FRAZZLED BY FACEBOOK?AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF GENDER DIFFERENCES

IN SOCIAL NETWORK COMMUNICATION AMONGUNDERGRADUATE MEN AND WOMEN

SHARON H . THOMPSON, E D D , CHESProfessor of Health PromotionHealth Promotion Department

College of ScienceCoastal Carolina University

ERIC LOUGHEED

BS in Health PromotionCoastal Carolina University

Although a majority of young adults are members of at least onesocial networking site, peer reviewed research examining genderdifferences in social networking communication is sparse. Thisstudy examined gender differences in social networking, partic-ularly for Facebook use, among undergraduates. A survey wasdisUibuted to 268 college students who were primarily freshmen(76%), female (53.3%), Caucasian (76.5%) with a mean age of19.10 years (SD = 2.4). Minutes they reported daily on the inter-net, social networking, and Facebook were 217.2 (SD = 198.36),117.2, (SD = 131.7), and 106.8 (SD = 120.3), respectively. Most(94%) had Facebook accounts. For Facebook users, gender dif-ferences were examined and females were more likely thanmales to report spending more time on Facebook than intended(p < .0001); often losing sleep because of Facebook (p < .0001);feeling closer to Facebook friends than those seen daily (p <.0001); that Facebook pictures cause negative self body image (p< .05); that Facebook use sometimes causes stress (p < .05), andsometimes feeling addicted to Facebook (p < .001). This researchis important to better understand effect of social networking useon emotional health and to leam ways to help young adults dealwith Stressors that may accompany social networking use.

Key words: social networking, gender, online communication,undergraduates, stress

Introduction with their friends, family, and coworkers."Almost 75% of teens and young adults When one considers that Facebook was

are members of at least one social net- founded less than a decade ago, it is amaz-working site. Of the many social ing that there are now more than 500networking choices available, MySpace million users - 250 million of which logand Facebook are the most widely used, into the site daily (Facebook, 201 lb).According to the Facebook's factsheet Facebook users not only log in often,(201 la), "Facebook is a social ufility that but many users also spend vast amountshelps people communicate more efficiently of time on the site as it is reported on their

88

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site that account holders spend 700 billionminutes per month (Facebook, 2011b).Social networking sites such as Facebookare a relatively new phenomenon soresearch on the role they play in the livesof young people is also just beginning toemerge (Brown & Bobkowski, 2011) andis quite limited (Mikami, Szwedo, Allen,Evans, & Hare, 2010). Because social net-working plays an influential role in youngpeople's lives, researchers have noted thatit is important they learn to use media in ahealthy and intelligent way (Brown &Bobkowski, 2011).

According to Mikami et al., (2010) tliereare two inverse arguments related to socialnetwork use by young people. The firstargument is that internet communicationmay be related to social adjustment prob-lems because online communication isgenerally considered to be of poorer qual-ity than face-to-face communication andthat youth with social skill problems areoften drawn to internet interaction. In con-trast, the second argument is that onlinecommunication may help adjustmentbecause young people can use online com-munication as yet another place to interactwith existing friends and meet others. Withthese two hypotheses in mind, Mikami etal. (2010) conducted a study of behavioraladjustment at ages 13-14 and then again22- 23 years and found that those who usesocial networking websites, both early inadolescence and in young adulthood, werethe best adjusted youths. They hypothe-sized that young people with poor socialskills likely use online activities with moreanonymity whereby well-adjusted youngpeople use social networking websites

where they can be highly visible.These findings were in direct contrast

to those reported by Kalpidou, Costin, &Morris (2011) who surveyed coUege under-classmen and upperclassmen to determineif Facebook use was related to self-esteem.They reported that for freshmen the num-ber of Facebook friends was related to lowacademic adjustment as those with moreFacebook friends had lower emotionaladjustment in college, which they hypoth-esized could be because Facebook andinternet use do not fulfill emotional needs.These researchers suggested freshmen

might seek additional Facebook friends tomeet emotional needs as a coping strate-gy; one that does not work particularlywell. They also reported that college fresh-men report a stronger emotional connectionto Facebook than upper classmen. Theyalso proposed that having many Facebookfriends may become positive later in col-lege because it can expand social networksand provide a venue to be informed aboutsocial events as the same finding for highnumbers of Facebook friends for upper-classmen did not hold true (Kalpidou etal., 2011).

