Frequency Planning in 3g

8/3/2019 Frequency Planning in 3g

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Microwave Radio NetworkPlanning in 3G





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ContentsIntroduction 3

Evolution of mobile networks 4

Network topology evolution 4

Planning of Point-to-Point microwave 5

Capacity increase (upgrade from PDH to SDH) 9

Effect of technology change to link planning 10

Regulatory aspects 10

Conclusions 11

Introduction

This study highlights the main

issues that should be taken into

account when planning future

microwave radio networks for base

station access in 3G. Even though

there are different microwave access

technologies, this study covers only

the usage of point-to-point

microwave radios, which is the

main technology for base station

access today and in the foreseeable

future.

The introduction of 3G will have

a significant effect to cellular

transmission (CT), which has to be

taken into account in network

planning. The increased capacity

requirement will effect both the

individual radio network links and

the network topology. In current

GSM networks BTS capacities are

on average 0.5–1 Mbit/s while in3G BTS capacities are in range of

2–10 Mbit/s. This huge capacity

increase will force mobile operators

to introduce fibre based solutions

also in regional networks and

possibly change the existing

network structure towards a more

of a star type of topology.

The introduction of 3G will also

force operators to use the existing

frequency bands as ef ficient as

possible and also to find new

frequency bands. This will be a

big challenge for operators and

regulators because at the same time

new operators will emerge to share

the scarce radio frequency

spectrum. One of the key issues in

coming years is how to optimise the

usage of radio frequency spectrum

and how to guarantee the required

quality of service.

This study shows that robustmodulation methods like 4QAM

provides the best areal spectrum

ef ficiency in dense networks.

This has been studied on both in a

mesh networks with randomly

oriented hops and a fully built star

were hops are as close angle as

possible. Robust modulation

methods also guarantee low

RBER (Residual Bit Error Rate),

which is required by ATM transport

in 3G networks.

The effect of ATM transport to

radio link planning has been

studied and new planning

recommendations are given.

It can be assumed that many of

the existing PDH radio links fulfil

these recommendations, though

operators are encouraged to verify

the situation. Those PDH links

which has been planned according

to old G.821 should be recalculated

with a fade margin correspondingto threshold level at about

BER=10-5.



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Evolution of mobile networksTransmission is an important

element in any mobile network,

affecting both the services and

service quality offered as well as

the cost of the mobile operator.

Optimisation of transmission

solutions is thus certainly

worthwhile from the operator’s

business point of view. Microwave

access, based on point-to-point

microwave radios, is thedominating technology in base

station access networks. It offers

the fastest means for network

roll-out and capacity-expansion.

When using microwave radio

transmission, an operator saves on

operational expenses compared to

laying his own cable or leasing

connections. At least two-thirds of

all base station connections are

based on microwave radios.

CT access networks have been

typically built strictly according to

cellular system needs. These mobile

systems evolve from current

narrowband GSM to EDGE and

WCDMA. If services are same in

both networks, the transmission

capacity depends on the system

overhead, which is about 1.3 x user

bit rate in EDGE and about 2 x in

WCDMA. In ETSI market typical

capacities and site densities during

2005 – 2007 with data rich services

with 30 % speech could be as

follows:

Network topologyevolution

CT network topology will evolve to

quite different structure in coming

years. The middle part i.e. national

and regional layers will be very

similar or exactly same as in fixed

networks. This will pave way for a

common transport IP based network

that takes care of all traf fic.

The access network evolution will

be different. The access comprises

about 60 – 80 % of the network cost

and is very critical to any operator.

The access will be separate some

time for fixed and mobile part.

The following facts effect to the

access network and the use of

point-to-point radio links:

• Use of existing infrastructure; it is

very costly and time consuming

to modify network topology.

Equipment should also be re-used

as much as possible.

• Capacity often dictates the use of

certain media and equipment.

Capacity depends on topology

and can not be chosen freely.

The increase of capacity will force

to change some topology models.

