FS BiH OldTown Ljubuski APP

OLD TOWN Ljubuski

Bosnia and Herzegovina

INTEGRATED REHABILITATION PROJECT PLAN / SURVEY OF THE ARCHITECTURAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGE

(IRPP/SAAH)

Regional Programmefor Cultural and Natural Heritage

in South East Europe2003 - 2008

FEASIBILITY STUDY

Document adopted by theCommission to Preserve National Monuments, Sarajevo,

on 28 November 2007

OLD TOWN Ljubuski

Bosnia and Herzegovina

FOREWORD

In the framework of the European Commission/Council of Europe Joint Programme on the Integrated Rehabilitation Project Plan /Survey of the Architectural and Archaeological Heritage (IRPP/SAAH), the present Feasibility Study (FS) was prepared by the following local expert: Jasna Burnazović, Architect, headed by Mirela Mulalić Handan, Project Co-ordinator, in co-operation with the Project Leader Dr John Bold and expert Mr David Johnson.

The Feasibility Study (FS) was adopted on 28 November 2007by the Commission to Preserve National Monuments (Bosnia and Herzegovina).

Feasibility Study – IRPP/SAAH_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________Old Town – Ljubuski – Bosnia and Herzegovina 28 November 2007

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Introductory page

Site map Old TownLjubuski

Name of the Project: Rehabilitation of Old Town Ljubuski.Location: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Federation of Bosnia and

Herzegovina, Ljubuski Municipality.Management: Commission to Preserve National Monuments,

Bosnia and Herzegovina.Objectives: to prevent further dilapidation, which could lead to the

collapse of all or part of the structures- preservation of endangered cultural memory; preservation of Bosnian identity;- contribution to the enhancement of the cultural life and tourism in the region;- raising awareness of the importance of the heritage of Bosnia and Herzegovina- capacity building.

Target groups: - citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina (4 000 000);- inhabitants of the town (28 340);-young professionals, local and external experts (30).

Results: - monument of national importance is repaired;- local development is enhanced.

Overall cost (€): 777 750Project cost (€): 777 750Contribution required forthe Feasibility Study – 1 (€): 670 750

The Old Town Ljubuski is one of the most important fortifications in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The structure, built in the mid 15th century, with a surrounding wall of 1472-1565, is exceptionally well conceived but is now in a ruinous condition. The proposal is to conserve and consolidate the existing dilapidated structures – the towers, walls, mid 16th century mosque and associated tombstones-- and to restore the housing for the use of the private owners and potentially for tourists. Following revitalisation, this historically and architecturally rich ensemble could become an important destination for sustainable tourism, situated as it is in an area rich in possibilities for eco-tourism.



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CONTENTS

I MANAGEMENT OF THE PROJECT

1. Identity2. Bank details3. Structure of the Commission4. Main activities of the Commission 5. List of the management board 6. Applicability of the project to the EU standards and norms7. Capacity to manage and implement actions - Experience of similar actions in 20068. Other bodies in a position to contribute to the project implementation and the decisions of the Commission

II CONTEXT OF THE PROJECT

1. Objectives 2. Regional/local socio-economic context3. Sectorial context4. Statutory protection

III PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

1. Location 2. Executive Summary3. Summary description of the building/site4. Summary historic development of the building/site5. Significance6. Vulnerability7. Level of risk - Extent of damage8. Conservation philosophy9. Level of interventions10. Priorities for intervention11. Detailed description of the work 12. Description of the social effects13. Implementation of the work

IV COST ANALYSIS

1. Estimated costs2. Expected sources of funding 3. Cost benefit analysis of the project

V DOCUMENTARY SOURCES



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I MANAGEMENT OF THE PROJECT

1. Identity

Full legal name (business name):

Commission to Preserve National Monuments of BIH

Abbreviation - hereinafter: The CommissionLegal status State institution (non profit institution)

VAT registration number: 01079962Official address Obala Kulina Bana 1

Postal address 71000 SARAJEVOContact person Mirela Mulalić HandanTelephone number + 387 33 276 760Fax number + 387 33 276 768E-mail [email protected] site www.aneks8komisija.com.ba

2. Bank details

Account nameAccount number EUR 935 9621 0000Sort codeIBAN code (optional) SWIFT CODE:CBBSBA22Bank name CENTRALNA BANKA BIHAddress of bank Marsala Tita 25, 71000 Sarajevo tel. +387 33 278100Name of signatory/ies Mirela Mulalić HandanPosition of signatory/ies Executive Officer of the Commission to Preserve National

Monuments

3. Structure of the Commission

The Commission to Preserve National Monuments is an institution of the State of Bosnia and Herzegovina established pursuant to Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Decision of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina on the Commission to Preserve National Monuments (Official Gazette of BiH Nos. 1/02 and 10/02).

The Commission is headquartered in Sarajevo, Obala Kulina bana 1 (the Labour Union building).

The work of the Commission is financed from the budget of the institutions of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

4. Main activities of the Commission

Jurisdiction of the Commission

Pursuant to its authority as stipulated by Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in BiH, the Commission issues decisions designating movable and immovable property as National Monuments, applying the Criteria on the Designation of National Monuments (Official Gazette of BiH No. 33/02).



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The procedure for designating a given property as a National Monument is initiated by a petition or motion, which may be filed by any interested natural or legal person. The Commission has drawn up standard petition forms by property type and has lodged them with all the municipalities of BiH, the institutions dealing with the protection of the cultural and historical heritage, religious communities and other institutions.

The Commission also issues decisions on designation as a National Monument in the absence of specific application for each of the individual properties on the Provisional List of National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Official Gazette of BiH No. 33/02).

The Commission's decisions are final, and are enforced pursuant to the Law on the Enforcement of Decisions of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments (Official Gazette of FBiH Nos. 2/02 and 27/02, and Official Gazette of RS No. 9/02), which accords National Monuments the highest degree of protection.

Responsibility for the enforcement of the Commission's decisions lies with the Entity governments and the ministries responsible for regional planning. In addition to issuing decisions designating National Monuments, the Commission monitors and considers the state of affairs and activities relating to National Monuments endangered by illegal construction, inexpert reconstruction, and lack of maintenance or other forms of destruction. In specific cases, the Commission notifies the relevant Entity or other authorities (governments, the appropriate ministries, institutes for the protection of monuments, municipal authorities, etc.) that a monument is endangered, and proposes measures for its protection in accordance with the law, including filing criminal charges with the relevant authorities pursuant to the provisions of the Criminal Proceedings Law.