The differences in male and femalecommunication are widely known, but peerreviewed research is difficult to find forsocial networking communication.According to Kalpidou and colleagues,research on gender differences in anxiety,stress, and enjoyment from Facebook useis not currently available (2011). Womengenerally use language skills to their advan-tage and it is believed this evolved from asurvival advantage as women were morelikely than men to use language to build

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relationships (WebMD, 2005). Accordingto the neurologist Ruben Gur, "Women arefaster and more accurate at identifyingemotions" (cited by WebMD, 2005).Women are also better than men at notic-ing changes in vocal intonations and facialdifferences (WebMD, 2005). These skillsmay assist women in their ability to iden-tify emotions quicker than men.Unfortunately, changes in voice tone andbody language are not available when oneuses social networking sites because theinformation consists of static photographsand textual information. It is hypothesizedthat the lack of this information may causemore distress in women than men becausethey are not able to use these senses thathave evolved in the female gender over theyears.

Because communication is a criticalcomponent of healthy development, thepurpose of this study was to providedescriptive information about gender dif-ferences in social networking, particularlythoughts about stress and anxiety relatedto Facebook use among undergraduates.

MethodsA focus group (n = 5) was held with

young adults in the target age group in aSoutheastem coastal community to deter-mine relevant social networking surveyitems for a paper-pencil survey. Shortlythereafter, in the Spring of 2010, data werecollected through a paper and pencil sur-vey which was developed after researchand the focus group feedback. The surveywas distributed to a convenience sampleof 268 college-aged students in introduc-tory health classes at a Southeastem coastal

university. Prior to focus group and sur-vey administration this research wasapproved by the university's InstitutionalReview Board. After completion, the sur-veys were scanned by the InstitutionalResearch office and data were sent to theprimary author.

Demographic information. Demo-graphic information obtained consisted ofgender, age, class standing (Freshman,Sophomore, etc.), and race.

Internet, social networking and Face-book use. The first portion of the surveyincluded several questions regarding inter-net and social networking use, such as: "Inthe past week, how many minutes per dayhave you spent on the internet?" and "Inthe past week, how many minutes have youspent on social networking sites (such asMy Space, Facebook, Match.com, Hi-5,Twitter, etc.)? They were then asked ifthey had a Facebook account, and, if yes,"In the past week, how many minutes perday have you spent on Facebook?", "Onaverage, what percentage of your internettime is spent on Facebook? ", "About howmany total Facebook friends do youhave?", "Daily, how much time do youspend on Facebook reading/editing yourown profile? ", and "Daily, how much timedo you spend on Facebook looking atother's profiles? ".

Users were then divided into two groupsto determine internet and Facebook usetime: light users (less than one hour perday) and heavy users (more than one hourper day). Next data were examined todetermine gender differences for daily min-utes of intemet use, social networking use,Facebook use, number of Facebook

Frazzled by Facebook?... / 91

friends, and daily minutes checking tlieirown or other's profiles.

Thoughts about Facebook use. Theseitems were developed from the focusgroup's input regarding positive and neg-ative aspects of Facebook use and werealso adapted from two sources: 1) theFacebook Intensity Scale [FBI] (Ellison,Steinfield, & Lampe, 2007) and, 2) theFacebook Compulsion Inventory (Pile,2009). All survey items in this categorywere measured using a five-point Likertscale (5 - strongly agree, 1 - strongly dis-agree). Items used in the survey for thecurrent research were either adapted fromthese surveys or created by the authorsbased on focus group feedback.

