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3G UMTS overview &RF Planning
Vinod BHOOSHAN
November, 16th 2007
2 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
Agenda
1. Introduction to UMTS & Architecture
2. WCDMA overview
3. Radio environment
4. UTRAN overall dimensioning process
5. Radio Network Planning Process
6. Radio Frequency Aspects & GSM/UMTS Co-siting
7. HSDPA overview
3 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
Introduction to UMTS & Architecture
4 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
UTRA - UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
2 modes:
W-CDMA FDD mode for the paired bandy uplink and downlink are separated in frequency
TD-CDMA TDD mode for the unpaired bandy uplink and downlink are separated in timey flexible time duration for uplink and downlink for asymmetrical traffic
FDD Mode
FUL/DL
TDD Mode
1900 1920 1980
FDD ULTDD UL/D
L
TDD UL/DL
MSSUL
2010 2025
MSSDL
2110 2170 2200
FDD DL
FUL
FDL
5 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
UTRA FDD - Characteristics
W-CDMA multiple access
Frequency band Region 1 (Europe)
Uplink: 1920-1980 MHz Downlink: 2110-2170 MHz
Carrier Bandwidth
2x5 MHz (theor. occupied bandwidth=Chiprate 3,84 Mcps) Services
Both circuit and packet data and asymmetric bitrates User bitrate up to 384 kbit/s
FDD foreseen for Macro- and Microcellular coverage
6 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
UMTS Radio Access Network
Internet
CoreNetwork
RNC
RNCISDN
Node B
Node B
Radio AccessNetwork
Node BNode B
Node B
Node B
IubIu
Iur
7 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
Introduction UTRAN Architecture
Circuit CoreNetwork
IPNetwork
2G/3G GGSN3G SGSN
GPRSbackbone
3G MSC/VLR
RNC
Node IIu(PS)RNC
Node B with RRU
Node B
Iub
Uu
Iur
Iu(CS)
8 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
UMTS radio access network
Node B
Node BIur
UTRAN
RNC
RNC
Node B
Node B
Iub
RNS
RNS
UMTS Radio Access Network
Iu Node By radio station like the BTS in GSM.
RNC-Radio Network Controller
y controls radio resources of several Node Bsy supports the Iu interface to the core network
RNS-Radio Network Subsystem
y like BSS in GSM
9 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
UMTS radio access network interfaces
Node B
Node BIur
UTRAN
RNC
RNC
Node B
Node B
Iub
RNS
RNS
UMTS Radio Access Network
Iu Iur interfacey logical interface between RNCsy basic inter RNC mobility (e.g. soft
handover)
Iub interface
y interface between RNC and Node B
10 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
WCDMA overview
11 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
Multiple Access Techniques
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access
uses band pass for carrier signal which are non-overlapping in the frequency domain
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
carrier signals are non overlapping in the time domain
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
spreads the signal over the entire available bandwidth by using codes with good
correlation properties
FFrreeqquueennccyy
TTiimm ee
PPoowweerr
OO nnee UUsseerr
FFrreeqquueennccyy
TTiimm ee
PPoowweerr
UUsseerr
Power
Time
Frequency
One User
Carrier 1 Carrier 2
12 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
W-CDMA
W-CDMA = Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
Users are separated with code sequences (spreading/de-spreading technique)
All users are transmitting simultaneously on the same frequency
In FDD mode, different frequencies are used on uplink and downlink
13 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
Spread spectrum technique
The user bits are coded with a unique sequence (code).
