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The Age of Absolutism…
France In the Age of Absolutism
Henry IV (r. 1589-1610)
– Bourbon King of France, – Huguenot converted to
Catholicism
Edict of Nantes -
France’s Tax System (3
Estates) -
Parisian Exception -
Duke of Sully -
Louis XIII (r 1610-1643)
Cardinal Richelieu – ruled as his chief minister
Goal –
Huguenot Policies –
Indendents -
Shift in Power -
The 30 Years War
• Protestant Uprising
in the Holy Roman
Empire
• Richelieu’s view on
the war
• Effects –
– Treaty of Westphalia
1648
• Fronde Rebellion –
suspicious of France’s
nobility
• The building of Versailles
• Ruled by the Divine Right
of Kings
Louis XIV (r. 1643-1715)
Domestic & Economic Policies
• No decisions w/out
Louis’s approval
• Jean Baptiste Colbert
– financial minister
– Colbert’s policies
• Wars -
Louis XIV’s Wars
• Strongest, most
powerful military in
Europe
• Extend France’s
natural borders
• Balance of power
Russia Today
Former Soviet Region Compared in Latitude &
Area with the United States
Topography of Russia
Rich Soil of the Steppes
Chernozen Soil
Siberia “Permafrost”
Average temperatures of January vary from 0 to -50°C, and in July from 1 to 25°C
150,000,000 population.
A former “gulag” Soviet prison camp.
Themes in Russian History
Expansion by conquest.
Need for warm-water ports.
The necessity of a strong, central government.
Michael Romanov (r. 1613-1645)
Romanov Family Crest
Romanov Dynasty(1613-1917)
The Pendulum of Russian History
Pro-WestFor Progress & ChangeEncourage New Ideas,
Technologies, etc.
Anti-WestIsolationist
Xenophobic Ultra-Conservative
Most Tsars
Russian Orthodox Church
Supported by the Military, Boyars (nobility) & peasants
A few Tsars
Intellectual elites
Merchants/ businessmen
Young members of the middle class.
REFORM-MINDEDLEADERS
DEMAGOGUES
Peter the Great (r. 1682-1725)
Main Goal was to Westernize Russia
Foreign Policy
Goal: To end Russia land locked situation
Acquire the Sea of Azov
Land was controlled by the Ottoman Turks
Needed help from Europe & a stronger Russia
Traveled through Europe (secretly)
Attempted to negotiate an alliance – failed
Learned much about the western culture
Russia & Sweden After the Great Northern War
Improved Army training & weaponry using western techniques and strategies
War with Sweden
1721 gained land on the Gulf of Finland
Westernization
Moved capital to Moscow
Social Development
Women
Beards
Encouraged manufacturing and foreign trade
Modernized the army & reformed the government.
The Nobility Under Peter the Great
Nobility & Orthodox Church came under Peter’s control.
Highly centralized government
“Service Nobility” –
Absolute power & the Church
Catherine the Great ( 1762-1796)
Came to power after the murder of Peter III
Catherine the Great ( 1762-1796)
As an Enlightened Ruler:
Supported the arts, sciences, literature & theater
Encouraged foreign investment in underdeveloped areas
Est. the Free Economic Society
Wanted to end serfdom but instead expanded it (1773)
Relaxed censorship & encouraged education for the nobility & middle class
Catherine the Great ( 1762-1796)
On Foreign Policy & Expansion:
Expanded Russian land by 200,000 sq miles
Led 2 successful wars against the Ottoman Empire, annexing Crimea
3 Polish Land grabs
1767 – New Constitution