• Connectivity technology TDM,

ATM or IP as such does NOT

change the topology and the

number of interfaces, etc.

• Frequency band for last mile media

radio links are becoming dif ficult

to get, driving to higher frequencies

i.e. also towards shorter hops.

• Fibre will be more and more

available within few kilometres

from any given base station in city

areas making star configurationmore feasible in last mile

connection.

WCDMA Dense urban Urban Suburban Rural Highway

Selected cell range/km 0.25 0.5 1.5 6 6

Distance between sites:

1.5 x cell range 0.4 0.8 2.3 9 9

TRS capacity/site: Mbits/s 10 4 3.5 2 3

TRS density: Mbits/km2

80 8 0.8 0.03 0.04



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Access CT network has currently

a lot of tree and chain topologies,

especially in rural areas. Capacity

increase and obligatory use of

radio links makes the last mile

layer shorter – suggesting a wider

use of fibre loops and big radio link

stars, see Figure 1. This topology

most probably will be the favourite

one in the future, starting from

city areas.

Planning of Point-to-Point microwaveUsually the designer has some

limiting conditions – like available

station sites – as the basis.

The network has also some

performance objectives (availability

and error performance) which the

network must fulfil. Within these

limits the designer may vary his

network plan by changing various

parameters of the system.

Operating band

The network planning is mainly

based on availability at frequencies

above about 17 GHz. Below that

the design is normally dominated

by error performance. In the

tropics or other areas of heavy

rainfalls this limit frequency may

be lower (near 10 GHz). The lower

frequencies allow longer hops

while at higher frequencies high

antenna gains are easier toachieve which makes handling of

interference easier.

Choice of frequencies and

polarisationOften it is advisable to choose

higher frequencies for shorter hops

(like above 30 GHz for hops below

some 5 – 10 km) and use lower

frequencies for longer hops if

possible. Specifically, for very short

hops (below 1 km) one might

consider using 58 GHz radios as the

interference is well under control

due to high atmospheric attenuation.

In addition, the unlicensed use of

frequencies in this band gives

some flexibility the designer may

appreciate.

The attenuation caused by rain is

lower for vertical polarization than

for a horizontal one, so vertical

polarization should be used for

long hops in the network while

horizontal polarization mayprovide a good vehicle to increase

network spectral ef ficiency when

used for shorter hops. The current

recommendation is that horizontal

polarization should not be used at

frequencies above about 30 GHz.

This is true especially for using

both polarizations over the same

hop as cross-polarization

discrimination (XPD) may be

deteriorated during rain and hail.

Still, there might be cases where

some extra protection could be

achieved in dense networks with

proper use of horizontal

polarization on shorter hops.

Path design

Clearance for the hop is designed

as usual, i.e. the first Fresnel zone

should be free at normal k-value

1.33. It should be noted that

relatively small obstructions,

like a single tree in the radio path,

might prevent signal reception atproper levels. Similarly, due to the

high frequencies and corresponding

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

SDHHubsite

SDHHubsite

SDHHubsite

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

SDH ring

4*E1 radio

WCDMA BTS

GSM BTS

RNC

BSC

4*E1 radio

16*E1 radio

Shared Site

Shared Site

Figure 1. Example of combined GSM and 3G access network.



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small Fresnel zones, relatively small

areas may act as reflecting surfaces.

This is contrary to the design at

lower frequencies (below 10 GHz).

Modulation method

By choosing a modulation method

with few states (for example,

4QAM, MSK, etc.) or a system

with good error correction

capability, one may have relatively

high tolerance against noise and

interference, i.e. a low receiver

threshold power Prxth. That willallow longer hops to be built.

This will also lead to best areal

spectrum ef ficiency independently

of the hop lengths. On some

occasions – not typical for access

networks – point-to-point spectrum

ef ficiency can have more weight,

which may justify using modulation

methods with higher number of

states. Combining coding and high

state modulation like, e.g., in

trellis-coding modulation (TCM) –

may sometimes give a good

compromise between point-to-point

and areal spectral ef ficiency.