The FBI is used to measure an individ-ual's emotional connectedness to Facebookas well as how much Facebook use is partof his/her daily activities (Ellison et al.,2007). The Facebook Compulsion Inven-tory is a 15 item survey which is measuredusing the same 5-point Likert scalesdescribed previously (Pile, 2009). Theseactual surveys were not used in this study;however, selected items were adaptedbased on focus group feedback.

Data AnalysisData were loaded into the Statistical

Analysis System (SAS) and analyzed usingfrequencies, means, Chi Square, and t-tests.Statistical significance was established atp < .05.

ResultsDemographic. The sample included 268

undergraduates, primarily freshmen (76%),with an average age of 19.10 years (SD =2.40). Most participants were female(53.3%) and Caucasian (76.5%), followedby African American (20.9%), AmericanIndian (1.1%), Hispanic (.4%) and other(1.1%). A t-test revealed no significantdifferences in age by gender (males-18.94years; female-19.23 years).

Internet, social networking and Face-book use. The undergraduates were asked,"In the past week, how many minutes perday have you spent on the Internet? " andalthough males reported a higher numberof minutes than females (241 and 197,respectively) these results were not sig-nificant by gender. Overall, participantsreported spending 217.2 minutes (SD =198.36) per day on the internet.

When asked, "In the past week, howmany minutes per day have you spent onthe social networking sites?", femalesreported 125 minutes and males 109; how-ever, this was not significant by gender.Overall, the mean number of minutes spentdaily were 117.2 (SD = 131.7).

Participants were asked if they had aFacebook account and 94% respondedaffirmatively and chi square tests revealedno significant differences by gender. Forthose participants who reported havingFacebook accounts (94%), there were nosignificant differences by gender for dailyminutes on Facebook (M = 106.8, SD =120.3); however, females reported spend-ing a greater percentage of their dailyInternet time on Facebook (M = 61.7%,SD = 27.1) than males (M = 44.0%, SD =

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Table l. Light vs. heavy daily use of Internet and Facebook by gender (n=268).*

Intemet Daily Use

Light use

(less than 60 minutes/day)

Heavy use

(more than 60 minutes/day)

Facebook Daily Use*

Light use

fless than 60 minutes/day)

Heavy use

(more than 60 minutes/day)

Female

26.57%(n=38)

73-43%(n=iO5)

47-55%(n=68)

52-45%

(n=75)

Male

18.40%

(n=23)

81.60%

(n=iO2)

61.6.%

(n=77)

38.40%

(n=48)

* X' (1, n = 268), p = .015].

27.4, p < .05).Participants noted an average of 587

Facebook friends with no significant dif-ferences in number of friends by gender.Daily, there were no gender differences fortime spent reading or editing personal Face-book profiles; however, there weresignificant gender differences for timespent looking at other profiles each day(males -10 minutes; females- 24 minutes,p<.OOOl).

When participants were divided intotwo groups based on their reported dailyFacebook and intemet use (light users -less than 60 minutes per day; heavy users- more than 60 minutes per day), Chi

square tests revealed differences by gen-der for Facebook daily use but not intemetdaily use (p = .015) (see Table 1). It is alsoof note that 18%, 4.2%, and 4% of partic-ipants reported spending more than 5 hotirsper day on the intemet, social networking,and Facebook, respectively.

Thoughts about Facebook. Those par-ticipants who did not report having aFacebook account (n = 16) were not includ-ed in the analysis of these items, leaving252 participants' responses to be analyzed.Gender differences were then examinedfor the survey items related to thoughtsabout Facebook using t-tests for a numberof variables and significant differences

Frazzled by Facebook?... / 93

Table 2. Gender differences in thoughts about Facebook (n = 252).