The Law on the Implementation of Decisions of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments lays down the responsibilities of, and relationships between, the departments, organisatons or institutes responsible for heritage management.

Everyone, in particular the competent authorities of the Entities, cantons, and urban and municipal authorities, must refrain from any action that might endanger the national monument or jeopardise its protection and reconstruction.

Entity ministries are responsible for spatial planning issue permits for the protection, display and reconstruction of national monuments. The institutions responsible for the protection of the heritage provide expertise on reconstruction projects and expert supervision of reconstruction work.

The Entity governments, regional planning ministry, heritage protection institutes and municipal authorities in charge of urban planning and land registry matters, are notified of the Commission’s decisions in order to carry out the measures stipulated, and the competent municipal court is notified for the purposes of registration in the Land Register.

Pursuant to the Decision of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Commission is also authorised to perform activities of international co-operation in the field of cultural-historical heritage protection.

5. List of the management board

Members of the Commission

Pursuant to Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in BiH and the Decision on the Commission, at its 119th session (21 December 2001), the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina issued a decision appointing the following persons as members of the Commission: Prof Dr.Zeynep Ahunbay (architecture expert); Amra Hadžimuhamedović (MSc architecture); Prof Dr Dubravko Lovrenović(historian); Prof Dr Ljiljana Ševo (art historian) and Tina Wik (architect).



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Internal organisation of the Commission

The professional and administrative affairs of the Commission are performed by the Commission's Secretariat, which is staffed by qualified personnel in the fields of archaeological heritage, architectural heritage, townscape heritage and cultural landscapes, movable heritage items, legal affairs, financial affairs and technical co-ordination, respectively. The work of the Secretariat is managed and organised by an executive official. All posts are filled by selection from applicants responding to a public advertisement.

6. Applicability of the project to the EU standards and norms

Integrated Rehabilitation Project Plan/Survey of the Architectural and Archaeological Heritage (IRPP/SAAH)

The Council of Europe, working in association with the European Commission, has drawn up a Regional Cultural and Natural Heritage Programme for South-Eastern Europe. The Integrated Rehabilitation Project Plan / Survey of the Architectural and Archaeological Heritage (IRPP/SAAH) is one of three components of the Regional Programme. Work began on the project in 2003. The Regional Programme includes Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Kosovo/UNMIK, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia and “the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia”. The Regional Cultural and Natural Heritage Programme is regarded as contributing to the stability, peace-keeping and development of democratic society in the South-Eastern European countries. The adoption and application of the results of the Regional Cultural and Natural Heritage Programme brings the countries of South-Eastern Europe closer to membership of the European Union.

Bosnia and Herzegovina is represented by the Commission to Preserve National Monuments, which co-ordinates and manages the activities involved in implementing the programme. The Council of Europe has appointed Commission member, Amra Hadžimuhamedović, as Programme Co-ordinator for Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Mirela Mulalić Handan, the Commission's Executive Officer, as Project Co-ordinator for this project.

The aim of the Integrated Rehabilitation Project Plan is to bring heritage protection and conservation in the countries concerned closer to the norms and standards applicable in European Union countries. The European Cultural Convention makes recommendations for the development of mechanisms for cultural co-operation and respect for cultural diversity, on which this project is based. The provision of adequate mechanisms for cultural heritage protection in the countries of South-Eastern Europe is also a contribution to the preservation of the European heritage and identity.

The Integrated Rehabilitation Project Plan consists of four stages: 1) national assessment of the state of the architectural and archaeological heritage; 2) Prioritised Intervention List; 3) Preliminary Technical Assessments, and 4) Feasibility Studies.

On the basis of its operations to date, documentation and inventory of the heritage of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Commission to Preserve National Monuments has drawn up an Assessment of the state of the architectural and archaeological heritage and a Prioritised Intervention List, with the technical co-operation and professional assistance of Council of Europe experts. In the course of these activities, the preliminary stages were submitted to the ministries responsible for regional planning and culture in the Entities and Brčko District and the heritage protection institutions for completion and data collation.

The assessment offers a brief overview of the state of the heritage in BiH from the point of view of physical and legal protection, management, education, the extent of heritage documentation and the institutional framework for protection.



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1. The Prioritised Intervention List (PIL) for BiH includes 19 national monuments, among which are historic buildings, groups of buildings and sites, which are regarded as properties of particular importance to European heritage, and as priorities requiring urgent protection measures.

The Old Town of Ljubuski is included on the PIL.

The Commission used the following criteria for national monuments to be included on the PIL:- the monument is a rare or unique example of a certain type or style; - the monument is of outstanding value;- the monument is of major importance for the reconstruction of civic trust and the implementation of the peace accord in Bosnia and Herzegovina; - threats caused by human or natural factors mean that the monument is at risk of losing its most important features or of being lost altogether.

2. Preliminary Technical Assessments (PTAs) have been carried out for all national monuments on the PIL by local experts from the Commission and other institutions in charge of heritage protection and in co-operation with Council of Europe experts.

3. Feasibility Studies (FS) for the properties on the Prioritised Intervention List should facilitate foreign investment and research opportunities for the development of private-public sector partnerships.

The Council of Europe has published the results of the completed stages of the project for each of the participating countries – Integrated Rehabilitation Project Plan / Survey of the Architectural and Archaeological Heritage; Preliminary Technical Assessment for each Monument on the PIL and Feasibility Study for selected monuments from the PIL.

The Presidency of BiH adopted the results to date of the Integrated Rehabilitation Project Plan. It recommended that the Council of Ministers of BiH provide the conditions for integrating the Project into sustainable development strategies and programmes, and adopt a budget for the implementation of the Project.

7. Capacity to manage and implement actions

Experience of similar actions in 2006.

Project 1: Aladža Mosque, Foča – Phase I: Preservation of Fragments. Excavation, selection, recording, inventorying and conserving of fragments.Partner: United States of America; (Gerald McLoughlin, Public Affairs Officer, U.S. Embassy in Sarajevo).Grant: $24 100.Duration: 2006.

Project 2: Mehmed Pasha Kukavica Mosque, Foča – Phase I of preliminary and research works. Putting a temporary fence around the building yard of the architectural ensemble, cleaning fragments of the mosque, construction of a wooden cover, a temporary wooden construction to protect the wall remains of the mosque in situ. Partner: United States of America; (Gerald McLoughlin, Public Affairs Officer, U.S. Embassy in Sarajevo).Grant: $24 700.Duration: 2006.

