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7/24/2019 FROM PHRASES TO CLAUSES.ppt
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ENGLISHLANGUAGE-
GRAMMAR LEVEL-FROM PHRASES TO
CLAUSES
L/O: To learn about and dent!" t#e $art% o! a &lau%e
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CLAUSES
CLAUSE ELEMENT
FUNCTIONS A &lau%e 'a" be de!ned a% a (rou$ o! )ord% &lu%tered
around a *erb $#ra%e+ &ontann( a :
SU,ECT.S
VER, .V
O,ECT .O
COMPLEMENT .C
A0VER,IAL .A
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HO1 CAN 2OU TELL 1HAT
A SU,ECT IS 3 T#e %ub4e&t % u%uall" t#e ele'ent )# $er!or'% t#e
a&ton e5$re%%ed b" t#e *erb:
T#e &at %a) t#e do(6 T#e &o) 4u'$ed o*er t#e 'oon6
I! t#e %enten&e % a %tate'ent+ t#e %ub4e&t u%uall" a$$ear% be!ore t#e
*erb:
Ran !ell all da" lon(6 T#e bon!re (lo)ed n t#e dar76
Ta7e &are : t % $o%%ble to e'$#a%8e anot#er &lau%e ele'ent b"
$uttn( t be!ore t#e %ub4e&t:
2e%terda"+ ran !ell all da" lon(6 In t#e dar7+ t#e bon!re (lo)ed6
I! t#e %enten&e % a 9ue%ton+ t#e %ub4e&t a$$ear% a!ter t#e o$enn(
*erb:
Are "ou (on( !ar3 0d t#e bon!re (lo) n t#e dar73
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1HAT IF THE SU,ECT IS A
PRONOUN3 I! t#e %ub4e&t % a $ronoun re!errn( to a $er%on+ t 'a"
#a*e a d%tn&t %ub4e&t*e !or'6 1e %a" I, he, she, we
and they.In ot#er $art% o! t#e &lau%e+ t#e%e )ord%
an(e to me, him, us and them. I %a) o#n6 o#n %a) 'e6
S#e (a*e t to Mar"6 Mar" (a*e t to #er6
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FIN0 THE SU,ECT 1rte out t#e%e %enten&e% and underlne t#e %ub4e&t6
Loo7 out !or %enten&e% )t# 'ore t#an one &lau%e+
)#ere t#ere % a %ub4e&t n ea
6 T#e &ar &o%t nearl" nne t#ou%and6
;6 T#e !r"n( $an !ell on t#e !loor6
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VER, . *
T#e *erb ele'ent n a &lau%e $la"% a &entral role n
&lau%e %tru&ture6 It &an #ardl" e*er be le!t out+ )t#out
t#e &lau%e be&o'n( un(ra''at&al6
Loo7 at t#% =- ele'ent &lau%e:
T#at old !ar'er/ drn7% /beer /b" t#e bu&7et!ul S V O A
1e &ould lea*e out t#e ad*erbal+ t#e ob4e&t and . !
%$ea7n( &a%uall" t#e %ub4e&t6 1e &ould ne*er lea*e
out t#e *erb- T#at old !ar'er/ beer/ b" t#e bu&7et!ul6
2ou &an e*en #a*e &lau%e% )# &on%%t only o! a *erb:0rn7 Run Sto$
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1HAT CAN ,E A V3
T#e V ele'ent n a &lau%e &an be 9ute lon( and
&o'$le5+ but t u%uall" &on%%t% o! onl" ; or < )ord%+
and o!ten t #a% onl" )ord n t6 T#e !ollo)n( SV
&lau%e% %#o) %o'e $o%%blte%: T#e" 4u'$ed6
T#e" )ere 4u'$n(6
T#e" )erent 4u'$n(6
T#e" #a*e been 4u'$n(6 T#e" '(#t #a*e been 4u'$n(6
