland, men and women are equal enough

Question

Nowadays in Finland, men and women are equal enough

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_5] Improving economic welfare to a yet higher level will increase psy-chological distress

Question

Improving economic welfare to a yet higher level will increase psychological distress

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

10

Q1_8

[Q1_6] If women could participate and influence corporate decision mak-ing more it would benefit society as a whole

Question

If women could participate and influence corporate decision making more it would benefit so-ciety as a whole

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_7] It is a privilege to be a Finn

Question

It is a privilege to be a Finn

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_8] Climate change is the biggest threat of our time. In order to preventit, every country must take immediate and effective measures

Question

Climate change is the biggest threat of our time. In order to prevent it, every country must takeimmediate and effective measures

11

2. Variables

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_9] Political parties are drifting further and further away from theproblems of ordinary citizens

Question

Political parties are drifting further and further away from the problems of ordinary citizens

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_10] Finland’s aging and diminishing population means that Finlandneeds to make immigration easier

Question

Finland’s aging and diminishing population means that Finland needs to make immigrationeasier

Frequencies

label value n % v. %Strongly agree 1 123 6.4 6.4


12

Q1_12


label value n % v. %Agree 2 550 28.6 28.8Neither agree nor disagree 3 429 22.3 22.4Disagree 4 517 26.9 27.0Strongly disagree 5 293 15.2 15.3System missing (SYSMIS) . 11 0.6 –

1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_11] It is always worth voting, even though ordinary citizens cannotinfluence politics

Question

It is always worth voting, even though ordinary citizens cannot influence politics

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_12] It would be good if the party system in Finland developed towardsa two-party system

Question

It would be good if the party system in Finland developed towards a two-party system

Frequencies

label value n % v. %Strongly agree 1 141 7.3 7.4Agree 2 271 14.1 14.2Neither agree nor disagree 3 478 24.9 25.0Disagree 4 471 24.5 24.7


13

2. Variables


label value n % v. %Strongly disagree 5 549 28.5 28.7System missing (SYSMIS) . 13 0.7 –

1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_13] I am willing to accept a lower standard of living to reduce pollutionand environmental problems

Question

I am willing to accept a lower standard of living to reduce pollution and environmental problems

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_14] Inheritance tax should be abolished in Finland.

Question

Inheritance tax should be abolished in Finland.

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

14

Q1_17

[Q1_15] If the Finns had more a positive attitude to entrepreneurship itwould benefit society as a whole

Question

If the Finns had more a positive attitude to entrepreneurship it would benefit society as a whole

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_16] It makes no difference which parties will be in the governmentafter the next elections, politics will not change

Question

It makes no difference which parties will be in the government after the next elections, politicswill not change

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_17] If employees could participate and influence corporate decisionmaking more it would would benefit society as a whole

Question

If employees could participate and influence corporate decision making more it would wouldbenefit society as a whole

15

2. Variables

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_18] If more foreigners worked in Finland, our country would benefitfrom the useful international influences they bring

Question

If more foreigners worked in Finland, our country would benefit from the useful internationalinfluences they bring

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_19] A sixth nuclear power station should be built in Finland

Question

A sixth nuclear power station should be built in Finland

Frequencies



16

Q1_21



1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_20] Nowadays, policy-makers get more information about public opin-ion through voluntary organisations than through political parties

Question

Nowadays, policy-makers get more information about public opinion through voluntary organ-isations than through political parties

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_21] Economic growth is the only way to continuous well-being

Question

Economic growth is the only way to continuous well-being

Frequencies



17

2. Variables


label value n % v. %1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_22] In the future, Finland’s pension systems will become insolvent and’already earnt’ pensions cannot be paid

Question

In the future, Finland’s pension systems will become insolvent and ’already earnt’ pensionscannot be paid

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_23] In Finland, the interests of employees and employers are largelyconvergent

Question

In Finland, the interests of employees and employers are largely convergent

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

18

Q1_26

[Q1_24] It is good that right-wing and left-wing parties can be in the samegovernment in Finland.

Question

It is good that right-wing and left-wing parties can be in the same government in Finland.

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_25] Economic and industrial activities are unduly constricted on thegrounds of nature conservation

Question

Economic and industrial activities are unduly constricted on the grounds of nature conservation

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_26] Even though the safety net comprised of public services is impor-tant, private business is the driving force of welfare in society

Question

Even though the safety net comprised of public services is important, private business is thedriving force of welfare in society

19

2. Variables

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_27] Nowadays in Finland, it is far too easy to take early retirement

Question

Nowadays in Finland, it is far too easy to take early retirement

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_28] Finland should not increase its dependence on Russian energy.

Question

Finland should not increase its dependence on Russian energy.

Frequencies

label value n % v. %Strongly agree 1 958 49.8 50.6Agree 2 637 33.1 33.6Neither agree nor disagree 3 181 9.4 9.6Disagree 4 76 4.0 4.0Strongly disagree 5 42 2.2 2.2


20

Q1_30


label value n % v. %System missing (SYSMIS) . 29 1.5 –

1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_29] Finns should effectively protect their unique culture from the everincreasing internationalisation

Question

Finns should effectively protect their unique culture from the ever increasing internationalisa-tion

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_30] The Finnish non-socialist parties should follow Sweden’s exampleand join forces and co-operate closely in elections.

Question

The Finnish non-socialist parties should follow Sweden’s example and join forces and co-operate closely in elections.

Frequencies



21

2. Variables


label value n % v. %1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_31] People used to be happier than they are now

Question

People used to be happier than they are now

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_32] By aiming at continuous economic growth mankind will slowlydestroy the environment and eventually itself

Question

By aiming at continuous economic growth mankind will slowly destroy the environment andeventually itself

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

22

Q1_35

[Q1_33] Finnish media has too strong an influence on public opinion

Question

Finnish media has too strong an influence on public opinion

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_34] In five years, many things will be better in Finland than they arenow

Question

In five years, many things will be better in Finland than they are now

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_35] The standard of living in our country is so high that we must haveresources to take better care of the elderly, the sick, the disabled, and theless well-off fellow citizens

Question

The standard of living in our country is so high that we must have resources to take better careof the elderly, the sick, the disabled, and the less well-off fellow citizens

23

2. Variables

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_36] Finland should join NATO

Question

Finland should join NATO

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_37] Things would change for the better relatively fast, if only the rightparties and politicians would get into power

Question

Things would change for the better relatively fast, if only the right parties and politicians wouldget into power

Frequencies



24

Q1_39



1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_38] Companies seeking profit are not suited to provide public services

Question

Companies seeking profit are not suited to provide public services

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_39] I am interested in politics and follow it actively

Question

I am interested in politics and follow it actively

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

25

2. Variables

[Q1_40] Competitiviness of our export industry is vital to employment andthrough it to general welfare in Finland

Question

Competitiviness of our export industry is vital to employment and through it to general welfarein Finland

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_41] Welfare society should be developed in a closer co-operation withthe private sector

Question

Welfare society should be developed in a closer co-operation with the private sector

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_42] Economic and social inequality between different population groupshas grown too much in our country

Question

Economic and social inequality between different population groups has grown too much in ourcountry

26

Q1_44

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_43] Nowadays, Finnish industry and commerce act responsibly in en-vironmental matters

Question

Nowadays, Finnish industry and commerce act responsibly in environmental matters

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_44] What is essential in public services is their availability to everyone,not which body provides them

Question

What is essential in public services is their availability to everyone, not which body providesthem

Frequencies



27

2. Variables



1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_45] People work so hard and under such pressure in Finnish work-places that many will suffer early burn-out

Question

People work so hard and under such pressure in Finnish workplaces that many will suffer earlyburn-out

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_46] Different interest groups have too much influence on the politicaldecision making in our country

Question

Different interest groups have too much influence on the political decision making in our country

Frequencies



28

Q1_48



1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_47] Finnish society has succumbed too much to market forces and self-ish profit seeking

Question

Finnish society has succumbed too much to market forces and selfish profit seeking

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_48] The small proportion of women in leading positions in workinglife is due to the fact that women are not as ambitious as men

Question

The small proportion of women in leading positions in working life is due to the fact that womenare not as ambitious as men

Frequencies

label value n % v. %Strongly agree 1 123 6.4 6.5Agree 2 433 22.5 22.9Neither agree nor disagree 3 343 17.8 18.1Disagree 4 619 32.2 32.7Strongly disagree 5 375 19.5 19.8


29

2. Variables



1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_49] Finland should participate in international tax competition more,and lower income, corporation and capital taxes considerably

Question

Finland should participate in international tax competition more, and lower income, corpora-tion and capital taxes considerably

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_50] The so-called globalisation development of the international econ-omy will lead to increasing global welfare

Question

The so-called globalisation development of the international economy will lead to increasingglobal welfare

Frequencies



30

Q1_52


label value n % v. %1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_51] If we let income disparity grow in our country, economic activitywould increase drastically

Question

If we let income disparity grow in our country, economic activity would increase drastically

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_52] Globalisation means that Finland will lose an increasing amountof jobs to so-called cheap labour countries

Question

Globalisation means that Finland will lose an increasing amount of jobs to so-called cheaplabour countries

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

31

2. Variables

[Q1_53] Finland should abolish compulsory military service and found aprofessional army

Question

Finland should abolish compulsory military service and found a professional army

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_54] Increasing dissatisfaction and criticism among the Finns does notmean that matters are getting worse in Finland but rather that we wantmore than before

Question

Increasing dissatisfaction and criticism among the Finns does not mean that matters are gettingworse in Finland but rather that we want more than before

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_55] The USA acts correctly in world politics and deserves the supportof the Finns

Question

The USA acts correctly in world politics and deserves the support of the Finns

32

Q1_57

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_56] Even though Russia has its own problems, the Finns have no rea-son to take a negative attitude to their large neighbour

Question

Even though Russia has its own problems, the Finns have no reason to take a negative attitudeto their large neighbour

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_57] It is fair that the foreign top experts persuaded to move to Finlandpay a lower income tax than ordinary Finnish citizens

Question

It is fair that the foreign top experts persuaded to move to Finland pay a lower income tax thanordinary Finnish citizens

Frequencies



33

2. Variables



1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_58] The success of an individual is determined mainly by his/her ownactions and willpower, not by society or circumstances

Question

The success of an individual is determined mainly by his/her own actions and willpower, not bysociety or circumstances

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_59] Powers of the president have been reduced too much in Finland

Question

Powers of the president have been reduced too much in Finland

Frequencies

label value n % v. %Strongly agree 1 272 14.1 14.3Agree 2 456 23.7 24.1Neither agree nor disagree 3 534 27.8 28.2Disagree 4 469 24.4 24.7


34

Q1_61


label value n % v. %Strongly disagree 5 165 8.6 8.7System missing (SYSMIS) . 27 1.4 –

1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_60] Most of our public services should be privatised to improve effi-ciency

Question

Most of our public services should be privatised to improve efficiency

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_61] Increasingly, I feel European, in addition to being Finnish

Question

Increasingly, I feel European, in addition to being Finnish

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

35

2. Variables

[Q1_62] Finnish people’s wariness towards foreigners is wise guardedness,not ignorance or racism

Question

Finnish people’s wariness towards foreigners is wise guardedness, not ignorance or racism

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_63] Finland needs strong leaders who can restore order, discipline andrespect for proper values

Question

Finland needs strong leaders who can restore order, discipline and respect for proper values

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_64] Democracy functions so well in Finland that there are no groundsfor talking about citizens’ lack of influence

Question

Democracy functions so well in Finland that there are no grounds for talking about citizens’lack of influence

36

Q1_66

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_65] Nowadays, market economy in Finland functions for the benefit ofall citizens

Question

Nowadays, market economy in Finland functions for the benefit of all citizens

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q1_66] Even though good social security and public services are costly,Finnish welfare state is always good value for money

Question

Even though good social security and public services are costly, Finnish welfare state is alwaysgood value for money

Frequencies



37

2. Variables



1923 100.0 100.0

[Q2_1] Government actions should be emphasised on: Improvement of em-ployment/reduction of unemployment

Question

Government actions should be emphasised on: Improvement of employment/reduction of unem-ployment

Frequencies

label value n % v. %A lot more 1 997 51.8 52.8Slightly more 2 595 30.9 31.5Same emphasis as now 3 260 13.5 13.8Slightly less 4 17 0.9 0.9A lot less 5 7 0.4 0.4Can’t say 6 12 0.6 0.6System missing (SYSMIS) . 35 1.8 –

1923 100.0 100.0

[Q2_2] Government actions should be emphasised on: National economy,prudent management of finances

Question

Government actions should be emphasised on: National economy, prudent management of fi-nances

Frequencies

label value n % v. %A lot more 1 441 22.9 23.5


38

Q2_4


label value n % v. %Slightly more 2 644 33.5 34.3Same emphasis as now 3 682 35.5 36.3Slightly less 4 32 1.7 1.7A lot less 5 4 0.2 0.2Can’t say 6 77 4.0 4.1System missing (SYSMIS) . 43 2.2 –

1923 100.0 100.0

[Q2_3] Government actions should be emphasised on: Reduction of thenational debt

Question

Government actions should be emphasised on: Reduction of the national debt

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q2_4] Government actions should be emphasised on: Privatisation of pub-lic enterprises, selling shares to investors

Question

Government actions should be emphasised on: Privatisation of public enterprises, selling sharesto investors

Frequencies

label value n % v. %A lot more 1 45 2.3 2.4


39

2. Variables


label value n % v. %Slightly more 2 148 7.7 7.9Same emphasis as now 3 420 21.8 22.5Slightly less 4 439 22.8 23.5A lot less 5 594 30.9 31.8Can’t say 6 221 11.5 11.8System missing (SYSMIS) . 56 2.9 –

1923 100.0 100.0

[Q2_5] Government actions should be emphasised on: Reduction of taxa-tion

Question

Government actions should be emphasised on: Reduction of taxation

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q2_6] Government actions should be emphasised on: Reducing povertyand social exclusion

Question

Government actions should be emphasised on: Reducing poverty and social exclusion

Frequencies

label value n % v. %A lot more 1 1001 52.1 53.0Slightly more 2 621 32.3 32.9


40

Q2_8


label value n % v. %Same emphasis as now 3 208 10.8 11.0Slightly less 4 27 1.4 1.4A lot less 5 19 1.0 1.0Can’t say 6 13 0.7 0.7System missing (SYSMIS) . 34 1.8 –

1923 100.0 100.0

[Q2_7] Government actions should be emphasised on: Developing socialsecurity in general

Question

Government actions should be emphasised on: Developing social security in general

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q2_8] Government actions should be emphasised on: Promotion of NATOmembership

Question

Government actions should be emphasised on: Promotion of NATO membership

Frequencies

label value n % v. %A lot more 1 165 8.6 8.8Slightly more 2 163 8.5 8.7Same emphasis as now 3 348 18.1 18.5


41

2. Variables


label value n % v. %Slightly less 4 240 12.5 12.8A lot less 5 730 38.0 38.8Can’t say 6 236 12.3 12.5System missing (SYSMIS) . 41 2.1 –

1923 100.0 100.0

[Q2_9] Government actions should be emphasised on: Improvement of healthcare services, securing access to health care

Question

Government actions should be emphasised on: Improvement of health care services, securingaccess to health care

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q2_10] Government actions should be emphasised on: Developing and in-vesting in education

Question

Government actions should be emphasised on: Developing and investing in education

