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From Torah to From Torah to From Torah to From Torah to RabbinicsRabbinicsRabbinicsRabbinics: : : :

What a librarian needs to What a librarian needs to What a librarian needs to What a librarian needs to

know about Jewish know about Jewish know about Jewish know about Jewish

bibliographybibliographybibliographybibliography————al regel ehat

(while standing on one foot)

Daniel D. Stuhlman ddstuhlman@earthlink.net

President, Stuhlman Management Consultants, adjunct instructor for Drexel University, North Carolina Central University and

Chicago State University.

Http://stuhlman.biz

Chicago, IL

June 2006

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Literature Chart

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Torah Scrolls ס פ רי תורה

The Torah the first part of the Tanakh תנ �ך

The root of the word, Torah is <YRH> ירה[ ] means to teach or guide. “Torah”

has several meanings “the law" or "doctrine,“ or the parchment scroll read in the

synagogue. A Torah scroll turns a room into a sanctuary. The Torah is the

cornerstone of Jewish religion and law. The scrolls are considered the most holy

of Jewish religious objects. Every synagogue maintains several scrolls, each of

which are covered and protected by a covering of rich fabric, mantel, in the

Ashkenazi tradition or in a box in the Sephardi tradition. They are decorated with

silver ornaments on the front and top.

The term Torah also is used to refer to the entire corpus of Jewish literature.

The Bible is called the written law, תורה שבכ תב, and the the commentaries, the

legends of the Aggadah, the Mishnah, the Talmud and all the legal works are call

the oral law, תורה ש ב ע ל פה. The commentaries range from the ancient to the

most modern or contemporary.

See also

"Torah," Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2001

http://encarta.msn.com © 1997- 2001 Microsoft Corporation.

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Torah Scrolls 2

A Sefer Torah can only be written by a trained Sofer (Scribe). There are 304,805

letters in a Sefer Torah. If one letter is extra or missing it renders the Torah

invalid.

To a Jewish community a Torah is more than a scroll; it is the story of a

people. In the Mishnah it is written, “The World stands on three things – on the

Torah, on the service of G- d, and upon acts of loving- kindness.” The Torah, our

story, is part of our community and essential to a Jewish life. Up until now, our

Jewish community had our people’s story only in memory.

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Parchment in preparation

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Scroll of Esther מגי לת אס ת ר

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Illustrated Megilla מגילת אסתר

Book of Esther.

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Isaiah Scroll

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Isaiah Scroll

Ashkenazi Megillah(fourteenth- fifteenth centuries?). This scroll is one of the oldest extant. The shape of the letters as well as the condition of the parchment help to establish where it was created and the date of its completion. From Library of Congress.

Ashkenazi Megillah (fourteenth- fifteenth centuries?). This scroll is one of the

oldest extant. The shape of the letters as well as the condition of the parchment

help to establish where it was created and the date of its completion. From

Library of Congress.

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Mishnah משנה

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Talmud 1

The Talmud

[The Talmud is the] body of Jewish civil and religious law, including

commentaries on the Torah, or Pentateuch. The Talmud consists of a codification

of laws, called the Mishnah, and a commentary on the Mishnah, called the

Gemara. The material in the Talmud that concerns decisions by scholars on

disputed legal questions is known as the Halakah; the legends, anecdotes, and

sayings in the Talmud that are used to illustrate the traditional law are known as

Haggada [sic., i.e. Aggada].

Two compilations of the Talmud exist: the Palestinian Talmud, sometimes called

the Jerusalem Talmud, and the Babylonian Talmud. Both compilations contain

the same Mishnah, but each has its own Gemara. The contents of the Palestinian

Talmud were written by Palestinian scholars between the 3rd century AD and the

beginning of the 5th century; those of the Babylonian Talmud, by scholars who

wrote between the 3rd century and the beginning of the 6th century. The

Babylonian Talmud became authoritative because the rabbinic academies of

Babylonia survived those in Palestine by many centuries.

The Talmud itself, the works of talmudic scholarship, and the commentaries

concerning it constitute the greatest contributions to rabbinical literature in the

history of Judaism. One of the most important of the works of scholarship is the

Mishneh Torah (Repetition of the Torah, c. 1180) by the Spanish rabbi,

philosopher, and physician Maimonides; it is an abstract of all the rabbinical legal

literature in existence at his time. The most widely known commentaries are

those on the Babylonian Talmud by the French rabbi Rashi and by certain

scholars known as tosaphists, who lived in France and Germany between the

12th and 14th centuries and included some of Rashi's grandsons.