Survey item

Facebook is part of my everyday activity.I feel out of touch when I haven't logged into Facebook fora while.I am sometimes on Facebook for longer amounts of timethan I intend to be.Sometimes I lose sleep because of the time I spend onFacebook.I need to make sure that I have access to my Facebookpage on vacations.Facebook helps me make friends.I feel closer with my friends on Facebook than my friendsI see everyday.I like spending time on Facebook more than actual timewith my friends.The pictures others post on Facebook give me a negativeself body image.Facebook usage sometimes causes me to feel stressedIf I cannot access Facebook I feel anxious and upset.I wish I didn't have the "need" to be on Facebook.I wouldn't use Facebook as much if my friends didn't.I think Facebook positively influences my health.Being on Facebook causes me to I feel excited andenergized.I feel a lack of control over checking my profile andposting things on Facebook.I feel an irresistible pull to get on FacebookSometimes I feel like I am addicted to Facebook.I know someone who is addicted to Facebook.I would rather talk on Facebook viith people than face-to-face.Facebook helps me to express my feelings easier.Facebook gives me more confidence.Other's Facebook postings have caused me to feeldiscomfort about my life.I wish others didn't post everything on the wall soeveryone could read it.The thought of getting off Facebook leaves me reallystressed.

Male

Mean

3.772.68

317

1.88

2.12

2.431.64

1.48

1.61

1.181.682.193.172.242.25

2.09

2.302.253.821.66

2.201.982.02

2.72

1.65

SD

1.07.11

1.23

1.10

1.08

1.17.83

.08

.76

1.01.961.121.32.951.0

1.07

1.161.291.32.88

1.13.95

1.01

1.29

•95

Female

Mean

4.183.37

3.82

2.39

2.38

2.531.96

1.48

2.0

2.242.042.593.122.442.56

2.20

2.562.964.061.89

2.502.212.21

2.92

1.60

SD

.93*.11*

1.1*

1.18*

1.16

1.1

.98**

.06

.95**

1.12**1.04**1.21**1.231.0

.97**

•99

1.151.32*1.161.02

1.14**1.001.12

1-25

.78

STote: Likert Scale: 5 - Strongly agree: 1 - Strongly disagree.

*p < .0001** p <.05

were found by gender for 12 of the 25 sur-vey items (see Table 2).

Means were higher for females (5 -strongly agree; l-strongly disagree) thanmales for items related to these surveyitems: Facebook is part of my everyday

activity (p < .0001); I feel out of touchwhen I have not logged into Facebook fora while (p < .0001); I am sometimes onFacebook for longer amounts of time thanI intend (p < .0001); I often lose sleepbecause of the fime I spend on Facebook

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Table 3. Percentages of all participants and by gender for those who strongly agree or agreewith items related to tfioughts about Facebook (n = 252).

Survey item

Facebook is part of my everyday activity.I feel out of touch when I haven't logged into Facebook fora while.I am sometimes on Facebook for longer amounts of timethan I intend to be.Sometimes I lose sleep because of the time I spend onFacebook.I need to make sure that I have access to my Facebookpage on vacations.Facebook helps me make friends.I feel closer with my friends on Facebook than my friends Isee everyday.I like spending time on Facebook more than actual timewith my friends.The pictures others post on Facebook give me a negativeself body image.Facebook usage sometimes causes me to feel stressed.If I cannot access Facebook I feel anxious and upset.I wish I didn't have the "need" to be on Facebook.I wouldn't use Facebook as much if my friends didn't.I think Facebook positively influences my health.Being on Facebook causes me to I feel excited andenergized.I feel a lack of control over checking my profile and postingthings on Facebook.I feel an irresistible pull to get on Facebook.Sometimes I feel like I am addicted to Facebook.I know someone who is addicted to Facebook.I would rather talk on Facebook with people than face-to-face.Facebook helps me to express my feelings easier.Facebook gives me more confidence.Other's Facebook postings have caused me to feeldiscomfort about my life.I wish others didn't post everything on the wall soeveryone could read it.The thought of getting off Facebook leaves me reallystressed.

