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Frequency containment as a grid service
15.12.2014Ville Tikka
Outline
Introduction to frequency containmentReservesReserve pricesFrequency statisticsExamples of FRC-NConclusion
Introduction to frequency containment
www.fingrid.fi, 18.12.2014
Reserves in Finland
1. Frequency Containment Reserves (FCR) are used for the constant control of frequency.
FCR-N – normal operationFCR-D – disturbance reserve
2. The purpose of Frequency Restoration Reserves (FRR) is to return the frequency to its normal range and to release activated Frequency Containment Reserves back into use.
3. Replacement Reserves (RR) release activated Frequency Restoration Reserves back to a state of readiness in case of new disturbances.
Source: http://www.fingrid.fi/
Reserve types
Reserves in FinlandReserve properties
Source: http://www.fingrid.fi/
source: http://www.fingrid.fi/
Reserves in Finland
http://www.fingrid.fi/
FCR requirements
source: http://www.fingrid.fi/
http://www.fingrid.fi/
Yearly market Hourly market
Bidding competition organised once a year(autumn).
A reserve owner can participate in the hourly market bymaking a separate agreement with Fingrid. This does not
require making a yearly agreement.
In the middle of a contractual period, it is notpossible to enter by making a yearlyagreement for reserve maintenance.
Possible to enter the hourly market even in the middle ofthe year.
The amount based on reserve plans isbought in total.
TSO buys only required amount of reserve.
Reserve plans must be submitted theprevious day by 6 pm (EET).
Bids for the hours in the following 24-hour period must besubmitted by 6.30 pm (EET).
The operator is obliged to maintain thereserve it sells to the yearly market within theframework of its free capacity after ELSPOT
market.
Reserve owners may submit daily offers for their reservecapacity. An operator that has a yearly agreement may
participate in the hourly market only if it has supplied thereserve amount specified in the yearly agreement in full.
Fixed price is valid throughout the year. Thisis set based on the most expensive bid
approved for the yearly market.
Payment is set based on the most expensive bid usedseparately for each hour.
Yearly market Hourly market
Reserves in FinlandFCR-N and FCR-D markets
Annual market (established 2011)Prices are higher on hourly market, but risk of zero price exist
Reserves in Finland
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
2011 2012 2013 2014
Pric
e [ €
/MW
h ]
Year
FCR-N [€/MW]
FCN-D [ €/MW ]
Year FCR-N [€ /MW] FCN-D [ € /MW ]2011 9,97 1,482012 11,97 2,82013 14,36 3,362014 15,8 4,03
Annual market prices 2011-2014
FCR-N and FCR-N market data
Source: http://www.fingrid.fi/
0,00
50,00
100,00
150,00
200,00
250,00
300,00
350,00
400,00
450,00
500,00
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
€/MW
Hour
FCR-N prices during 2011-2013 (hourly market)
FCR-N(€/MW) 2013 FCR-N (€/MW) 2012 FCR-N (€/MW) 2011
Averages:FCR-N FCR-D
2011: 14.94 €/MW 16.94 €/MW2012: 30.41 €/MW 6.02 €/MW2013: 36.33 €/MW 23.38 €/MW
Reserves in FinlandFCR-N and FCR-N market data
Source: http://www.fingrid.fi/
Reserves in FinlandUp and Down Regulation Prices (FFR-M)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 4500
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500Down regulation prices 2008 2012
Num
ber o
f hou
rs in
bin
Bin centers, price [ EUR / MWh ]
20082009201020112012
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 4500
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Num
ber o
f hou
rs in
bin
Bin centers, price [ EUR / MWh ]
Up regulation prices 2008 2012
20082009201020112012
Source: http://www.fingrid.fi/
Price based on lowest down regulation bid, but no more than SPOT price of the present hour
Price based on highest up regulation bid, but no less than SPOT price of the present hour
Tunninvaihteiden suuret ja nopeat tuotannon muutokset ja markkinaintegraation myötä lisääntyneet suuret tehonmuutokset Pohjoismaiden ja Keski-Euroopan välillä tunninvaihteissa heikentävät pohjoismaisen taajuuden laatua.