The Babylonian Talmud and the Palestinian Talmud were first printed in 1520- 22

and in 1523 in Venice by the printer Daniel Bomberg. The entire Babylonian

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Mishnah Torah משנה ת ורה

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Shulhan Arukh שו לח ן ער וך

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Responsa of Maimonides

Teshuvot ha-Rambam (Responsa)

Maimonides responded frequently to queries from near and far on halakhic

issues. Most responsa were written in Judeo- Arabic and some in Hebrew. The

length of the responsum was suited to the level of the questioner’s knowledge.

He would attach proof from the Talmud for learned scholars and would

sometimes engage in discussions of halakha with them. For the less educated,

he would respond in a succinct manner and simply present his decision. Dozens

of his responsa were published in Hebrew in various editions, the first in

Constantinople , ca.1510. Up to the present, more than five hundred of his

responsa are known and published, some of which are extant in the Cairo

Geniza, some in his own hand.

Various responsa of Maimonides in Hebrew. In: Higayon ha-nefesh ha-azuva le-

R. Avraham bar Hiyya ha-Sefaradi. Ashkenazi script. 14- 15 th century. Heb. 8°

1994. Fols. 21a- 23a. 260 x 189 mm.

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Responsa of Maimonides 2

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SeferSeferSeferSefer hahahaha----TashbetsTashbetsTashbetsTashbets

Duran, Simeon ben Zemah, 1361-

1444.

Sefer ha-Tashbets [Teshuvot Shimon

ben Zemah]

Amsterdam: Naphtali Hertz Levi, 1738-

1741.

A book of responsa written by a

prominent Spanish doctor, philosopher

and rabbinic scholar, who was forced

by persecutions to flee from Aragon to

Algiers in 1391. Three hundred years

after his death, his descendant, Rabbi

Solomon ben Zemah Duran, printed his

great-great grandfather’s manuscript

and appended his own responsa as a

fourth part.

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Stacks in Rare Book Room

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Bible Stacks

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Manuscript Shelves

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Student Studying

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Bible Scholar

Jewish Publication Society, 1973

Harold Louis

Ginsberg, 1903-1990.

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Primary texts

Tanakhim (Bibles)

Commentaries

Mishnah and Talmud

Commentaries

Prayer books (siddurim and mahzorim)

Halakha, Jewish law codes

Responsa

Historical documents

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Tanakhim (Bibles)

with Commentaries

Soncino Books of the Bible

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Humashim 1

The Pentateuch and Haftorahs :

Soncino Press, 1966. The Chumash : the Torah, haftaros

and five megillos with a commentary

On the left, popularly known as the “Hertz Chumash,” this

Hebrew-English edition of the Five Books of Moses, with

corresponding Haftorahs, is used in synagogues and

classrooms throughout the English-speaking world. The

“Stone Chumash” on the left, published by Messorah

Publications has been replacing the Hertz Chumash in

English speaking congregations.

Rabbi Dr. Joseph Hertz, provides readers with a lucid

exposition of the text and the spiritual and ethical teachings

of the Torah, culled from a wide range of scholarly literature.

.

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Stone Chumash Title Page

The Chumash : the Torah, haftaros and five megillos

with a commentary … Stone ed. [Brooklyn, NY,

Mesorah Publications, 1998.

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Stone Chumash

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Hertz Pentateuch

The Pentateuch and

Haftorahs : Hebrew text,

English translation and

commentary, edited by J. H.

Hertz. 2nd ed. London,

Soncino Press, 1966.

(Originally published in 1937.)

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Hertz Pentateuch 2nd ed. 1937

(1966 printing)

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JPS Tanakh 1985

Tanakh = ך"תנ : a new translation of The Holy Scriptures : according to the

traditional Hebrew text. Philadelphia, Jewish Publication Society, 1985. (This is a

one volume edition of the translation originally published in three parts 1962-

1982. It comes in several sizes and bindings. Call Number: BS895 .J4 1985

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JPS Tanakh 1917

The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic text. A new translation with the

aid of previous versions and with constant consultation of Jewish authorities.

Philadelphia, Jewish Publication Society of America, 5677- 1917. xv, 1136 p. 18

cm. Call Number:BS895 .J4 1917.

