French Absolutism

France’s Religious Wars

1559: King Henry II of France died

Left four young sons – 3 of whom ruled one after the other, but incompetently

The real power behind the throne was Catherine de Medicis – their mother

Catherine tried to preserve royal power for her sons, but growing conflicts between Catholics and Huguenots were rocking France

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

Many Huguenot nobles were in Paris attending the marriage of Catherine’s daughter to the Huguenot prince, Henry of Navarre

Catherine had received reports that the Huguenots were planning on causing some trouble

Thousands of Huguenots were dragged from their beds and slaughtered – most of the nobles attending the wedding died

The rampage went on for six weeks

Henry of Navarre

Henry survived

1589: Henry inherited the throne of France when both Catherine and her last son died

He became Henry IV, the first king of the Bourbon dynasty

As king he was decisive, fearless in battle, and a clever politician – a politique

Henry and Religion

France was a Catholic country, most people opposed Henry as king

To save France, Henry gave up Protestantism and became a Catholic

He explained his conversion by declaring, “Paris is well worth a Mass.”

1598: Henry issued the Edict of Nantes – a declaration of religious tolerance toward Huguenots, who were free to practice their religion openly - except in Catholic episcopal towns and around Paris

Henry’s Legacy

Henry had enacted wise financial policies

He devoted his reign to rebuilding France and its prosperity

He restored the French monarchy to a strong position

The French people welcomed the peace after the religious wars

Henry was killed by a fanatic who hated him for his religious compromises

Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu

Henry IV’s son Louis XIII took reign after his father’s death

He was a weak king, but in 1624 he appointed a strong minister, Cardinal Richelieu

Richelieu became, in effect, the ruler of France

Although he tried to lead according to moral principles, he was also ambitious and enjoyed exercising authority

Steps Toward Absolutism

Richelieu took two steps to increase the power of the Bourbon dynasty

1) He moved against the Huguenots

- allowed worship but forbid walled cities

2) He sought to weaken the power of the nobles

- made them take down fortified castles

- increased power of government agents from the

middle class; ended need for noble officials

Richelieu and the Thirty Years’ War

Richelieu wanted to make France the strongest state in Europe

He believed the greatest obstacle in achieving this goal was the Habsburg rulers whose lands surrounded France

Habsburgs ruled Spain, Austria, the Netherlands, and parts of Germany

To limit Habsburg power, Richelieu involved France in the Thirty Years’ War

Skepticism

A new French intellectual movement developed after witnessing the religious wars

They turned to skepticism, the idea that nothing can ever be known for certain

These thinkers expressed an attitude of doubt toward churches that claimed to have the only correct set of doctrines

They believed to doubt old ideas was the first step toward finding truth

Montaigne and the Essay

After witnessing the death of a dear friend during the religious wars, Michel de Montaigne thought deeply about life’s meaning

To communicate his ideas, he developed a new form of literature – the essay

An essay is a brief work that expresses a person’s thoughts and opinions

He believed that humans could never have absolute knowledge of what is true – the beams of his study were painted with the sentence, “All that is certain is that nothing is certain.”

Rene Descartes

French writer and brilliant thinker

Wrote Meditations of First Philosophy which examined the skeptical argument that one could never be certain of anything

He used his observations and his reason to answer such arguments

He created a philosophy that influenced modern thinkers and helped to develop the scientific method

He became an important figure of the Enlightenment

Louis XIV and Cardinal Mazarin

1643: Louis became king when he was only 5 yrs. old

Cardinal Mazarin, Richelieu’s successor, was the true ruler of France

1648: helped to negotiate treaty that ended the Thirty Years’ War and made France the most powerful country in Europe

The nobility of France hated Mazarin because he increased taxes and strengthened the central government

The Fronde

1648-1653: Anti-Mazarin riots, known as the Fronde, tore France apart

Soldiers who led the riots threatened the young king’s life

After the violence was over, Louis never forgot his fear or his anger at the nobility

He was determined to become so strong that they could never threaten him again

Failure of the Fronde The Frond failed for three reasons:

1) Its leaders distrusted one another even more than

they distrusted Mazarin

2) The government used violent repression against it

3) Peasants and townspeople grew weary of disorder

and fighting

** For many years after it, the people of France accepted the

oppressive power of the absolute king believing rebellion was worse

Louis and Absolutism

Henry IV, Richelieu, and Mazarin strengthened the French monarchy

Mazarin died in 1661 and 23 yr. old Louis took control of the government

Louis weakened the power of the nobles by excluding them from his councils

He increased the power of the government agents, called intendants, who collected taxes and administered justice

Everyone in government was to communicate directly to him

Jean Baptiste Colbert

Colbert became Louis chief minister of finance

Colbert believed in the economic theory of mercantilism

Mercantilism relies upon a favorable balance of trade; so to keep wealth in France, Colbert tried to make France self-sufficient