The bits of the code are called chips and the chip rate is higher than the user bit rate
Time
Domain
Bandwidth = 3.84 Mhz for UMTS
Code Ci(t)
Resulting spread signal
Di (t) = Si (t) x Ci(t)Bit1 Bit2
Source signal Si (t)
before spreading
Frequency
DomainNarrowband signal
Bit Rate =Rb
Chip Rate =Rc = 3.84 Mcps in UMTS
Chip Rate =RcSpreading Factor
SF =Rc/Rb
14 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
Spreading
SPREADING
15 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
Own and other signals
16 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
Despreading
DESPREADING
17 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
[1 1 -1 1 -1] [1 -1 -1 -1 1]
Spread Chip Sequence
c
s
TTL =Spreading Factor
Spreading Chips
+1
-1Symbol
+1
-1 -1 -1 -1
Ts
Tc
18 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
Spreading / Despreading
In the receiving path, de-spreading is achieved by auto-correlation with the same code
Due to low cross-correlation properties with other codes, the received signal energy is increased compared to noise and other signal interference
The gain due to despreading is called processing gain
Example for 12.2 AMR speech:
dBkbpskcps
RateBitUserRateChipPG 2575.314
2.123840 ====
19 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
Spreading and scrambling codes
Spreading codes (channelization codes)
y used to differentiate mobiles and servicesy different lengths (spreading factor) according to service in UMTSy Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) in UMTS
Scrambling codes
y used to differentiate un-synchronized codes (from other UEs or Node-Bs)y 1 scrambling code per sector on downlinky PN code family in UMTS
DL
UL UEDescrambling Despreading
SpreadingOVSF
(Service identifier)
ScramblingPN
(User identifier)
Node B
SpreadingOVSF
(Service/ user identifier)
ScramblingPN
(Cell identifier)
DescramblingDespreading
20 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
Spreading codes: OVSF code tree
1c4,1=
c4,2=
c4,3=
c4,4=
c2,1=
c2,2=
c1,1= 1
1 1
1 -1
11
1 1
1 -1
1 -1
reverse
copy 1 1copy
reverse-1 -1
1 -1
-1 1reverse
SF= 4SF= 1 SF= 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1
1 1 1 1-1 -1 -1 -1
1 1 1 1-1 -1 -1 -1
1 1-1 -1 1 1-1 -1
1 1-1 -1 1 1-1-1
1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1
1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -11
Up to SF=256
21 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
OVSF : Orthogonality property
1c4,1=
c4,2=
c4,3=
c4,4=
c2,1=
c2,2=
c1,1= 1
1 1
1 -1
11
1 1
1 -1
1 -1
1 1
-1 -1
1 -1
-1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1
1 1 1 1-1 -1 -1 -1
1 1 1 1-1 -1 -1 -1
1 1-1 -1 1 1-1 -1
1 1-1 -1 1 1-1-1
1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1
1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -11Codes free
Codes used
22 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
RNCSC#0SC#1
SC#2
NodeB
NodeB
SC#128SC#129
SC#130
SC: Scrambling Code
Downlink Scrambling Code
Downlink scrambling code
y One code per cell (sector/carrier) : Configurable by operatory 512 codes
23 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
Radio environment
24 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
UMTS Radio EnvironmentPropagation model
o No special propagation model currently used for broadband signals at 2GHz
o Standard propagation model based on Hata-Okumura model for macrocellular
y COST-HATA is only valid for 1500-2000 MHzy Calibration of morpho correction factors required
o ITU is defining a new propagation model which will be valid for 30-3000 MHz with a particular attention to 2GHz range
25 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
Overall processInputs: WCDMA Radio parameters
W-CDMA parameters
such as UL cell loading, Common channel power, orthogonality factor Eb/No and sensitivity values for each service and required QoS
Radio parameters
Gains, margins and losses (shadowing, body losses, soft-handover gain ) Propagation models
26 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
Overall processKey dimensioning parameters (1/3)
Environment
Dense urban, urban, suburban, rural => impact on propagation models at 2 GHz
Multi-path channel model (Vehicular A for macrocell deployment) and mobile speed (3km/h, 50km/h )
=> impact on Eb/No and fast fading margins in link budget
Coverage objectives
Coverage probability => impact on shadowing margin in link budget
Wall penetration (deep or light indoor, incar, outdoor)=> impact on penetration margin in link budget
