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1450-Invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in Germany

HTTP://HAPPYPRESS.ORG/GUTENBERGS-PRINTING-PRESS-INVENTION/

1498-Girolamo Savonarola, Florentine preacher is burned along with his works in an act of censorship on the part of the Catholic Church.

HTTP://WWW.HISTORYGUIDE.ORG/INTELLECT/SAVONAROLA.HTML

1517-Martin Luther posts his 95 Theses

1520-The Catholic Church in Exsurge Domine attempts to force Luther to recant his statements

1521-Diet of Worms

HTTP://WWW.CCEL.ORG/BROWSE/AUTHORINFO?ID=LUTHER

1536-William Tyndale executed for heresy after his printing of a version of both the Old and New Testaments in English, the first in that language.

HTTP://WWW.BBC.CO.UK/HISTORY/PEOPLE/WILLIAM_TYNDALE

1559-First publishing of the Index Librorum Prohibitorum, a list of books banned by the Catholic Church.

HTTP://WWW.FORDHAM.EDU/HALSALL/MOD/INDEXLIBRORUM.ASP

1500s-1600s-Witchhunts were carried out throughout Europe in an act of censorship of women and others who did not necessarily fit into the mold of how others (mainly religious and superstitious people) felt they should behave.

HTTPS://LIBCOM.ORG/BLOG/WITCH-HUNTS-TRANSITION-CAPITALISM-20122011

1633-The Catholic Church bans Galileo’s work on science and the center of the solar system as it disagrees with their doctrines.

HTTP://WWW.BIOGRAPHY.COM/PEOPLE/GALILEO-9305220

1643-English Parliament passes a Licensing Order, thus bringing under their control publishing via a group of official censors to whom authors must submit their work prior to publishing it, John Milton protests

HTTP://WWW.BRYSONS.NET/MILTONWEB/AEROPAGITICA.HTML

1689-The English Bill of Rights guarantees freedom of speech in Parliament

HTTP://BILLOFRIGHTSINSTITUTE.ORG/RESOURCES/EDUCATOR-RESOURCES/AMERICAPEDIA/AMERICAPEDIA-DOCUMENTS/ENGLISH-BILL-OF-RIGHTS/

1689-John Locke’s A Letter Concerning Toleration promotes freedom of speech, but not necessarily for atheists.

HTTP://OREGONSTATE.EDU/INSTRUCT/PHL302/PHILOSOPHERS/LOCKE.HTML

1703-Russia’s first printed newspaper appears by order of Peter the Great, greatly controlled and contributed to by said tsar.

HTTP://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/SANKT-PETERBURGSKIE_VEDOMOSTI

1720-23-A series of letters entitled Cato’s Letters were published in the British press anonymously calling for greater freedoms of expression.

HTTP://OLL.LIBERTYFUND.ORG/TITLES/LIGGIO-LITERATURE-OF-LIBERTY-OCTOBER-DECEMBER-1979-VOL-2-NO-4

1766-Sweden abolishes censorship, establishes freedom of the press.

1770-Denmark-Norway abolishes censorship.

HTTP://WWW.AUTOTOURSEUROPE.COM/TOURS/DETAIL/DISCOVER_DENMARK,_NORWAY_AND_SWEDEN

1767-Catherine the Great of Russia endorses a degree of freedom of expressions in her Nakaz (Great Instruction)

HTTP://WWW.BIOGRAPHY.COM/PEOPLE/CATHERINE-II-9241622

1789-Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizens in France makes use of liberal thoughts towards freedom of speech and of the press.

HTTP://WWW.GILDERLEHRMAN.ORG/SITES/DEFAULT/FILES/SWF/LAPIDUS/LAPIDUS.PHP

1817-In response to political unrest and a disturbance near London, Parliament passes the Coercion Acts and suspends habeas corpus, simultaneously extending laws against ‘seditious gatherings’.