Frequencies



42

Q2_12



1923 100.0 100.0

[Q2_11] Government actions should be emphasised on: Environmental con-servation

Question

Government actions should be emphasised on: Environmental conservation

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q2_12] Government actions should be emphasised on: Status of employ-ees, development of working life

Question

Government actions should be emphasised on: Status of employees, development of workinglife

Frequencies



43

2. Variables



1923 100.0 100.0

[Q2_13] Government actions should be emphasised on: Promoting andstrengthening business activity and conditions

Question

Government actions should be emphasised on: Promoting and strengthening business activityand conditions

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q2_14] Government actions should be emphasised on: Increasing labourmarket flexibility

Question

Government actions should be emphasised on: Increasing labour market flexibility

Frequencies



44

Q2_16



1923 100.0 100.0

[Q2_15] Government actions should be emphasised on: Preventing the mis-use of social security benefits

Question

Government actions should be emphasised on: Preventing the misuse of social security benefits

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q2_16] Government actions should be emphasised on: Reducing the prob-lems of growth centres

Question

Government actions should be emphasised on: Reducing the problems of growth centres

Frequencies

label value n % v. %A lot more 1 253 13.2 13.5Slightly more 2 653 34.0 34.7Same emphasis as now 3 708 36.8 37.7Slightly less 4 116 6.0 6.2


45

2. Variables


label value n % v. %A lot less 5 25 1.3 1.3Can’t say 6 125 6.5 6.6System missing (SYSMIS) . 43 2.2 –

1923 100.0 100.0

[Q2_17] Government actions should be emphasised on: Reducing the prob-lems of rural and remote areas

Question

Government actions should be emphasised on: Reducing the problems of rural and remote areas

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q2_18] Government actions should be emphasised on: Combatting crime

Question

Government actions should be emphasised on: Combatting crime

Frequencies

label value n % v. %A lot more 1 880 45.8 46.6Slightly more 2 504 26.2 26.7Same emphasis as now 3 443 23.0 23.4Slightly less 4 28 1.5 1.5A lot less 5 11 0.6 0.6Can’t say 6 24 1.2 1.3


46

Q2_20



1923 100.0 100.0

[Q2_19] Government actions should be emphasised on: Promoting immi-gration into Finland

Question

Government actions should be emphasised on: Promoting immigration into Finland

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q2_20] Government actions should be emphasised on: Promoting eco-nomic competition

Question

Government actions should be emphasised on: Promoting economic competition

Frequencies



47

2. Variables


label value n % v. %1923 100.0 100.0

[Q2_21] Government actions should be emphasised on: EU issues, increasedactivity in developing the Union

Question

Government actions should be emphasised on: EU issues, increased activity in developing theUnion

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q2_22] Government actions should be emphasised on: Regulating andcontrolling business

Question

Government actions should be emphasised on: Regulating and controlling business

Frequencies



48

Q2_24


label value n % v. %1923 100.0 100.0

[Q2_23] Government actions should be emphasised on: Securing the econ-omy and services of municipalities

Question

Government actions should be emphasised on: Securing the economy and services of munici-palities

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q2_24] Government actions should be emphasised on: Development co-operation, helping developing countries

Question

Government actions should be emphasised on: Development co-operation, helping developingcountries

Frequencies

label value n % v. %A lot more 1 157 8.2 8.3Slightly more 2 372 19.3 19.7Same emphasis as now 3 876 45.6 46.5Slightly less 4 286 14.9 15.2A lot less 5 146 7.6 7.7Can’t say 6 47 2.4 2.5


49

2. Variables



1923 100.0 100.0

[Q2_25] Government actions should be emphasised on: Promoting genderequality

Question

Government actions should be emphasised on: Promoting gender equality

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q3_1] Amount of influence at present: Trade unions

Question

Amount of influence at present: Trade unions

Frequencies

label value n % v. %Too much 1 575 29.9 30.9Enough 2 1006 52.3 54.1Too little 3 278 14.5 15.0System missing (SYSMIS) . 64 3.3 –

1923 100.0 100.0

50

Q3_4

[Q3_2] Amount of influence at present: Parliament

Question

Amount of influence at present: Parliament

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q3_3] Amount of influence at present: The European Union (EU)

Question

Amount of influence at present: The European Union (EU)

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q3_4] Amount of influence at present: Government

Question

Amount of influence at present: Government

Frequencies

label value n % v. %Too much 1 250 13.0 13.5Enough 2 1480 77.0 79.8


51

2. Variables


label value n % v. %Too little 3 125 6.5 6.7System missing (SYSMIS) . 68 3.5 –

1923 100.0 100.0

[Q3_5] Amount of influence at present: Church

Question

Amount of influence at present: Church

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q3_6] Amount of influence at present: Municipal decision makers

Question

Amount of influence at present: Municipal decision makers

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q3_7] Amount of influence at present: Conservationists

Question

Amount of influence at present: Conservationists

52

Q3_10

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q3_8] Amount of influence at present: Market forces

Question

Amount of influence at present: Market forces

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q3_9] Amount of influence at present: Judicial system

Question

Amount of influence at present: Judicial system

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q3_10] Amount of influence at present: Banks

Question

Amount of influence at present: Banks

53

2. Variables

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q3_11] Amount of influence at present: Family

Question

Amount of influence at present: Family

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q3_12] Amount of influence at present: Police

Question

Amount of influence at present: Police

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q3_13] Amount of influence at present: Political parties

Question

Amount of influence at present: Political parties

54

Q3_16

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q3_14] Amount of influence at present: Armed forces

Question

Amount of influence at present: Armed forces

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q3_15] Amount of influence at present: Large companies

Question

Amount of influence at present: Large companies

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q3_16] Amount of influence at present: President

Question

Amount of influence at present: President

55

2. Variables

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q3_17] Amount of influence at present: Mass media

Question

Amount of influence at present: Mass media

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q3_18] Amount of influence at present: Employers’ organisations

Question

Amount of influence at present: Employers’ organisations

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q3_19] Amount of influence at present: Civil servants

Question

Amount of influence at present: Civil servants

56

Q3_22

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q3_20] Amount of influence at present: Individual citizens

Question

Amount of influence at present: Individual citizens

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q3_21] Amount of influence at present: Civic organisations in general

Question

Amount of influence at present: Civic organisations in general

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q3_22] Amount of influence at present: Universities

Question

Amount of influence at present: Universities

57

2. Variables

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q4_1] Taxation in Finland is too severe

Question

Taxation in Finland is too severe

Frequencies

label value n % v. %Agree 1 1143 59.4 61.1Difficult to say 2 359 18.7 19.2Disagree 3 368 19.1 19.7System missing (SYSMIS) . 53 2.8 –

1923 100.0 100.0

[Q4_2] If income taxes were lowered, employment would improve

Question

If income taxes were lowered, employment would improve

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

58

Q4_5

[Q4_3] Lowering taxes would threaten the financing of necessary welfareservices

Question

Lowering taxes would threaten the financing of necessary welfare services

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q4_4] High income taxation forces many skilled people to move out ofFinland

Question

High income taxation forces many skilled people to move out of Finland

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q4_5] If a highly paid person moves abroad to earn more money, so be it

Question

If a highly paid person moves abroad to earn more money, so be it

Frequencies

59

2. Variables


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q4_6] Unless income taxation is lowered, big corporations will move theirhead offices abroad

Question

Unless income taxation is lowered, big corporations will move their head offices abroad

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q4_7] Taxation in Finland is reasonable considering the social security itprovides

Question

Taxation in Finland is reasonable considering the social security it provides

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

60

Q4_10

[Q4_8] Taxation is aimed at different sources of income (e.g. wages, capitalincome) fairly enough

Question

Taxation is aimed at different sources of income (e.g. wages, capital income) fairly enough

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q4_9] At different income levels, income taxation (progressive taxation) isfair nowadays

Question

At different income levels, income taxation (progressive taxation) is fair nowadays

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q4_10] Corporate taxation is too high in Finland

Question

Corporate taxation is too high in Finland

Frequencies

61

2. Variables


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q4_11] Capital income taxation is too high in Finland

Question

Capital income taxation is too high in Finland

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q4_12] Income tax (inc. pension) is too high in Finland

Question

Income tax (inc. pension) is too high in Finland

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q4_13] Lower taxes would motivate people to work and become entrepreneurs

Question

Lower taxes would motivate people to work and become entrepreneurs

62

Q4_15

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q4_14] Safety and public services of Finnish society are good value for thetaxpayers’ money

Question

Safety and public services of Finnish society are good value for the taxpayers’ money

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q4_15] Taxation reduces income disparities between different populationgroups too much

Question

Taxation reduces income disparities between different population groups too much

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

63

2. Variables

[Q4_16] Nowadays, tax evasion and black economy are very common andlarge-scale in Finland

Question

Nowadays, tax evasion and black economy are very common and large-scale in Finland

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q4_17] Tax evasion is a serious crime, punishments for it should be moresevere

Question

Tax evasion is a serious crime, punishments for it should be more severe

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q4_18] Finland’s total tax ratio should be lowered to the average level ofthe EU countries

Question

Finland’s total tax ratio should be lowered to the average level of the EU countries

Frequencies

64

Q4_20


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q4_19] Greater efficiency would guarantee good public services with lightertaxation

Question

Greater efficiency would guarantee good public services with lighter taxation

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q4_20] High tax burden is part of the Nordic welfare society, therefore ithas to be accepted

Question

High tax burden is part of the Nordic welfare society, therefore it has to be accepted

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

65

2. Variables

[Q4_21] If taxes were lowered, the Finns could afford to pay for serviceswhich are free now

Question

If taxes were lowered, the Finns could afford to pay for services which are free now

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q4_22] Labour taxation should be lowered and the tax burden on con-sumption increased

Question

Labour taxation should be lowered and the tax burden on consumption increased

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q4_23] Tax cuts increase business activities and employment, which wouldincrease total tax revenue

Question

Tax cuts increase business activities and employment, which would increase total tax revenue

Frequencies

66

Q4_26


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q4_24] Taxation should not be lowered if it leads to the weakening of socialsecurity and public services

Question

Taxation should not be lowered if it leads to the weakening of social security and public services

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q4_25] I pay unfairly high taxes

Question

I pay unfairly high taxes

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q4_26] By paying taxes I’m of use to society and bear my responsibilityfor its development

Question

By paying taxes I’m of use to society and bear my responsibility for its development

67

2. Variables

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q4_27] Reform of our tax system is politically impossible

Question

Reform of our tax system is politically impossible

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q5A_1] The most desirable composition for a coalition government: Mainparties of the coalition are the Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP)and the Centre Party of Finland (KESK)

Question

The most desirable composition for a coalition government: Main parties of the coalition arethe Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP) and the Centre Party of Finland (KESK)

Frequencies

label value n % v. %Not mentioned 0 1461 76.0 76.0Mentioned 1 462 24.0 24.0

1923 100.0 100.0

68

Q5A_4

[Q5A_2] The most desirable composition for a coalition government: Mainparties of the coalition are the Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP)and the National Coalition Party (KOK)

Question

The most desirable composition for a coalition government: Main parties of the coalition arethe Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP) and the National Coalition Party (KOK)

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q5A_3] The most desirable composition for a coalition government: Mainparties of the coalition are the Centre Party of Finland (KESK) and theNational Coaliltion Party (KOK), no left-wing parties

Question

The most desirable composition for a coalition government: Main parties of the coalition arethe Centre Party of Finland (KESK) and the National Coaliltion Party (KOK), no left-wingparties

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q5A_4] The most desirable composition for a coalition government: A so-called ’rainbow government’ (a broad spectrum of parties ranging fromleft to right)

Question

The most desirable composition for a coalition government: A so-called ’rainbow government’(a broad spectrum of parties ranging from left to right)

69

2. Variables

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q5A_5] The most desirable composition for a coalition government: Can’tsay

Question

The most desirable composition for a coalition government: Can’t say

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q5B_1] The least desirable composition for a coalition government: Mainparties of the coalition are the Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP)and the Centre Party of Finland (KESK)

Question

The least desirable composition for a coalition government: Main parties of the coalition arethe Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP) and the Centre Party of Finland (KESK)

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

70

Q5B_4

[Q5B_2] The least desirable composition for a coalition government: Mainparties of the coalition are the Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP)and the National Coalition Party (KOK)

Question

The least desirable composition for a coalition government: Main parties of the coalition arethe Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP) and the National Coalition Party (KOK)

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q5B_3] The least desirable composition for a coalition government: Mainparties of the coalition are the Centre Party of Finland (KESK) and theNational Coaliltion Party (KOK), no left-wing parties

Question

The least desirable composition for a coalition government: Main parties of the coalition arethe Centre Party of Finland (KESK) and the National Coaliltion Party (KOK), no left-wingparties

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q5B_4] The least desirable composition for a coalition government: A so-called ’rainbow government’ (a broad spectrum of parties ranging fromleft to right)

Question

The least desirable composition for a coalition government: A so-called ’rainbow government’(a broad spectrum of parties ranging from left to right)

71

2. Variables

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q5B_5] The least desirable composition for a coalition government: Can’tsay

Question

The least desirable composition for a coalition government: Can’t say

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q5C_1] The most likely composition for a coalition government: Mainparties of the coalition are the Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP)and the Centre Party of Finland (KESK)

Question

The most likely composition for a coalition government: Main parties of the coalition are theSocial Democratic Party of Finland (SDP) and the Centre Party of Finland (KESK)

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

72

Q5C_4

[Q5C_2] The most likely composition for a coalition government: Mainparties of the coalition are the Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP)and the National Coalition Party (KOK)

Question

The most likely composition for a coalition government: Main parties of the coalition are theSocial Democratic Party of Finland (SDP) and the National Coalition Party (KOK)

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q5C_3] The most likely composition for a coalition government: Mainparties of the coalition are the Centre Party of Finland (KESK) and theNational Coaliltion Party (KOK), no left-wing parties

Question

The most likely composition for a coalition government: Main parties of the coalition are theCentre Party of Finland (KESK) and the National Coaliltion Party (KOK), no left-wing parties

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q5C_4] The most likely composition for a coalition government: A so-called ’rainbow government’ (a broad spectrum of parties ranging fromleft to right)

Question

The most likely composition for a coalition government: A so-called ’rainbow government’ (abroad spectrum of parties ranging from left to right)

Frequencies

73

2. Variables


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q5C_5] The most likely composition for a coalition government: Can’t say

Question

The most likely composition for a coalition government: Can’t say

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q6] Which party should the next prime minister represent?

Question

Which party should the next prime minister represent?