27 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
Overall processKey dimensioning parameters (2/3)
Service offer strategy
Offered services (bit rate) Quality (required BLER)=> impact on Eb/No and sensitivity values in link budget
W-CDMA parameters
Eb/No, sensitivity figures Mobile power classes (21, 24 dBm) Soft-handoff gains Other cell to intra-cell interference ratios Downlink orthogonality factor Max allowable cell load
28 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
Overall processKey dimensioning parameters (3/3)
Critical parameters that strongly affects the design results:
penetration margin (from 0 to 22dB) Offered service (from 128kbps to 384kbps, double the number of sites
Propagation model parameters (morpho correction factor Kc)
Probability of coverage (90, 95%)
Mobile transmit power (21 or 24 dBm)
Max allowable UL cell load (e.g. 65%)
Implementation margin for Eb/No (1dB)
Multipath channel model (Vehicular or Pedestrian) and speed (3-120km/h)
29 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
n
o
UE 1
UE 2
Before despreading After despreading
Near-Far-Problem
Up to around 80 dB attenuation between UE1 and UE2 If UE1 and UE2 transmitted with the same power, UE1 would jam UE2 : so-
called near-far effect
Solution : power control Need for an efficient power control able to fight against slow AND fast
fading!
30 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
Power Control
TX Power is adjusted regularly so that each connection is received with the required Eb/Nt of its service
Uplink: Avoid Near-Far-Problem Downlink: Power share allocation
Policy: No one gets a higher quality (Eb/Nt) than he needs. Everyone gets exactly the required quality or is not served at all
no unnecessary increase of interference for other mobiles no waste of common power resource in the downlink
31 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
Cell breathing
Considering the limitation of maximal transmit power, the increase of required received power due to high traffic will lead to decrease the cell range
The cell coverage decreases when the traffic increases : so-called cell breathing phenomenon
Coverage and capacity are linked in CDMA systems
32 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
Cell breathing
Load in the cell increases (increased number of subscribers, or higher transfer data rates)
Power and the noise level will grow and finally hinder communication.
Node B will decrease power per user reduction of coverage area
The RET will partly compensate cell breathing effect by changing the tilt
Then RET saves sites
What is cell breathing ? It is variable coverage due to increased load and noise
How ?
33 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
CDMA Uplink capacity
CDMA uplink capacity depends on the service bit rate, required Eb/No, load (interference) level =>Theory of Pole point formula (pole capacity) in monoservice
Soft capacity : if a cell is surrounded by lower loaded cells, this cell can support a higher number of users
1 11 b b
o
XNE RF
N W
= + +
N : number of simultaneous users per
sector
F : ratio between intracell and extracell
interference
X : cell load level (related to noise rise)
34 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
Interference level as a function of capacity
0 5
10 15 20 25 30 35
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Cell loading (%)
50% of cell load(3dB of interference)
max loading : 75%
Interference level (dB)
)1log(10 ULXNoiseRise =
Note:For cell load above 75 %, the system gets unstable
Uplink Cell load (monoservice)
The UL cell load is directly linked to the so called Noise Rise or interference level
100 % UL cell load means infinite mobile power required
monoservice
35 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
UTRAN overall dimensioning process
36 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
Overall methodology
Coverage-based dimensioningy Based on the UL part of the Link Budgety Increase the number of sites if dimensioning is capacity-based
Capacity-based dimensioningy UL Load Radio UL capacityy PA Radio DL capacityy TRM Codes DL capacityy CEM CEM UL/DL capacity
If required, reduce or increase the loading and iterate
Number of sites
Base Station H/W Configuration
37 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
Link Budget Example
Speech CS64 PS64 PS64 with HSDPAService Bit Rate kbps 12.20 64.00 64.00 64.00
Target Eb/No dB 4.30 1.50 1.40 3.30Target C/I dB -20.68 -16.28 -16.38 -14.48