Project 3: St. Nicholas Church, Trijebanj, Stolac. Protecting the remains of the architectural ensemble from further deterioration. Preliminary and research works on rehabilitation: cleaning the site of rubbish and litter, putting a temporary fence around building yard, cleaning, recording and preservation of fragments, construction of wooden cover, temporary wooden construction to protect the wall remains in situ.



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Partner: United States of America; (Gerald McLoughlin, Public Affairs Officer, U.S. Embassy in Sarajevo).Grant: $25 000.Duration: 2006/2007.

Project 4: Ferhadija Mosque, Banja Luka – Preliminary and research works for reconstruction: excavation, cleaning and recording of fragments, evaluation and structural analyses of fragments and revision of existing project.Partner: United States of America; (Gerald McLoughlin, Public Affairs Officer, U.S. Embassy in Sarajevo).Grant: $100 000.Duration: 2006/2007.

Project 5: Monastery church, Vozuca, Zavidovici – Drawing up project and carrying out conservation and reconstruction works.Partner 1: German Government.Grant 1: €37 210 (50% of total).Partner 2: Ministry of Culture, Federation BiH.Grant 2: €50 000 .Duration: 2006/2007.

Project 6: Programme for the on-going protection, presentation and integration of the cultural, historical and natural heritage into the tourism sector of the region of Herzegovina.Activities: production and erection of notice boards; clearing 17 overgrown national monuments; installation of benches and rubbish bins at 35 national monuments; identification of the cultural, historical and natural heritage; reconnaissance; organisation and holding of an international workshop; production of programme; production of publications and video records.Partner: European Commission.Grant: €223 804 Duration: 2006/2007.

8. Other bodies in a position to contribute to the project implementation and the decisions of the Commission are:

- Government of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Entity level institution).The Government is responsible for ensuring the legal, scientific, technical, administrative and financial measures necessary to protect, conserve, display, rehabilitate and maintain the National Monument. The goverment has already provided funds for the preparatory works including: - research works, assessment of the condition of materials and structures; - preliminary archaeological researches;- development of repair, conservation and restoration projects.

Federal Ministry responsible for regional planning.The ministry is responsible for the implementation of legislative protection measures.

Institute for the Protection of Monuments of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Entity level institution).The institute is responsible for the expert supervision, building and craft works on the National Monument as it is proclaimed by the Decision of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments.

Faculty of Architecture in SarajevoThe Faculty will co-operate with the Commission on training of final years of students on importance of the heritage, types of building materials, building methods, the methods used when conducting a technical survey of the property and conservation methods.



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Municipality, Ljubuski.Ensures that the decision designating the Old Town Ljubuski as a national monument of BiH has been fully implemented in line with the Commission's decision.The municipality has expressed interest in investing in the repair and modernisation of the access road.

Private owners of the housing facilitiesThe housing facilities are the legal property of several persons (as a result of an inheritance process). The owners are interested in the revitalisation of the facilities but are financially incapable of investing in it..

Technical Management of the projectFor execution of the stages of the works, the Commission will call for tenders in accordance with the Law for Public Procurements that defines categories and procedures in line with EU standards and norms.

II CONTEXT OF THE PROJECT

1. Objectives

The justification for the conservation and restoration of the Old Town Ljubuski is:- to prevent further dilapidation which could lead to the collapse of all or part of the structures- awareness-raising among the townspeople of the importance of the cultural heritage and identity- the future use of the monument for cultural purposes would enhance the cultural life and improve tourism in the town.

2. Regional/local socio-economic context

To revive economic potential and economic systems in the Ljubuški region, tourism should be seen as an important source of income for inhabitants of Ljubuški and for business entrepreneurs and the municipality as far as the activation of certain capacities is concerned.

According to the data and results of the survey, income from tourism (presented in Bosnian-Herzegovina statistics only as an income from catering, but pertaining to room and board) has multiplication effects in the amount of 1.20 to 1.64 depending on the quality and scope of the accompanying contents. In any case, visits to certain locations cause chain reactions of spending and income generation at the location, and the amounts depend primarily on the originality and quality of the goods or services on offer.

The existing potential of the municipality implies the possibility of developing a tourist offer intended for various market segments:

• Cultural and historical heritage. Tourist offers can be expanded for the rich cultural and historical heritage of the town and its surroundings. Five goods have been listed on the Provision List of National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina: the Old Town of Ljubuški; the Franciscan Church and Monastery at Humac, Gornji Studenci - Necropolis with stećak tombstones Mramorje; the Catholic church in Veljaci; the Parish church of St. Pasqualo in Vitina. The Commission received petitions for six properties from the area of Ljubuški municipality: the Sinan-paša mosque (Žabljačka mosque); the Gožuljska mosque, mosque in Pobrišće, Vitina mosque; mosque in Gradska and the ancient military camp in Gračine in Humac. The Commission adopted the decisions to designate the Old town of Ljubuški and the ancient military camp in Gračine in Humac as national monuments.

• Geographical location. The geographical location of Ljubuški made it readily accessible from other, important regional tourist destinations – Dubrovnik (130 km), Split (120 km), Makarska (55 km) as well as Mostar (36 km) and Neum (50 km).

• Natural potential of the area. Along with the well-known rugged Hercegovenian relief, Ljubuski has many luscious fields; Ljubusko, Veljacko, Rastok, and Beris which are all



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watered by the river with three names, Tihaljina-Mlade-Trebizat, where two beautiful waterfalls lie, Kravice and Kocusa, and many swimming spots. The spring of the river Vrioštica in Vitina, the small park and an artificial lake is a well arranged and well visited weekend resort.

The natural potential of the area facilitates the development of other forms of tourism, primarily relating to preserved natural environments. Various activities related to eco-tourism, outdoor activities, tours of unspoiled nature environments, study of endemic plant life as well as fishing and rafting could be offered.

Additional activities that could be organised during the height of the tourist season in relation to the history of the town. Various performances, meetings, catering events would enliven the monument and its surrounding.

The basis for these activities should be a network of all potentially interested participants (bearers of tourism offers) including the owners of private houses or summer houses that could provide tourist accommodation in natural conditions and contribute to the activities unrelated to urban life. Namely, this would be a type of tourism whose significance and number of customers have increased considerably in the past few years.

The reconstruction of the Old Town would act as a spur to sustainable development programmes and strategies encouraging cultural and eco-tourism, as well as saving a monument of national significance.