Frequencies

label value n % v. %Centre Party of Finland (KESK) 1 409 21.3 22.7Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP) 2 435 22.6 24.2National Coalition Party (KOK) 3 322 16.7 17.9Some other party 4 115 6.0 6.4Can’t say 5 519 27.0 28.8System missing (SYSMIS) . 123 6.4 –

1923 100.0 100.0

[Q7_1] The development of society should be emphasised on: Appreciatingthe individual and supporting initiative

Question

The development of society should be emphasised on: Appreciating the individual and support-ing initiative

74

Q7_3

Frequencies

label value n % v. %More than now 1 1277 66.4 69.0Same emphasis as now 2 496 25.8 26.8Less than now 3 11 0.6 0.6Can’t say 4 67 3.5 3.6System missing (SYSMIS) . 72 3.7 –

1923 100.0 100.0

[Q7_2] The development of society should be emphasised on: Social andeconomic equality

Question

The development of society should be emphasised on: Social and economic equality

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q7_3] The development of society should be emphasised on: Respect fortraditional values

Question

The development of society should be emphasised on: Respect for traditional values

Frequencies



75

2. Variables


label value n % v. %1923 100.0 100.0

[Q7_4] The development of society should be emphasised on: Ability toundertake bold reforms

Question

The development of society should be emphasised on: Ability to undertake bold reforms

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q7_5] The development of society should be emphasised on: Pluralism,tolerance, and liberalism

Question

The development of society should be emphasised on: Pluralism, tolerance, and liberalism

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

76

Q7_8

[Q7_6] The development of society should be emphasised on: Freedom ofcompetition and entrepreneurship

Question

The development of society should be emphasised on: Freedom of competition and entrepreneur-ship

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q7_7] The development of society should be emphasised on: State andmunicipal ownership of and participation in business

Question

The development of society should be emphasised on: State and municipal ownership of andparticipation in business

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q7_8] The development of society should be emphasised on: Individualresponsibility for one’s own welfare

Question

The development of society should be emphasised on: Individual responsibility for one’s ownwelfare

77

2. Variables

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q7_9] The development of society should be emphasised on: Social respon-sibility and care for individuals

Question

The development of society should be emphasised on: Social responsibility and care for indi-viduals

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q8_1] The role of the mother equips one with the skills needed in manage-rial work, because it is so challenging

Question

The role of the mother equips one with the skills needed in managerial work, because it is sochallenging

Frequencies

label value n % v. %Agree 1 541 28.1 29.0Difficult to say 2 650 33.8 34.8


78

Q8_4


label value n % v. %Disagree 3 675 35.1 36.2System missing (SYSMIS) . 57 3.0 –

1923 100.0 100.0

[Q8_2] Women usually consider their decisions more carefully than men

Question

Women usually consider their decisions more carefully than men

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q8_3] Women have brought humane values to decision making processesin business life and society

Question

Women have brought humane values to decision making processes in business life and society

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q8_4] Female politicians are just as tough and calculating as their maleco-workers

Question

Female politicians are just as tough and calculating as their male co-workers

79

2. Variables

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q8_5] Gender quotas (e.g. in the management of an enterprise) are anefficient way to promote equality between men and women

Question

Gender quotas (e.g. in the management of an enterprise) are an efficient way to promote equalitybetween men and women

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q8_6] Gender quotas for women are a wrong way to promote the statusor careers of women

Question

Gender quotas for women are a wrong way to promote the status or careers of women

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

80

Q8_9

[Q8_7] Economic life has much to learn from how women have ascendedthe political ladder

Question

Economic life has much to learn from how women have ascended the political ladder

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q8_8] The status of women is better in Finland than in the EU countrieson average

Question

The status of women is better in Finland than in the EU countries on average

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q8_9] Women often advance their careers just because they are women

Question

Women often advance their careers just because they are women

Frequencies

81

2. Variables


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q8_10] A woman must be much better than a man in order to reach thesame status

Question

A woman must be much better than a man in order to reach the same status

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q8_11] It is wrong that women still do not always receive the same pay asmen doing the same work

Question

It is wrong that women still do not always receive the same pay as men doing the same work

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

82

Q9B

[Q8_12] The role of women has always been of decisive importance in de-veloping Finnish society

Question

The role of women has always been of decisive importance in developing Finnish society

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q9A] What is your attitude to Finland’s EU membership nowadays?

Question

What is your attitude to Finland’s EU membership nowadays?

Frequencies

label value n % v. %Very positive 1 150 7.8 8.0Quite positive 2 502 26.1 26.6Neutral 3 568 29.5 30.1Quite negative 4 440 22.9 23.3Very negative 5 200 10.4 10.6Can’t say 6 25 1.3 1.3System missing (SYSMIS) . 38 2.0 –

1923 100.0 100.0

[Q9B] What is your attitude to the replacement of the Finnish currencywith euro at the beginning of 2002?

Question

What is your attitude to the replacement of the Finnish currency with euro at the beginning of2002?

Frequencies

83

2. Variables


1923 100.0 100.0

[Q9C] What is your attitude to the EU’s enlargement to Eastern and Cen-tral Europe and the Baltic States in the spring of 2004?

Question

What is your attitude to the EU’s enlargement to Eastern and Central Europe and the BalticStates in the spring of 2004?

Frequencies


1923 100.0 100.0

[BV1] Respondent’s gender

Question

Respondent’s gender

Frequencies

label value n % v. %Male 1 880 45.8 46.3Female 2 1019 53.0 53.7System missing (SYSMIS) . 24 1.2 –


84

BV3


label value n % v. %1923 100.0 100.0

[BV2] Respondent’s age group

Question

Respondent’s age group

Frequencies

label value n % v. %18-20 years 1 50 2.6 2.721-30 years 2 263 13.7 14.231-40 years 3 322 16.7 17.441-50 years 4 350 18.2 18.951-60 years 5 456 23.7 24.661-65 years 6 213 11.1 11.5Over 65 years 7 199 10.3 10.7System missing (SYSMIS) . 70 3.6 –

1923 100.0 100.0

[BV3] Size of municipality of residence

Question

Size of municipality of residence

Frequencies

label value n % v. %Less than 4,000 inhabitants 1 128 6.7 7.14,000-8,000 inhabitants 2 229 11.9 12.78,000-30,000 inhabitants 3 469 24.4 26.030,000-80,000 inhabitants 4 364 18.9 20.2Over 80,000 inhabitants 5 611 31.8 33.9System missing (SYSMIS) . 122 6.3 –

1923 100.0 100.0

85

2. Variables

[BV4] Respondent’s location of residence - Municipality type

Question

Respondent’s location of residence - Municipality type

Frequencies

label value n % v. %Urban area 1 443 23.0 23.2Suburban area 2 857 44.6 44.9Semi-urban area, population centre 3 300 15.6 15.7Rural area 4 307 16.0 16.1System missing (SYSMIS) . 16 0.8 –

1923 100.0 100.0

[BV5] Respondent’s basic education

Question

Respondent’s basic education

Frequencies

label value n % v. %Primary education 1 414 21.5 22.0Lower secondary school 2 670 34.8 35.5Upper secondary school 3 802 41.7 42.5System missing (SYSMIS) . 37 1.9 –

1923 100.0 100.0

[BV6] Respondent’s vocational education

Question

Respondent’s vocational education

Frequencies

label value n % v. %No vocational education 1 237 12.3 12.5


86

BV8


label value n % v. %Vocational course, short vocational education 2 255 13.3 13.5Vocational school 3 495 25.7 26.2Vocational college, polytechnic degree 4 569 29.6 30.1University degree 5 333 17.3 17.6System missing (SYSMIS) . 34 1.8 –

1923 100.0 100.0

[BV7] Respondent’s industry of employment

Question

Respondent’s industry of employment

Frequencies

label value n % v. %Agriculture and forestry 1 76 4.0 4.0Industry and manufacturing 2 309 16.1 16.2Private services 3 383 19.9 20.0Public services 4 502 26.1 26.3Not in paid employment 5 642 33.4 33.6System missing (SYSMIS) . 11 0.6 –

1923 100.0 100.0

[BV8] Respondent’s location of residence - County

Question

Respondent’s location of residence - County

Frequencies

label value n % v. %Uusimaa 1 523 27.2 27.5Itä-Uusimaa 2 24 1.2 1.3Varsinais-Suomi 3 161 8.4 8.5Satakunta 4 92 4.8 4.8Häme 5 83 4.3 4.4Pirkanmaa 6 157 8.2 8.3


87

2. Variables


label value n % v. %Päijät-Häme 7 42 2.2 2.2Kymenlaakso 8 59 3.1 3.1Etelä-Karjala 9 48 2.5 2.5Etelä-Savo 10 56 2.9 2.9Pohjois-Savo 11 93 4.8 4.9Pohjois-Karjala 12 72 3.7 3.8Keski-Suomi 13 122 6.3 6.4Etelä-Pohjanmaa 14 64 3.3 3.4Pohjanmaa (Coastal Vaasa) 15 38 2.0 2.0Keski-Pohjanmaa 16 30 1.6 1.6Pohjois-Pohjanmaa 17 130 6.8 6.8Kainuu 18 34 1.8 1.8Lappi 19 72 3.7 3.8System missing (SYSMIS) . 23 1.2 –

1923 100.0 100.0

[BV9] Respondent’s occupational group

Question

Respondent’s occupational group

Frequencies

label value n % v. %Higher managerial occupations (salaried) 1 79 4.1 4.1Lower managerial and professional occupations 2 202 10.5 10.6Administrative, clerical, secreterial occupations 3 254 13.2 13.3Worker 4 516 26.8 27.0Large or small employer, own account worker 5 131 6.8 6.9Farmer 6 31 1.6 1.6Student 7 120 6.2 6.3Retired 8 434 22.6 22.7Homemaker 9 31 1.6 1.6Unemployed 10 82 4.3 4.3Something else 11 28 1.5 1.5System missing (SYSMIS) . 15 0.8 –

1923 100.0 100.0

88

BV11

[BV10] Respondent’s federation of trade unions membership

Question

Respondent’s trade union membership

Frequencies

label value n % v. %Not a member 1 900 46.8 48.8Yes,federation not mentioned 2 50 2.6 2.7Central Organisation of Finnish Trade Unions (SAK) 3 390 20.3 21.1The Finnish Confed. of Salaried Employees (STTK) 4 202 10.5 11.0Conf. of Unions for Academic Professionals (Akava) 5 266 13.8 14.4Union of Agricult. Producers/Forest Owners (MTK) 6 36 1.9 2.0System missing (SYSMIS) . 79 4.1 –

1923 100.0 100.0

[BV11] If parliamentary elections were held now, which political partywould you vote for?

Question

If parliamentary elections were held now, which political party would you vote for?

Frequencies

label value n % v. %Center Party of Finland (KESK) 1 261 13.6 14.0Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP) 2 339 17.6 18.2National Coalition Party (KOK) 3 318 16.5 17.0Left Alliance (VAS) 4 99 5.1 5.3Green League (VIHR) 5 158 8.2 8.5Swedish People’s Party in Finland (RKP) 6 41 2.1 2.2Christian Democrats in Finland (KD) 7 54 2.8 2.9True Finns (PS) 8 52 2.7 2.8Some other party or coalition 9 13 0.7 0.7Wouldn’t vote at all 10 104 5.4 5.6Can’t say 11 277 14.4 14.8Don’t want to say 12 151 7.9 8.1System missing (SYSMIS) . 56 2.9 –

1923 100.0 100.0

89

2. Variables

[BV12] Self-designated social class

Question

Self-designated social class

Frequencies

label value n % v. %Working class 1 404 21.0 21.4Lower middle class 2 166 8.6 8.8Middle class 3 610 31.7 32.3Upper middle class 4 207 10.8 11.0Upper class 5 18 0.9 1.0Don’t consider belonging to any social class 6 485 25.2 25.7System missing (SYSMIS) . 33 1.7 –

1923 100.0 100.0

90

Chapter 3

Indexes

3.1 Variables in the order of occurrence

FSD study number [FSD_NO] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

FSD edition number [FSD_VR] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

FSD processing level [FSD_PRO] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

FSD case id [FSD_ID] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

No party promotes issues that are important to me [Q1_1] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

In the future, science and technology will be able to solve most present-day problems [Q1_2] 9

The contribution of older employees in Finnish workplaces is needlessly underrated [Q1_3] . 9

Nowadays in Finland, men and women are equal enough [Q1_4] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Improving economic welfare to a yet higher level will increase psychological distress [Q1_5]10

If women could participate and influence corporate decision making more it would benefit so-ciety as a whole [Q1_6] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

It is a privilege to be a Finn [Q1_7] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Climate change is the biggest threat of our time. In order to prevent it, every country must takeimmediate and effective measures [Q1_8] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Political parties are drifting further and further away from the problems of ordinary citizens[Q1_9] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Finland’s aging and diminishing population means that Finland needs to make immigrationeasier [Q1_10] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

It is always worth voting, even though ordinary citizens cannot influence politics [Q1_11] . 13

It would be good if the party system in Finland developed towards a two-party system [Q1_12]13

I am willing to accept a lower standard of living to reduce pollution and environmental problems[Q1_13] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

91

3. Indexes

Inheritance tax should be abolished in Finland. [Q1_14] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

If the Finns had more a positive attitude to entrepreneurship it would benefit society as a whole[Q1_15] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

It makes no difference which parties will be in the government after the next elections, politicswill not change [Q1_16] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

If employees could participate and influence corporate decision making more it would wouldbenefit society as a whole [Q1_17] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

If more foreigners worked in Finland, our country would benefit from the useful internationalinfluences they bring [Q1_18] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

A sixth nuclear power station should be built in Finland [Q1_19] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Nowadays, policy-makers get more information about public opinion through voluntary organ-isations than through political parties [Q1_20] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Economic growth is the only way to continuous well-being [Q1_21] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

In the future, Finland’s pension systems will become insolvent and ’already earnt’ pensionscannot be paid [Q1_22] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

In Finland, the interests of employees and employers are largely convergent [Q1_23] . . . . . . 18

It is good that right-wing and left-wing parties can be in the same government in Finland.[Q1_24] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Economic and industrial activities are unduly constricted on the grounds of nature conservation[Q1_25] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Even though the safety net comprised of public services is important, private business is thedriving force of welfare in society [Q1_26] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Nowadays in Finland, it is far too easy to take early retirement [Q1_27] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Finland should not increase its dependence on Russian energy. [Q1_28] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Finns should effectively protect their unique culture from the ever increasing internationalisa-tion [Q1_29] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

The Finnish non-socialist parties should follow Sweden’s example and join forces and co-operate closely in elections. [Q1_30] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

People used to be happier than they are now [Q1_31] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22

By aiming at continuous economic growth mankind will slowly destroy the environment andeventually itself [Q1_32] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Finnish media has too strong an influence on public opinion [Q1_33] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

In five years, many things will be better in Finland than they are now [Q1_34] . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

The standard of living in our country is so high that we must have resources to take better careof the elderly, the sick, the disabled, and the less well-off fellow citizens [Q1_35] . . . . . . . . . 23

Finland should join NATO [Q1_36] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Things would change for the better relatively fast, if only the right parties and politicians wouldget into power [Q1_37] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

92

3.1. Variables in the order of occurrence

Companies seeking profit are not suited to provide public services [Q1_38] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

I am interested in politics and follow it actively [Q1_39] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Competitiviness of our export industry is vital to employment and through it to general welfarein Finland [Q1_40] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Welfare society should be developed in a closer co-operation with the private sector [Q1_41] 26

Economic and social inequality between different population groups has grown too much in ourcountry [Q1_42] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Nowadays, Finnish industry and commerce act responsibly in environmental matters [Q1_43]27

What is essential in public services is their availability to everyone, not which body providesthem [Q1_44] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

People work so hard and under such pressure in Finnish workplaces that many will suffer earlyburn-out [Q1_45] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Different interest groups have too much influence on the political decision making in our coun-try [Q1_46] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Finnish society has succumbed too much to market forces and selfish profit seeking [Q1_47] 29

The small proportion of women in leading positions in working life is due to the fact that womenare not as ambitious as men [Q1_48] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Finland should participate in international tax competition more, and lower income, corporationand capital taxes considerably [Q1_49] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

The so-called globalisation development of the international economy will lead to increasingglobal welfare [Q1_50] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30