Printed in a large variety of bindings and sizes including leather flexible, white

and black leatherette, blue buckram, black buckrum, red buckram.

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Bible Introduction 1

The Hebrew Bible is the central book of Judaism. The Bible ך "תנ is the written law and all the rabbinic literature of the Talmud and Midrash are the oral law.

The Bible serves as a basis for rabbinic law and wisdom.

The books of the Hebrew Bible are in a traditional order.

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Bible Introduction 2

The abbreviation,

Tanakh ך " תנ , is made of three words:

Torah תורה Five books of Moses or Pentateuch

Nevi’im נביאים Prophets

Ketuvim כתובים Writings

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Names of the Bible Books 1

Torah תור ה

Genesis בראשית

Exodus שמות

Leviticus ויקרא

Numbers במדבר

Deuteronomy דברים

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Names of the Bible Books 2The prophetsJoshua

Judges

Samuel I, II

Kings I, II

Isaiah

Jeremiah

Ezekiel

Hosea

Joel

Amos

Obadiah

Jonah

Micha

Nahum

Habbakkuk

Zephaniah

Haggai

Zechariah

Malachi

נב יא י ם NAF, Authorized Versionיהושע Bible.‡pO.T.‡pJoshuaשופטים Bible.‡pO.T.‡pJudgesב,שמואל א Bible.‡pO.T.‡pSamuelב,מלכים א Bible.‡pO.T.‡pKings

ישעיה Bible.‡pO.T.‡pIsaiahירמיה Bible.‡pO.T.‡pJeremiahיחזקאל Bible.‡pO.T.‡pEzekielהושע Bible.‡pO.T.‡pHoseaיואל Bible.‡pO.T.‡pJoelעמוס Bible.‡pO.T.‡pAmosעבדיה Bible.‡pO.T.‡pObadiahיונה Bible.‡pO.T.‡pJonaמיכה Bible.‡pO.T.‡pMicahנחום Bible.‡pO.T.‡pNahumחבקוק Bible.‡pO.T.‡pHabakkukצפניה Bible.‡pO.T.‡pZephaniahחגי Bible.‡pO.T.‡pHaggaiBible.‡pO.T.‡pZechariah זכריהמלאכי Bible.‡pO.T.‡pMalachi

The 12 prophets are considered one book in the Hebrew Bible. Kings, Samuel

and Chronicles are not divided in the Hebrew Bible and Ezra and Nehmiah are

one book that is why there are 24 books in the count and it looks like more.

Order in the Catholic Bible.

Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth,

1 Samuel, 2 Samuel, 1 Kings, 2 Kings, 1 Chronicles, 2 Chronicles, Ezra,

Nehemiah, Tobit*, Judith*, Esther, 1 Maccabees*, 2 Maccabees*, Job,

Psalms, Proverbs,

Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs, Wisdom of Solomon*, Ben Sirach*, Isaiah,

Jeremiah, Lamentations, Book of Baruch*, Ezekiel,

Daniel, Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk,

Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi.

* These are books from the Apocrypha which are in the Catholic cannon, but not

the Jewish or Protestant cannon.

Order of the Protestant Bible

Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth, 1

Samuel, 2 Samuel, 1 Kings, 2 Kings, 1 Chronicles,

2 Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther, Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes,

Song of Solomon, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Lamentations, Ezekiel, Daniel, Hosea, Joel,

Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai,

Zechariah, Malachi.

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Names of the Bible Book 3

Writings כתוב י ם NAF, Authorized Version

Psalms תה יל י ם Bible.‡pO.T.‡pPsalms

Proverbs משל י Bible.‡pO.T.‡pProverbs

Song of Songs ש יר הש יר י ם Bible.‡pO.T.‡pSong of Solomon

Ruth רו ת Bible.‡pO.T.‡pRuth

Lamentations אי כה Bible.‡pO.T.‡pLamentations

Ecclesiastics Bible.‡pO.T.‡pEcclesiastes קהלת

Esther אסתר Bible.‡pO.T.‡pEsther

Daniel דנ י אל Bible.‡pO.T.‡pDaniel

Ezra עזרא Bible.‡pO.T.‡pEzra

Nehemiah נחצ י ה Bible.‡pO.T.‡pNehemiah

Chronicles 1, 2 ב ,דבר י ה י מ י ם א Bible.‡pO.T.‡pChronicles

NAF= Library of Congress Name Authority File.