Node-B Noise Figure dB 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50Node-B Noise Figure with TMA dB 2.36 2.36 2.36 2.36
Node-B Sensitivity dBm -126.34 -121.94 -122.04 -120.14Node-B Sensitivity with TMA dBm -126.48 -122.08 -122.18 -120.28
Antenna Gain dBi 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00Cable & Connector Losses dB 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50
Cable & Connector Losses with TMA dB 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Body Loss dB 3.00 3.00 1.50 1.50
Additional Losses dB 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Cell area coverage probability % 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95Outdoor Shadowing standard deviation dB 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00Indoor penetration standard deviation dB 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Overall standard deviation dB 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00Shadowing Margin dB 4.65 4.65 4.65 4.65Fast Fading Margin dB 1.70 4.30 0.60 0.60Penetration Margin dB 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00
Cell Load % 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50Noise Rise dB 3.01 3.01 3.01 3.01
Interference Margin dB 2.97 2.91 2.91 2.86
UE Max Transmit Power dBm 21.00 21.00 21.00 24.00UE Antenna Gain (UL diversity) dBi 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
MAPL without TMA dB 131.51 124.58 129.88 131.03Cell Range without TMA km 0.74 0.47 0.66 0.72
Nsites without TMA (1000km) 943.00 2304.00 1164.00 1004.00
38 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
xCEM capacity figures with bi-dimension model
Bi-dimension model for xCEM:
39 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
RNC Dimensioning
40 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
RadioNetwork Planning Process
41 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
WCDMA Radio Network Planning ProcessAlcatel-Lucents Tool A9155
Alcatel-Lucent uses A9155 (based on Atoll from Forsk)
A key advantage associated with this tool lies inthe full flexibility to change computationalgorithms and settings as required
A9155 is fully aligned with Alcatel-Lucentsproducts and engineering tool chain
y Interface compatible with Alcatel-Lucents OMC-Ry Alcatel-Lucent customers can fully benefit from this
tool since it is included in Alcatel-Lucents productportfolio
y Many customers already use A9155.
42 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
WCDMA Radio Network Planning ProcessInputs Required
RNP requires a set of inputs, in additionto those required for the Radio NetworkDimensioning stage, including:
Topology, morphology and trafficinformation
Site co-ordinates, heights, tilts,patterns and azimuths.
Morphology Clutter Database
Topology Digital Elevation MapTraffic Maps
43 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
WCDMA Radio Network Planning ProcessRNP Coverage Predictions (2/2)
Acceptable coverage is defined by severalrequirements that should be satisfied withinthe design coverage area:
CPICH RSCP CPICH Ec/Io -15 dB (based on field experience) Service Eb/No in DL UE service Eb/No for the target BLER Service Eb/No in UL Node-B service Eb/No
for the target BLER
HSDPA & HSUPA throughput Soft Handover status (for information purposes)
44 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
WCDMA Radio Network Planning ProcessRAN acceptance procedure
Radio commissioning of a cluster
Check of bearer coverage in moving conditions and in loaded context. Cluster loaded to check the quality of service as if several customer were
using some 3G services
y 70% power load in DL (OCNS)y 50% cell load in UL (3dB noise rise thanks to attenuator on UL path of the UE)
Drive test performed to checky Radio service quality of the bearery Track interference problems (Pilot pollution)y Coverage holesy Missing neighbours
45 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
WCDMA Radio Network Planning ProcessFixed load Predictions (1/2)
46 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
WCDMA Radio Network Planning ProcessFixed load Predictions (2/2)
47 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
WCDMA Radio Network Planning ProcessPrediction Examples: CPICH RSCP Coverage (1/5)
In Red :CS64 CPICH w/o TMA
In Green :CS64 CPICH w/ TMA
In Yellow :Speech CPICH
w/o TMA
In Blue :Speech CPICH
w/ TMA
48 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
WCDMA Radio Network Planning Process Predictions Examples: CPICH Ec/Io Coverage (2/5)
CPICH Ec/Io Threshold = -15dB