If we let income disparity grow in our country, economic activity would increase drastically[Q1_51] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Globalisation means that Finland will lose an increasing amount of jobs to so-called cheaplabour countries [Q1_52] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Finland should abolish compulsory military service and found a professional army [Q1_53] 32

Increasing dissatisfaction and criticism among the Finns does not mean that matters are gettingworse in Finland but rather that we want more than before [Q1_54] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

The USA acts correctly in world politics and deserves the support of the Finns [Q1_55] . . . 32

Even though Russia has its own problems, the Finns have no reason to take a negative attitudeto their large neighbour [Q1_56] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

It is fair that the foreign top experts persuaded to move to Finland pay a lower income tax thanordinary Finnish citizens [Q1_57] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

The success of an individual is determined mainly by his/her own actions and willpower, not bysociety or circumstances [Q1_58] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Powers of the president have been reduced too much in Finland [Q1_59] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Most of our public services should be privatised to improve efficiency [Q1_60] . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Increasingly, I feel European, in addition to being Finnish [Q1_61] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

93

3. Indexes

Finnish people’s wariness towards foreigners is wise guardedness, not ignorance or racism[Q1_62] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Finland needs strong leaders who can restore order, discipline and respect for proper values[Q1_63] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Democracy functions so well in Finland that there are no grounds for talking about citizens’lack of influence [Q1_64] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Nowadays, market economy in Finland functions for the benefit of all citizens [Q1_65] . . . . 37

Even though good social security and public services are costly, Finnish welfare state is alwaysgood value for money [Q1_66] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Government actions should be emphasised on: Improvement of employment/reduction of un-employment [Q2_1] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Government actions should be emphasised on: National economy, prudent management of fi-nances [Q2_2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38

Government actions should be emphasised on: Reduction of the national debt [Q2_3] . . . . . 39

Government actions should be emphasised on: Privatisation of public enterprises, selling sharesto investors [Q2_4] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Government actions should be emphasised on: Reduction of taxation [Q2_5] . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Government actions should be emphasised on: Reducing poverty and social exclusion [Q2_6]40

Government actions should be emphasised on: Developing social security in general [Q2_7] 41

Government actions should be emphasised on: Promotion of NATO membership [Q2_8] . . .41

Government actions should be emphasised on: Improvement of health care services, securingaccess to health care [Q2_9] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Government actions should be emphasised on: Developing and investing in education [Q2_10]42

Government actions should be emphasised on: Environmental conservation [Q2_11] . . . . . . 43

Government actions should be emphasised on: Status of employees, development of workinglife [Q2_12] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Government actions should be emphasised on: Promoting and strengthening business activityand conditions [Q2_13] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Government actions should be emphasised on: Increasing labour market flexibility [Q2_14] 44

Government actions should be emphasised on: Preventing the misuse of social security benefits[Q2_15] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Government actions should be emphasised on: Reducing the problems of growth centres [Q2_16]45

Government actions should be emphasised on: Reducing the problems of rural and remote areas[Q2_17] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Government actions should be emphasised on: Combatting crime [Q2_18] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Government actions should be emphasised on: Promoting immigration into Finland [Q2_19] 47

94


Government actions should be emphasised on: Promoting economic competition [Q2_20] . 47

Government actions should be emphasised on: EU issues, increased activity in developing theUnion [Q2_21] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Government actions should be emphasised on: Regulating and controlling business [Q2_22] 48

Government actions should be emphasised on: Securing the economy and services of munici-palities [Q2_23] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Government actions should be emphasised on: Development co-operation, helping developingcountries [Q2_24] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Government actions should be emphasised on: Promoting gender equality [Q2_25] . . . . . . . .50

Amount of influence at present: Trade unions [Q3_1] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50

Amount of influence at present: Parliament [Q3_2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Amount of influence at present: The European Union (EU) [Q3_3] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Amount of influence at present: Government [Q3_4] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Amount of influence at present: Church [Q3_5] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Amount of influence at present: Municipal decision makers [Q3_6] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Amount of influence at present: Conservationists [Q3_7] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Amount of influence at present: Market forces [Q3_8] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Amount of influence at present: Judicial system [Q3_9] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Amount of influence at present: Banks [Q3_10] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53

Amount of influence at present: Family [Q3_11] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Amount of influence at present: Police [Q3_12] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54

Amount of influence at present: Political parties [Q3_13] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Amount of influence at present: Armed forces [Q3_14] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Amount of influence at present: Large companies [Q3_15] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Amount of influence at present: President [Q3_16] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Amount of influence at present: Mass media [Q3_17] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Amount of influence at present: Employers’ organisations [Q3_18] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Amount of influence at present: Civil servants [Q3_19] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Amount of influence at present: Individual citizens [Q3_20] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Amount of influence at present: Civic organisations in general [Q3_21] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Amount of influence at present: Universities [Q3_22] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Taxation in Finland is too severe [Q4_1] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

If income taxes were lowered, employment would improve [Q4_2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Lowering taxes would threaten the financing of necessary welfare services [Q4_3] . . . . . . . . 59

High income taxation forces many skilled people to move out of Finland [Q4_4] . . . . . . . . . . 59

95

3. Indexes

If a highly paid person moves abroad to earn more money, so be it [Q4_5] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Unless income taxation is lowered, big corporations will move their head offices abroad [Q4_6]60

Taxation in Finland is reasonable considering the social security it provides [Q4_7] . . . . . . . 60

Taxation is aimed at different sources of income (e.g. wages, capital income) fairly enough[Q4_8] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

At different income levels, income taxation (progressive taxation) is fair nowadays [Q4_9] . 61

Corporate taxation is too high in Finland [Q4_10] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Capital income taxation is too high in Finland [Q4_11] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Income tax (inc. pension) is too high in Finland [Q4_12] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Lower taxes would motivate people to work and become entrepreneurs [Q4_13] . . . . . . . . . . 62

Safety and public services of Finnish society are good value for the taxpayers’ money [Q4_14]63

Taxation reduces income disparities between different population groups too much [Q4_15] 63

Nowadays, tax evasion and black economy are very common and large-scale in Finland [Q4_16]64

Tax evasion is a serious crime, punishments for it should be more severe [Q4_17] . . . . . . . . . 64

Finland’s total tax ratio should be lowered to the average level of the EU countries [Q4_18] 64

Greater efficiency would guarantee good public services with lighter taxation [Q4_19] . . . . 65

High tax burden is part of the Nordic welfare society, therefore it has to be accepted [Q4_20]65

If taxes were lowered, the Finns could afford to pay for services which are free now [Q4_21] 66

Labour taxation should be lowered and the tax burden on consumption increased [Q4_22] . 66

Tax cuts increase business activities and employment, which would increase total tax revenue[Q4_23] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Taxation should not be lowered if it leads to the weakening of social security and public services[Q4_24] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

I pay unfairly high taxes [Q4_25] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

By paying taxes I’m of use to society and bear my responsibility for its development [Q4_26]67

Reform of our tax system is politically impossible [Q4_27] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

The most desirable composition for a coalition government: Main parties of the coalition are theSocial Democratic Party of Finland (SDP) and the Centre Party of Finland (KESK) [Q5A_1]68

The most desirable composition for a coalition government: Main parties of the coalition are theSocial Democratic Party of Finland (SDP) and the National Coalition Party (KOK) [Q5A_2] 69

The most desirable composition for a coalition government: Main parties of the coalition are theCentre Party of Finland (KESK) and the National Coaliltion Party (KOK), no left-wing parties

96


[Q5A_3] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

The most desirable composition for a coalition government: A so-called ’rainbow government’(a broad spectrum of parties ranging from left to right) [Q5A_4] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69

The most desirable composition for a coalition government: Can’t say [Q5A_5] . . . . . . . . . . .70

The least desirable composition for a coalition government: Main parties of the coalition are theSocial Democratic Party of Finland (SDP) and the Centre Party of Finland (KESK) [Q5B_1] 70

The least desirable composition for a coalition government: Main parties of the coalition are theSocial Democratic Party of Finland (SDP) and the National Coalition Party (KOK) [Q5B_2] 71

The least desirable composition for a coalition government: Main parties of the coalition are theCentre Party of Finland (KESK) and the National Coaliltion Party (KOK), no left-wing parties[Q5B_3] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

The least desirable composition for a coalition government: A so-called ’rainbow government’(a broad spectrum of parties ranging from left to right) [Q5B_4] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

The least desirable composition for a coalition government: Can’t say [Q5B_5] . . . . . . . . . . . 72

The most likely composition for a coalition government: Main parties of the coalition are theSocial Democratic Party of Finland (SDP) and the Centre Party of Finland (KESK) [Q5C_1] 72

The most likely composition for a coalition government: Main parties of the coalition are theSocial Democratic Party of Finland (SDP) and the National Coalition Party (KOK) [Q5C_2] 73

The most likely composition for a coalition government: Main parties of the coalition are theCentre Party of Finland (KESK) and the National Coaliltion Party (KOK), no left-wing parties[Q5C_3] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

The most likely composition for a coalition government: A so-called ’rainbow government’ (abroad spectrum of parties ranging from left to right) [Q5C_4] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

The most likely composition for a coalition government: Can’t say [Q5C_5] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

Which party should the next prime minister represent? [Q6] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74

The development of society should be emphasised on: Appreciating the individual and support-ing initiative [Q7_1] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

The development of society should be emphasised on: Social and economic equality [Q7_2] 75

The development of society should be emphasised on: Respect for traditional values [Q7_3] 75

The development of society should be emphasised on: Ability to undertake bold reforms [Q7_4]76

The development of society should be emphasised on: Pluralism, tolerance, and liberalism[Q7_5] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

The development of society should be emphasised on: Freedom of competition and entrepreneur-ship [Q7_6] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

The development of society should be emphasised on: State and municipal ownership of andparticipation in business [Q7_7] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

The development of society should be emphasised on: Individual responsibility for one’s ownwelfare [Q7_8] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

97

3. Indexes

The development of society should be emphasised on: Social responsibility and care for indi-viduals [Q7_9] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

The role of the mother equips one with the skills needed in managerial work, because it is sochallenging [Q8_1] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Women usually consider their decisions more carefully than men [Q8_2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Women have brought humane values to decision making processes in business life and society[Q8_3] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Female politicians are just as tough and calculating as their male co-workers [Q8_4] . . . . . . 79

Gender quotas (e.g. in the management of an enterprise) are an efficient way to promote equalitybetween men and women [Q8_5] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Gender quotas for women are a wrong way to promote the status or careers of women [Q8_6]80

Economic life has much to learn from how women have ascended the political ladder [Q8_7]81

The status of women is better in Finland than in the EU countries on average [Q8_8] . . . . . . 81

Women often advance their careers just because they are women [Q8_9] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

A woman must be much better than a man in order to reach the same status [Q8_10] . . . . . . 82

It is wrong that women still do not always receive the same pay as men doing the same work[Q8_11] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

The role of women has always been of decisive importance in developing Finnish society[Q8_12] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

What is your attitude to Finland’s EU membership nowadays? [Q9A] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

What is your attitude to the replacement of the Finnish currency with euro at the beginning of2002? [Q9B] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

What is your attitude to the EU’s enlargement to Eastern and Central Europe and the BalticStates in the spring of 2004? [Q9C] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84

Respondent’s gender [BV1] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84

Respondent’s age group [BV2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

Size of municipality of residence [BV3] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

Respondent’s location of residence - Municipality type [BV4] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

Respondent’s basic education [BV5] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

Respondent’s vocational education [BV6] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

Respondent’s industry of employment [BV7] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Respondent’s location of residence - County [BV8] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Respondent’s occupational group [BV9] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

Respondent’s federation of trade unions membership [BV10] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

If parliamentary elections were held now, which political party would you vote for? [BV11] 89

98


Self-designated social class [BV12] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

99

3. Indexes

3.2 Variables in alphabetical order

A sixth nuclear power station should be built in Finland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

A woman must be much better than a man in order to reach the same status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82

Amount of influence at present: Armed forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Amount of influence at present: Banks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Amount of influence at present: Church . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Amount of influence at present: Civic organisations in general . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Amount of influence at present: Civil servants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Amount of influence at present: Conservationists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Amount of influence at present: Employers’ organisations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Amount of influence at present: Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Amount of influence at present: Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Amount of influence at present: Individual citizens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Amount of influence at present: Judicial system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53

Amount of influence at present: Large companies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Amount of influence at present: Market forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Amount of influence at present: Mass media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Amount of influence at present: Municipal decision makers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Amount of influence at present: Parliament . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Amount of influence at present: Police . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Amount of influence at present: Political parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Amount of influence at present: President . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Amount of influence at present: The European Union (EU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Amount of influence at present: Trade unions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Amount of influence at present: Universities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

At different income levels, income taxation (progressive taxation) is fair nowadays . . . . . . . . 61

By aiming at continuous economic growth mankind will slowly destroy the environment andeventually itself . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

By paying taxes I’m of use to society and bear my responsibility for its development . . . . . . 67

Capital income taxation is too high in Finland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Climate change is the biggest threat of our time. In order to prevent it, every country must takeimmediate and effective measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Companies seeking profit are not suited to provide public services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Competitiviness of our export industry is vital to employment and through it to general welfare

100

3.2. Variables in alphabetical order

in Finland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Corporate taxation is too high in Finland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Democracy functions so well in Finland that there are no grounds for talking about citizens’lack of influence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Different interest groups have too much influence on the political decision making in our coun-try . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Economic and industrial activities are unduly constricted on the grounds of nature conservation19

Economic and social inequality between different population groups has grown too much in ourcountry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Economic growth is the only way to continuous well-being . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Economic life has much to learn from how women have ascended the political ladder . . . . . 81

Even though good social security and public services are costly, Finnish welfare state is alwaysgood value for money . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Even though Russia has its own problems, the Finns have no reason to take a negative attitudeto their large neighbour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33

Even though the safety net comprised of public services is important, private business is thedriving force of welfare in society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Female politicians are just as tough and calculating as their male co-workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Finland needs strong leaders who can restore order, discipline and respect for proper values 36

Finland should abolish compulsory military service and found a professional army . . . . . . . . 32

Finland should join NATO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Finland should not increase its dependence on Russian energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Finland should participate in international tax competition more, and lower income, corporationand capital taxes considerably . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Finland’s aging and diminishing population means that Finland needs to make immigrationeasier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

Finland’s total tax ratio should be lowered to the average level of the EU countries . . . . . . . . 64

Finnish media has too strong an influence on public opinion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Finnish people’s wariness towards foreigners is wise guardedness, not ignorance or racism . 36

Finnish society has succumbed too much to market forces and selfish profit seeking . . . . . . . 29

Finns should effectively protect their unique culture from the ever increasing internationalisa-tion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

FSD case id . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

FSD edition number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

FSD processing level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

FSD study number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

101

3. Indexes

Gender quotas (e.g. in the management of an enterprise) are an efficient way to promote equalitybetween men and women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Gender quotas for women are a wrong way to promote the status or careers of women . . . . . 80

Globalisation means that Finland will lose an increasing amount of jobs to so-called cheaplabour countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Government actions should be emphasised on: Combatting crime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46

Government actions should be emphasised on: Developing and investing in education . . . . . 42

Government actions should be emphasised on: Developing social security in general . . . . . . 41

Government actions should be emphasised on: Development co-operation, helping developingcountries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49

Government actions should be emphasised on: Environmental conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Government actions should be emphasised on: EU issues, increased activity in developing theUnion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Government actions should be emphasised on: Improvement of employment/reduction of un-employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38