3. Sectorial context

There are about 200 late mediaeval fortresses (dating from the 14th and 15th centuries) in Bosnia and Herzegovina; during the Ottoman period (16th to 19th century) they were altered to artillery fortifications and some of them were used to build Austro-Hungarian barracks (late 19th and early 20th century). The only one of them to have been fully researched is the royal court of Bobovac, dating from the 14th and 15th century. Archaeological investigations for the purposes of protection ahead of conservation and restoration works have been carried out on a few fortresses. The great majority of these fortresses remain uninvestigated and are in a ruinous state.

During the 1992-95 war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, many archaeological sites including mediaeval fortresses, being in favourable strategic positions, were used by the various armies as observation posts or checkpoints or for the purposes of defence or attack. To this day, major damage can be seen on many of these fortresses, in the shape of gaps in the ramparts, heaps of fallen stone lying around, trenches dug during the war, and various alterations to the remains of buildings within the fortifications.

Heritage management’s main strength lies in the institutional legislative framework for heritage protection, at state level. The Dayton Peace Agreement defines, in separate annexes, the obligations at the different administrative levels (state level: the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina; and the Entity levels: the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republika Srpska and the District of Brčko). Annex 8 relates to the heritage and the importance of its reconstruction for the implementation of a stable peace. This is one of the annexes that establishes refugees’ right to return and lays down conditions to ensure security in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The Commission to Preserve National Monuments is an institution of the state of Bosnia and Herzegovina, set up in accordance with Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Decision of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina on the Commission to Preserve National Monuments (BiH Official Gazette Nos. 1/02 and 10/02). The Commission’s decisions are final and are enforced in accordance with the Law on the Enforcement of Decisions of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments, which has been adopted by the Entities (Republika Srpska, the Federation of



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Bosnia and Herzegovina and the District of Brčko and the local and regional authoritiesdefined in an annex) and provides national monuments with the highest degree of protection.

4. Statutory protection

The Commission to Preserve National Monuments adopted a decision to designate the site and remains of the architectural ensemble of the Old Town Ljubuski in Ljubuski as a National Monument. (October 2003). To ensure the ongoing protection of the National Monument, the following measures are hereby stipulated:

Protection Zone I comprises the area specified in Clause 1 paragraph 2 of this Decision. In this Zone the following measures shall apply:• only works of research, conservation and restoration works, including those intended to

display the monument, shall be permitted, with the approval of the Federal Ministry responsible for regional planning and under the expert supervision of the heritage protection authority of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina,

• all construction, felling of timber, or works that could have the effect of altering the site are prohibited, as are the erection of temporary facilities or permanent structures not intended solely for the protection and presentation of the National Monument,

• all damage to the ruins and the removal of cut stone are prohibited• the dumping of all kinds of waste is prohibitedThe site of the monument shall be open and accessible to the public The site may be used for educational and cultural purposes.The enforcement of the following measures in particular is required:

Old fort of Ljubuški:• clearing the walls of vegetation posing a threat to the structure of the monument• conservation of the existing state of the ramparts and towers of the old fort• structural repairs and consolidation of damaged walls, merlons of the towers and

ramparts• all fallen stone fragments of the walls shall be registered, photographed and restored to

their original positions• fragments that are too badly damaged to be reintegrated shall be displayed in an

appropriate manner within the architectural ensemble.

Mosque and burial ground:• clear the interior of the mosque building• conservation of the existing condition of the walls• repair the nišan tombstones in the burial ground

Protection Zone II comprises the surrounding plots Nos. 2670, 2671, 2639 to a distance of 100 metres from Protection Zone I. In this zone the following measures shall apply:• the renovation of residential buildings that existed prior to 1992 and the construction of

new ones shall be permitted, subject to observing the limits of two storeys (6.5 metres to the roof cornice), maximum horizontal dimensions of 12 x 10 metres, and a roof pitch of 40 degrees;

• all works of any kind detrimental to the natural environment or the architectural ensemble, the removal of the ruins of stone buildings, the dumping of waste, and the erection of temporary or permanent structures that block the view of the National Monument are prohibited.



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II PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

1. Location

Administrative location: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Ljubuski Municipality.

Description of location: The Ljubuški fort stands on a prominent hilltop of the karst chain of hills of Buturovice, in the eastern part of the Ljubuški plain. The fort was built on a solid karst site at an altitude of 396 metres.

Cadastral reference/land unit: The architectural ensemble of the Old Town was erected on Cadastral Plots: 2461-2659, 2668, 2669; Protection zone: 2670, 2671, 2639.

Map referenceLjubuski, Ljubuski municipality, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Europe.Latitude 43° 19' 69NLongitude 17° 54' 50E

2. Executive Summary

The Old Town of Ljubuski is an important fortification from mediaeval times, which developed with suburbium during the Ottoman rule. Bosnia and Herzegovina possess about 200 mediaeval forts. According to the preliminary categorisation, Ljubuski belongs among the 22 forts of category I.

The fort consists of two parts. The first fortifications date from the time of the mediaeval Bosnian state – according to historical sources, from the mid 15th century. These were erected on the highest and most prominent elevation. During the Ottoman period it was surrounded by walls all round. The entire defence system and spatial arrangement of the fortress is extremely well conceived. The Old Town of Ljubuški, has not undergone any significant architectural alteration. It is an important fortification with preserved morphological and defence details. Today, the fort is in a ruinous state.

The Commission to Protect National Monuments designated the architectural ensemble of the Old Town Ljubuski as the national monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina at its 15th session (in October 2003).

3. Summary description of the building/site

(Numbers in brackets refer to the Plan of the Old Town)

The fort consists of two parts. The first fortifications date from the time of the mediaeval Bosnian state – according to historical sources, from the mid 15th century. These were erected on the highest and most prominent elevation. During the Ottoman period it was surrounded by walls all round. The entire defence system and spatial arrangement of the fortress is extremely well conceived.

Within the walls the remains of various structures can be seen: guard rooms, barns or granaries, a bakery, a powder magazine, and four cisterns, of which three are still recognisable on the ground (Kapidžić-Kreševljaković, 1954, 13).

The mediaeval fort consists of a massive projecting tower known as the Herceguša (1) and the bailey outside the tower (2). The Herceguša tower, which dominates the fort, is rectangular inform, with internal dimensions of 5.2 x 2.1 metres and external of 9.7 x 5 metres. The walls are thick – 4.5 metres to the north, the side facing the access to the fort, and 2 metres to the side, east and west walls. The tower was formerly topped by embrasures which no longer



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exist (Kapidžić-Kreševljaković plan, 1954, 13). The north wall of the tower has survived to the roof cornice, to a height of about 15 metres. The side walls are in a fairly ruinous state, and the southern longitudinal wall was destroyed by earthquake in the 1960s. Alongside the eastern half of the south wall of the tower are steps linking it to the east wall of the bailey. The steps that led to the tower are buried under the mass of masonry that fell from the south wall of the tower during the earthquake. On the three free sides around the tower is a large, deep layer, about 3 metres, of fallen matter. To the south of the tower is a bailey measuring 20 x 10.15 metres. The entrance to the bailey, which is 1.3 metres wide, is in the south wall, which is partly ruinous (3). The long walls of the bailey are 1.6 to 2 metres thick, and have survived in parts to a height of from 6 to 10 metres on the outside and 3 to 4 metres on the inside.