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Bible Concordance

by S. Mandelkern

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Even Shoshan Concordance

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Terms

Verse פסוק

Chapter פרק

Book ספר

Targum תרגום Aramaic translation of the Bible

Rashi Medieval French commentator on the Bible

Parasha פר שה weekly Torah portion. The

Torah is divided into 54 weekly portions. In addition

there are readings for each holiday.

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Mishnah and Talmud

The Soncino Press Complete Babylonian

Talmud (Thirty-volume set) Translation edited by Isidore

Epstein

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Talmud תלמ וד

640 = 5640 current year is 5766 126 years old corresponding to 1880.

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Talmud תלמוד

http://e-daf.com/

Online source for

Talmud Daf Yomi.

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Shottenstein Talmud

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Jastrow Dictionary

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Halakha, Jewish law Codes

Mishnah Berurah

Shulkhan Arukh

Kitzur ShulhanArukh

Mishnah Torah

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MishnahMishnahMishnahMishnah משנה

The Mishnah is the body of oral law that is post-Biblical until about the 2nd century C.E. The word refers to both the entire work and a single statement. “To learn a mishnah” means to learn one statement. The Mishnah is divided into 6 orders סד רו ת[sidarot]. Each order is divided into tracktates מסכת ו ת [mesekhtot] then chapters פרקי ם [perakim] References to the Mishnah need tracktate , chapter, and mishnah number.

Ex. Avot 4:5 refers to the 5th mishnah in chapter 4 of tracktate Avot.

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MishnahMishnahMishnahMishnah משנה 2 2 2 2

Mishnah may also refer to statements made

by the rabbis of the post-Biblical era and

works such as Mishnayot Gedolot.

Yehudah ha-Nasi (known as ‘Rabbi’),2nd

century C.E., was the editor and redactor of

the Mishnah.

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Mishnah Text

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Talmud תלמוד

The root of the word lamad למד means to learn.

The Gemara is an explanation and expansion of

the oral tradition of the Mishnah. The Talmud is

divided into the same orders and tractates as the

Mishnah. However there are several tractates of

the Mishnah that do not have Gemara sections.

The Talmudic period was from about 200 – 600

C.E. There are two talmuds– Yerushalmi (in

English Jerusalem) and Bavli (Babylonian)

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Vocabulary

Mishnah משנה – The word means to repeat, study, or teach.

Tanna תנא -- A teacher or rabbi from the Mishnah or Mishnaic times.

Amora אמ ו רא – A teacher from the post-Mishnaic or Talmudic period.

Gemara –גמ ו רא This is the portion of the Talmud that was written after the mishnah.

Talmud = Mishnah plus Gemara.

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Vocabulary 2

Midrash --מדרש The word means to

search out. Midrash are the stories and

literary expositions on the Bible.

Halakhah הלכה – The word means to go or

to follow. These are the teachings dealing

with rules or statutes. It could also mean a

codification of the laws.

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Mishnah Torah

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Halakha, Jewish law Codes

Mishnah Berurah

Shulkhan Arukh

Kitzur ShulhanArukh

Mishnah Torah

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Prayer books

Siddurim and Mahzorim

Siddur:

Sabbath

Haggadah

Treasury

Machzor: Rosh

Hashanah

Siddur Sim Shalom

Edited by Jules Harlow

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Vatican 448

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Citations

"Ethics, copyright laws, and courtesy to readers require authors to identify the sources of direct quotations and of any facts or opinions not generally known or easily checked."-- Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition (Chicago: Chicago Univ. Press), p. 594

Writers include citations to give evidence, precedence, basis,

background and credit to the sources used to create the work and

document the arguments. Citations provide evidence and credibility to

the work by demonstrating that the author sought and considered other

resources. Citing sources is standard practice in written, oral, and

electronic works. Citations provide a trail for the reader to follow the

research and judge the writer contribution to the field. Librarians are

the experts in the interpretation of bibliographic citations and how to

help readers find the original sources.

Found on : http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/TeachingLib/Guides/Internet/Style.html

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Citing a Source

• When citing a source in a book one can depend on a standard edition. Even if a book is reprinted or revised, a citation will point the reader to the source.

• This principle does not always work with primary Jewish sources because edition control is difficult. For some rabbinic books, there is no standard edition or easy way of referring to a page or chapter.