T#e" '(#tnt #a*e been 4u'$n(6
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0ISTINGUISH THE VER,S
2ou #a*e been (*en an e5tra&t !ro' C#arle% Grant%
1#rl)nd+ one o! T#e Fle%+ )#ere all t#e V ele'ent%
#a*e been #(#l(#ted6 Co$" t#e%e ele'ent% nto a
table+ $uttn( t#e 'an *erb% n one &olu'n and an"au5lar" *erb% n anot#er6 I(nore an" )ord% )#
%e$arate an" au5lar" !ro' t% 'an *erb6
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O,ECT .O
T#e ob4e&t n a &lau%e u%uall" tell% "ou )#o or )#at #a%been a!!e&ted b" t#e a&ton o! t#e *erb $#ra%e6 It
u%uall" &o'e% ''edatel" a!ter t#e %ub4e&t and *erb6
SVO % t#e ba%& &lau%e $attern n En(l%#6
In 'o%t &lau%e%+ t#ere % 4u%t one ob4e&t6
T#e lttle bo" %'a%#ed a )ndo)6
S V O
Here+ t#e )ndo) #a% undoubtedl" been a!!e&ted b" t#e
a&ton o! %'a%#n(6 It % t#e )ndo) )# #a% been
%'a%#ed- not t#e lttle bo"6
In t#e !ollo)n( &lau%e%+ t#e *erb% are not reall" a&ton%+
but t#er 'eann( a!!e&t% t#e ob4e&t n a %'lar )a"6
I %a) t#e &ar6 T#e table #a% !our le(%6
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1HAT CAN ,E AN O,ECT3
A% )t# %ub4e&t%+ an ob4e&t &an be a %n(le noun:
I %a) Colette6 1e *%ted Strat!ord6
Ob4e&t% &an al%o be a %trn( o! )ord% ba%ed on a noun . a
noun $#ra%e :
T#e e5$lo%on de%tro"ed a &ar+ a tele$#one bo5+ and a%#o$ !ront6 T#% % not a %e9uen&e o! t#ree ob4e&t%+ but a
%n(le+ &o'$le5 ob4e&t6
Pronoun% &an al%o be ob4e&t%+ re!errn( to t#e noun% n
ot#er &lau%e%+ 4u%t a% %ub4e&t% do:
I !ound an e((6 T#en I &oo7ed t6 1#en I, he, she, we and theya$$ear a% an ob4e&t+ t#e"
#a*e a d%tn&t ob4e&t*e !or'6
A%7 'e6 A%7 #'6 A%7 #er6 A%7 u%6 A%7 t#e'6
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FIN0 THE O,ECT 1rte out t#e%e %enten&e% and underlne t#e ob4e&t6
Loo7 out !or %enten&e% )t# 'ore t#an one &lau%e+)#ere t#ere 'a" be an ob4e&t n ea
6 I %a) t#e dent%t6
;6 Ha*e "ou 'et C#arle3
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CLAUSES 1ITH T1O O,ECTS
So'et'e% a &lau%e #a% t)o ob4e&t%+ a% n t#%
%enten&e:
I / (a*e/ Fred/ a %and)
S V O O
I! )e a%7+ 1#at #a% been (*en3+ t#e an%)er % t#e
%and) T#e a&ton o! t#e *erb+ (*n(+directly
a$$le% to t#e %and) T#e %and) % )#at #a% been
(*en6A sandwich % t#ere!ore &alled t#e direct object
o! t#e *erb6 T#e indirect object % t#e $er%on or an'al
t#at re&e*e% t#e bene!t o! an a&ton- Fred6
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FIN0 THE T1O O,ECTS Loo7 at t#e%e &lau%e% and )or7 out )# % t#e dre&t
ob4e&t and )# % t#e ndre&t ob4e&t6 0ra) a lnebet)een t#e'+ and label t#e dre&t ob4e&t DOand t#e
ndre&t ob4e&t IO.
