FROST 3D UNIVERSAL - Simmakers Ltdsimmakers.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Eng_Brochure-2015-26-0… · Frost 3D Universal is in the Register of Computer Programs, ... 1000x50x55

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THERMAL ANALYSIS OF PERMAFROST SOILS

FROST 3D UNIVERSAL

Simmakers

Our Partners:

Frost 3D Universal is certified in the Russian Federation and complies with the majority of building standards

Examples of Projects

Computer simulation conducted at the design stage can reduce building construction and operation costs by up to 70%, and reduce the risk of accidents by up to 90%.

Frost 3D Universal software allows you to develop scientific models of permafrost soil thermal regimes under the thermal influence of roads, pipelines, production wells, hydraulic constructions etc., taking into account the thermal stabilization of the ground. The software package is the result of state-of-the-art-coding, computational geometry, numerical methods, 3D graphics and parallelization of computational algorithms.

Frost 3D Universal Simulation of Permafrost Soil Thermal Regimes

Constructions

TanksRoads

Dams

Pipelines

FactoriesTunnels

BoreholesPiles

Power Plants

Frost 3D Universal has been tested and verified against precise analytical solutions and experimental data

SNiP 2.02.04-88, JV 25.13330.2012, RSN 67-87, SP 11-105-97 Part IV, JV 50.13330.2012, SP 23-101-2004, SP 61.13330.2012, SP 41-103-2000, STO Gazprom 2-2.1-390-2009, STO Gazprom 2-2.1-435-2010, GOST R ISO 9127-94, GOST R ISO/IEC 12119-2000.

Frost 3D Universal is in the Register of Computer Programs, Federal Service for Intellectual Property.

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Simmakers Limited ChinaHong Kong

Kowloon, Kwun Tong63 Hoi Yuen Road

Fook Cheong Building, Room 6117

Development Center220005, Belarus, MinskKhoruzhey St., 1A-307

Phone: +375 (17) 286 33 16Phone/fax: +375 (17) 286 33 17

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Phone: +375 (17) 286 33 16Phone/fax: +375 (17) 286 33 17

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FROST 3D UNIVERSAL : INITIAL DATA FOR THERMAL ANALYSIS

1) Setting up the geometrical 3D model:

a) Geological soil structure b) Project drawing, location of heat-insulation materials

2) Thermophysical properties of soils: thermal conductivity and volumetric heat capacity in thawed and frozen states, density, freezing point, total gravimetric soil moisture, dependence of moisture content on temperature.

3) Thermal conductivity, heat capacity and construction material density, including insulation materials.

4) Initial vertical temperature distribution in the ground (borehole temperature log).

5) Meteorological data: air temperature variation, wind speed, changes in snow cover thickness.

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Phone: +375 (17) 286 33 16Phone/fax: +375 (17) 286 33 17

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FROST 3D UNIVERSAL : SIMULATION PROCEDURE

2.

3.

1. Use the interface to build the 3D model

Specify initial and boundary conditions

Generate the mesh

Convective heat transfer: α (t)(T (t)-Т)в в

Solar radiation R (t)г 4Thermal radiation from surface ε σTг

Zero heat flow q = 0Hydraulic head value H2

Temperature value TгZero heat flow q = 0

Zero heat flow q = 0Hydraulic head value H1

Convective heat transfer: α (t)(T (t)-Т)в в

Solar radiation R (t)д 4Thermal radiation from surface ε σTд

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Phone: +375 (17) 286 33 16Phone/fax: +375 (17) 286 33 17

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4. Library of materials

5.

6.

Analyze the results in 3D

Analyze cross-sections of critical locations

Main features of Frost 3D Universal:

creation of 3D computational domain with surface topography and soil lithology

3D reconstruction of pipelines, boreholes, basements and foundations

supports 3D formats including Wavefront (OBJ), Stereolitho (STL), 3D Studio Max (3DS) and Frost 3D Objects (F3O)

library of thermophysical properties of soils, building elements, climatic factors and cooling unit parameters

secification of thermal and hydrological properties of 3D objects and heat transfer parameters on the surfaces of objects

simulation of temperature fields and unfrozen water content distribution in the computational domain with phase transition and convective heat transfer

simulation of ground water filtration

3D visualization of thermal fields, unfrozen water content and ground water filtration speed

features the ability to build graphical dependencies for temperature and unfrozen moisture content change on coordinates or time

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OIL PUMP STATION ON PERMAFROST GROUND

When designing large hydrocarbon extraction facilities such as tank farms, pump houses or oil pump stations, it is important to take into account the mutual thermal influence of production buildings and auxiliary facilities on the permafrost soil.