49 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
WCDMA Radio Network Planning Process Predictions Examples: UL / DL Speech Coverage (3/5)
50 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
WCDMA Radio Network Planning Process Predictions Examples: UL / DL CS64 Coverage (4/5)
51 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
WCDMA Radio Network Planning ProcessPredictions Examples: UL / DL PS384 Coverage (5/5)
52 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
WCDMA Radio Network Planning ProcessRNP Network Simulations (1/2)
Objective: To account for:
The dynamic nature of the interactions betweenusers (through iterative power control simulations)
and the typically non-uniform distribution of the traffic between sites (defined by the traffic map)
Uniform loading assumptions implicit with simple predictions studies Two common types of RNP network simulation studies that are performed:
Load Distribution Simulation Studies for estimating the UL and DL loading on a per cell basis (to facilitate enhanced predictions studies)
Detailed Simulation Studies to assess the network performance in a more rigorous manner in terms of call failures, hotspot analysis, radio feature evolution, rollout analysis
53 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
WCDMA Radio Network Planning ProcessSimulation Examples (1/2)
Based on Monte Carlo analysis
Random distribution of the users over the network according to a traffic map
~~ ~
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150 151 152
1
6
9
1
7
0
150 151 152
169170
User 759Service: PS64Mobility: 3 km/hTerminal: MobileActivity: Active UL
54 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
WCDMA Radio Network Planning Process Simulation Examples: Call Connections & Failures (2/2)
For each simulatedmobile:
Mobile Status : connectedUL, DL or not connected
Reason for Call Failure Mobile Power Active set status
Allows the identificationof hotspot locations thatare suffering performanceproblems facilitating targeted fine tuning of the design (add sites, carriers, features, etc).
55 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
WCDMA Radio Network Planning ProcessExample RNP Benefits
This Radio Network Planning illustrates clearly a lack of sites in several areas of the network. This is mainly due to the huge inter-site distance
As the coverage is limited in Uplink, these results could be improved by introducing TMA in most of the sites and thus decrease the required number of Node Bs
1800m
2100m
56 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
WCDMA Radio Network Planning ProcessSummary
The Radio Network Planning process for WCDMA does not redo the designderived from the radio network dimensioning process
Serves rather to enhance and refine the design Accounts for field constraints such as topology, morphology and traffic
distribution
Site positions, antenna heights, antenna tilts can be optimized
Moreover, Monte Carlo simulations can be used to better model the dynamic system behaviour and account for more realistic traffic distributions.
A9155 forms the RNP part of Alcatel-Lucents consistent tool chain for the radio network design process
57 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
Radio Frequency Aspects GSM/UMTS
Co-siting
58 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
Alcatel-Lucents guideline is to ensure there is 40 dB isolation between 2G system and 3G system
59 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
Worst Cases (in order to maintain 40dB isolation)
II I (90)
dd d d
III (180) IV (Horizontal)
d
V (Vertical)
d
Case Offending Antenna type WCDMA antenna Crossbeam Recommended isolationI up to 90 degrees HPBW 65 degrees HPBW N >0.25mII up to 90 degrees HPBW 65 degrees HPBW N Same mast is okIII up to 90 degrees HPBW 65 degrees HPBW N Same mast is okIV 65 degrees HPBW 65 degrees HPBW N >0.4mIV 90 degrees HPBW 65 degrees HPBW N >0.8mIV 115 degrees HPBW 65 degrees HPBW N >1mIV 65 degrees HPBW 65 degrees HPBW 10-40 degrees >0.5m - 1mIV up to 90 degrees HPBW 65 degrees HPBW 10 degrees >0.7mIV up to 90 degrees HPBW 65 degrees HPBW 20 degrees >0.8mIV up to 90 degrees HPBW 65 degrees HPBW 30 degrees >0.9mIV up to 90 degrees HPBW 65 degrees HPBW 40 degrees >1mV 7 degrees V-HPBW 65 degrees HPBW Normal tilting >0.25m depends on tilting
Disclaimer:This table can be treated as a rough guide only. If the required separation cannot be strictly met, then the degradation in performance will vary case by case.