Government actions should be emphasised on: Improvement of health care services, securingaccess to health care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Government actions should be emphasised on: Increasing labour market flexibility . . . . . . . . 44

Government actions should be emphasised on: National economy, prudent management of fi-nances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Government actions should be emphasised on: Preventing the misuse of social security benefits45

Government actions should be emphasised on: Privatisation of public enterprises, selling sharesto investors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Government actions should be emphasised on: Promoting and strengthening business activityand conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44

Government actions should be emphasised on: Promoting economic competition . . . . . . . . . . 47

Government actions should be emphasised on: Promoting gender equality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Government actions should be emphasised on: Promoting immigration into Finland . . . . . . . 47

Government actions should be emphasised on: Promotion of NATO membership . . . . . . . . . . 41

Government actions should be emphasised on: Reducing poverty and social exclusion . . . . . 40

Government actions should be emphasised on: Reducing the problems of growth centres . . .45

Government actions should be emphasised on: Reducing the problems of rural and remote areas46

Government actions should be emphasised on: Reduction of taxation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Government actions should be emphasised on: Reduction of the national debt . . . . . . . . . . . . .39

Government actions should be emphasised on: Regulating and controlling business . . . . . . . 48

102


Government actions should be emphasised on: Securing the economy and services of munici-palities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Government actions should be emphasised on: Status of employees, development of workinglife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Greater efficiency would guarantee good public services with lighter taxation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

High income taxation forces many skilled people to move out of Finland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

High tax burden is part of the Nordic welfare society, therefore it has to be accepted . . . . . . . 65

I am interested in politics and follow it actively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

I am willing to accept a lower standard of living to reduce pollution and environmental problems14

I pay unfairly high taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

If a highly paid person moves abroad to earn more money, so be it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

If employees could participate and influence corporate decision making more it would wouldbenefit society as a whole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

If income taxes were lowered, employment would improve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

If more foreigners worked in Finland, our country would benefit from the useful internationalinfluences they bring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

If parliamentary elections were held now, which political party would you vote for? . . . . . . . 89

If taxes were lowered, the Finns could afford to pay for services which are free now . . . . . . . 66

If the Finns had more a positive attitude to entrepreneurship it would benefit society as a whole15

If we let income disparity grow in our country, economic activity would increase drastically 31

If women could participate and influence corporate decision making more it would benefit so-ciety as a whole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Improving economic welfare to a yet higher level will increase psychological distress . . . . . 10

In Finland, the interests of employees and employers are largely convergent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

In five years, many things will be better in Finland than they are now . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

In the future, Finland’s pension systems will become insolvent and ’already earnt’ pensionscannot be paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

In the future, science and technology will be able to solve most present-day problems . . . . . . 9

Income tax (inc. pension) is too high in Finland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Increasing dissatisfaction and criticism among the Finns does not mean that matters are gettingworse in Finland but rather that we want more than before . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Increasingly, I feel European, in addition to being Finnish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Inheritance tax should be abolished in Finland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

It is a privilege to be a Finn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

It is always worth voting, even though ordinary citizens cannot influence politics . . . . . . . . . . 13

103

3. Indexes

It is fair that the foreign top experts persuaded to move to Finland pay a lower income tax thanordinary Finnish citizens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

It is good that right-wing and left-wing parties can be in the same government in Finland. . . 19

It is wrong that women still do not always receive the same pay as men doing the same work 82

It makes no difference which parties will be in the government after the next elections, politicswill not change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

It would be good if the party system in Finland developed towards a two-party system . . . . . 13

Labour taxation should be lowered and the tax burden on consumption increased . . . . . . . . . .66

Lower taxes would motivate people to work and become entrepreneurs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62

Lowering taxes would threaten the financing of necessary welfare services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Most of our public services should be privatised to improve efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

No party promotes issues that are important to me . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

Nowadays, Finnish industry and commerce act responsibly in environmental matters . . . . . . 27

Nowadays in Finland, it is far too easy to take early retirement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Nowadays in Finland, men and women are equal enough . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Nowadays, market economy in Finland functions for the benefit of all citizens . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Nowadays, policy-makers get more information about public opinion through voluntary organ-isations than through political parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Nowadays, tax evasion and black economy are very common and large-scale in Finland . . . 64

People used to be happier than they are now . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

People work so hard and under such pressure in Finnish workplaces that many will suffer earlyburn-out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Political parties are drifting further and further away from the problems of ordinary citizens 12

Powers of the president have been reduced too much in Finland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Reform of our tax system is politically impossible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Respondent’s age group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

Respondent’s basic education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

Respondent’s federation of trade unions membership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

Respondent’s gender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Respondent’s industry of employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Respondent’s location of residence - County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87

Respondent’s location of residence - Municipality type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

Respondent’s occupational group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

Respondent’s vocational education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

Safety and public services of Finnish society are good value for the taxpayers’ money . . . . . 63

104


Self-designated social class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

Size of municipality of residence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

Tax cuts increase business activities and employment, which would increase total tax revenue66

Tax evasion is a serious crime, punishments for it should be more severe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Taxation in Finland is reasonable considering the social security it provides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Taxation in Finland is too severe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Taxation is aimed at different sources of income (e.g. wages, capital income) fairly enough 61

Taxation reduces income disparities between different population groups too much . . . . . . . . 63

Taxation should not be lowered if it leads to the weakening of social security and public services67

The contribution of older employees in Finnish workplaces is needlessly underrated . . . . . . . . 9

The development of society should be emphasised on: Ability to undertake bold reforms . . .76

The development of society should be emphasised on: Appreciating the individual and support-ing initiative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

The development of society should be emphasised on: Freedom of competition and entrepreneur-ship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

The development of society should be emphasised on: Individual responsibility for one’s ownwelfare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

The development of society should be emphasised on: Pluralism, tolerance, and liberalism . 76

The development of society should be emphasised on: Respect for traditional values . . . . . . 75

The development of society should be emphasised on: Social and economic equality . . . . . . 75

The development of society should be emphasised on: Social responsibility and care for indi-viduals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

The development of society should be emphasised on: State and municipal ownership of andparticipation in business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

The Finnish non-socialist parties should follow Sweden’s example and join forces and co-operate closely in elections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

The least desirable composition for a coalition government: A so-called ’rainbow government’(a broad spectrum of parties ranging from left to right) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

The least desirable composition for a coalition government: Can’t say . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72

The least desirable composition for a coalition government: Main parties of the coalition are theCentre Party of Finland (KESK) and the National Coaliltion Party (KOK), no left-wing parties71

The least desirable composition for a coalition government: Main parties of the coalition are theSocial Democratic Party of Finland (SDP) and the Centre Party of Finland (KESK) . . . . . . . 70

The least desirable composition for a coalition government: Main parties of the coalition are theSocial Democratic Party of Finland (SDP) and the National Coalition Party (KOK) . . . . . . . . 71

105

3. Indexes

The most desirable composition for a coalition government: A so-called ’rainbow government’(a broad spectrum of parties ranging from left to right) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

The most desirable composition for a coalition government: Can’t say . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

The most desirable composition for a coalition government: Main parties of the coalition are theCentre Party of Finland (KESK) and the National Coaliltion Party (KOK), no left-wing parties69

The most desirable composition for a coalition government: Main parties of the coalition arethe Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP) and the Centre Party of Finland (KESK) . . . . 68

The most desirable composition for a coalition government: Main parties of the coalition arethe Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP) and the National Coalition Party (KOK) . . . . 69

The most likely composition for a coalition government: A so-called ’rainbow government’ (abroad spectrum of parties ranging from left to right) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

The most likely composition for a coalition government: Can’t say . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

The most likely composition for a coalition government: Main parties of the coalition are theCentre Party of Finland (KESK) and the National Coaliltion Party (KOK), no left-wing parties73

The most likely composition for a coalition government: Main parties of the coalition are theSocial Democratic Party of Finland (SDP) and the Centre Party of Finland (KESK) . . . . . . . 72

The most likely composition for a coalition government: Main parties of the coalition are theSocial Democratic Party of Finland (SDP) and the National Coalition Party (KOK) . . . . . . . . 73

The role of the mother equips one with the skills needed in managerial work, because it is sochallenging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

The role of women has always been of decisive importance in developing Finnish society . . 83

The small proportion of women in leading positions in working life is due to the fact that womenare not as ambitious as men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

The so-called globalisation development of the international economy will lead to increasingglobal welfare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

The standard of living in our country is so high that we must have resources to take better careof the elderly, the sick, the disabled, and the less well-off fellow citizens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

The status of women is better in Finland than in the EU countries on average . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

The success of an individual is determined mainly by his/her own actions and willpower, not bysociety or circumstances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34

The USA acts correctly in world politics and deserves the support of the Finns . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Things would change for the better relatively fast, if only the right parties and politicians wouldget into power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Unless income taxation is lowered, big corporations will move their head offices abroad . . . 60

Welfare society should be developed in a closer co-operation with the private sector . . . . . . . 26

What is essential in public services is their availability to everyone, not which body providesthem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

106


What is your attitude to Finland’s EU membership nowadays? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

What is your attitude to the EU’s enlargement to Eastern and Central Europe and the BalticStates in the spring of 2004? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

What is your attitude to the replacement of the Finnish currency with euro at the beginning of2002? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Which party should the next prime minister represent? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

Women have brought humane values to decision making processes in business life and society79

Women often advance their careers just because they are women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Women usually consider their decisions more carefully than men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

107

Appendix A

Questionnaire in Finnish

109

KYSELYLOMAKE

Tämä kyselylomake on osa Yhteiskuntatieteelliseen tietoarkistoon arkistoitua tutkimusaineistoa

FSD2292 EVAn kansallinen asennetutkimus 2006

Kyselylomaketta hyödyntävien tulee viitata siihen asianmukaisesti lähdeviitteellä.

Lisätiedot: http://www.fsd.uta.fi/

QUESTIONNAIRE

This questionnaire is part of the following dataset, archived at the Finnish Social Science DataArchive:

FSD2292 EVA Survey on Finnish Values and Attitudes 2006

If this questionnaire is used or referred to in any publication, the source must be acknowledgedby means of an appropriate bibliographic citation.

More information: http://www.fsd.uta.fi/

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1.

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Jokseen-kin samaa

mieltä

Jokseen-kin erimieltä

Täysineri

mieltä

Vai-kea

sanoa

Täysinsamaamieltä

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Suomi - missä olet, minne menet?

Mitä mieltä olette seuraavista väittämistä?

Mikään puolue ei aja juuri minulle tärkeitä asioita

Tiede ja tekniikka pystyvät tulevaisuudessa ratkaisemaan useimmat tänä päivänä esiintyvät ongelmat

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On onni ja etuoikeus saada olla suomalainen

Puolueet ovat ajautuneet yhä kauemmas tavallisen ihmisen ongelmista

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Saaste- ja ympäristöongelmien vähentämiseksi olen valmis tinkimään omasta elintasostani

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Mikäli maassamme suhtauduttaisiin myönteisemmin yrittämiseen, siitä hyötyisi koko yhteiskunta

Mikäli työntekijät saisivat osallistua ja vaikuttaa yritysten päätöksentekoon nykyistä enemmän, siitä hyötyisi koko yhteiskunta

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Ulkomaalaisten lisääntyvä työskentely Suomessa toisi maahamme hyödyllisiä kansainvälisiä vaikutteita

Ihmisten hyvinvoinnin jatkuminen voi perustua vain taloudelliseen kasvuun

Nyky-Suomessa kansalaisten mielipiteet välittyvät päätöksentekijöille paljon paremmin kansalaisliikkeiden kautta kuin puolueiden kautta 1 .......... 2 .......... 3 .......... 4 .......... 5

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Luonnonsuojelun nimissä rajoitetaan taloudellista ja teollista toimintaa liian paljon 1 .......... 2 .......... 3 .......... 4 .......... 5

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Naiset ja miehet ovat Suomessa nykyisin riittävän tasa-arvoisia

Työntekijöiden ja työnantajien edut ovat Suomessa nykyään pitkälti yhteneväiset

Maamme väestön ikääntyminen ja uhkaava vähentyminen edellyttävätulkomaalaisten Suomeen muuton helpottamista

Esimerkki vastauksenmerkitsemistavasta: 1 ......... 2 ......... 3

Suomeen pitäisi rakentaa viidennen lisäksi kuudeskin ydinvoimala

Tulevaisuudessa maamme eläkejärjestelmät romahtavat eikä edes 'jo ansait-tuja' eläkkeitä kyetä maksamaan

Taloudellisen hyvinvoinnin kehittäminen vielä nykyistä korkeammalle tasollelisää henkistä pahoinvointia

Mikäli naiset saisivat päättää enemmän työelämässä, siitä hyötyisi koko yhteiskunta

Ilmastonmuutos on aikamme suurin ympäristöuhka, jonka torjumiseksi on nopeasti ryhdyttävä tehokkaisiin toimiin kaikissa maissa

Tutkimus kansalaismielipiteestä 2006-2007

Pyydämme Teitä vastaamaan jokaiseen kysymykseen rengastamalla sen vaihtoehdon, joka vastaa Teidän henkilökohtaista mielipidettänne.

Ikääntyvien työntekijöiden työpanosta aliarvostetaan Suomessa suotta

Vaikka yksittäinen kansalainen ei voi paljonkaan vaikuttaa maan asioihin, äänestäminen kannattaa aina

Olisi hyvä, jos Suomen puoluekenttä kehittyisi kohti kaksipuoluejärjestelmää (kah-den johtavan puolueen järjestelmää, esim. 'porvaripuolue' ja 'vasemmistopuolue')

Vaikka julkisista palveluista muodostuva turvaverkko on tärkeä, yhteiskunnanhyvinvoinnin todellinen moottori ja ylläpitäjä on yksityinen yritystoiminta

On samantekevää mitkä puolueet istuvat kevään eduskuntavaalien jälkeisessä hallituksessa, asiat/harjoitettava politiikka ei siitä muutu

Perintöverosta tulisi luopua Suomessa kokonaan

On hyvä asia, että Suomessa porvarilliset puolueet ja vasemmistopuolueet mahtuvat istumaan samassa hallituksessa

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Jokseen-kin samaa

mieltä


Täysineri

mieltä

Vai-kea

sanoa

Täysinsamaamieltä

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Ennen ihmiset olivat onnellisempia kuin nykyään

Toimittajat ohjaavat liikaa mielipiteitä Suomessa

Pyrkimällä jatkuvaan taloudelliseen kasvuun ihminen tuhoaa vähitellen luonnon ja lopulta myös itsensä

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Olen kiinnostunut politiikasta ja seuraan sitä aktiivisesti

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Suomalainen teollisuus ja elinkeinoelämä toimii nykyisin ympäristö-asioissa vastuullisesti

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(jatkuu...)