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Citing the Bible

• Cite by book and verse for text or translation.

Ex. Leviticus 19:16, Genesis 4:20.

• Cite a particular edition, translation, or

commentary by the page number.

• If citing Rashi or other commentary and you

don’t have a standard edition, use the Biblical

verse associated with the commentary. For

example Rashi’s commentary on Leviticus

16:16.

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Citing the Mishnah

Use the mesekhta (tractate) chapter then

mishna number.

For example Berakhot 5:4 means chapter 5,

mishnah 4 of Berakhot.

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Citing the Talmud 1

There are two talmuds, Babylonian (in Hebrew Talmud Bavli ,(תלמוד ירושלמי in Hebrew) and Jerusalem (תלמוד בבלי also called Palestinian Talmud or the Talmud of Jerusalem. Since the Babylonian Talmud is more complete and more often studied, references to the Talmud are assumed to be from the Babylonian unless the Jerusalem Talmud is explicitly mentioned.

Most contemporary Talmud editions use the page layout called the Vilna Shas, named after the city where it was first printed in this format. The Talmud text is in big print inthe middle with commentaries on the left right and bottom.

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Talmud 1

First page of early

printed Soncino

Talmud of 1483--

Jewish Theological

Seminary

This is not the Vilna

Shas layout.

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Talmud 2

Vilna Shas

layout. From the

very first Talmud

page.

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Citing the Talmud 2

Daf דף is the Hebrew word for what librarians call a leaf and most people call a page. One daf includes a side 1 and side 2 (recto and verso in library lingo, amud עמוד in Hebrew.) Daf Yomi is the study program to learn one full page per day.

Refer to leaves and the recto or verso by “a” or “b”. In Hebrew this means page aleph or bet. For example: Berakhot 23a means the recto or first page of leaf 23 in mesekhet Berakhot. All books of the Talmud start with leaf numbered 2. This shows we are never beginners in our study. Sometimes “T.B.” is used for Babylonian Talmud and “T.Y.” for the Jerusalem Talmud. Without a designator, the Babylonian Talmud is assumed.

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Citing the Talmud 3

• If citing a standard translation such as

Soncino or ArtScroll use volume name,

the page of the volume and the standard

Talmud page.

• If citing a commentary such as Rashi or

Tosafot use the standard Talmud page

where you found it.

Rashi, 1040- 1105. LC authorized heading.

Previous and alternative headings: Solomon ben Isaac, called RaSHI, 1040-

1105; Solomon ben Isaac, |d 1040- 1105; Shelomoh ben Yitshrakr, |d 1040- 1105;

Isaac, Solomon ben, 1040- 1105; Yitzhraqi, Shlomo, 1040- 1105; Shlomo Yitzhraqi,

1040- 1105.

French commentator on Bible and Talmud; born at Troyes in 1040; died there

July 13, 1105.

The authors of the Tosafot are known as Tosafists ("ba'ale ha- tosafot"). They

wrote critical and explanatory glosses on the Talmud. Their commentaries are

printed on the opposite side of the page as Rashi.

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Tractates of the Talmud

with the spelling used by Library of Congress

Avodah

zarah

Avot (Aboth)

Ahilot

Arakhin

Bava

kamma

Bava meẓia

Bava batra

Beḥirta

Ketubbot

Kiddushin

Kilayim

Kinnim

Ma’aser sheni

Ma’aserot

Makhshirin.

Mashkim

Makkot

Mashkim

Mashkin

Megillah

Menaḥot

Middot

Mikva’ot

Mo’ed katan

Nazir

Nedarim

Nega’im

Niddah

Oholot (Ahilot)

Orlah

Parah

Pe’ah

Pesaḥim

Rosh ha-Shanah

Sanhedrin

Shabbat

Shevi’it (Shebi’it)

Shevu’ot (Shebu’ot)