The introduction of ATM

transport requires that the RBER

(Residual Bit Error Rate) of a link

is very low. This supports also the

usage of modulation methods with

few states.

Transmitter power Ptx

Selecting higher transmitter power

Ptx will make the availability and

error performance figures better.

However, this may sometimes

cause excessive interference to other

radio links in own or other

networks. One should avoid using

unnecessarily high power.

Sometimes extra attenuators areneeded to adjust the power.

A more convenient way is to use

transmitters with selectable or

programmable power levels.

Another effective way to avoid

generating unnecessary interference

into the network is to use adaptive

transmitter power (ATP) where

high power is used only during

fading periods and otherwise a

lower power is used. A working

ATP scheme requires that there is a

return path in order to send

information about the receiving

conditions to the transmitter.

Use of error monitoring as a controlparameter is crucial in achieving

good network performance.

At star points, where several paths

converge to the same station,

a good rule of thumb for design is

to have equal received powers for

each path. Usually this means

that at least some of the far end

transmitter powers should be

adjusted. For very short hops one

might even use somewhat smaller

received levels than for the longer

ones.

Receiver threshold power Prxth

This is mainly dictated by the

selected capacity, noise figure and

used modulation method. In heavy

interference environment the

effective receiver threshold may

degrade considerably – in tightly

built networks about 3 dB or even

more. It should be reminded that

low threshold powers enable longer

hops (if the transmitted power

remains the same). It also directly

raises, in addition to filtering and

other things, interference tolerance.

Antenna gain Ga or size

The designer may increase theperformance by selecting an antenna

with higher gain, i.e. a bigger

antenna. Usually this also decreases

interference from other directions

and the interference caused to

others as well. Appropriate antenna

gains are usually between 35 and

45 dBi. Very high gain antennas may

make achieving and maintaining

antenna aligning dif ficult.

Protection methods

Use of equipment protection

(for example, hot stand-by) usually

changes system parameters by

increasing the branching loss.This should be taken into account

when calculating link performance.

Use of diversity usually changes

system parameters but also

improves error performance.

It should be noted that use of space

or frequency diversity above about

17 GHz is seldom motivated,

as they do not give protection

against rain induced unavailability.

Hop design and network

performance

Normally, the calculations start

with some existing or assumed

network configuration and with

some selected set of system

parameters (transmitter powers,

threshold powers, interference

conditions, antennas, etc.).

The error performance and

availability figures are evaluated

and checked against requirements.

Modifications are made according

to the results of calculations.

Sometimes it may turn out that

some changes are required in the

network configuration (some

additional site, path diversity etc.)

in order to achieve the targets.

Occasionally, it may also turn out

that the performance objectives assuch can be redefined and adjusted

according to the actual



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requirements. Usually, adjusting

transmitter powers and antennas

leads to the wanted final result.

However, the full calculation may

sometimes be quite a big job as the

interference between individual

links may be quite extensive in a

tightly built network. In these kinds

of situations it will be extremely

useful to use radio links which have

good tolerance against interference

as the number of hops producing

significant interference then

diminishes considerably.

The additional benefit in using

systems with low number of signal

states (or otherwise robust systems)

is that in dense networks they

lead to the best areal spectrum

ef ficiency, i.e. the highest number

of transmitted bits per square

kilometre. The required increase

in power against noise and

interference is for 16QAM, 64QAM

and 128QAM compared to 4QAM

as follows (uncoded systems):

7, 13 and 16 dB. The result is that

these modulation methods with

high number of states are very

inef ficient in dense networks

containing many randomly oriented

links (mesh network).