HTTP://WWW.PICTFOR.ORG.UK/

1819-The Carlsbad Decrees are issued, severely censoring the press and forbidding the organization of student groups, particularly liberal ones, in an attempt to squash nationalism and liberalism.

HTTP://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/CARLSBAD_DECREES

1819-The Six Acts are passed in British Parliament, eliminating any right to assembly and increasing both the fines for seditious libel and the tax on newspapers.

HTTP://WWW.HISTORYHOME.CO.UK/C-EIGHT/DISTRESS/CATO.HTM

1825-Nicholas I becomes tsar of Russia, and an age of political censorship along with secret surveillance throughout the country begins.

HTTP://RUSSIAPEDIA.RT.COM/PROMINENT-RUSSIANS/THE-ROMANOV-DYNASTY/NICHOLAS-I/

1830-Charles X of France passes the Four Ordinances, heavily limiting freedom of the press and only allowing franchise to the wealthiest citizens of the country.

HTTP://HISTORYWARSWEAPONS.COM/CHARLES-X-OF-FRANCE/

Mid to late 1800s-The advent of cheaper printing and improved education enabled the wide circulation and reading of many newspapers, with even the lower classes enjoying some awfully written rags.

HTTP://CHNM.GMU.EDU/WORLDHISTORYSOURCES/UNPACKING/NEWSMOD.HTML

1881-1894-Alexander III of Russia ruled, during which time censorship of the press in Russia and its territories was tightened even more.

HTTP://RUSSIAPEDIA.RT.COM/PROMINENT-RUSSIANS/THE-ROMANOV-DYNASTY/ALEXANDER-III-THE-PEACEMAKER/

1905-A mass killing of petitioners marching on the Winter Palace in Russia leads to the Revolution of 1905

HTTP://WOMENINEUROPEANHISTORY.ORG/INDEX.PHP?TITLE=BLOODY_SUNDAY

1953-The European Convention on Human Rights comes into effect, with Article 10 guaranteeing the right to freedom of expression.

HTTPS://EDOC.COE.INT/EN/EUROPEAN-CONVENTION-ON-HUMAN-RIGHTS/5579-EUROPEAN-CONVENTION-ON-HUMAN-RIGHTS.HTML

1966-Index Librorum Prohibitorum is revoked, 18 years after the final edition was published.

HTTP://CONTENT.TIME.COM/TIME/COVERS/0,16641,19630628,00.HTML

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Butler, Chris. "The Flow of History." FC76: The Italian Renaissance (c.1400-1550) -. The Flow of History, 2007. Web. 21 Mar. 2014. <http://www.flowofhistory.com/units/west/11/FC76>.

Press Machine. Digital image. Types of Media Screen Printing Equipment Freedom of Press. WordPress, 14 July 2012. Web. 23 Mar. 2014. <http://happypress.org/gutenbergs-printing-press- invention/>.

Butler, Chris. "The Flow of History." FC76: The Italian Renaissance (c.1400-1550) -. The Flow of History, 2007. Web. 21 Mar. 2014. <http://www.flowofhistory.com/units/west/11/FC76>.

Kreis, Steven. Girolamo Savonarola. Digital image. The History Guide. N.p., 13 Apr. 2012. Web. 23 Mar. 2014. <http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/savonarola.html>.

Masterson, Whitney. "History of Book Censorship." Book Censorship. N.p., 2007. Web. 23 Mar. 2014. <http://viking.coe.uh.edu/~wmasterson/cuin7337/history.htm#Middle_Ages>.

Kiefer, James E. "William Tyndale, Priest, Scholar, Martyr." William Tyndale, Priest, Scholar, Martyr. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Mar. 2014. <http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bio/260.html>.

Getty Images. William Tyndale. Digital image. BBC History. BBC, 2014. Web. 23 Mar. 2014. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/people/william_tyndale>.

"Martin Luther." - Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Calvin College Computer Science, n.d. Web. 21 Mar. 2014. <http://www.ccel.org/browse/authorInfo?id=luther>.

