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From Gene to Protein
Transcription and TranslationMechanisms of Regulation
DNA RNA ProteinTranscription Translation
LO 3.4 The student is able to describe representations and models illustrating how genetic information is
translated into polypeptides. [See SP 1.2]
• Initiation of Transcription•Transcription•Eukaryotic processing of RNA•Translation•Comparison of Eukaryotic and prokaryotic protein synthesis
To Make a Protein: Transcription and Translation
Initiation of Transcription• RNA polymerase can assemble mRNA in the 5’-3’
direction• Does not need a primer to initiate making mRNA
PromoterTATAAAA
5’5’3’
3’
TEMPLATE STRAND
CODING STRAND
Transcription Start Point
Direction of Transcription (downstream)
Synthesis of mRNA
• Transcription factors must bind to the promoter
• RNA-polymerase scans the template DNA molecule in the 3' to 5' direction until it recognizes transcription factors
Transcription• RNA-polymerase synthesizes a mRNA strand
complementary to the template strand (in the 5’-3’ direction just like DNA polymerase
Eukaryote mRNA processing
• 5’ GTP cap• 3’ poly A tail
• Splicing: Excision of introns• Small nuclear Ribonucleprotein
particles (snRNPs) assist in splicing
5’ UTR
Translation: Initiation, Elongation, Termination
• Initaition: mRNA, small subunit of the ribosome and initiator tRNA (methionine) form a complex
• Large subunit binds • Translation is initiated at the start codon (AUG)
5’ UTR
Elongation of the polypeptide1. tRNAs brings the
correct amino acid to the ribosome.
2. Energy from GTP hydrolysis is needed to form the peptide bond
3. The ribosome shifts one codon over and is ready for a new tRNA.
Termination• When a stop codon is reached a release factor
enters the A site• The bond between the polypeptide and tRNA is
broken• Protein, ribosome, tRNA and mRNA disassociate
How tRNAs decode the message:• tRNAs have an anticodon- complementary to
the mRNA codon. • tRNAs carry a specific amino acid.
Codon chart• The genetic code is highly
conserved• It is unambiguous: each
codon codes for only one amino acid
• It is redundant: many amino acids are coded for by more than one codon.
• Decode the following mRNA sequence
• 5’-AUGAAACGCGUUUAA-3’
Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Protein Synthesis have Conserved Features
• RNA polymerase• Ribosomes and transfer RNAs decode mRNA into
a protein one codon at a time in the cytoplasm.• The codon AUG initiates protein synthesis • Codons are triplets of bases and are conserved.
Prokryotic Protein Synthesis• Because prokaryotes lack a nucleus
Transcription and Translation are coupled (can occur at the same time)
• No introns• This is more efficient
Eukaryotic Protein Synthesis
• The nuclear membrane separates transcription and translation
• Before mRNA leaves the nucleus it is modified by enzymes:
• Modifications includes– Addition of a 5’ GTP cap– Addition of a 3’ poly-A tail– Splicing: Excision (removal) of introns (interrupting
sequences)
Producing multiple proteins from the same mRNA
• Multiple Ribosomes can bind to the same mRNA
• Multiple mRNAs from the same gene.
• Bacteria are streamlined: – transcription and translation
are not separated by a nuclear membrane.
Summary of Eukaryotic
Transcription and Translation
Watch DNA learning center mRNA translation (advanced)
Translation by tRNA in the ribosome• Ribosomes essentially “hold everything together”
and catalys the formation of the peptide bond between the amino acids braught in by transfer RNA
• The transfer RNA do the decoding
Transcription and translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Coupled transcription and translation in bacteria
Transcription • Coding strand: on this figure is the “sense strand”• Template strand: on this figure is the “anti-sense
strand”• mRNA is complementary to the anti-sense strand,
and a “copy” of the sense strand, with Uracil instead of Thymine.