The strongest wall of the Herceguša tower faces the north-west, where access to the fort was easiest (and where later, in the 15th-16th century, the entrance to the fort was built), and from where the area was defended.

The settlement associated with the mediaeval fort probably developed on the Crkvica terrace beneath the southern part of the fort. Later a town developed in the valley to the west of the fort.

The Ottoman part of the fort was built around the mediaeval fortress, which now became the centre of a major fortress, like an acropolis, surrounded on all sides by walls. The perimeter walls were built between 1472 and 1565. The final form of the fortifications is an irregular polygon, extending north-south for a length of about 93 metres. The average width of the fortifications east-west is about 49.5 metres, and the total area of the fort is some 3,350 square metres.

The fort consists of several parts. In the northern part is the entrance area and the large lower bailey with a bastion. To the south is the upper bailey, surrounded by a wall. Between them is the complex of the mediaeval fort, protected by one of the partition walls, and separating this complex to the east from the lower bailey. The central defense point of the fort remained this central part, since to the south-east of this two massive east-facing towers were built, also dominating the fort (4,5). The western perimeter rampart extends for the most part by a gentle line on inaccessible karsts terrain, except in the extreme northern area around the entrance.

The fortress walls have survived in some places to a height of from 4 to 12 metres. All the perimeter walls had embrasures, of which many have survived.

The fort was entered from the north-west. There was some kind of system of walls outside the entrance, which no longer exists, but is marked on the architectural plans made some time in the 1960s (6). Part of the access to the fort was cobbled, probably within a system of barbicans outside the entrance. The fort is now entered from the exterior through the former inner entrance (7). From the exterior, the entrance is a standard rectangular opening, but on the inside it is arched. In the area by the entrance, inside the north-western part, are two defense towers (8,9) and a cistern with internal dimensions of 5.1 x 3.7 metres (10). The entrance to the central western part of the fort was alongside this cistern (11). There were some premises alongside the partition wall, but it is hard now to ascertain what they were used for.

The north-eastern part of the fort is taken up by a large bailey (15) with a bastion (16). There were walkways (17,18) in the central area between the mediaeval part of the fort and the northern and southern baileys.

The southern, upper bailey is built on the rock. Its north-eastern part (19/1) with two massive towers (4,5) forms part of the eastern defense zone system. Since the entire eastern side is more accessible than the western karsts side, much more attention was paid to it when the defense system was built. The rectangular tower (4) has a small interior space with thick walls, 1.9 to 2.7 metres. The round tower (5) has a diameter of 3.7 metres, with a thick exterior wall underpinned on the outside by a strong earthwork. Beneath this tower, in the south-eastern part of the bailey, is a building the purpose of which is not known (20). There were two cisterns here beside each other, of which the larger, measuring 2.7 x 1.9 metres



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(21), is still recognisable. The southern end part of the bailey is a simple rectangular space with reinforced walls in the southern half from the inside (19/2).

About 250 metres north-west of the entrance to the fort, on plot 2669, are the ruins of the mosque that was probably built by Nesuhaga Vučjaković in the mid 16th century. The mosque has a rectangular ground plan, with the longer sides measuring 7 metres, and walls surviving to a height of about 4.5 metres. The exterior face of the walls is revetted with well cut blocks,carefully laid in horizontal courses. Three walls have survived to roof level, but the north-west wall has collapsed. This was probably where the original entrance to the mosque was (opposite the mihrab). Outside the entrance was a portico measuring 3 metres, on a stone platform surrounded by a dry stone wall. The minaret, which has collapsed completely, was at the corner of the south-west and north-west walls. The remains of the stone from the minaret are scattered around the mosque. Its size is not known.

One entrance to the mosque is in the southern half of the north-eastern wall. To the north of this, on the upper level, is an arched window. The mihrab, in the form of a simple rectangular level surface about 2 metres high and 1.5 metres wide, framed with a simple moulded frame, is in the centre of the south-eastern wall. It was faced with thin slabs, finely worked and laid in rows. To the north of this, at the upper level, was an arched window. To the south of the mihrab, at the lower level, another aperture has been made through which one may enter the mosque.There are two windows in the centre of the south-west wall, one above the other, with traces of arches.Somewhat closer to the northern ramparts of the old fort, on the same plot, are the faint remains of a burial ground, consisting of a few tilted, broken or sprawling nišan tombstones.

4. Summary historic development of the building/site

- The earliest reference to the site in historical documents dates from 1444 with reference to the settlement around the Ljubuški and the local church there, though it does not say to whom the church was dedicated. In 1444 Gojislav Orlović, known as Petanović, bequeathed part of his money for the church in Ljubuški. That same year Radojko Dobrovoević gave six hyperpers (solidus) to the church in Ljubuški for a mass of St George (Kovačević-Kojić 1978, 115; Tošić, 1987, 31, n. 177, 249, n. 125).

- In the 15th century salt was set aside by the Drijeva customs for the use of the Franciscans of Ljubuški and elsewhere (Tošić, 1987, 197, 204, n.50).

- In 1452, appears the first reference to the old fort of Ljubuški in connection with battles between Duke Stjepan and his sons Princes Vladislav and Vlatko. The construction of the fort is linked with Duke Stjepan Vukčić Kosača. That same year Prince Vladislav went over to the Republic of Dubrovnik in the war against his father. Duke Stjepan took refuge in the fortress in Ljubuški. Vladislav tried to seize the fort of Ljubuški from his father, but failed to take it. That same year, too, King Tomaš was active in the Ljubuški region. Vlatko Hercegović held it until 1463 (Ćirković, 1964, 176, 182).

- In 1454, it is referred to in a charter of King Alfonzo V of Aragon as civitas Lublano. It is curious that it is not mentioned in the charters of 1444 and 1448, given that these three charters give an inventory of properties within the Duke’s territory; the assumption therefore is that it was built at around this time, although it is not impossible that it dates from 1452 or earlier (Dinić, 1978, 248; Vego 1957, 71).