A key factor in the thermal analysis of oil pump stations is the consideration of the pipelines, which can be several kilometers long.

The domain size: 500x400x15 m. The number of objects: 33. The total length of pipeline: over 4 km.Geology: frozen loam, frozen fine sand, frozen sandy loam.

Oil pump station layout 3D model meshing

3D thermal distribution analysis Analysis of freezing front with isolines

As a result of the computations performed with Frost 3D Universal, the mutual thermal impact of pipelines and constructions is estimated.

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THERMAL ANALYSIS OF LENGTHY PIPELINE SECTION The main hazard regarding pipelines buried in permafrost is the formation of thaw bulbs around the pipes, which can provoke thaw settlement over long distances.Without appropriate engineering measures, this inevitably leads to additional costs associated with stabilizing the area around the pipeline.

Frost 3D Universal generated accurate numerical estimates for 3D thaw bulbs around a 1000-m pipeline on permafrost ground.The pipeline bends through all 3 x, y and z axes. 3D model dimensions: 1000x50x55 m; pipe diameter: 1.2 m. The model was meshed with 54.7 million nodes

The simulation results showed that the maximal thaw bulb (6.6 m extension beneath the pipeline) is situated where the pipeline passes through a section of sandy loam soil with low ice content.

Thaw bulbs (in the lateral direction) also represent hazards for objects located near the pipelines, such as power transmission lines, roads, etc.

3D geological model Computational mesh

3D temperature distribution 2D thermal field cross-section with isolines

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PREDICTION OF GROUND THAW FORMATIONS AROUND AN OIL WELL

Oil well operations in permafrost areas cause thaw bulbs around wellbores, which can result in borehole and pipeline buckling failure. Proper design therefore requires the simulation of the permafrost thermal regime and thaw bulbs around the well cluster.

Frost 3D Universal was used to generate a three-dimensional simulation of the thermal influence of the boreholes on permafrost. The geometric dimensions of a computational domain with four production wells and five different soil types are: length – 60 m, width – 40 m and height – 200 m.The heat exchange coefficient and changes in air temperature over the time interval (based on wind speed) are specified at the boundaries of the computational domain and the atmosphere by means of boundary conditions. The heat exchange coefficient (between soil and borehole wall) is generated in Frost 3D Universal from the thermophysical properties and thermocase thickness as well as the oil pump rate.

From the simulation results, thermal field distribution around boreholes can be analyzed at specific moments in time in different cross-sections of the 3D computational domain.

Visualizing the thaw bulbs around wellbore at specified points in time, we can draw conclusions regarding the effectiveness of borehole insulation and the appropriate distances between them.

3D model of a borehole

Temperature distribution in 3D Temperature distribution in cross-section

Temperature distribution in the form of isolines

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THERMAL ANALYSIS OF ROAD ON PERMAFROSTPermafrost ground thawing beneath road embankments causes settlement, leading to the destruction of the pavement. These roads must therefore be designed on the basis of thermal analyses of soil foundations and roadbeds to determine the necessary parameters, including the height of embankment and the thickness of the thermal insulation layer. Only 3D thermal analysis can account for the changes in terrain and geological structure of the soil throughout the simulated road segment.

Frost 3D Universal generated detailed temperature distributions and unfrozen water content over different time intervals in 3D or in 2D cross-section.

The 3D geometry of the geotechnical soil structure is reconstructed in Frost 3D Universal using interpolation of geological data over an area of 1000x300x90 meters.

