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From Romulus to Romulus. The Rise and Fall of Rome. Romulus and Remus. Legendary Rome. Aeneas and Trojan Refugees settle in Italy Romulus founds Rome 753 BCE Seven Kings Tarquinius Superbus deposed Republic founded 509 BCE. The Pre-Roman World. War With Carthage. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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From Romulus to Romulus
The Rise and Fall of Rome
Romulus and Remus
Legendary RomeAeneas and Trojan Refugees settle in ItalyRomulus founds Rome 753 BCESeven KingsTarquinius Superbus deposedRepublic founded 509 BCE
The Pre-Roman World
War With Carthage264-241 BCE: Rome wins control of Sicily238 BCE Rome takes advantage of revolt
in Carthage to seize Sardinia218-201 BCE: Hannibal invades Italy, but
Carthage loses Spain and N. Africa to Rome
149-146 BCE: Alarmed by Carthage’s recovery, Rome launches a final war to destroy Carthage
Rome Expands
Rome Expands
Many-Front War
Rome Expands
The Republic CrumblesTiberius and Gaius Gracchus try but fail to
implement social reforms 130-122 BCESocial War 91–88 BCE: Rest of Italy tries
to secede from RomeCivil War 87-81 BCE, followed by purge by
Lucius SullaCatilina 63-62 BCE: Failed coupFirst Triumvirate 60-53 BCE: Caesar,
Pompey, Crassus
Julius Caesar Born 100 BCE Consul 60 BCE First Triumvirate 60-53 BCE: Caesar, Pompey,
Crassus Conquest of Gaul 58-49 BCE Attempted invasion of Britain 55 BCE 50 BCE: Caesar-Pompey alliance breaks up 50-45 BCE: Civil War; Caesar wins 44 BCE: Assassinated
Rome Expands
Empire!Civil War
Antony against Brutus and CassiusAntony and Octavian against Brutus and
CassiusOctavian against Antony and Cleopatra
Octavian declared Emperor 27 BCE as Caesar Augustus
Tiberius, Nero, Caligula, Claudius68-69 CE: Year of the Four Emperors
Rome Expands
Rome Expands
Rome Expands
The Empire at its PeakFlavian Dynasty
Vespasian (69–79) Titus (79–81)Domitian (81–96)
Five Good EmperorsNerva (96-98)Trajan (98-117)Hadrian (117-138)Antoninus Pius (138-161)Marcus Aurelius (161-180)
Near Collapse 235-284 20-25 emperors and many claimants Internal dissension weakens frontiers Dacia (modern Romania) lost Empire fractures into three parts 258-275 Economic stagnation and hyperinflation Two tough general-emperors, Claudius Gothicus
and Aurelian, stabilized Empire Diocletian (284-305) created autocracy,
reformed military, bought another two centuries for the Empire
Final Decline Constantine the Great (306-337)
Legalized Christianity 313 Theodosius I (379-395)
The last ruler of the whole empireMade Christianity official 391Empire divided East-West 395
Eastern Invasions Romulus Augustulus deposed 476 Eastern half endures as Byzantine Empire to 1453
Roman Empire Splits, 395 A.D.
Fall of Rome
Fall of Rome
Fall of Rome
Did Anyone Try to Stop It?Majorianus 457-461“The successor of Avitus presents the
welcome discovery of a great and heroic character, such as sometimes arise, in a degenerate age, to vindicate the honor of the human species.” (Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Ch. 36)
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 1782
Edward Gibbon suggested four reasons for fall of Rome:
“Immoderate greatness”--growth of bureaucracy and military
Wealth and luxury Barbarian invasions (cause or symptom?) Spread of Christianity
Two Empires Face a Fateful Choice
The U.S., Northwest Ordinance - 1787 Provided for division of new territories into
additional States Admission of new States incorporated into
Constitution Hence no distinction whatever between original
States and later States. Rome - 201 BCE
Rome acquires Spain from Carthage Rome decides to exploit the new territories as
source of tax revenue and slaves.
Results of Rome’s Choice Non-stop guerrilla war in Spain for over 300
years Rome abandons its traditional citizen army for
a permanent standing army Conscripted soldiers frequently became
dispossessed while serving in Spain (Destroyed the middle class)
Rome's erratic but real progress toward equality reverses. Power and wealth re-concentrate in the hands of the upper class
Soldiers become dependent on generals for welfare and equipment
A Bit of Perspective