All% stronglyagree or

agree

80.24%43-9%

64.3%

18.7%

17.9%

2.5..';%6.8%

4.0%

5-6%

i.'5.9%10.7%20.3%

48.4%11.1%

13-9%

12.0%

24.1%

3.S.7%7.S.4%6.7%

21.4%9.9%13.8%

32.8%

4-4%

Male 1 Female

% strongly agree oragree

71.2%

30.5%

50%

12.1%

12.8%

26.1%

4-3%

4-3%

7.6%

11.1%

7.7%11.9%48.7%

10.4%11.0%

12.0%

19.5%22.03%69.2%4.2%

18.8%7.6%9-3%

28.0%

5-1%

88.1%55-56%

76.9%

24.4%

22.4%

24.8%9.0%

3-7%

9.6%

20.0%13.3%27.8%48.1%12.0%16.4%

12.0%

28.1%47.76%80.7%8.9%

23.7%11.8%17.8%

37-0%

3-7%

(p < .0001); I feel closer with my friendson Facebook than my friends I see every-day (p < .05); The pictures others post onFacebook cause me a negative self bodyimage (p < .05); Facebook usage some-times causes me to feel stressed (p < .05);If I cannot access Facebook I feel anxiousand upset (p < .05); I wish I didn't havethe "need" to be on Facebook (p < .05);

Being on Facebook causes me to feel excit-ed and energized (p < .05); Sometimes Ifeel like I am addicted to Facebook (p <.001); Facebook helps me to express myfeehngs easier (p < .05).

Percentages of all, male, and femaleparticipants who strongly agreed or agreedwith each of the 25 survey items are alsoprovided (see Table 3).

Frazzled by Facebook?... / 95

DiscussionFacebook use was found to be a sig-

nificant element of the undergraduate socialculture for these undergraduates as 80.24%reported that Facebook was a part of theireveryday activities. In fact, almost 9 of 10undergraduate women "strongly agreed"or "agreed" with this survey item(females- 88% strongly agree/agree; males- 71% strongly agree/agree). This find-ing is similar to that of the Rapleaf Studywhere they found that both genders usesocial media, but women far exceed menin the time they spend on social media(Hoffman, 2008). In other results foundhere, the undergraduate females in thisstudy reported spending almost 62% oftheir intemet time on Facebook comparedto 44% for the males. Furthermore, therewere significant differences in the per-centage of females versus males who were"heavy" Facebook users (more than onehour per day) and in the minutes spent dailyexamining others' Facebook profiles(females - 24 minutes; males - 10 min-utes). It is possible that males utilize socialnetworking sites other than Facebook andfemales are primarily drawn to Facebookuse. One point is clear - these collegeundergraduates spend a significant amountof time, almost two hours a day (117 min-utes), using social networking sites.

Participants in this study noted 587Facebook friends; a number quite higherthan previously reported. According toFacebook (2011b), account holders aver-age 130 Facebook friends. Pempek,Yermolayeva, and Calvert (2009) report-ed an average of 358 Facebook friendsamong a group of private university under-

graduate students (mean age = 20 years)they surveyed. Because Facebook origi-nated among the college-age populationand is quite popular among this age group,it is not surprising college undergraduateshave more friends than account holders ingeneral. However, this population aver-aged 200-H additional Facebook friendsthan Pempek and colleagues' undergrad-uates reported (2009). One possibleexplanation could be the increasingly pop-ularity of Facebook and social networking;however, this is purely speculation as thepresent study did not discem reasons fornumber of Facebook friends.

Kalpidou et al. (2011) had noted thatresearch on gender differences in anxiety,stress, and enjoyment from Facebook useis not currently available. This study pro-vided findings that shed some light on theseemotions. Specifically, females were morelikely than males to report that Facebookuse causes them to feel stress (females-20% strongly agree/agree; males-11%strongly agree/agree). Females were alsomore likely than males to report that theyfeel anxious or upset if they cannot accessFacebook (females - 13% stronglyagreelagree\ males - 8% stronglyagr eel agree). Although percentages werelow, means were higher for the females(more likely to "agree" or "stronglyagree") than males for responses relatedto the item: "The photos others post onFacebook give me a negative self bodyimage".