Suomen tulisi liittyä NATOon

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Työllisyys ja sitä kautta muukin hyvinvointi maassamme riippuu ratkaisevastivientiteollisuutemme kilpailukyvystä

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1 .......... 2 .......... 3 .......... 4 .......... 5Suomalaisilla työpaikoilla työskennellään nykyisin ylikierroksilla ja niin kovan paineen alla, että monet ihmiset palavat ennenaikaisesti loppuun

Viiden vuoden kuluttua monet asiat ovat Suomessa paremmin kuin nykyään

Suomalaisten tulisi tehokkaasti varjella kulttuurinsa omaleimaisuutta yhä lisääntyvää kansainvälistymistä vastaan

Globaalistuminen merkitsee sitä, että ns. halpatyövoiman maat vievät Suo-mesta enenevästi työpaikkoja

Kansainvälisen talouden ns. globalisaatiokehitys johtaa hyvinvoinnin maail-manlaajuiseen lisääntymiseen

Yhdysvallat toimii maailmanpolitiikassa oikein ja ansaitsee myös suoma-laisten tuen

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Naisten vähäinen osuus työelämän johtotehtävissä johtuu hyvin pitkälti siitä, että naiset ovat vähemmän kunnianhimoisia kuin miehet

Ennenaikaiselle eläkkeelle pääsee maassamme nykyään aivan liian helposti

Suomen porvaripuolueiden tulisi Ruotsin tapaan liittoutua vaaleissa tiiviiseen yhteistyöhön

Voittoa tavoittelevat yritykset eivät sovellu julkisten palvelujen tuottajiksi

Asiat maassamme muuttuisivat paremmiksi suhteellisen nopeastikin, mikäli vain oikeat puolueet ja poliitikot pääsisivät valtaan ja päättämään asioista

Taloudellinen ja sosiaalinen eriarvoisuus väestöryhmien välillä on kasvanut maassamme liian suureksi

Etujärjestöillä on maassamme aivan liian paljon vaikutusvaltaa poliittiseen päätöksentekoon

Mikäli tuloerojen annettaisiin maassamme nykyisestään kasvaa, taloudellinen toimeliaisuus lisääntyisi voimakkaasti

Hyvinvointiyhteiskuntaa tulisi kehittää nykyistä tiiviimmässä yhteistyössä yksityisen sektorin kanssa

Suomen tulisi luopua yleisestä asevelvollisuudesta ja perustaa palkka-armeija

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Markkinavoimat ohjaavat liikaa suomalaisen yhteiskunnan toimintaa

Elintaso maassamme on niin korkea, että meillä pitää olla varaa huolehtia nykyistä paremmin vanhuksista, sairaista, vammaisista ja yleensäkin huo-no-osaisista lähimmäisistämme

Olennaista julkisissa palveluissa ei ole se, kuka ne tuottaa, vaan se että ne ovat kaikkien saatavilla

Suomen pitäisi osallistua nykyistä voimakkaammin kansainväliseen verokilpai-luun ja alentaa niin palkka-, yritys- kuin pääomaverotustaankin tuntuvasti

Suomen ei tulisi lisätä riippuvuuttaan Venäjän energiasta

Suomalaisten tyytymättömyyden ja kriittisyyden kasvu ei johdu siitä, että asiat maassamme olisivat huonontuneet, vaan ennemminkin siitä, että vaatimustasomme on noussut

Jokseen-kin samaa

mieltä


Täysineri

mieltä

Vai-kea

sanoa

Täysinsamaamieltä

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(jatkuu...)

Suomalaisten varauksellinen suhtautuminen ulkomaalaisia kohtaan on viisasta varovaisuutta, ei tietämättömyyttä tai rasismia

Maamme kaipaa vahvoja johtajia, jotka kykenevät palauttamaan yhteiskun-taamme kurin ja järjestyksen sekä oikeiden arvojen kunnioituksen

Vaikka hyvän sosiaaliturvan ja muiden julkisten palvelujen ylläpitäminen maksaa paljon, suomalainen hyvinvointivaltio on aina hintansa arvoinen

Demokratia toimii Suomessa niin hyvin, että puheet kansalaisten huonoista vaikutusmahdollisuuksista ovat vailla pohjaa

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Tunnen itseni nykyisin paitsi suomalaiseksi, yhä selvemmin myös eurooppalaiseksi

Vaikka Venäjällä on omat ongelmansa, suomalaisilla ei ole nykyisin mitään syytä suhtautua suureen naapuriinsa kielteisesti

Presidentin valtaoikeuksia on karsittu maassamme liikaa

On oikein, että Suomeen houkutellut ulkomaalaiset huippuosaajat maksavat pienempää tuloveroa kuin tavalliset suomalaiset

Maamme julkisista palveluista suuri osa tulisi ulkoistaa yksityisten pal-veluntuottajien hoidettavaksi, jotta palveluitten tuotanto tehostuisi

Tulisi painottua nykyistä...

Kutennykyi-

sin

Hiemanvähem-

män

Enosaasanoa

Paljon enem-

män

Hiemanenem-män

Paljonvähem-

mänTyöllisyyden parantaminen/työttömyyden vähentäminen 1 ......... 2 ......... 3 ......... 4 ......... 5 E

Valtiontalouden hoitaminen, tarkka taloudenpito 1 ......... 2 ......... 3 ......... 4 ......... 5 EValtion velan vähentäminen 1 ......... 2 ......... 3 ......... 4 ......... 5 E

Valtionyhtiöiden yksityistäminen, osakkeiden myynti sijoittajille 1 ......... 2 ......... 3 ......... 4 ......... 5 EVerotuksen alentaminen 1 ......... 2 ......... 3 ......... 4 ......... 5 E

Köyhyyden poistaminen, syrjäytymisen estäminen 1 ......... 2 ......... 3 ......... 4 ......... 5 ESosiaaliturvan kehittäminen yleensä 1 ......... 2 ......... 3 ......... 4 ......... 5 E

Maamme NATO-jäsenyyden edistäminen 1 ......... 2 ......... 3 ......... 4 ......... 5 ETerveydenhuollon kehittäminen, hoidonsaannin turvaaminen 1 ......... 2 ......... 3 ......... 4 ......... 5 E

Koulutuksen kehittäminen, koulutukseen panostaminen 1 ......... 2 ......... 3 ......... 4 ......... 5 EYmpäristönsuojelu 1 ......... 2 ......... 3 ......... 4 ......... 5 E

Palkansaajien asema, työelämän kehittäminen 1 ......... 2 ......... 3 ......... 4 ......... 5 EYrittäjyyden edistäminen, yritystoiminnan vahvistaminen 1 ......... 2 ......... 3 ......... 4 ......... 5 E

Työmarkkinoiden joustavuuden lisääminen 1 ......... 2 ......... 3 ......... 4 ......... 5 ESosiaaliturvan väärinkäytön estäminen 1 ......... 2 ......... 3 ......... 4 ......... 5 E

Kasvukeskusten ongelmien helpottaminen 1 ......... 2 ......... 3 ......... 4 ......... 5 EMaaseudun ja syrjä-alueiden ongelmien helpottaminen 1 ......... 2 ......... 3 ......... 4 ......... 5 E

Rikollisuuden torjunta 1 ......... 2 ......... 3 ......... 4 ......... 5 EUlkomaalaisten/siirtolaisten maahanmuuton edistäminen 1 ......... 2 ......... 3 ......... 4 ......... 5 E

Markkinaehtoisuuden ja kilpailun edistäminen 1 ......... 2 ......... 3 ......... 4 ......... 5 EEU-asiat, aktiivisuus unionin kehittämisessä (laajentuminen ym.) 1 ......... 2 ......... 3 ......... 4 ......... 5 E

Yritystoiminnan sääntely ja valvonta 1 ......... 2 ......... 3 ......... 4 ......... 5 EKuntien talouden ja palvelujen turvaaminen 1 ......... 2 ......... 3 ......... 4 ......... 5 E

Kehitysyhteistyö, kehitysmaiden auttaminen 1 ......... 2 ......... 3 ......... 4 ......... 5 ESukupuolten tasa-arvon edistäminen 1 ......... 2 ......... 3 ......... 4 ......... 5 E

2. Ensi kevään eduskuntavaalien jälkeen maahamme muodostetaan uusi hallitus. Miten seuraavien asioiden tulisi mielestänne painottua tulevan hallituksen toiminnassa verrattuna maassamme viime vuosina harjoitettuun poli-tiikkaan?

Markkinatalous toimii Suomessa nykyisin hyvin kaikkien kansalaisten parhaaksi

Yksilön menestyksen määrää ensisijaisesti hänen oma toimintansa ja tahtonsa, ei yhteiskunta eikä olosuhteet

Valtaa tällä hetkellä...Liian

paljonSopi-vasti

Liianvähän

Ammattiyhdistysliike 1 .......... 2 .......... 3Eduskunta 1 .......... 2 .......... 3

Euroopan unioni, EU 1 .......... 2 .......... 3Hallitus 1 .......... 2 .......... 3

Kirkko 1 .......... 2 .......... 3Kuntien päätöksentekijät 1 .......... 2 .......... 3

Luonnonsuojelijat 1 .......... 2 .......... 3Ns. markkinavoimat 1 .......... 2 .......... 3

Oikeuslaitos 1 .......... 2 .......... 3Pankit 1 .......... 2 .......... 3Perhe 1 .......... 2 .......... 3Poliisi 1 .......... 2 .......... 3

Poliittiset puolueet 1 .......... 2 .......... 3Puolustusvoimat 1 .......... 2 .......... 3

Suuryritykset 1 .......... 2 .......... 3Tasavallan presidentti 1 .......... 2 .......... 3

Tiedotusvälineet, media 1 .......... 2 .......... 3Työnantajajärjestöt 1 .......... 2 .......... 3

Virkamiehistö 1 .......... 2 .......... 3Yksityinen kansalainen 1 .......... 2 .......... 3

Yleensä kansalaisjärjestöt 1 .......... 2 .......... 3Yliopistot ja korkeakoulut 1 .......... 2 .......... 3

3.

Vaikeasanoa

Samaamieltä

Erimieltä

4.

Verotus Suomessa on kaiken kaikkiaan liian ankaraa 1 ......... 2 ......... 3Mikäli palkkaverotusta alennettaisiin, työllisyys paranisi merkittävästi 1 ......... 2 ......... 3

Verojen alentaminen uhkaisi välttämättömien hyvinvointipalvelujen rahoitusta 1 ......... 2 ......... 3Korkea palkkatuloverotus saa monet ns. osaajat jättämään Suomen 1 ......... 2 ......... 3

Jos joku huippupalkkainen lähtee maastamme hieman enemmän ansaitakseen, lähteköön vain 1 ......... 2 ......... 3Mikäli palkkaverotusta ei alenneta, suuryritykset siirtävät pääkonttoreitaan ulkomaille 1 ......... 2 ......... 3

Verotus maassamme on kohtuullista sillä saatavaan sosiaaliturvaan/yhteiskunnan palveluihin nähden 1 ......... 2 ......... 3Verotus kohdentuu eri tulomuotoihin (palkka-, pääoma- ym. tulot) pääpiirteissään oikeudenmukaisesti 1 ......... 2 ......... 3

Eri tulotasoilla palkkaverotus (veroprogressio) on nykyisin oikeudenmukaista 1 ......... 2 ......... 3Yritysverotus on maassamme liian korkealla tasolla 1 ......... 2 ......... 3

Pääomatulojen verotus on maassamme liian korkealla tasolla 1 ......... 2 ......... 3Palkkatulojen (ml. eläketulot) verotus on maassamme liian korkealla tasolla 1 ......... 2 ......... 3

Keveämpi verotus lisäisi kansalaisten työhaluja ja kannustaisi yrittämään 1 ......... 2 ......... 3Suomalaisen yhteiskunnan turvallisuus ja palvelut ovat hyvä vastine verorahoille 1 ......... 2 ......... 3Verotuksen kautta tasataan väestöryhmien välisiä toimeentuloeroja liian paljon 1 ......... 2 ......... 3

Veronkierto on nyky-Suomessa yleistä ja siihen perustuva ns. harmaa talous laajamittaista 1 ......... 2 ......... 3Veronkierto on vakava rikos, josta pitäisi säätää nykyistä kovempia rangaistuksia 1 ......... 2 ......... 3

Suomen kokonaisverotus tulisi alentaa EU-maiden keskimääräiselle tasolle 1 ......... 2 ......... 3Tehokkaasti toimien hyvät julkiset palvelut voitaisiin taata nykyistä kevyemmällä verotuksella 1 ......... 2 ......... 3Korkea veroaste kuuluu pohjoismaiseen hyvinvointiyhteiskuntamalliin, ja tulee siksi hyväksyä 1 ......... 2 ......... 3

Jos veroja alennettaisiin, suomalaisilla olisi varaa kustantaa itse nyt maksutta saamansa palvelut 1 ......... 2 ......... 3Verotuksen painopistettä tulisi siirtää työn verottamisesta kuluttamisen verottamiseen 1 ......... 2 ......... 3

Veronalennusten myötä kokonaisverotulot kasvaisivat lisääntyneen toimeliaisuuden seurauksena 1 ......... 2 ......... 3Verotusta ei tule alentaa, jos se johtaa sosiaaliturvan ja julkisten palveluiden heikkenemiseen 1 ......... 2 ......... 3

Koen oman verotukseni epäoikeudenmukaisen korkeaksi 1 ......... 2 ......... 3Veroja maksamalla koen hyödyttäväni yhteiskuntaa ja kantavani vastuuni sen kehittämisestä 1 ......... 2 ......... 3

Verotusjärjestelmämme olennainen muuttaminen on poliittisesti mahdotonta 1 ......... 2 ......... 3

Kysymys maamme verotuksen tasosta, sen alentamisen tarpeesta kuten veronalennusten seurauksistakin on herättänyt kärjekästä mielipiteenvaihtoa. Seuraavassa esitetään joukko veropoliittisia väitteitä ja uudistuseh-dotuksia. Miten ne vastaavat Teidän henkilökohtaista mielipidettänne?

Seuraavassa on lueteltu aakkosjärjestyksessä joukko yhteiskunnallisia vaikuttajia. Arvioikaa kutakin erikseen sen mukaan, pidättekö kyseisen vaikuttajan valtaa maassamme tällä hetkellä liian suurena, sopivana vai liian pienenä.

1 Erittäin myönteisesti2 Melko myönteisesti3 Neutraalisti4 Melko kielteisesti5 Erittäin kielteisesti6 En osaa sanoa



Miten Te suhtaudutte nykyi-sin maamme EU-jäsenyy-teen?

Entä siihen, että markka kor-vattiin eurolla vuoden 2002alussa?

Siihen, että EU laajentui kevääl-lä 2004 uusiin jäsenmaihin Itä- ja Keski-Eurooppaan ja Baltiaan?

Vaikeasanoa

Samaamieltä

Erimieltä

Kysymys naisten asemasta työelämässä ja yleensä yhteiskunnassa on yksi julkisen keskustelumme kestoaihe.Miten seuraavat väitteet vastaavat Teidän henkilökohtaista mielipidettänne?

En osaasanoa

Kutennykyisin

Toden-näköi-

sin

(rengastakaa yksi vaihtoehto kustakin pystysarakkeesta)

Ns. punamultahallitus (pääpuolueina SDP ja KESK) 1 ........ 1 ........ 1Ns. sinipunahallitus (pääpuolueina SDP ja KOK) 2 ........ 2 ........ 2

Ns. porvarihallitus (pääpuolueina KESK ja KOK, ei vasemmistoa) 3 ........ 3 ........ 3Ns. sateenkaarihallitus (laaja puoluekirjo oikealta vasemmalle) 4 ........ 4 ........ 4

En osaa sanoa 5 ........ 5 ........ 5

5. 6.

7.