6 1e #a*e to $a" t#e (ara(e DD
;6 M" 7nd &ou%n lent t#e !are to 'e6
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COMPLEMENT
T#e &o'$le'ent ele'ent e5$re%% a
'eann( )# add% to t#at alread"
$re%ent n t#e %ub4e&t or ob4e&t6 Au%e!ul )a" o! re'e'bern( t% 4ob %
to t#n7 o! t#e )ord complete: t#e
&o'$le'ent &o'$lete% a 'eann(6
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COMPLEMENTS HAVE T1O
VARIETIES T#ere are ; e! 7nd% o! &o'$le'ent6 T#e !r%t 7nd % &alled a subject complement, be&au%e
t &o'$lete% t#e 'eann( o! t#e %ub4e&t6 It &o'e% a!ter
t#e %ub4e&t and *erb6
Hlar" / %/ a do&tor6 A tul$/ %/ a !lo)er6
S V C S V C
1#at &o'e% a!ter t#e *erb dent!e% *er" &lo%el" )t#
)#at #a% (one be!ore t#e *erb6
T#e %e&ond 7nd o! &o'$le'ent % &alled an objectcomplement+ be&au%e t &o'$lete% t#e 'eann( o! t#e
dre&t ob4e&t6 It u%uall" &o'e% ''edatel" a!ter t#e
ob4e&t6
S#e / 'ade/ #er !rend/ an(r"6
S V O C
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EPAN0 THE COMPLEMENTS
Ta7e t#e%e &lau%e% and re$la&e t#er %n(le- )ord
%ub4e&t &o'$le'ent% )t# a %trn( o! )ord%6 Ma7e t#e'
a% une5$e&ted a% $o%%ble6
6 I*e %$ra"ed t#e roo' )t# d%n!e&tant+ and t no)%'ell% lo*el"6
;6 1earn( t#o%e #at%+ )e loo7ed &ool6
6 To %u((e%t t#at I (o to bed at B o &lo&7 %ound% %en%ble6
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A0VER,IAL .A
T#e &r&u'%tan&e% o! t#e a&ton or e*ent . t#e )#ere+
)#en+ #o)+ !or e5a'$le I %a) #' at the concert.
T#e ad*erbal ele'ent % *er" d!!erent !ro' t#e ot#er
&lau%e ele'ent%6
One &lau%e &an &ontan %e*eral n%tan&e%:
Later+ / O%&ar/ 7&7ed/ t#e ball/ !er&el"/ a&ro%% t#e
A S V O A A
!eld6
T#e t#ree ad*erbal% are o$tonal e5tra%: t#e" add ne)
bt% o! 'eann( to t#e SVO %enten&e+ but t#e" dont
an(e t#e ba%& 'eann(6
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A0VER,IALS EPRESS A 1I0E
RANGE OF MEANINGS TIME: I le!t at < o &lo&76 . Ad*erbal-1#en3
PLACE: I )ent to London6 . Ad*erbal- 1#ere3
MANNER :I )al7ed %lo)l"6 . Ad*erbal- #o)3 A00ING A COMMENT: Fran7l"+ I t#n7 t% r(#t6
LINJING T1O CLAUSES : T#e bu% )a% !ull6 Ho)e*er+ I
!ound a %eat6
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A00 SEVERAL A0VER,IALS 1rte out t#e%e &lau%e% )t# %o'e o$tonal e5tra
detal%+ addn( ad*erbal ele'ent% to tell u% )#en3 or)#ere3 or #o)3 U%e %o'e o! t#e%e e5a'$le%+ or
'a7e u$ ad*erbal% o! "our o)n6
1#en3 Soon+ t#en+ ne5t )ee7+ o!ten+ toda"+ n t#e
'ornn(+ on Sunda"
1#ere3T#ere+ n to)n+ nearb"+ u$%tar%+ t#at )a"+out%de+ on t#e table
Ho)3 Slo)l"+ loudl"+ #a$$l"+ )ell+ l7e an e5$ert+ b"
&ar+ )t# #a%te
6 Our tea' beat t#e lea(ue a'$on%6
;6 I' don( a ne) 4(%a)6
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JMP ; HOME1ORJ :1RITE A
SPORTS COMMENTAR2 2ou #a*e been (*en a $e&e o! rado %$ort%
&o''entar"6 . Pun&tuaton #a% been added6
Re)rte t+ ta7n( out all t#e ad*erbal ele'ent%6 1rte
a bre! $ara(ra$# e5$lann( #o) t#e &o''entar" #a%an(ed+ and )#et#er "ou t#n7 t#e ne) *er%on %
better or )or%e+ and )#"6
No) )rte anot#er $e&e o! %$ort% &o''entar" + on
"our !a*ourte %$ort+ $uttn( n a% 'an" ad*erbal% a%
"ou &an t#n7 o!6 Ne5t le%%on+ )ell read our re%ult% outand de&de )#o )ould 'a7e t#e be%t &o''entator
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VARIATIONS IN CLAUSE
PATTERNS T#ere are @ ba%& &lau%e t"$e% :
S V
I "a)ned
S V O
I o$ened t#e door
S V C
I a' read"
S V A
I )ent to London
S V O O
I (a*e #' a $en
S V O C I (ot '" %#oe% )et
S V O A
I $ut t#e bo5 on t#e !loor