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Computers in the World
Communication Paradigms Free-speech Principles Unprotected Speech Issues involving criminal prosecution for
online speech Posting, Selling, and Leaking Sensitive Material Anonymity Censorship and Political Freedom
Regulating communications media
First Amendment protection and government regulation
Print media (newspapers, magazines, books)
Broadcast (television, radio)
Common carries (telephones, postal system)
Telecommunication Act of 1996
Communications Decency Act of 1996
First major Internet censorship law Main parts ruled unconstitutional
Written for offensive and/or controversial speech and ideas
Covers spoken and written words, pictures, art, and other forms of expression of ideas and opinions
Restriction on the power of government, not individuals or private businesses
• Obscenity• Fight words• Defamation• Blackmail• True threats; solicitation of crimes• Libel, slander, and defamation.
Unprotected Speech
Advocating illegal acts is (usually) legal. Anonymous speech is protected. Some restrictions are allowed on advertising. Libel and direct, specific threats are not
protected. Inciting violence is illegal.
1. That defendant made a defamatory communication to a third person
2. The statement was false3. Defendant was at fault in communicating the
statement4. Plaintiff suffered harm
Freedom of speech guidelinesDistinguish speech from action. Advocating illegal acts is (usually) legal.Laws must not chill expression of legal speech.Do not reduce adults to reading only what is fit for children.Solve speech problems by least restrictive means.
Communications Decency Act of 1996 (CDA) Child Online Protection Act of 1998 (COPA)
Children's Internet Protection Act of 2000 (CIPA)
Alternatives to censorship
Includes pictures or videos of actual minors (children under 18) engaged in sexually explicit conduct.
Production is illegal primarily because of abuse of the actual children, not because of the impact of the content on a viewer.
Child Online Protection Act (COPA)
Child Pornography Prevention Act of 1996 (CPPA)
Sending sexually suggestive or explicit text or photos, usually by cellphone or social media
Can meet the definition of child pornography if subject is under 18
What’s the problem?
Loosely described as unsolicited bulk email Mostly commercial advertisement Angers people because of content and the way it’s sent
Free speech issues
Anti-spam Laws
Leaks Type of material Value to society Risks to society and individuals Potentially dangerous leaks Releasing a huge mass of documents
Examples WikiLeaks
Do we need anonymity? Is it good or bad?
Positive uses of anonymity
Negative uses of anonymity
Anonymizing services
People can do good or bad to others. Bad : poison letters about their neighbors Good : Witness about the crimes
This is related with the financial transactions. Sometimes the business can be done by other
than government, merchants and marketers.
Tools for communication, tools for oppression
Fax machine
Cell phone
Skype
Avoiding censorship
Creating censorship
Aiding foreign censors and repressive regimes
Selling surveillance tools
Public safety