Martin Luther. Digital image. Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Calvin College Computer Science, n.d. Web. 23 Mar. 2014. <http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fbrowse%2FauthorInfo%3Fid%3Dluther>.

The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. "Index Librorum Prohibitorum (Roman Catholicism)." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, 2014. Web. 23 Mar. 2014. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285220/Index-Librorum-Prohibitorum>.

Halsall, Paul. Index Librorum Prohibitorum. Digital image. Modern History Sourcebook. Fordham University, 1998. Web. 23 Mar. 2014. <http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/indexlibrorum.asp>.

"BILL OF RIGHTS." English Bill of Rights 1689. The Constitution Society, n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2014. <http://www.constitution.org/eng/eng_bor.htm>.

BIBLIOGRAPHY (CONT’D.)

English Bill of Rights. Digital image. Bill of Rights Institute English Bill of Rights Bill of Rights Institute Comments. Bill of Rights Institute, 2010. Web. 23 Mar. 2014. <http://billofrightsinstitute.org/resources/educator-resources/americapedia/americapedia- documents/english-bill-of-rights/>.

"Human Rights in the US & the International Community — Foundation: Unit II. What Are Human Rights and Where Do They Come From? — The French Revolution and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen."Human Rights in the US & the International Community — Foundation: Unit II. What Are Human Rights and Where Do They Come From? — The French Revolution and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. University of Nebraska-Lincoln, n.d. Web. 23 Mar. 2014. <http://unlhumanrights.org/01/0102/0102_09.htm>.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizens. Digital image. Liberty and the American Revolution. The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, 2013. Web. 23 Mar. 2014. <http://www.gilderlehrman.org/sites/default/files/swf/lapidus/lapidus.php>.

Parkinson, Sid. "Milton's Areopagitica." Milton's Areopagitica. St. Lawrence Institute for the Advancement of Higher Learning, n.d. Web. 23 Mar. 2014. <http://www.stlawrenceinstitute.org/vol14mit.html>.

Bryson, Michael. Aeropagitica. Digital image. Aeropagitica. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Mar. 2014. <http://www.brysons.net/miltonweb/aeropagitica.html>.

"Journalism Ethics Media Law History of the Free Press." Journalism Ethics Media Law History of the Free Press. School of Journalism & Mass Communication, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2009. Web. 23 Mar. 2014. <http://www.journalismethics.info/media_law/history_of_free_press.htm>.

John Locke. Digital image. John Locke. Oregon State University, n.d. Web. 23 Mar. 2014. <http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/philosophers/locke.html>.

"Prominent Russians: Peter I the Great." Peter I the Great – Russiapedia The Romanov Dynasty Prominent Russians. Rt.com, 2011. Web. 21 Mar. 2014. <http://russiapedia.rt.com/prominent-russians/the-romanov-dynasty/peter-i/>.

Vedomosti. Digital image. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 15 Mar. 2014. Web. 23 Mar. 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt-Peterburgskie_Vedomosti>.

Cato's Letters. Digital image. Literature of Liberty, October/December 1979, Vol. 2, No. 4 -. Online Library of Liberty, 2014. Web. 23 Mar. 2014. <http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/liggio-literature-of-liberty-october-december-1979-vol-2-no-4>.

BIBLIOGRAPHY (CONT’D.)Newth, Mette. "The Long History of Censorship." The Long History of Censorship. Beacon for Freedom of Expression, 2010. Web. 23 Mar.

2014. <http://www.beaconforfreedom.org/liste.html?tid=415&art_id=475>.

Galileo Galilei. Digital image. Bio.com. A&E Networks Television, 2013. Web. 21 Mar. 2014. <http://www.biography.com/people/galileo-9305220>.

Haslip, Joan. "Catherine the Great Essay - Catherine the Great - ENotes.com." Enotes.com. Enotes.com, 2014. Web. 23 Mar. 2014. <http://www.enotes.com/topics/catherine-great>.