Frequency quality 1995 … 2010Number of times per month when frequency has exceeded 50,1 Hz and 49,9 Hz(Number of times frequency has been outside of the normal operation range)
Frequency statisticN
umbe
r of e
vent
s pe
r mon
th
Frequency quality data
Source: http://www.fingrid.fi/
Frequency quality change due to substantial power differential between hours. Market integration within Nordic Countries and Central Europe has increased power differential between hours.
Frequency data 2008-2013100 ms mean values, approx. 300 million samples / year
49.85 49.9 49.95 50 50.05 50.1 50.15
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
0.012
0.014
0.016
0.018
0.02
0.022
200820092010201120122013
Year Coverage of the data [ % ]2008 99,752009 99,222010 99,742011 96,872012 99,762013 92,14
Frequency [ Hz ]
Measurement issue?Less than 1% samples seem to contain error
Frequency statisticFrequency distribution
Raw data source: Fingrid Oy
Shar
e of
sam
ples
in b
in
year mean std2008 50 0,04092009 50 0,04182010 50 0,04392011 50 0,04432012 50 0,04372013 50 0,0432
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 20130.0405
0.041
0.0415
0.042
0.0425
0.043
0.0435
0.044
0.0445
Year
std
Droop function for FCRControls plant based on grid frequencyWhen grid frequency is lower than 50 Hz power to grid is increasedWhen grid frequency is higher than 50Hz power to grid is decreased
5 MW
0 MW
10 MW
Over frequency
Under frequency
Example of FCR-N
Dead band defines first reaction pointDroop/static angle defines how strong reaction to frequency change is
Droop function in case of production unit
UpRegulation(Production increase)
DownRegulation
(Production decrease)
In normal (FCR-N) droop curve should be within 49.9-50.1 HzAllowed maximum dead band is 0.05 Hz (49.95-50.05 Hz)
P
f49.9549.90
50.05 50.10
10 MW
0 MW
Droop function for FCRControls plant based on grid frequencyWhen grid frequency is lower than 50 Hz load to grid is decreasedWhen grid frequency is higher than 50Hz load to grid is increased
5 MW
0 MW
10 MW
Over frequency
Under frequency
Example of FCR-NDroop function in case of load
DownRegulation(Load increase)Up
Regulation(Load decrease)
In normal (FCR-N) droop curve should be within 49.9-50.1 HzAllowed maximum dead band is 0.05 Hz (49.95-50.05 Hz)
P
f49.9549.90
50.05 50.10
10 MW
0 MW
21:50:00 21:55:00 22:00:00 22:05:00 22:10:00
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Pow
er (
MW
)
01.10 21:50 01.10 21:55 01.10 22:00 01.10 22:05 01.10 22:1049.8
49.85
49.9
49.95
50
50.05
50.1
50.15
50.2
Freq
uenc
y ( H
z )
As frequency exceeds upper dead band plant increases power based on droop function As frequency exceeds lower dead
band plant decreases power based on droop function
Upped dead band limit
Lower dead band limit
Response can be instant or delayed. Based on Fingrid recommendation delay is set to 2 s.
In case of delayed operation power remains zero 2 s after dead band frequency is exceeded
After first reaction plans should be able to provide full power defined by the droop curve in 3 minutes
In case of 10 MW plant operating at 5 MW, ramp rate must be at least 3 % per second to qualify Fingridrequirements
Example of FCR-NExample of FCR operation
Downregulation
Upregulation
Example of FCR-N
12 MW plant operated at 6 MW power in normal stateFCR-N2s reaction delayMaximum ramp rate 3 MW/min
Income approx 2 k€/day
AccountingExample of FCR Energy compensation• (to maintain market balance)
Up regulation hour
• Mean (hour mean) value of regulating power is lower than dead band operation power• Plant operator has purchased 5 MWh of energy surplus exists• Surplus energy is compensated by up regulation price of the current hour
(compensated energy = 5 MWh – realized energy of the present hour)
Down regulation hour
• Mean (hour mean) value of regulating power is higher than dead band operation power• Plant operator has purchased 5 MWh of energy energy purchase is in deficit• Additional energy is purchased by down regulation price of the current hour (additional
purchase = realized energy of the present hour – 5 MWh)
Conclusion
Wide scale of frequency containment productsIncreasing need of frequency containment applications
Due weakening frequency qualityIncreasing trend in product pricesPotential market for novel power plants or load
Thanks for your attention!