Figure 2 depicts the areal spectrum

ef ficiencies in a mesh network

with randomly oriented hops as a

function of fade margin and

network density threshold. Due to

different threshold powers, the

tolerance to interference is much

better in 4QAM than in other

systems in a case where areal

spectrum ef ficiency is determined

by only taking into account the

area occupied due to interference,and no limitation is given for the

network density, i.e. the node

density threshold = 0. Practical

cases have shown that = 0.25

and = 0.50 correspond to high

and medium density networks,

respectively. However, the new

urban networks where several

operators may operate in the same

geographical area, may approach

zero indicating that there might

be several transmitters near each

other. The density threshold can be

calculated in real network by

dividing the entire geographical

area by the number of sites and the

square of average hop length.

The example shown in Figure 2

depicts that the best ef ficiency is

achieved with 4QAM and 32TCM

modulation for most of the

interesting fade margins in dense

networks at 26 GHz. 32 TCM givesalways better or equal ef ficiency

compared to 16 QAM due better

tolerance and equal number of

information bits per symbol.

The area of equal ef ficiency is shown

in grey colours. Similar results

apply also for other frequencies.

The general trend of the areal

spectrum ef ficiency is in favour of

the 4-level modulation schemes

in very dense networks, with rather

low gain antennas, when a large

fade margin is required, or when

only little degradation due to

interference is accepted.

The yellow hexagon in the Figure 2

indicates roughly the typical

operation area in access networks

where terminal density is relatively

high. In dense networks hop

lengths are short and therefore the

required fade margin is relatively

small. The reverse is true for sparsenetworks.

Node density threshold

10Fade margin (dB)

0.0

128QAM

30

Medium density

29282726252423222120191817161514131211

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

32TCM or 16QAM 32TCM 4QAM

Infinite density

High density

Low density

Typical operation area

Figure 2. The modulation method that is giving the best areal spectrum efficiency as a function of fade margin

and network density threshold with performance degradation 3 dB, D = 0.3 m, f = 26 GHz, and BER = 10 -6 .



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This comparison is sketchy but

reveals the essential trends.

Moreover, it is slightly unfavourable

for 4QAM because it does not take

fully into account the better system

value achievable for these systems.

Hence, there is still some additional

margin for other interference or

the operator may use transmitters

with less power as compared to the

higher state QAM-modulations.

Another, a complementing view

of the network situation can beachieved by considering the

available node capacity in a star

point where several hops converge.

Also at star points 4-level systems

generally give a better total node

capacity for a given use of

spectrum although 16QAM may

come quite close, if hops belonging

to the star are the only ones taken

into account. However, some

sophisticated modulation methods

like 32TCM, may exceed even

4QAM performance.

Figure 3 assumes a fully built star

(hops as close an angle as possible),

and a relative nodal capacity

(number of “equivalent 4QAM-

hops” at fade margin 10 dB) for the

given bandwidth has been calculated.

The antenna pattern is assumed to

be according to ITU-R F.699-4.

All hops have the same fade margin

and are of equal length.

The figure reveals a few interesting

general trends: In dense networks,

where the required fade margins are

modest, the star capacity can be

surprisingly high if the modulation

is reasonable, i.e. 4QAM, 16QAM

or 32TCM. The total node capacitydiminishes quite strongly as the fade

margin increases, but the relative

effectiveness remains quite similar

up to quite high fade margins.

The general behaviour of the curves

remains quite unaltered even if

antenna gain (~D/) is changed

within reasonable practical limits.

The absolute capacities of thesystems will be smaller for smaller

antennas but the relative capacities

are practically the same. Again,

these analyses do not take into

account the better system value of

4QAM which gives either some

extra tolerance to interference or

allows to use less transmitted power

than any of these other systems.

The strong dependence of nodalcapacity on fade margin suggest

that designer should aim to have

1.4

10Fade margin

0.0

4QAM 16QAM 128QAM 32TCM

26221814

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

Relative nodal capacity (D/ = 100)

Required angle in degrees

10Fade margin

0

4QAM 16QAM 128QAM 32TCM

252015

30

20

10

Minimum angles (D/ = 100)

Figure 3. Star network spectral ef fi ciencies for different modulations. Performance degradation 3 dB, BER = 10 -3.