Äidin rooli on niin vaativa, että se antaa hyvät valmiudet työelämän johtotehtäviin 1 ......... 2 ......... 3Naiset tekevät yleensä paremmin harkittuja päätöksiä kuin miehet 1 ......... 2 ......... 3

Naiset ovat tuoneet inhimillisiä arvoja liike-elämän ja yhteiskunnan päätöksentekoon 1 ......... 2 ......... 3Naispoliitikot ovat aivan yhtä kovaluonteisia ja laskelmoivia kuin miestoverinsakin 1 ......... 2 ......... 3

Kiintiöt (esim. yritysten hallinnossa) ovat tehokas keino edistää sukupuolten tasa-arvoa 1 ......... 2 ......... 3Naiskiintiöt ovat väärä tapa edistää naisten asemaa/urakehitystä työelämässä 1 ......... 2 ......... 3

Elinkeinoelämällä on paljon opittavaa siitä, miten naiset ovat edenneet politiikassa 1 ......... 2 ......... 3Naisten asema on Suomessa parempi kuin EU-maissa keskimäärin 1 ......... 2 ......... 3

Naiset etenevät urallaan usein vain siksi, että he ovat naisia 1 ......... 2 ......... 3Naisen pitää olla paljon parempi saavuttaakseen saman aseman kuin mies 1 ......... 2 ......... 3

On väärin, ettei nainen vieläkään aina saa samasta työstä samaa palkkaa kuin mies 1 ......... 2 ......... 3Naisten rooli suomalaisen yhteiskunnan kehittämisessä on aina ollut ratkaisevan tärkeä 1 ......... 2 ......... 3

Entä mitä puoluetta tulevan hallituksen pääministerin tulisi mielestänne edus-taa?Toi-

votta-vin

Ei-toi- votta-

vin

lue, mikä

1 KESK2 SDP3 KOK4 Jokin muu puo-

5 En osaa sanoa

Nykyistäenemmän

Nykyistävähemmän

8.

9a. 9b. 9c.

Yhteiskunnan kehittäminen perustuu paitsi tietoon, myös arvoihin ja erilaisiin ideologisiin vaikuttimiin. Miten seu-raavien arvojen ja periaatteiden tulisi Teidän mielestänne tulevaisuudessa painottua suomalaisen yhteiskunnankehittämisessä?

Yksilön arvostus ja aloitteellisuuden tukeminen 1 ............ 2 ............ 3 ESosiaalinen ja taloudellinen tasa-arvo 1 ............ 2 ............ 3 E

Perinteisten arvojen kunnioitus 1 ............ 2 ............ 3 EValmius rohkeisiin uudistuksiin 1 ............ 2 ............ 3 E

Moniarvoisuus, suvaitsevaisuus, vapaamielisyys 1 ............ 2 ............ 3 EKilpailun ja yrittämisen vapaus 1 ............ 2 ............ 3 E

Valtion ja kuntien omistus ja osallistuminen yritystoimintaan 1 ............ 2 ............ 3 EYksilön vastuu omasta hyvinvoinnistaan 1 ............ 2 ............ 3 E

Yhteiskunnan vastuu ja huolenpito yksilöstä 1 ............ 2 ............ 3 E

Keskustelu tulevasta hallituspohjasta on voimistumassa. Mikä seuraavista hallitus-vaihtoehdoista olisi mielestänne toivottavin (paras) ja mikä vähiten toivottava (huo-noin)? Entä mitä pidätte todennäköisimpänä (riippumatta omista toiveistanne)?

Sukupuoli1 Mies2 Nainen

Ikäryhmä

Asuinkunnan koko

1 Alle 4 000 asukasta2 4 000 - 8 000 asukasta3 8 000 - 30 000 asukasta4 30 000 - 80 000 asukasta5 Yli 80 000 asukasta

Millainen peruskoulutus Teillä on?

1 Kansakoulu2 Keski- tai peruskoulu3 Ylioppilastutkinto

Millainen ammatillinen koulutus Teillä on?

KIITOKSET VAIVANNÄÖSTÄ!Palauttakaa tämä lomake oheisessa kirjekuoressa.

1 Kaupungin keskusta, kantakaupunki2 Kaupungin lähiö, esikaupunkialue3 Maaseudun taajama, asutuskeskus4 Maaseudun haja-asutusalue

Asuinalueenne tyyppi

Toimiala, jolla työskentelette

1 Maa- ja metsätalous2 Teollisuus ja rakennustoiminta3 Yksityiset palvelut4 Julkiset palvelut5 En ole mukana työelämässä

TAUSTATIEDOT AINEISTON TILASTOLLISTA RYHMITTELYÄ VARTEN

1 18 - 20 vuotta2 21 - 30 vuotta3 31 - 40 vuotta4 41 - 50 vuotta5 51 - 60 vuotta6 61 - 65 vuotta7 Yli 65 vuotta

1 Työväenluokkaan2 Alempaan keskiluokkaan3 Keskiluokkaan4 Ylempään keskiluokkaan5 Yläluokkaan6 En katso kuuluvani mihinkään luokkaan

Ammattiryhmä, johon katsotte lähinnä kuuluvanne

Jos eduskuntavaalit pidettäisiin nyt, minkä puolueen ehdokasta äänestäisitte?

Mihin yhteiskuntaluokkaan katsotte lähinnä kuuluvanne

Maakunta, jonka alueellaasutte

Kuulutteko johonkin ammatilliseen kes-kusjärjestöön?

KOMMENTTEJA?

1 En kuulu2 Kyllä, keskus- järjestöni on:

1 Johtavassa asemassa toisen palv. 2 Ylempi toimihenkilö 3 Alempi toimihenkilö 4 Työntekijä 5 Yrittäjä tai yksityinen ammatinharj. 6 Maatalousyrittäjä 7 Opiskelija 8 Eläkeläinen 9 Kotiäiti/koti-isä10 Työtön11 Muu

a) SAKb) STTKc) Akavad) MTK

Seuraavaan voitte kirjoittaa mitä tahansa näkemyksiänne maamme asioista tai tästä tutkimuksesta. Kaikki mielipiteet ovat tervetulleita ja arvokkaita!

1 Uusimaa 2 Itä-Uusimaa 3 Varsinais-Suomi 4 Satakunta 5 Häme 6 Pirkanmaa 7 Päijät-Häme 8 Kymenlaakso 9 Etelä-Karjala10 Etelä-Savo11 Pohjois-Savo12 Pohjois-Karjala13 Keski-Suomi14 Etelä-Pohjanmaa15 Pohjanmaa (Vaasan rann.)16 Keski-Pohjanmaa17 Pohjois-Pohjanmaa18 Kainuu19 Lappi

1 Ei ammatillista koulutusta2 Ammattikurssi, muu lyhyt ammattikoulutus3 Ammattikoulu, kouluasteen ammatill. tutkinto4 Opistotutkinto, ammattikorkeakoulututkinto5 Yliopisto- tai tiedekorkeakoulututkinto

1 KESK 2 SDP 3 KOK 4 Vasemmistoliitto 5 Vihreät 6 RKP 7 Kristillisdemokraatit 8 Perussuomalaiset 9 Jokin muu puolue tai ryhmittymä10 En äänestäisi lainkaan11 En osaa sanoa12 En halua sanoa

Appendix B

Questionnaire in Swedish

117

KYSELYLOMAKE

Tämä kyselylomake on osa Yhteiskuntatieteelliseen tietoarkistoon arkistoitua tutkimusaineistoa

FSD2292 EVAn kansallinen asennetutkimus 2006

Kyselylomaketta hyödyntävien tulee viitata siihen asianmukaisesti lähdeviitteellä.

Lisätiedot: http://www.fsd.uta.fi/

QUESTIONNAIRE

This questionnaire is part of the following dataset, archived at the Finnish Social Science DataArchive:

FSD2292 EVA Survey on Finnish Values and Attitudes 2006

If this questionnaire is used or referred to in any publication, the source must be acknowledgedby means of an appropriate bibliographic citation.

More information: http://www.fsd.uta.fi/

1.

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Finland - var är du, vart går du?

Nästanav samma

åsikt

Svårtatt

säga

Helt avsammaåsikt

Nästanav annan

åsikt

Helt avannan åsikt

Det är en lycka och ett privilegium att få vara finländare

I miljöskyddets namn begränsas den ekonomiska och industriella verksamheten alltför mycket

Vad anser Ni om följande påståenden?

Inget parti arbetar för precis de frågor jag upplever som viktiga

Vetenskapen och tekniken kan i framtiden lösa de flesta av dagens problem

I Finland är kvinnor och män numera tillräckligt jämlika

När befolkningen i vårt land åldras och hotar att minska måste det göras lättare för utlänningar att flytta till Finland

Jag är villig att pruta på min egen levnadsstandard för att minska förorenings- och miljöproblemen

I dagens Finland når medborgarnas åsikter beslutsfattarna mycket bättre via folkrörelserna än via partierna

1 ......... 2 ......... 3

I framtiden kommer pensionssystemen i vårt land att klappa ihop och inte ens ‘redan intjänade’ pensioner kan betalas ut

Vi ber er besvara alla frågor genom att ringa in det alternativ som motsvarar er personliga åsikt.

Så här markerar ni era svar:

Om kvinnorna fick större bestämmanderätt i arbetslivet skulle det gagna hela samhället

Klimatförändringen är det största miljöhotet i vår tid, och alla länder måste snabbt vidta effektiva åtgärder för att avvärja den

Om den ekonomiska välfärden utvecklas till en ännu högre nivå ökar det psykiska illamåenden

Partierna ägnar sig allt mindre åt problem som angår vanliga människor

Hela samhället skulle vara betjänt av en mer positiv inställning till företagsamheten

Om de anställda i större utsträckning fick ta del i och påverka företagens beslut skulle det gagna hela samhället

En ökning av antalet utländska arbetstagare i Finland skulle föra med sig nyttiga internationella impulser

Förutom ett femte kärnkraftverk borde också ett sjätte kärnkraftverk byggas i Finland

I dagens Finland sammanfaller arbetstagarens och arbetsgivaren intressen mycket långt

Undersökning av medborgar-opinionen 2006 - 2007

Även om den enskilda medborgaren inte kan påverka landets angelägenhetermycket, lönar det sig alltid att rösta

Det är likgiltigt vilka partier som sitter i regeringen efter riksdagsvalet nästa vår, frågorna/politiken förändras ändå inte

Det skulle vara bra om partifältet i Finland utvecklades i riktning mot ett tvåpartisystem (två ledande partier, t.ex. 'borgarpartiet' och 'vänsterpartiet')

Äldre arbetstagares arbetsinsats undervärderas i onödan i Finland

Arvsskatten borde slopas helt i Finland

Även om skyddsnätet av offentlig service är viktigt, är det den privata företags-verksamheten som driver och upprätthåller samhällets välfärd

Det bra är att både borgerliga partier och vänsterpartier kan sitta i samma regering i Finland

Fortsatt välfärd kan bygga bara på ekonomisk tillväxt

Nästanav samma

åsikt

Svårtatt

säga

Helt avsammaåsikt

Nästanav annan

åsikt

Helt avannan åsikt

Finland borde ansluta sig till NATO

Finlands industri och näringsliv fungerar nuförtiden ansvarsfullt i miljöfrågor

(fortsätter)

Finländarna borde effektivt slå vakt om sin kulturella egenart mot den tilltagande internationalismen

Förr var människorna lyckligare än nu

Genom att eftersträva fortsatt ekonomisk tillväxt förstör människan så småningom naturen och slutligen sig själv

Jag är intresserad av politik och följer den aktivt

Sysselsättningen och därmed också välståndet i vårt land beror helt på exportindustrins konkurrenskraft

På arbetsplatserna i Finland arbetas det i dag i så uppskruvad takt och under så stort tryck att många bränner ut sig i förtid

Den s.k. globaliseringen av den internationella ekonomin ger ökad välfärd i hela världen

Globaliseringen innebär att länder med s.k. billig arbetskraft i allt högre grad tar arbetsplatser från Finland

Om fem år är mångt och mycket i Finland bättre än idag

Den låga andelen kvinnor på ledande poster i arbetslivet beror till stor del på att kvinnor är mindre ambitiösa än män

Finland borde kraftfullare delta i den internationella skattekonkurrensen och kännbart sänka såväl löne-, företags- som kapitalbeskattningen

Journalisterna styr opinionerna i Finland för mycket

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1 .......... 2 .......... 3 .......... 4 .......... 5Förenta staternas agerande i världspolitiken är rätt och förtjänar även finländarnas stöd

Att finländarna blivit mer missnöjda och kritiska beror inte på att vi fått det sämre ställt i Finland, utan snarare på att vi börjat ställa högre krav

Mångt och mycket i Finlands skulle ganska snabbt bli bättre om bara de rättapartierna och politikerna skulle komma till makten och kunna fatta besluta

Den ekonomiska och sociala ojämlikheten mellan befolkningsgrupperna i Finland har blivit alltför stor

Det är numera alldeles för lätt att få förtidspension i Finland

Finland borde inte öka sitt beroende av energi från Ryssland

Inför val borde de borgerliga partierna i Finland etablera ett nära samarbete enligt svensk modell

Levnadsstandarden i Finland är så hög att vi måste ha råd att bättre än idag ta hand om åldringar, sjuka, handikappade och medmänniskor som helt allmänt har det sämre ställt

Företag som eftersträvar vinst är inte lämpliga att producera offentliga tjänster

Välfärdssamhället borde utvecklas i närmare samarbete med den privata sektorn

Det väsentliga med den offentliga servicen är inte vem som producerar den, utan att den finns tillgängliga för alla

I Finland har intresseorganisationerna ett alldeles för stort inflytande på det politiska beslutsfattandet

Marknadskrafterna styr i för hög grad verksamheten i det finska samhället

Om inkomstskillnaderna tilläts växa i Finland skulle den ekonomiska aktiviteten öka kraftigt

Finland borde slopa den allmänna värnplikten och grunda en yrkesarmé

Nästanav samma

åsikt

Svårtatt

säga

Helt avsammaåsikt

Nästanav annan

åsikt

Helt avannan åsikt

(fortsätter)

Jag känner mig numera inte bara som finländare, utan allt mer också som europé

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1 .......... 2 .......... 3 .......... 4 .......... 5

Finländarnas återhållsamhet mot utlänningar är klok försiktighet, inte okunskap eller rasism

Vårt land behöver starka ledare som kan återinföra disciplin och ordning samt respekten för rätta värden i samhället

I Finland fungerar demokratin så bra att påståendena om medborgarnas dåliga påverkningsmöjligheter saknar grund

Marknadsekonomin i Finland i dag fungerar bra till alla medborgares bästa

Även om det kostar mycket att upprätthålla ett bra socialskydd och andra offentliga tjänster, är det finska välfärdssamhället alltid värt sitt pris

Även om Ryssland har sina egna problem finns det i dag ingen orsak för finländarna att förhålla sig negativt till sin stora granne

2.