- In 1463, Ljubuški was taken for the first time by the Ottomans, who held it for only a month (June-July), having to withdraw because of shortages of supplies for the troops. As a result, Prince Vlatko rapidly regained control of the fort.

- Between 1468 and 1477, the Ottomans finally conquered Ljubuški. By 1477, it was already a frontier fortress with a strong garrison. Some members of the garrison held the villages that the Drina qadi had previously held, including the village of Ljubuški, which must have been the settlement dating from the mediaeval period.

- In 1477, the fort of Ljubuški is referred to in the defter of the Herzegovina sancak for 1475-1477. According to this inventory, the nahiye of Ljubuški belonged to the Drina kadılık at that time (Tošić, 1987, 178; Šabanović, 1982, 46, 160).

- In 1503, Ljubuški is mentioned in a treaty between Turkey and Hungary as one of the frontier forts that was to remain under Ottoman rule (Pašalić, 1982, 93).



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- In the vakufnama (deed of endowment) of Nesuhaga Vučjaković, drawn up in February 1565, the fort is referred to as a k'ala (Ar. qal’a, fortress). Nesuhaga built a mosque within the fort.

- In 1633, Ljubuški is referred to as an independent kadılık. Previously it had belonged to the territory of the Ljubuški kadılık of Gabela. From 1717, when the Ottomans lost part of the territory of the Imota kadılık, the kadılık of Imotska Bekija was formed from the remainder, with Ljubuški as its seat.

- In the 18th century there was a Ljubuški nahiye in the kadılık of the same name, and a captaincy of the same name was also established.

- In 1767, craftsmen from Mostar carried out repairs to the fortress.- The fortress was abandoned in 1835 (Kapidžić-Kreševljaković, 1954, 13).

5. Significance

Fortifications were intensively built during the independent Bosnian state, particularly in the 14th and 15th centuries. The Old Town of Ljubuški is a developed form of the mediaeval old town, which further developed with a suburbium during the Ottoman rule. It is an important fortification with preserved morphological and defence details.

6. Vulnerability

This important fortification has resisted the passage of time. After being deserted as a military structure, it was left to dilapidate slowly. The structure was significantly damaged in the earthquakes of 1960 and 1970, after which a pile of formless construction material was left.

The monument has undergone neither archaeological, nor architectural treatment. Large parts of the fortification walls have been destroyed by earthquake. Large wall blocks are located within the fort complex. Large amounts of fallen material are scattered around the location.

7. Level of risk

The structure is now in a ruinous condition. In the event of any further ground movement, some part of the northern wall may collapse. Access by visitors is at their own risk.

8. Conservation philosophy

The basic philosophy is to conduct archaeological research, conserve the existing structures, restore the housing facilities in its suburbium and put them into operation.

9. Level of interventions

Structural repair of some parts, conservation and restoration of ramparts and towers, and restoration and revitalisation of housing facilities are needed.

Full reconstruction of the complex is neither possible, nor permissible. Only research, conservation, restoration and revitalisation of levels are acceptable.

10. Priorities for intervention

The priorities for intervention are as follows:• Archaeological research

• Repair works



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• Preparation of conservation projects

• Conservation, restoration and revitalisation works.

11. Detailed description of the work

Stage 1 comprises research works, assessment of the condition of materials and structures.

Detailed survey of the current condition consisting of:

• Geodetic survey of the old town complex and its suburbium.• Producing orthophotographic records of all available façades of the structure and parts of

the fortification.• Architectural survey of the structure in the suburbium and available parts of the fortification• Research of the materials of the fortification and facilities (stone, mortars, etc.) and

locating a local quarry for the stone supply.

Implementation funded by the Government of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Stage 2 comprises urgent interventions on the complex

• Clearing vegetation in and around the structures.• Repair of the southern wall of the fortification, which has major cracks.

Stage 3 comprises preliminary archaeological researches

• Producing the programme of archaeological researches developed on the available documentation.

• Archaeological/probing research.


Stage 4 comprises development of repair, conservation and partial restoration projects

• Preparation of architectural projects for conservation, repair and restoration of the facilities in the suburbium of the old fort (mosque, housing facilities, etc.).

• Preparation of architectural projects for repair and restoration of the fortification structure after carrying out preliminary archaeological works.


Stage 5 comprises repair, conservation and restoration works in the Old Town

• Clearing, dismantling, sorting and stacking original material that will be reused for conservation, repair and restoration.

• Injecting, anchoring and repair of vertical cracks in the walls, caused by tectonic shifts.• Restoration of damaged façade walls using compatible materials (stone) from the

structure in the traditional mortar previously examined.• Conservation of the structure (archaeological remains) using compatible material and

traditional mortar.• Conservation of damaged fortification structures (towers, ramparts, housing facilities)

using the existing and new stone in traditional mortar.• Conservation and restoration of the outer ramparts of the fortification with partly

preserved details of the breastwork, walkway and other structural elements.



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Facilities in the suburbium of the old fort• Conservation, repair and partial restoration of the 16th century mosque to the level of

archaeological presentation.• Conservation, repair and restoration of housing facilities (housing complexes A-I) in the

suburbium, which would be revitalised and included in the tourist offer:

Stage 6 comprises repair of the access road

• Developing projects for repair and modernisation of the access road.

Implementation to be funded by the Municipality of Ljubuški.

Stage 7 comprises integration of the monument into tourism sector of BiH

The promotional material for the monument will include the following:• Notice boards• A publication• Route maps• Leaflets• Educational video material• Postcards

Signposts and notice boards:• 2 notice boards with basic details of the property;

The publication (monographic book) will consist of a description and illustrated presentation of the monument (500 pcs)

Route maps (1 000 pcs) will indicate:• Tourist routes and paths within Ljubuski; • Information points, cultural, in Ljubuski;• Cultural, historical and natural monuments;• Ancillary facilities.

The leaflet will provide short information on the monuments values and will provide tourists with guidelines (2 000 pcs).

The educational video-material will consist of five-minute films presenting the monument.

The postcards will feature selected motifs of the monument (1 000 pcs).

12. Description of the social effects

Benefits from the restoration of the ensemble, in relation to the community are as follows:The implementation of the project will have the direct effects of:• creating a substantial number of jobs for people involved in the implementation of the

project;• contributing to the employment of local building companies and labourers. It will create

temporary employment for returnees; • contributing to the capacity building of students and young architects and civil-engineers in

conservation and reconstruction techniques; • contributing to raising awareness on heritage importance; • contributing to raising funds for the maintenance of the property.• promotional activities, publications and notice boards will contribute to integration into

tourism;



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• forming links between tourist destinations in the neighbouring areas and the town thus making the region attractive to tourists.