Figure 4. Minimum angles between two systems in a fully built star as a function of fade margin.



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star points where the different hops

have fade margins of roughly the

same order to maximize the node

capacity.

Figure 4 illustrates the basic

difference between these systems,

i.e. the minimum angle by which

two systems must be separated in a

fully built star in order to keep

interference in the tolerated limits.

Even if this example is artificial,

it clearly shows the additional

flexibility of 4QAM. It providesthe greatest choice of possible hop

positions using the same radio

channel.

The network design should be the

result of total design approach

where interference is considered

from the very beginning. The access

networks require typically densely

built terminal sites (stars) and

relatively densely assembled

random hops. These hops may or

may not belong to the operator’s

own network. In either case, the

best spectrum ef ficiency (total

capacity) is achieved by using

4QAM (or 32TCM) modulation.

Sometimes in sparsely built

networks in rural areas, 16QAM or

equivalent may provide the same

or slightly better spectral ef ficiency

than 4QAM, but the differences

are small. Also, the better system

values and smallest minimum

angles at star points give the

designer additional flexibility and

design margin. This design margin

may be needed as the performance

requirements for SDH and ATM

links tend to be more stringent than

the earlier PDH requirements.

Capacity increase(upgrade fromPDH to SDH)

When radio link hops need more

capacity above 16 x 2 Mbit/s,

SDH-systems must be applied.

The present systems available are

STM-0 (21 x 2 Mbit/s), which gives

only minor increase in the capacity

(31 %) and STM-1 (63 x 2 Mbit/s),

which is almost four times the

PDH-capacity. STM-1 radio linkneeds radio channel 112 MHz with

4QAM, 56 MHz with 16QAM and

28 MHz with 128QAM (see table

below).

The S/N requirements for receiver

threshold using different

modulations are also shown in the

table. For example, 128QAM needs

about 16 dB higher S/N than 4QAM.

To upgrade existing radio link from

4QAM 16 x 2 Mbit/s to 155 Mbit/s

without changing the RF-channel

width 128QAM is needed. The

Modulation 16 x 2 Mbit/s 155 Mbit/s S/N (10-6) Difference

RF-channel RF-channel in system gain

4QAM 28 MHz 112 MHz 13,5 dB 0 dB

16QAM 14 MHz 56 MHz 20,5 dB 7 dB

32TCM-2D 14 MHz 56 MHz 17,6 dB 4 dB

64QAM 14 MHz 56 MHz 26,5 dB 13 dB

128QAM 7 MHz 28 MHz 29,5 dB 16 dB

256QAM 7 MHz 28 MHz 32,6 dB 19 dB

transmit power increase is normally

not possible (Ptxmax<30 dBm)

by more than few dB (0...3 dB).

If the size of antennas in both ends

is doubled roughly 6+6 dB can be

gained. Due to practical reasons,

antenna gains exceeding about

44 dB cannot be used. With these

changes 12 to 15 dB is possible and

in case of short hops the missing

part may be “covered” by the excess

system gain margin.

If the RF-channel can be changedfrom 28 MHz to 56 MHz this kind

of capacity upgrade would be less

critical because 32TCM can be

used. The system gain increase

demand would then be only 4 dB

and could be partly covered by

transmit power increase (e.g. 3 dB)

or with 50 % bigger antenna in one

end. If antenna changes are

planned, the rigidity and available

space of the supporting structures

must be checked. If antenna

changes are not possible, the hop

lenghts must be normally halved.

Table 1: Channel requirements on different modulation methods.



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Effect of technology changeto link planning

The existing radio links have been

planned using parameters for PDH or

SDH systems such as SES (Severely

Errored Seconds), ES (Errored

Seconds), RBER (Residual Bit Error

Rate), BBER (Background Block

Error Ratios) for which some time

percentages of worst month has

been allocated. When planning isbased on 64 kbit/s ISDN-paths

(ITU-T G.821), several different

grades of quality can be applied,

such as High Grade, Medium Grade

(4 sub-classes) or Local Grade.