Somidag

Litetmindre

Mycketmindre

Kan intesäga

Förbättra sysselsättningen/minska arbetslösheten 1 ......... 2 ......... 3 ......... 4 ......... 5 ESköta statsfinanserna, hushålla med statens pengar 1 ......... 2 ......... 3 ......... 4 ......... 5 E

Minska statsskulden 1 ......... 2 ......... 3 ......... 4 ......... 5 EPrivatisera statsbolagen, sälja aktier till placerare 1 ......... 2 ......... 3 ......... 4 ......... 5 E

Sänka skatterna 1 ......... 2 ......... 3 ......... 4 ......... 5 EEliminera fattigdomen, förhindra utslagning 1 ......... 2 ......... 3 ......... 4 ......... 5 E

Utveckla socialskyddet i allmänhet 1 ......... 2 ......... 3 ......... 4 ......... 5 EPåskynda Finlands medlemskap i NATO 1 ......... 2 ......... 3 ......... 4 ......... 5 E

Utveckla hälsovården, trygga möjligheten att få vård 1 ......... 2 ......... 3 ......... 4 ......... 5 EUtveckla utbildningen, satsa på utbildning 1 ......... 2 ......... 3 ......... 4 ......... 5 E

Miljövård 1 ......... 2 ......... 3 ......... 4 ......... 5 ELöntagarnas ställning, utveckla arbetslivet 1 ......... 2 ......... 3 ......... 4 ......... 5 E

Främja företagsamhet, stärka företagsverksamheten 1 ......... 2 ......... 3 ......... 4 ......... 5 EÖka flexibiliteten på arbetsmarknaden 1 ......... 2 ......... 3 ......... 4 ......... 5 E

Förhindra missbruk av socialskyddet 1 ......... 2 ......... 3 ......... 4 ......... 5 ELindra tillväxtcentrumens problem 1 ......... 2 ......... 3 ......... 4 ......... 5 E

Lindra landsbygdens och glesbygdernas problemen 1 ......... 2 ......... 3 ......... 4 ......... 5 EBekämpa brottslighet 1 ......... 2 ......... 3 ......... 4 ......... 5 E

Främja inflyttning av utlänningar/invandrare 1 ......... 2 ......... 3 ......... 4 ......... 5 EFrämja marknadsvillkor och konkurrens 1 ......... 2 ......... 3 ......... 4 ......... 5 E

EU-ärenden, aktivitet i utvecklandet av unionen (utvidgning m.m.) 1 ......... 2 ......... 3 ......... 4 ......... 5 EReglera och övervaka företagsverksamheten 1 ......... 2 ......... 3 ......... 4 ......... 5 E

Trygga kommunernas ekonomi och service 1 ......... 2 ......... 3 ......... 4 ......... 5 EUtvecklingssamarbete, hjälp till utvecklingsländerna 1 ......... 2 ......... 3 ......... 4 ......... 5 E

Främja jämlikheten mellan könen 1 ......... 2 ......... 3 ......... 4 ......... 5 E

Det är rätt att utländska toppförmågor som lockats till Finland betalar lägre inkomstskatt än vanliga finländare

Individens framgång avgörs i första hand av egen aktivitet och vilja, inte av samhället eller omständigheterna

Presidentens maktbefogenheter har skurits ner för mycket i Finland

En stor del av den offentliga servicen i Finland borde skötas externt av privata serviceproducenter för att serviceproduktionen skall bli effektivare

Borde betonas...

Mycketmer

Någotmer

Efter riksdagsvalet på våren bildas en ny regering i Finland. Hur anser ni att följande frågor borde betonas i nästaregerings verksamhet jämfört med de senaste årens politik i Finland?

3.

4.

LagomFör stor För litenFackföreningsrörelsen 1 .......... 2 .......... 3

Riksdagen 1 .......... 2 .......... 3Europeiska unionen, EU 1 .......... 2 .......... 3

Regeringen 1 .......... 2 .......... 3Kyrkan 1 .......... 2 .......... 3

Kommunernas beslutsfattare 1 .......... 2 .......... 3Naturvårdarna 1 .......... 2 .......... 3

De sk. marknadskrafterna 1 .......... 2 .......... 3Rättsväsendet 1 .......... 2 .......... 3

Bankerna 1 .......... 2 .......... 3Familjen 1 .......... 2 .......... 3Polisen 1 .......... 2 .......... 3

De politiska partierna 1 .......... 2 .......... 3Försvarsmakten 1 .......... 2 .......... 3

Storföretagen 1 .......... 2 .......... 3Republikens president 1 .......... 2 .......... 3

Medierna 1 .......... 2 .......... 3Arbetsgivarorganisationerna 1 .......... 2 .......... 3

Tjänstemännen 1 .......... 2 .......... 3Den enskilda medborgaren 1 .......... 2 .......... 3

Medborgarrörelserna i allmänhet 1 .......... 2 .......... 3Universiteten och högskolorna 1 .......... 2 .......... 3

Sammaåsikt

Annanåsikt

Beskattningen i Finland är överlag för sträng 1 ......... 2 ......... 3Om lönebeskattningen sänktes skulle sysselsättningen förbättras märkbart 1 ......... 2 ......... 3

Sänkta skatter skulle hota finansieringen av nödvändiga välfärdstjänster 1 ......... 2 ......... 3Den höga inkomstbeskattningen får många kompetenta personer att lämna Finland 1 ......... 2 ......... 3

Om någon med topplön lämnar Finland för att förtjäna lite mer, så låt honom åka 1 ......... 2 ......... 3Om lönebeskattningen inte sänks flyttar storbolagen sina huvudkontor utomlands 1 ......... 2 ......... 3

Beskattningen i Finland är rimlig i förhållande till socialskyddet/samhällets service 1 ......... 2 ......... 3Beskattningen drabbar olika inkomstformer (löne-, kapital-, o.a. inkomster) i stort sett rättvist 1 ......... 2 ......... 3

På olika inkomstnivå är lönebeskattningen (skatteprogressionen) numera rättvis 1 ......... 2 ......... 3Företagsbeskattningen i Finland ligger på en för hög nivå 1 ......... 2 ......... 3

Beskattningen av kapitalinkomster i Finland ligger på en för hög nivå 1 ......... 2 ......... 3Beskattningen av löner (inkl. pensioner) i Finland ligger på en för hög nivå 1 ......... 2 ......... 3

Lägre skatter skulle göra medborgarna mer arbetsbenägna och sporra till företagsamhet 1 ......... 2 ......... 3Tryggheten och servicen i det finska samhället uppväger de skatter vi betalar 1 ......... 2 ......... 3

Beskattningen utjämnar utkomstskillnaderna mellan befolkningsgrupperna alltför mycket 1 ......... 2 ......... 3Skattesmitning är vanligt i dagens Finland och den 'ekonomiska gråzonen' är utbredd 1 ......... 2 ......... 3

Skattesmitning är ett allvarligt brott, och straffen borde göras strängare 1 ......... 2 ......... 3Totalbeskattningen i Finland borde sänkas till medelnivån i EU-länderna 1 ......... 2 ......... 3

Med bättre effektivitet kunde den offentliga servicen garanteras med lägre skatter än idag 1 ......... 2 ......... 3En hög skattegrad är en del av den nordiska välfärdsmodellen och bör därför accepteras 1 ......... 2 ......... 3

Med lägre skatter skulle finländarna ha råd att själva finansiera de tjänster de nu får gratis 1 ......... 2 ......... 3Tyngdpunkten i beskattningen borde förskjutas från skatter på arbete till konsumtionsskatter 1 ......... 2 ......... 3

En skattelindring skulle ge högre skatteinkomster totalt eftersom aktiviteten skulle öka 1 ......... 2 ......... 3Skatterna skall inte sänkas om det leder till sämre socialskydd och offentlig service 1 ......... 2 ......... 3

Jag anser att min egen beskattning är orättvist hög 1 ......... 2 ......... 3Genom att betala skatt tycker jag mig gagna samhället och bära ansvar för dess utveckling 1 ......... 2 ......... 3

Det är politiskt omöjligt att i grunden förändra vårt skattesystem 1 ......... 2 ......... 3

Makten idag

Svårtatt säga

Nedan uppräknas ett antal samhällspåverkare. Bedöm var och en separat utgående från om ni anser att de idaghar för stor, lagom eller för liten makt i vårt land.

Frågan om skattenivån i Finland, behovet att sänka den liksom konsekvenserna av en skattesänkning har lett till skarpa meningsutbyten. Nedan följer ett antal skattepolitiska påståenden och reformförslag. Hur motsvarar de er personliga åsikt?

5. 6.

7.

8.

1 Mycket positivt2 Ganska positivt3 Neutralt4 Ganska negativt5 Mycket negativt6 Kan inte säga



Hur förhåller ni er idag till Finlands EU-medlemskap?

Hur förhåller ni er till att den finska marken byttes ut mot euro i början av 2002?

Hur förhåller ni er till att EU våren 2004 utvidgades till Öst- och Centraleuropa och Baltikum?

9a. 9b. 9c.

(ringa in ett alternativ i varje kolumn) Mestönsk-värd

Minstönsk-värd

Mestsanno-

likS.k. rödmylleregering (huvudpartier SDP och Cent.) 1 ........ 1 ........ 1

S.k. blåröd regering (huvudpartier SDP och Saml.) 2 ........ 2 ........ 2 S.k. borgerlig regering (huvudpartier Cent. och Saml., ingen vänster) 3 ........ 3 ........ 3

S.k. regnbågsregering (brett partispektrum från höger till vänster) 4 ........ 4 ........ 4 Kan inte säga 5 ........ 5 ........ 5

vilket

1 Cent.2 SDP3 Saml.4 Något annat parti,

5 Kan inte säga

Mer än idag

Somidag

Mindreän idag

Kan intesäga

Uppskattning av individen och uppmuntran till initiativ 1 ............ 2 ............ 3 ESocial och ekonomisk jämlikhet 1 ............ 2 ............ 3 E

Respekt för traditionella värden 1 ............ 2 ............ 3 EBeredskap för djärva reformer 1 ............ 2 ............ 3 E

Värdepluralism, tolerans, vidsynthet 1 ............ 2 ............ 3 EFri konkurrens och företagsamhet 1 ............ 2 ............ 3 E

Företagsverksamhet som staten och kommunerna äger och deltar i 1 ............ 2 ............ 3 EIndividens ansvar för sin egen välfärd 1 ............ 2 ............ 3 E

Samhällets ansvar för och omsorg om individen 1 ............ 2 ............ 3 E

Utvecklandet av samhället bygger inte bara på kunskap utan också på värderingar och olika ideologiska motiv. Hur stor tyngd anser ni att följande värderingar och principer i framtiden skall ha i samhällsutvecklingen?

Frågan om kvinnans ställning i arbetslivet och i samhället i allmänhet är ett stående tema i den offentliga diskus-sionen. Hur motsvarar följande påståenden er personliga åsikt?

Modersrollen är så krävande att den ger god beredskap för ledaruppgifter i arbetslivet 1 ......... 2 ......... 3Kvinnor fattar i allmänhet mer övervägda beslut än män 1 ......... 2 ......... 3

Kvinnorna har fört in humana värden i affärslivet och i det samhälleliga beslutsfattandet 1 ......... 2 ......... 3De kvinnliga politikerna är precis lika tuffa och kalkylerande som de manliga kollegerna 1 ......... 2 ......... 3Kvoter (t.ex. i företagsledningen) är ett effektivt sätt att främja jämlikhet mellan könen 1 ......... 2 ......... 3

Kvinnokvoter är fel metod att främja kvinnans ställning/karriär i arbetslivet 1 ......... 2 ......... 3Näringslivet har mycket att lära av hur kvinnorna har gått framåt i politiken 1 ......... 2 ......... 3

Kvinnans ställning är bättre i Finland än i EU-länderna i snitt 1 ......... 2 ......... 3Kvinnorna avancerar ofta i karriären bara för att de är kvinnor 1 ......... 2 ......... 3

En kvinna måste vara mycket bättre för att nå samma ställning som en man 1 ......... 2 ......... 3Det är fel att en kvinna inte ännu heller får samma lön för samma arbete som en man 1 ......... 2 ......... 3

Kvinnan har alltid spelat en avgörande roll i utvecklandet av det finska samhället 1 ......... 2 ......... 3

Sammaåsikt

Svårtatt säga

Annanåsikt

Diskussionen om den kommande regeringsbasen intensifieras. Vilket av följande regeringsalternativ anser ni vara mest önskvärt (bäst) och vilket minst önskvärt (sämst)? Vilket anser ni vara mest sannolikt (oberoende av egna önskemål)?

Vilket parti anser ni att statsministern i nästa regering skall företräda?

BAKGRUNDSUPPGIFTER FÖR STATISTISK BEHANDLING AV MATERIALET

Kön1 Man2 Kvinna

Ålder1 18 - 20 år2 21 - 30 år3 31 - 40 år4 41 - 50 år5 51 - 60 år6 61 - 65 år7 Över 65 år

1 Folkskola2 Mellan- eller grundskola3 Studentexamen

1 Arbetarklassen2 Den lägre medelklassen3 Medelklassen4 Den högre medelklassen5 Överklassen6 Jag anser mig inte tillhöra någon samhällsklass

1 Jord- och skogsbruk 2 Industrin eller byggnadssektorn 3 Privata servicesektorn 4 Offentliga servicesektorn 5 Jag är inte verksam i arbetslivet

1 Nej2 Ja, min centralorganisation är

a) FFCb) FTFCc) Akavad) SLC (MTK)

Här kan ni skriva vilka åsikter som helst om landets angelägenheter eller denna undersökning. Alla åsikter är välkomna och värdefulla.

KOMMENTARER?

1 Under 4 000 invånare2 4 000 - 8 000 invånare3 8 000 - 30 000 invånare4 30 000 - 80 000 invånare5 Över 80 000 invånare

1 I ledande ställning i annans tjänst 2 Högre tjänsteman 3 Lägre tjänsteman 4 Arbetare 5 Företagare eller privat yrkesutövare 6 Lantbruksföretagare 7 Studerande 8 Pensionär 9 Hemmamamma/hemmapappa10 Arbetslös11 Annan

Hemkommunens storlek

1 Centrum av stad, stadskärna2 Förort, förortsområde3 Tätort på landsbygden, bosättningscentrum4 Glesbygdsområde på landsbygden

TACK FÖR SAMARBETET!

1 Ingen yrkesutbildning2 Yrkeskurs, annan kort yrkesskolning 3 Yrkesskola, handelsskola eller motsvarande4 Institutexamen, yrkeshögskoleexamen5 Universitets- eller vetenskapshögskoleexamen

Skicka in frågeformuläret i det bifogade svarskuvertet.

1 Nyland 2 Östra Nyland 3 Egentliga Finland 4 Satakunta 5 Tavastland 6 Birkaland 7 Päijännetavastland 8 Kymmenedalen 9 Södra Karelen 10 Södra Savolax 11 Norra Savolax 12 Norra Karelen 13 Mellersta Finland 14 Södra Österbotten 15 Vasa kustregion 16 Mellersta Österbotten 17 Norra Österbotten 18 Kajanaland 19 Lappland

1 Centern 2 Socialdemokraterna 3 Samlingspartiet 4 Vänsterförbundet 5 De gröna 6 Svenska folkpartiet 7 Kristdemokraterna 8 Sannfinländarna 9 Något annat 10 Jag skulle inte rösta alls 11 Jag vet inte 12 Jag vill inte svara

I vilket slag av område bor ni?

Hurudan grundutbildning har ni?

Hurudan yrkesutbildning har ni?

Inom vilken sektor arbetar ni?

I vilket landskap bor ni? Yrkesgrupp ni anser er närmast tillhöra

Hör ni till någon facklig centralorganisation?

Om det hölls riksdagsval nu, vilket partis kandidatskulle ni rösta på?

Vilken samhällsklass anser ni er närmast tillhöra?

Documents

FSD2292 EVA Survey on Finnish Values and Attitudes 2006 · EVA Survey on Finnish Values and Attitudes 2006 [codebook]. Finnish Social Science Data Archive [producer and distributor],