13. Implementation of the work

Year 1 Year 2Semester 1 Semester 2

Activity 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 Implementing bodyTraining of team of experts

Commission to Preserve National Monuments of BiH

Stage 1: Research works, assessment of the condition of materials and structures.

Architect-conservator, geologist, geometer surveyor, civil engineer. Government of The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Stage 2:Urgent interventions

Architect-conservator, civil engineer and hired contractors

Stage 3: Preliminary archaeological research

Archaeologist, hired contractor.Government of The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Stage 4:Development of repair, conservation and partial restoration project

Architect-conservator, civil engineer, electrical engineer, landscape architect. Government of The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Stage 5: Repair, conservation and restoration works in the Old Town

Hired contractors and supervision by architect-conservator

Stage 6: Repair of the access road

Hired contractorsMunicipality of Ljubuski

Stage 7: Integration of the monument into the tourism sector

Tourism specialist, specialist in design and technical preparation, digital and video presentation

Note: the specifications of the reconstruction works on the building set out are for guideline purposes only. An exact description of the items and the cost thereof will be possible only after the technical documentation has been drawn up.

The team will consist of the following experts:1. project co-ordinator;2. architects-conservators;



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3. civil engineer; 4. archaeologist-researchers;5. surveyors;6. geologist; 7. geometer;8. electrical engineer;9. landscape architect;10. tourism specialist;11. administrator/finance officer.

1. The Project co-ordinator will be responsible for drawing up detailed work plans, adoption of methodological approaches, setting the individual timelines and content of each stage, organisation and management of the implementation of the project over its duration (24 months), and will bear overall responsibility for the programme. Requires an architect specialising in heritage protection and management with at least ten years’ experience.

2. The architect-conservator will be responsible for conducting the rehabilitation phases and for the technical supervision of the reconstruction works. Requires one architect-conservator with at least ten years’ experience. Two architect-conservators will assist the work of the main conservator and will work as sites architects, must have at least five years’ experience (18 months).

3. The civil engineer will determine the structural conditions; define the measures and work to be undertaken to stabilise the construction through urgent works; carry out research on structural conditions and determining structural repairs within the repair and restoration project. Civil engineer with at least ten years’ experience in historical building restoration (5 months).

4. The archaeologist will work on Stage 3. An archaeologist with at least ten years experience in research projects dealing with the mediaeval period in Bosnia and Herzegovina will prepare and co-ordinate the archaeological research (6 months).

5. The surveyors will assist in drawing up the geodetic bases, the technical survey of the existing foundations and in drawing up the repair and restoration project. Five surveyors will be assisted by five students (5 months).

6. The geologist will undertake geomechanical studies to determine the geological composition of the soil in the area around the foundations, the mechanical characteristics of the soil beneath the foundations, and the type, depth and width of the foundations (2 months).

7. The geometer will draw up geodetic bases, measuring the plot and foundations (1 month).

8. The electrical engineer will analyse the condition of the electrical installations and the requirements for the new function (theatre, art exhibitions, or open cinema). He/she will integrate the installation design into the repair and restoration project (1 month).

9. The landscape architect will design the landscaping of the site within the third stage of the project (1 month).

10. The tourism specialist will: evaluate the tourism value of the area; draw up a programme for sustainable development of tourism taking into account the protection of the Old Town the potential and needs of the town and the links to other attractions and facilities in the region; manage tourist visits; oversee the presentation and interpretation of the complex; and prepare an action plan (3 months).

11. The administrator/finance officer will carry out administrative and financial tasks associated with the project and will be responsible for the secretarial services, correspondence, etc. This work will be carried out on the premises of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments in Sarajevo (24 months).



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The project should also include as many of the students and young professionals in the field of cultural heritage preservation as possible, thus contributing to their capacity building. Their inclusion is foreseen in activities relating to the preparation for the survey and recording, technical assistance in surveying and recording, assistance in drawing up the reconstruction project and helping in reconstruction works.

The experts in preservation, conservation and reconstruction (Commission to Preserve National Monuments) will conduct training sessions on the importance of the heritage, types of building materials, traditional building methods, the methods used when conducting a technical survey of properties and reconstruction methods for students and young professionals (from heritage institutes, architecture and other faculties). The consultations and training by external experts are also envisaged (CoE, ICCROM, UNESCO). Training sessions will be held periodically at all stages.

IV COST ANALYSIS

1. Estimated costs

Note: the specifications of the repair, rehabilitation and renovation works on the Old Town set out below are guidelines only. An exact description of the items and the cost thereof will be possible only after the technical documentation has been drawn up.

Stage 1 - Research works, assessment of the condition of materials and structures.

Description of activitiesCost (€)

Geodetic survey of the old town complex and its suburbium. 10 000Producing orthophotographic records of all available façades of the structure and parts of the fortification.

10 000

Architectural survey of the structure in the suburbium and available parts of the fortification.

2 000

Research of the materials of the fortification and facilities (stone, mortars, etc.) and locating a local quarry for stone supply.

5 000

TOTAL 27 000

Stage 2 - Urgent interventions


Repair of the southern wall of the fortification 40 000TOTAL 40 000

Stage 3 - Preliminary archaeological researches


Making the programme of archaeological research 2 000Archaeological research 10 000TOTAL 12 000



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Stage 4 - Development of repair, conservation and partial restoration project


Preparation of architectural projects for conservation, repair and restoration of the facilities in the suburbium of the old fort (mosque, housing facilities, etc.).

5 000

Preparation of architectural projects for repair and restoration of the fortification structure after carrying out preliminary archaeological works.

5 000

TOTAL 10 000

Stage 5 - Repair, conservation and restoration works


Phase I - Repair, conservation and restoration works in the Old Town

Clearing, dismantling, sorting and stacking original material that will be reused for conservation, repair and restoration.

30 000

Injecting, anchoring and repair of vertical cracks in the walls, caused by tectonic shifts.

20 000

Restoration of damaged façade walls using compatible materials (stone) from the structure in the traditional mortar previously examined.

80 000

Conservation of the structure (archaeological remains) using compatible material and traditional mortar.

100 000

Conservation of damaged fortification structures (towers, ramparts, housing facilities) using the existing and new stone in traditional mortar.

70 000

Conservation and restoration of the outer ramparts of the fortification with partly preserved details of the breastwork, walkway and other structural elements.