The three-dimensional geometry of the embankment, heat insulator and concrete slabs are created directly in the software using the native geometric construction interface. Boundary conditions are set on the borders of the 3D geometry to define heat exchange with the environment taking into account wind velocity, snow cover thickness, solar radiation and other factors. The thermophysical properties are specified for each geotechnical element.

3D model of roadRoadway design

The temperature distribution beneath the roadbed at the cross section

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The most effective method for ensuring foundation bed stability is by controlling the ground thermal regime with seasonal or year-round cooling units.

It is impossible to formulate an accurate plan for the collocation of cooling units or assess ground freezing potential without accurate computer simulation data.

3D SimulationTo model the tank and cooling unit system geometries, a 90х90х33-meter computational domain is created.

The geological and lithological structure of the soils in the considered domain (sand, peat, loam and sandy loam) is reconstructed on the basis of test boreholes by means of interpolation.

Thus, the design engineers obtain full information regarding the dynamics of a 3D temperature field in the ground during specified period of time.

The resulting predictions for the soil thermal regime are shown below in the color distribution of sections of the simulation area at different moments in time.

SOIL THERMAL STABILIZATION UNDER AN OIL TANK

2D contour map of the tank bed

3D model

Temperature distribution at cooling units plane Temperature distribution along transversal cross-section

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WATER FILTRATION COMPUTATION IN THE FROZEN DAM

In frozen core dams, the impermeable elements are frozen to maintain a water-tight region in the dam throughout the operational life of the structure. Proper frozen dam design is impossible without thermal analyses of the constructions, the thermophysical properties of the soil, and the meteorological and hydrological conditions.

The Frost 3D Universal software package was used to compute water filtration through the dam and core freezing using subsurface cooling units.

Dimensions of simulated site: length – 400 m, width – 120 m and height – 72 m. The 80 cooling units, each 50 m in length, are embedded in the dam. To numerically solve the filtration equations and thermal conductivity, a 3D geometric model of the dam is discretized with a 12 336 576-point mesh.

3D model of the dam

At the top of the dam, we specify boundary conditions for heat exchange with the atmosphere. For the submerged parts of the dam, we specify the heat exchange conditions for water. To simulate water filtration in these parts of the dam, hydraulic heads are set 60 m from the water reservoir and 5 m from the river. The heat flux is calculated on cooling units with respect to the wind speed and air temperature. The thermophysical properties and the filtration coefficient are specified for the dam material.

Distribution of filtration velocity along x-axis in µm/s. Horizontal section at Z = 26 m

Temperature distribution in the dam core in February of first winter (computed filtration). Horizontal section at Z = 68 m

α T (t)water water

H = 60 m

α T (t)air air

H = 5 mα T (t)water waterq=0

q=0

With this data, the Frost 3D Universal software package can compute the water filtration velocity and the temperature distribution in the dam for 3 years. Computational results allow you to predict the condition of frozen core of the dam for different number of cooling units.

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Phone: +375 (17) 286 33 16Phone/fax: +375 (17) 286 33 17

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Artificial ground freezing is the most universal and safest way to increase ground strength. Artificial ground freezing technology is also successfully applied in the construction of such buildings on weak and unstable water-bearing grounds: in the construction of tunnels of various purposes,

including escalator tunnels in subways; in the engineering of mines and pits for the

construction of dams, power plants, docks and other buildings;

in the construction of foundations for industrial buildings and machines on unstable grounds;

in the construction of storage facilities and underground tanks with regular maintenance of their walls in a frozen state.

When designing constructions (applying artificial ground freezing) computer simulation is required for temperature distribution and ground water filtration in order to compute freezing area and cooling unit cold-productivity.

23 heat pipes with diameter of 89 mm were embedded in the ground. The parameters of cooling units were specified: the freezing device power and the coolant temperature.Geometrical dimensions of the computational domain are 62х20.2х18.4 m. For each soil we specify thermophysical and hydrological properties.

The area of tunnel paths and cooling units

Frost 3D Universal simulates artificial ice shield over the tunnel drilling area consisting of two paths.

We obtain the temperature distribution and the size of artificial ice wall for different operating time of heat pipes. The simulation results showed that on the 120th day of cooling unit performance, the ice shield over the tunnel was fully formed and ground is prepared for development.