Sheḥitat kodashim

Shekalim

Shevu’ot

Sotah

Sukkah

Ta’anit

Tamid

Tevul yom

Temurah

Terumot

Tohorot

Ukẓin

Yadayim

Yevamot

Yoma

Zavim

Zevaḥim

Sheḥitat kodashim

Zevaḥim

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Tractates of the Talmud

with the spelling used by ArtScroll

Arachin

Avodah Zarah

Bava Basra

Bava Kamma

Bava Metziah

Bechoros

Beitzah

Berachos

Chagigah

Chullin

Eduyos

Eruvin

Gittin

Hoyraos

Keddushin

Kennim

Kereisos

Kesubos

Megillah

Meilah

Menachos

Middos

Moed Katan

Nazir

Nedarim

Niddah

Pesachim

Rosh Hashanah

Sanhedrin

Shabbos

Shekalim

Shevuos

Sotah

Succah

Taanis

Tamid

Temurah

Yevamos

Yoma

Zevachim

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Citing the Tosephta 1

The word Tosephta means addition or supplement., The work is printed in the same volume as the Talmud is supplements. It is arranged chapters and mishnayot the same as the Mishnahm, but differs from the Mishnah in the subject arrangement and in the division of the Perakim (chapters).

There are in all sixty Masekhtot and 452 Perakim. The Tosephtacontains mainly the remnants of the earlier compilations of the Halacha made by R. Akiba, R. Meir, R. Nehemia, and others not adopted in the Mishna, and, besides additions made after R. JehudaHanasi's death by his disciples, R. Chiya, R. Oshaya, Bar Kapparaand others. The Toesephta also contains many sayings and decisions of later Amoraim of the Babylonian and Palestinian schools. In its present shape it belongs to the fifth or sixth century."

Cite the Tosephta by Meskhta, chapter and mishnah. Ex. TosephtaSotah 1:2.

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Sample Citations

• Rabbenu Asher, Commentary to Sanhedrin 4:6

Interpretation – Rabbenu Asher (in library catalogs: Asher ben Jehiel, ca. 1250-1327) also known as the Ro”sh), wrote a collection of laws according to the order of the tractates of Talmud. These are found in the back of standard Talmud volumes arranged by chapters with numbered statements or laws. This citation is for the 6th

law in chapter 4.

• T.B., Taanit 16a

Babylonian Talmud, tractate Ta’anit page 16 first side.

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Sample Legal Citations

Feinstein, Moshe. Iggerot Moshe, Yoreh De'ah II:174(3).

Interpretation: Name in library catalogs: Feinstein, Moses, 1892-1986. Title on the book להש יב לש ואל ים א ו תי ... : ספר אגר ות מש ה

מ שה פי ינש טי י ן ... / מתל מ יד י ו חבר י . Sefer Igrot Mosheh : ... le-hashivla-sho’alim oti mi-talmidai ṿe-ḥaverai ...

The word, “sefer” means “book.” When “sefer” is the first word of a book title it is usually ignored as it is a very common, sort ofcomparable to “the.” However, since the word “sefer” may be significant, the decision to include it in cataloging is a cataloger’s decision. Since the computer program can’t make that decision, the library catalog will include it when not properly coded for skipping. Note in this citation the systematic Romanization according to AACR/LC differs from this author’s citation. “Yoreh De’ah” is a section of the book. “II” is part 2 of that section. 174 (3) means section 174 law 3.

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Sample Legal Citations 2

• Joseph Karo, Shulhan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah

151:1.

Interpretation: Name in library catalogs:

Karo, Joseph ben Ephraim, 1488-1575. This is

an important work of Jewish law that appears in

many editions. Many later law books are based

on the same section titles and order of laws as

found here. Yorah De’ah is one of the large

divisions. 151 is the chapter and 1 is the law.

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Sample Legal Citations 4

• Citation as found in an article:

Maimonides, Mishneh Torah, Laws of Murder and Guarding One's Life, 2:2.

Interpretation—

The author’s name in library catalogs is: Maimonides, Moses, 1135-1204. The title of the work is: Mishneh Torah which may also be spelled Mishnah Torah. This work is divided into volumes based on the names of the orders of the Mishnah. This citation is from the chapter titled: “Laws of Murder and Guarding One’s Life.”[In Hebrew Philip Birnbaum’s [רו צח וש מ יר ת נפש : translation uses the title: “Homicide and life preservation.” The citation is from chapter 2 and is second law.

Birnbaum’s translation is: “…If a man hired a murderer to kill somebody, or sent servant to kill him … he deserves to die by an act of God, but is not executed by the court.”

Mishneh Torah Maimonides’ code of Jewish Law and Ethics / abridged and

translated from the Hebrew by Philip Birnbaum. New York : Hebrew Publishing

Company, 1974.

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