100 000

Phase II - Facilities in the suburbium of the old fort

Conservation, repair and partial restoration of the 16th century mosque to the level of archaeological presentation:Clearing the location, depositing, sorting, and keeping record of the material. Conservation and consolidation of mosque walls and partial anastylosis of the minaret using the existing material.

30 000

Conservation, repair and restoration of housing facilitieshousing complex AClearing the facility, repair of stone structure, repair of roof truss and ceiling structures. Full restoration for the purpose of functional use.

30 000

housing complex BClearing the facility, repair of stone structure, repair of roof truss and ceiling structures. Full restoration for the purpose of functional use.

30 000

housing complex CClearing the facility, repair of stone structure, repair of roof truss and ceiling structures. Full restoration for the purpose of functional use.

20 000

housing complex DClearing the facility, repair of stone structure, repair of roof truss and

20 000



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ceiling structures. Full restoration for the purpose of functional use.housing complex EClearing the facility, repair of stone structure, repair of roof truss and ceiling structures. Full restoration for the purpose of functional use.

20 000

housing complex FClearing the facility, repair of stone structure, repair of roof truss and ceiling structures. Full restoration for the purpose of functional use.

20 000

housing complex GClearing the facility, repair of stone structure, repair of roof truss and ceiling structures. Full restoration for the purpose of functional use.

20 000

housing complex H Clearing the facility, repair of stone structure, repair of roof truss and ceiling structures. Full restoration for the purpose of functional use.

20 000

housing complex IClearing the facility, repair of stone structure, repair of roof truss and ceiling structures. Full restoration for the purpose of functional use.

20 000

TOTAL 630 000

Stage 6 - Repair of the access road


Repair and modernisation of the road 50 000TOTAL 50 000

Stage 7 - Integration of the monument into tourism sector


Preparation and production of promotional materials2 notice boards;2 x €500

1 000

Publication500 pcs x €3.5

1 750

Route maps1000 pcs x €2

2 000

Leaflet1000 x €1

1 000

Educational video material will consist of five-minute films presenting the monument

500

Postcards1 000 pcs x €0.5

500

TOTAL 6 750

Capacity building

Training costs 2 000

Summary of stages


Research works, assessment of the condition of materials and structures 27 000Urgent interventions 40 000Preliminary archaeological research 12 000

Development of repair, conservation and partial restoration project 10 000



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Repair, conservation and restoration works 630 000

Repair of the access road 50 000

Integration of the monument into the tourism sector 6 750

Capacity building 2 000TOTAL 777 750

2. Expected sources of funding

Amount Percentage(€) of total (%)

Applicant's financial contribution 7 000 0.9Commission contribution for FS 670 750 86.3Contribution(s) from other European institutions or EU member statesContributions from other organisations: ConditionsGovernment FBiH planned 50 000 6,4Ljubuski Municipality planned 50 000 6,4TOTAL CONTRIBUTIONS 777 750 100Direct revenue from the raising-awareness action estimatedOVERALL TOTAL 777 750 100

3. Cost benefit analysis of the project

We can expect both primary and secondary economic benefits from the project. Grants or donations either from individuals or private trusts for the restoration of the monument might be treated as a particular form of primary benefit. The restored monument will be mutually beneficial, providing an important tourist destination and an interesting place for cultural gatherings and events.

Primary transactions will set off secondary spillover or external effects, many of which may have significant consequences. If such effects can be exclusively attributed to the reconstruction of the monument, as opposed to other development projects, such secondary benefits all need to be considered in the analysis of economic values. One positive effect of the reconstruction is the impact on the land values of nearby properties, as measured by net income. Another form of benefit is an increase in the tax base, which devolves to the municipality, in so far as it collects the property tax.

One can also expect the stimulation of net private investment. Such investment in the community is desirable to widen the economic base, and those taxpayers, workers and other members of the community can benefit from such investments. Perhaps the easiest way to identify them is to determine which are related to the renewed attraction of the monument, such as food, merchandise, retailing, transportation and other sectors of the local economy. These spillover effects are expected to create more employment and income, both for individuals and the government. The employment rate will increase and help returnees to make a living.



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V DOCUMENTARY SOURCES

The decision to designate the site and remains of the architectural ensemble of the Old Town Ljubuski in Ljubuski as a National Monument, Commission to Preserve National Monuments, October 2003 (www.aneks8komisija.com.ba) with supplementing documentation:• a copy of the cadastral plan;• photographic documentation.

Documentation from the Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments of BiH, Sarajevo, contains:• architectural survey of the structure to a scale of 1:200

Bibliography

1954 Kreševljaković, Hamdija and Kapidžić, Hamdija, Stari hercegovački gradovi (Old Forts of Herzegovina), Naše starine II (Our Antiquities), Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments of RBiH, Sarajevo, 1954, 9-21.

1957 Vego, Marko, Naselja bosanske srednjovjekovne države (Settlements of the Mediaeval Bosnian State), Svjetlost, Sarajevo, 1957.

1964 Ćirković, Simo, Herceg Stefan Vukčić Kosača i njegovo doba (Duke Stefan Vukčić Kosača and His Times), Serbian Literary Cooperative, Belgrade, 1964.

1978 Dinić Mihajlo, Zemlje hercega Sv. Save (Lands of Duke St Sava) in Srpske zemlje u srednjem veku (Serb Lands in the Middle Ages), Belgrade, 1978, 178-269.

1978 Kovačević-Kojić, Desanka, Gradska naselja srednjovjekovne bosanske države (Urban Settlements of the Mediaeval Bosnian State), Veselin Masleša, Sarajevo, 1978.

1982 Šabanović, Hazim, Bosanski pašaluk, postanak i upravna podjela (Bosnian Pashaluk, Genesis and Administrative Division), Svjetlost, Sarajevo, 1982.

1987 Tošić, uro, Trg Drijeva u srednjem vijeku (Drijeva Market in the Middle Ages), Veselin Masleša, Sarajevo, 1987.

Enclosed:

The methodology used for the preparation of the FS-Part 1 is based on the Feasibility Report on the Project – Historical Heritage, Council of Europe Development Bank, Paris, 2001; and the Guideline –EU Support for Regional Economic Development in Bosnia and Herzegovina, The Delegation of the European Commission in Bosnia and Herzegovina, CARDS 2004.

Prepared by:

Jasna Burnazovic , architect;Mirela Mulalic Handan, Project Co-ordinator BiH andIn co-operation with Dr.John Bold, Project Leader;and Mr David Johnson, expert of the Council of Europe.

Sarajevo, 01 08 2007

Documents

FS BiH OldTown Ljubuski APP