Simulation results of artificial ground freezing in tunnel Isolines of the YZ plane section

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ARTIFICIAL GROUND FREEZING OF UNDERGROUND TUNNEL





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The mathematical model used in Frost 3D Universal has been verified against the precise analytical solution to the soil freezing problem and against experimental data obtained under laboratory conditions.

Comparison of the solutions obtained in Frost 3D Universal and the exact analytical solution:

For sandy loam For sand

The comparison of the derived numerical and the exact analytical solution for the soil freezing problem revealed a 0.5% error in the frost depth calculation using Frost 3D Universal, and we observe that mesh refinement makes the error approach zero.

Frost 3D Universal Verification Against Experimental Data

Computational (1, 2) and experimental (1’, 2’ ) temperature distribution and moisture content after freezing

Comparison of computational and experimental data

The computed temperature distribution was compared with the experimental data, and the discrepancy between the two for the depth of frost penetration was 5%: a 0.020 m computational value for frost depth against the 0.019 m experimental measurement of the same. Note that the main contribution to the total error is the inaccurate determination of the thermophysical properties of the soil.

FROST 3D UNIVERSAL VERIFICATION

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FROST 3D UNIVERSAL TRAINING COURSES





Phone: +375 (17) 286 33 16Phone/fax: +375 (17) 286 33 17

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Simmakers provides ‘Computation of the thermal impact of constructions on permafrost in Frost 3D Universal’ training courses and guidance. Training solutions are designed to provide course participants with both the overall and subject-specific knowledge to effectively apply Frost 3D Universal for simulation of heat transfer in ground.

1. INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER SIMULATION OF THERMAL PROCESSESThe concepts of computer simulation: the heat equation describing the thermal processes in soils; the notion of boundary and initial conditions.

2. FROST 3D UNIVERSAL INTERFACEFrost 3D Universal architecture and main dialog windows. Opening and saving projects.

3. CREATION OF 2D GEOMETRYCreating a new project: setting dimensions; changing 2D site linear dimensions; loading background images; changing geometric elements, snap to grid, and points; creating 2D geometries; importing 2D geometry models.

4. CREATION OF MATERIAL LIBRARY AND HEAT TRANSFER CONDITIONSCreating new materials: initial material temperatures; thermal conductivity and volumetric heat capacity; unfrozen water content; initial temperature of phase-transition. Setting boundary conditions: snow covers creation; creation of borehole and pipeline thermocases; setting the thermoprobes; editing physical magnitudes.

5. CREATION OF SOIL LAYERS ON THE BASIS OF THE INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM THE GEOLOGIC BOREHOLESGeologic borehole model creation: working with the geological cross sections; interpolation of geometry of several geologic boreholes.

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TRAINING PROGRAMME:





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6. CREATION OF CONSTRUCTION PROJECT GEOMETRYCreation of construction project geometries: oil wells, pipelines, thermal insulation materials, trenches, etc.Creation of refinement markers for computational mesh.

7. RECONSTRUCTION OF 3D GEOMETRIESReconstruction of 3D geometries based on 2D geometries: moving and transforming objects in 3D editor; import and export of 3D geometry; color and transparency changing; changing the materials priorities.

8. CREATION OF COMPUTATIONAL MESHComputational mesh creation:- setting up parameters for the numerical solver- running the computation

9. ANALYSIS OF SIMULATION RESULTSAnalysis of the temperature and unfrozen water content distribution in the form of color distributions in the computational domain: cross-sections of the computational domain creation; simulation results analysis with isolines; construction of graphical dependencies; creating animations; report generation.

The mentoring program can be conducted in our specially equipped classroom (Simmakers Development Center, Minsk, Belarus) or on-site at your location.

Simmakers Classroom Training

Training Room Our Certificates

On-site Training

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Phone: +375 (17) 286 33 16Phone/fax: +375 (17) 286 33 17

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Documents

FROST 3D UNIVERSAL - Simmakers Ltdsimmakers.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Eng_Brochure-2015-26-0… · Frost 3D Universal is in the Register of Computer Programs, ... 1000x50x55