"Catherine II Biography." Bio.com. A&E Networks Television, 2013. Web. 23 Mar. 2014. <http://www.biography.com/people/catherine-ii-9241622>.

Kagan, Donald, Steven E. Ozment, and Frank M. Turner. "Revolutionaries." The Western Heritage: Since 1300. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007. 752. Print.

Kagan, Donald, Steven E. Ozment, and Frank M. Turner. "The New Reading Republic." The Western Heritage: Since 1300. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007. 796-97. Print.

Kagan, Donald, Steven E. Ozment, and Frank M. Turner. "Continuing Superstition." The Western Heritage: Since 1300. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007. 474-75. Print.

Kagan, Donald, Steven E. Ozment, and Frank M. Turner. "Chapter 23 The Building of European Supremacy." The Western Heritage: Since 1300. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007. 789-90. Print.

Kagan, Donald, Steven E. Ozment, and Frank M. Turner. "Chapter 20 The Conservative Order and the Challenges of Reform." The Western Heritage: Since 1300. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007. 679-81. Print.

Kagan, Donald, Steven E. Ozment, and Frank M. Turner. "Chapter 20 The Conservative Order and the Challenges of Reform." The Western Heritage: Since 1300. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007. 666-68. Print.

BIBLIOGRAPHY (CONT’D.)

Witch-Hunt. Digital image. Witch-hunts and the Transition to Capitalism? Libcom.org, 20 Dec. 2011. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. <https://libcom.org/blog/witch-hunts-transition-capitalism-20122011>.

The Times of London. Digital image. Newspapers. Center for History and New Media, 2005. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. <http://chnm.gmu.edu/worldhistorysources/unpacking/newsmod.html>.

Karikatur Denkerclub. Digital image. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 15 Mar. 2014. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlsbad_Decrees>.

Houses of Parliament. Digital image. PICTFOR. N.p., 2014. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. <http://www.pictfor.org.uk/>.

Discover Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. Digital image. Self Drive Tour. Auto Tours Europe, 2014. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. <http://www.autotourseurope.com/tours/detail/discover_denmark%2C_norway_and_sweden>.

Charles X of France. Digital image. History Wars Weapons. N.p., 15 Feb. 2012. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. <http://historywarsweapons.com/charles-x-of-france/>.

Bloy, Marjorie. Cato Street. Digital image. The Cato Street Conspiracy: 23 February 1820. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. <http://www.historyhome.co.uk/c-eight/distress/cato.htm>.

Aprelenko, Maria. Nicholas I. Digital image. Nicholas I – Russiapedia The Romanov Dynasty Prominent Russians. Rt.com, 2011. Web. 22 Mar. 2014. <http://russiapedia.rt.com/prominent-russians/the-romanov-dynasty/nicholas-i/>.

Aprelenko, Maria. Alexander III of Russia. Digital image. Alexander III the Peacemaker – Russiapedia The Romanov Dynasty Prominent Russians. Rt.com, 2011. Web. 23 Mar. 2014. <http://russiapedia.rt.com/prominent-russians/the-romanov-dynasty/alexander-iii-the-peacemaker/>.

Pope Paul VI. Digital image. Time. Time Inc., 2014. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. <http://content.time.com/time/covers/0%2C16641%2C19630628%2C00.html>.

Petitioners at the Bloody Sunday Massacre 1905. Digital image. Women in European History RSS. N.p., 28 May 2010. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. <http://womenineuropeanhistory.org/index.php?title=Bloody_Sunday>.

"European Convention on Human Rights." European Convention on Human Rights. Human Constitutional Rights Documents, n.d. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. <http://www.hrcr.org/docs/Eur_Convention/euroconv3.html>.

European Convention on Human Rights 2013. Digital image. European Convention on Human Rights. Council of Europe, n.d. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. <https://edoc.coe.int/en/european-convention-on-human-rights/5579-european-convention-on-human-rights.html>.