60 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
Azimuths may Change
Horizontal separation >= 1m and Vertical separation >= 0.5m can be used as the guideline. Some safety margin is
included to take into account the different antenna types used, and crossbeams.
we cannot control the orientation of 2G equipment
Hence, the separation distance guideline is to PLAN FOR WORST CASE.
This takes into consideration possible changes of antennas azimuth and yet able to maintain a reasonable amount of isolation so as to minimize the impact of interference.
61 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
Worst Case Example (1)
Single case measurement example
Below 1m, rapid roll-off towards low isolation
GSM1800 115 deg to UMTS 65 degHorizontal measurements
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
50.00
55.00
60.00
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.00
12.00
Distance (m)
I
s
o
l
a
t
i
o
n
(
d
B
)
1900MHz1950MHz1980MHz
50dB marker
62 | WCDMA Architecture | December 2006 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2006, #####
Worst Case Example (2)
Beam Crossing
This is to show that the closer the main beams of 2 antennas cross, the lower the isolation between them.
Variable azimuth GSM1800 65 deg to UMTS 65 deg - cross-polar
35.00
40.00
45.00
50.00
55.00
60.00
65.00
70.00
75.00
-45 0 +45 +90
Bearing from fixed antenna (degrees)
I
s
o
l
a
t
i
o
n
(
d
B
) 1900MHz1950MHz1980MHz
50dB marker
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Solutions
Additional methods to achieve the required isolation
Physical Antenna Separation
Tighter filtering of the GSM BTS TX signaly Adding filters to the GSM BTS tx port to reduce the spurious emissions.
Diplexer in the case of feeder and antenna sharing between different systemsy Diplexer typically has >50 dB isolation.
Guideline:
H-separation > 1m
V-separation > 0.5m
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UMTS and UMTSUMTS and UMTS
Interference between Different UMTS Operators sharing same UMTS Antenna
3GPP Specification TS 25.942 defined a minimum coupling loss of 30 dB between antennas.
Antennas providing isolation of >30 dB (which is commonly available) between ports is sufficient.
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IS95 with UMTSIS95 with UMTS IS95/CDMA2000 is in the 800/900 MHz band, the impact of IS95 on WCDMA
2GHz band is very unlikely. Besides, the spectral density of IS95, which is a Spread Spectrum technology,
would be very low to cause impact.
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SUMMARYSUMMARYInterfering
WCDMA WCDMA Solution
Spurious Emissionsguideline: require >30
dB isolation (worst case)
UMTS Tx filter for both operators
1) This isolation guideline is based on eg. worst case BTS/Node B specifications etc..
2) So, even if the isolation requirement is not met, it doesnt necessarily mean there would definitely be isolation issues.
3) The guideline gives a safety reference that we should try to achieve to give us a certain level of confidence over possible isolation issues.
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Radio Frequency AspectsGSM/UMTS Co-siting
feeder
Single band antennas
GSMBTS
UMTSNode B
feeder feeder
Dual Band Antenna
GSMBTS
UMTSNode B
feeder
Decision criteria:
planning philosophy of the network operators aim environment (visual impact...)
Feeder sharing solution
Without Feeder sharing
Dual Band Antenna
GSM 900BTS
UMTSNode B
feederDiplexer
Diplexer
BroadbandAntenna
UMTSNode
B
GSMBTS
Diplexer
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Co-location with GSM system
UMTS Cell range depends on Traffic density and the service data rate
Comparison of UMTS cell ranges with GSM
0
2
4
6
8
10
Dense Urban (20 dB) Urban (15 dB) Suburban (15 dB) Rural (6 dB)
Cell Ranges
GSM900
GSM1800
UMTS128
UMTS384
900m
550m
350m
1500m
900m
650m
3000m
2000m
1200m
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HSDPA overview
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What is HSDPA?