This applies mainly to existing

PDH-radio links. For mobile system

infrastructures typically one of the

Medium Grade classes is applied

(Class 3). When planning is based

on primary level or above paths

(ITU-T G.826) International portion

and National portion are specified.

National portion has been sub-

divided into Long-haul, Short-haul

and Access sections. This applies

mainly to existing SDH-radio links.

New international synchronous

paths should be planned according

to ITU-T G.828, which applies also

to national or private synchronous

paths. New ITU-T G.828 specifies

recommended block based error

performance parameters for

synchronous digital paths whichmay support circuit switched,

packet switched, and leased circuit

services. Synchronous digital paths

meeting the objectives of G.828 will

enable ATM traf fic to meet

B-ISDN-requirements of I.356.

Radio links planned according to

G.826 using ITU-R F.1189 or F.1092

can fulfil ATM-requirements if

residual BER is lower than about

10 – 11 per 100 km path. (In practice,

Regulatory aspects

The highest applicable frequency

band should be selected depending

on required hop length and

transmission capacity. Frequency

license fee policy of regulators tries

to promote this principle in order

to save lower frequency bands for

longer hops or special applications.

There is also a continuous and

growing need also for 56 MHz

channels to carry 155 Mbit/s using

16QAM or 32TCM modulations

since, for example, 128QAM-type

systems cannot offer good enoughareal spectral ef ficiency.

In a dense network, high order

modulations do not necessarily give

higher spectral ef ficiency compared

to lower order modulations. In case

when the hop density is very high

4QAM clearly seems to give the best

areal spectrum ef ficiency. However,

narrow frequency blocks available

for the operators may place additional

limitations to the spectral ef ficiency

considerations. This situation may

favour higher level modulations.

In urban environment the required

hop lengths are generally relativelyshort which also affects to the

spectral ef ficiency calculations.

four level modulation or FEC fulfils

this RBER requirement). If old

PDH-radio links which have been

planned according to requirements of

G.821 will be utilized recalculations

must be done for which fade margin

corresponding to threshold level at

about BER=10-5 is needed:

• If the frequency band is below

about 17 GHz, multi-path outage

probability during worst month

must be calculated according to

F.530-8 and the result compared

to SECBR (Severely Errored CellBlock Ratio)-limit.

• If the frequency band is above about

17 GHz, rain outage probability of

worst month must be calculated

according to F.530-8 and the

result compared to unavailability

target applicable to the network

(not yet specified to ATM,

recommended spec. ITU-R F.1493).

• Residual BER should be below

10-11 which can be also measured

by a suitable BER test

Among coded modulation schemes

32TCM seems to be the most

promising because C/I requirement

is in midway between 4QAM and

16QAM, but the net capacity and

the spectrum width is nearly the

same as those of 16QAM. In order

to cater for the mix of technologies

and services to be delivered at the

same frequency band, it is most

appropriate that a block (or blocks)

of spectrum is made available to a

potential operator in a manner

consistent with the technology andmarket that the operator may wish

to address.



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ConclusionsThe introduction of 3G will also

have a significant effect on cellular

transmission, which has to be taken

into account in network planning.

The main conclusions are:

• Capacity requirements will

increase significantly to several

Mbit/s per site.

• Fibre optic based solutions will

be taken into use also in regional

networks.• Microwave point-to-point radios

will continue to be the main last

mile access technology, because

typically there is no fibre available

at BTS site.

• Network topology is assumed

to change towards more simple

star type of topology (or short

chains).

• Current PDH radios can be used

to transport ATM traf fic, though

new planning recommendations

should be taken into use.

• The introduction of 3G will force

operators to use the existing

frequency bands as ef ficiently aspossible and also to find new

frequency bands.

• Robust modulation methods like

4QAM provides best areal spectrum

ef ficiency in dense networks.



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Frequency Planning in 3g