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AbstractThe adoption of appropriate innovations is an important issue in agricultural development. However many development project officers fail to use strategies to identify and select opinion leaders who can leverage the diffusion and adoption process. This case study used qualitative methods including interviews, focus groups, and observations to gather data to analyze current social networks, identify key participants, understand the roles and characteristics of leaders, and define a strategy to engage leaders within the region of Chimaltenango, Guatemala. The analysis revealed three diverse social networks; one powered by political structures in the urban and rural areas while organized groups of regional farmers powered a second type of social networks.


Independent farmers shaped still other unstructured and informal networks that influenced adoption and diffusion of innovations. Data confirmed that opinion leaders have identifiable and predictable roles and characteristics within and among the networks. Therefore, the diffusion of innovation through formal and non-formal leaders represents a promising strategy for development project officers. Local leaders influence adoption decisions largely because of their recognition and respect by community members. The diffusion of innovations through opinion leaders promotes the active participation of local farmers and validates the innovation through time.


Therefore, the importance of analyzing social networks and selecting opinion leaders to support the diffusion process of development projects was important in Chimaltenango, Guatemala. The authors recommend future studies to compare results from other regions and cultures in Guatemala.



Syn:Syn: Modal, postural researchQualitative research is a method of inquiry employed in many different academic disciplines, traditionally in the social sciences, but also in market research and further contexts.

Qualitative researchers aim to gather an in-depth understanding of human behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior. The qualitative method investigates the why and how of decision making, not just what, where, when

Qualitative research

Number Of Word : 1


Syn: Syn: publication, dissemination, propagation , ,

.issuance, dispersion of innovatiaon

Qualitative research is a method of inquiry employed in many different academic disciplines, traditionally in the social sciences, but also in market research and further contexts.

Qualitative researchers aim to gather an in-depth understanding of human behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior. The qualitative method investigates the why and how of decision making, not just what, where, whenTheories of innovation diffusion no longer focus exclusively on explaining the rate at which innovations diffuse or the sequence in which they are adopted.

Innovation diffusion

Number Of Word : 2


Syn: vote, poll, verdict, opinion, judgment, award LeaderLeader, head, guide, rector, bellwether, pilot:Syn

Local opinion leaders can also theoretically influence the behaviour of their colleagues. However, exactly how they might influence them remains unclear

opinion leadersNumber Of Word : 3


Syn :social network, net, lattice, mesh, plexus, netting

A social network is a social structure made up of a set of actors (such as individuals or organizations) and the dyadic ties between these actors. The social network perspective provides a clear way of analyzing the structure of whole social entities.

social networkNumber Of Word : 4


Syn: Professionalqualification or capabilitySyn: occupationalCompetencies

"Competencies" are the knowledge, skills and attributes you can develop in every aspect of your life. As more and more supervisors focus on competencies in the hiring process, successful candidates will be those who can communicate their competencies in their résumés and at interviews.

Professional Competencies

Number Of Word : 5


Syn: positional, situational or locational Analysis

Situational analysis is a method managers use to analyze both the internal and external environments of an organization in order to understand the firm’s own capabilities, customers and business environment. As described by the American Marketing Association, a situation analysis is "the systematic collection and study of past and present data to identify trends, forces, and conditions with the potential to influence the performance of the business and the choice of appropriate strategies

Situational Analysis

Number Of Word : 6


Syn: breathing

Aspiration means to draw in or out using a sucking motion. This medical term has two meanings, depending on how it is used:Aspiration can mean breathing in a foreign object (such as sucking food into the airway).The term can also refer to a medical procedure that removes harmful or misplaced substances from an area of the body. These substances can be air, body fluids, or bone fragments. An example is removing ascites fluid from the abdomen.

AspirationNumber Of Word : 7


Syn :shortening

Simplifying (or reducing) fractions means to make the fraction as simple as possible. Why say four-eighths (4/8) when you really mean half (1/2) ?

4/8 ==> 2/4 ==> 1/2

(Four-Eighths) (Two-Quarters) (One-Half)

SimplifyingNumber Of Word : 8


Syn :education program

Information about how the school curriculum is organised, which subjects are statutory, and how schools can identify what pupils should be taught.

CurriculumNumber Of Word : 9


Syn :Tolerable, supportable development

Sustainable Developement (SD) refers to a mode of human development in which resource use aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but also for generations to come. The term 'sustainable development' was used by the Brundtland Commission which coined what has become the most often-quoted definition of sustainable development: "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

Sustainable development

Number Of Word : 10


Syn :Syn :Extensionintermediation or intermediacy

Evidence-based supplemental instruction refers to intervention and extension materials and practices authenticated in research as most effective in providing support beyond the core curriculum to facilitate students’ learning.

Extension intervention

Number Of Word : 11


Syn: occasionstudy

A case study (also known as a case report) is an intensive analysis of an individual unit (e.g., a person, group, or event) stressing developmental factors in relation to context. The case study is common in social sciences and life sciences. Case studies may be descriptive or explanatory

case studyNumber Of Word : 12


Syn: estimate, appraise, assess, assay, evaluate, rate

These verbs mean to form a judgment of worth or significance. Estimate usually implies a subjective and somewhat inexact judgment:difficult to estimate the possible results in advance.

estimatedNumber Of Word : 13


Farmer Field School Approach (FFS) - is based on the concepts and principles of people centred learning, and was developed as an alternative to the conventional top-down test and verification (T&V) extension approach. It uses innovative and participatory methods to create a learning environment, including learning networks, in which the land users have the opportunity to learn for themselves about particular crop production problems, and ways to address them, through their own observation, discussion and participation in practical learning-by-doing field exercises. The approach is now being used to enable farmers to investigate, and overcome, a wider range of SLM problems, including soil productivity improvement, conservation agriculture, control of surface runoff, water harvesting and improved irrigation.

Farmer Field School

Number Of Word : 14


SynSyn : :Occupationadevelopment

Professional development generally refers to ongoing learning opportunities available to teachers and other education personnel through their schools and districts .

professional development

Number Of Word : 15


The Professional Standards Division investigates allegations of serious misconduct against employees of the Missouri State Highway Patrol

investigate professional

Number Of Word : 16


Syn: Principled Inquiry

Those undertaking a qualitative study have a baffling number of inquiry approaches from which to choose. We can gain a sense of this diversity by examining several classifications or typologies.

Systematic InquiryNumber Of Word : 17


Syn: preference

the thing that you think is most important and that needs attention before anything else."you are my first priority"

PriorityNumber Of Word : 18


Syn: Exploration learning

Discovery learning refers to various instructional design models that engages students in learning through discovery.

Discovery learningNumber Of Word : 19


Syn: considerable

Of ample or considerable amount, quantity, size, etc.: a substantial sum of anything.

SubstantiallyNumber Of Word : 20


Land-use planning is the term used for a branch of public policy encompassing various disciplines which seek to order and regulate land use in an efficient and ethical way.,

Land use planningNumber Of Word : 21


Syn: Worldwide

Globalization is the process of international integration arising from the interchange of worldviews, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture.

GlobalizationNumber Of Word : 22


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