HSDPA: High Speed Downlink Packet Access
Part of 3GPP Release 5 (R5) and later releases
Purpose: Enhance 3G Mobile systems by offering higher data rates in the Downlink Direction
Direct evolution of 3GPP R99 networks (UMTS)
To further extend your UMTS network performancesTo further extend your UMTS network performances
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HSDPA Evolution phases
Phase 1: Basic HSDPA (3GPP R5) with peak data bit rates up to 14 Mbps
High speed Downlink shared channel supported by control channels
Adaptive Modulation (QPSK & 16 QAM) and rate matching
Shared Medium Access Control (MAC-hs) located in Node-B
Support of Best Effort and Background services
Phase 2: HSDPA Enhancements with Antenna Array Processing Technologies (3GPP R7) with peak data rates up to 30 Mbps
Smart Antennas with beam-forming techniques for Mobiles with 1 antenna
MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) technologies for Mobiles with more than 1 antenna up to 4 antennas
Support of Streaming services
Phase 3: New air interface (OFDM) with increased bit rates OFDM physical layer with Higher Modulation schemes and array processing MAC-hs/OFDM with fast scheduling for selection of sub-carrier set Mx-MAC (Multi-standard MAC) to enable switching between OFDMA and CDMA channels
3GPP R5 3GPP R6 Beyond
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HSDPA BasicsHSDPA: Key Features (2)
HS-PDSCH uses adaptive
modulation (QPSK or 16 QAM) coding (Turbo Coding)
The Turbo encoder has fixed code rate of 1/3
Variable effective code rates are achieved by rate matching (puncturing or repetition)
Replaces Power Control and variable SF
Higher dynamic More efficient for users close to Node-B
Adaptive Modulation and Coding
Throughput vs. C/(I+N) [Vehicular A 30 km/h]
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10
C/(I+N) [dB]
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
[
K
b
p
s
]
QPSK_1_724QPSK_2_1430QPSK_3_2159QPSK_5_3630QPSK_10_7168QPSK_15_1082116QAM_1_143016QAM_2_287616QAM_5_716816QAM_15_21754Envelope
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High Order modulation: 16QAM
Code Multiplexing: up to 15 codes in parallel
User can be code and time multiplexed (TTI= 2ms)
1011 1001 0001 0011
1010 1000 0000 0010
1110 1100 0100 0110
1111 1101 0101 0111
i2 i2i1
q1
q2
q2
0.4472 1.34160.4472
1.3416
Codes TTI = 2ms
User 1
User 2
User 3
Time and Code multiplexing in HSDPA
Fixed Spreading Factor, SF=16
-> 3.84Mcps/16 = 240 K symbols/s -> @ 16QAM -> 240 x 4 = 960 kbps -> @ code rate = 3/4 -> 720 kbps
720 kbps bit rate can be achieved per code -> 10.8 Mbps over 15 codes
HSDPA BasicsHSDPA: Key Features (4)
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HS-DSCH category
Maximum number of HS-DSCH codes
received
Modulation supported (QPSK and/ or 16-QAM)
Maximum bit rate
(in Mbps)1 5 Both 1.22 5 Both 1.23 5 Both 1.84 5 Both 1.85 5 Both 3.66 5 Both 3.67 10 Both 7.28 10 Both 7.29 15 Both 10.2
10 15 Both 14.411 5 QPSK only 0.912 5 QPSK only 1.8
HSDPA BasicsTerminal categories
HSDPA will require new terminals to support:
a new protocol stack new modulation & coding
12 categories have been defined by 3GPP for W-CDMA / FDD
Most probable first category of terminal for HSDPA launch
in 2006
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