He wanted to manufacture everything and not rely on imports

Colbert’s Mercantilist Policies

1) Gave government funds and tax benefits to French

companies

2) He placed a high tariff on goods from other countries

3) He recognized the importance of colonies as a source

of raw materials and markets for French goods

- He encouraged migration to French colony of

Canada where the fur trade added to French

commerce

Revocation of theEdict of Nantes

After Colbert’s death, Louis announced a policy that slowed France’s economic progress

1685: Louis revoked the Edict of Nantes which had protected the religious freedom of the Huguenots

In response, thousands of Huguenot artisans and business people fled the country

Louis’s policy thus robbed France of many skilled workers

Louis’s Grand Style:Versailles

Louis spent a fortune surrounding himself with luxury

He built a splendid palace at Versailles, 11 miles southwest of Paris

Its rich decorations and furnishings clearly showed the wealth and power of Louis

He involved the nobility in elaborate court ceremonies to make them think that they were important

Having the nobles at the palace increased royal authority and allowed the intendants to have more power

The Palace at Versailles

Cost: $2 billion in 1994 dollars

Size: 500 yards; 2 wings (each 150 yds), 2,000 rooms

Gardens: 15,000 acres, 1,400 fountains

It took 36,000 laborers and 6,000 horses to build it

It took so much water to run all of the fountains at the same time that it was only done on special occasions

Patronage of the Arts

Versailles was the center of the arts during Louis’s reign

He made opera and ballet more popular

One of Louis’s favorite writers was Moliere

- wrote Tartuffe which mocks religious hypocrisy

- The Would-be Gentleman, mocks the newly rich

- The Imaginary Invalid, mocks hypochondriacs

Chief purpose of art under Louis was to glorify the king and promote values that supported Louis’s absolute rule

Louis’s Disastrous Wars

France became the most powerful country in Europe under Louis XIV

In 1660, they had 20 million people – 4x as many as England, and 10x the size of the Dutch republic

The French army numbered 100,000 in peacetime and 400,000 in wartime – far ahead of others in terms of size, training, and weaponry

Attempts to Expand France’s Boundaries

1667: Louis invaded the Spanish Netherlands

- gained 12 towns

1672: He invaded the Dutch Netherlands

- Dutch saved their country by opening the dikes and

flooding the countryside (used tactic earlier against

Spain)

- Treaty of Nijmegen ended the war with France getting

several towns and a region called Franche-Comte

Balance of Power Politics

In the 1680s, a European-wide alliance had formed to stop France

By joining together, weaker countries could match France’s strength

This defensive strategy was meant to achieve a balance of power, in which no single country or group of countries could dominate others

In 1689, William of Orange, the Dutch prince, became the king of England (in the Glorious Revolution). He joined the League of Augsburg which consisted of the Habsburg emperor, the kings of Sweden and Spain, and leaders of several smaller European states. Joined they equaled France’s strength.

War of the Spanish Succession

By this time the French were longing for peace.

France had been weakened by a series of poor harvests.

They also were suffering from constant warfare.

Louis’s added new taxes to finance his wars.

But in 1700, when the childless king of Spain, Charles II, died, Louis saw the opportunity to increase France’s power

Before his death, Charles had promised the throne to Louis XIV’s 17 year old grandson, Philip of Anjou.

The two greatest powers in Europe, enemies for so long, were going to both be ruled by Bourbons.

But other countries were resolved to not let this happen.

In 1701, England, Austria, the Dutch republic, Portugal, and several German and Italian states joined together against France and Spain in a struggle known as the War of the Spanish Succession.

The costly war dragged on until 1713 when the Treaty of Utrecht was signed.

Under the treaty, Louis’s grandson was to remain king of Spain so long as the thrones of France and Spain were not united

The Austrian Habsburgs took the Spanish Netherlands and other Spanish lands in Italy

Prussia and Savoy were recognized as kingdoms

Britain: The Big Winner

Britain took Gibraltar from Spain, a fortress that controlled the entrance to the Mediterranean Sea

Spain also granted a British company an asiento – permission to send enslaved Africans to Spain’s American colonies.

- this increased Britain’s involvement in trading

enslaved Africans

France gave Britain the North American territories of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, and abandoned claims to the Hudson Bay region

Louis’s Death and Legacy

When Louis was paving his way as the most powerful ruler in French history, he boasted, “L’etat, c’est moi,” meaning – “I am the state.”

But Louis’s last years were more sad than glorious.

He regretted the suffering he had brought to his people as a result of his disastrous wars.

He died in bed in 1715 – which brought rejoicing in France – they had had enough of the “Sun King.”

He had ruled for 72 yrs. – longer than any other European monarch

Louis had definitely left France as a power to be reckoned with in Europe

But his staggering debts and resentment over the royal abuse of power would plague Louis’s heirs.

Eventually this resentment led to a revolution.