Because this study was exploratory innature it is not possible to fully explainreasons for the increased distress related toFacebook use among women. This stress

96 / College Student Joumal

and anxiety could stem from the discussionoutlined earlier in this manuscript relatedto women being better able to noticechanges in vocal intonations and body lan-guage than men (WebMD, 2005). It ishypothesized that online communicationmay be more stressful for women becauseuse of this skill is not possible with onlinetextual information and static photographs.Facebook's recent announcement that theyhave partnered with Skype to offer videochat may change this in the future (ABCAction News, 2011). Another explanationfor the increased stress for women couldbe the fact that college-age females reportgreater stress and anxiety in general thancollege-age males and this was also reflect-ed in their responses on this survey(Birnbaum & Thompson, 2011). Again,this study was exploratory in nature anddoes not provide concrete reasons for Face-book thoughts and emotions.

Several of the items were related to lossof control in Facebook use and femaleswere once again more likely to report thisthan males. Probably the most disturbingfinding was the significant gender differ-ence for the item, "Sometimes I feel like Iam addicted to Facebook" (females - 48%strongly agree/agree; males - 22% strong-ly agree/agree). It is also interesting tonote that overall, 75% of the respondentssaid they knew someone who was addict-ed to Facebook. Furthermore, almostone-third of females wished they didn'thave the "need" to be on Facebook(females - 28% strongly agree/agree;males - 12% strongly agree/agree).Almost one in four females reported los-ing sleep over Facebook use (24% females

- strongly agree/agree; 12% males -strongly agree/agree) and over three-fourths of females said they are sometimeson Facebook longer than they intend to be(77% females - strongly agree/agree; 50%males - strongly agree/agree). Femaleswere also more likely than males to reportthey feel out of touch when they have notlogged into Facebook (56% females -strongly agree/agree; 30% males - strong-ly agree/agree). These responses certainlyshow that is Facebook a part of every dayactivity and that some undergraduates, par-ticularly females, feel a loss of control overchecking Facebook. This leads one tobelieve that Brown and Bobkowski (2011)were correct in their observation that youngpeople need to learn to use social media ina healthy and intelligent way. Social net-working education should be included inFreshman seminar classes on college cam-puses. The transition to college is difficultand loss of control over using social mediacould be one more factor causing stressand anxiety.

There were some positive emotionsnoted related to Facebook use. Femalesreported significant differences in respons-es related to "Facebook helps me to expressmy feelings easier" (24% females - strong-ly agree/agree; 19% males - stronglyagree/agree). Females were more likelythan males to report that Facebook timecauses them to feel excited and energized(16% females - strongly agreelagree\ 11%males - strongly agree/agree). And, inter-estingly, almost one in ten females (9%strongly agree/agree) reported they feelcloser to friends on Facebook than thosethey see everyday (4% males - strongly

Frazzled by Facebook?... / 97

agree/agree). One thought related to thisresponse is the fact that the mean age ofthis population was 19 years and it maybe possible that they did not yet feel social-ly integrated into the college campus. Itcould be those persons they network withon Facebook may be friends from the pastwho they still feel more connected to; how-ever, it is not possible to discem the reasonfor these responses from this surveyresearch.

Several limitations to this study shouldbe addressed. First, the study addresses aspecific group of undergraduates who wereenrolled at introductory health classes at aSoutheastem coastal university; therefore,this group's views may be different fromupperclassmen and/or not generalizable toa larger population. Second, this studywas exploratory in nature and survey itemsshould be studied further for reliability iindvalidity. Finally, Facebook was the socialnetworking site that was primarily assessedin this study and other sites could be useddifferently. Despite these limitations, theresults provided adequate information forthe purpose of this study.

In conclusion, Facebook provides avenue for young adults to express them-selves and interact with each other;however, distinct gender differences arefound related to anxiety and stress fromFacebook use. This may be due to the high-er rates of anxiety and depression thatfemales experience compared to males;these emotions might be carried over intosocial networking usage. Additionalresearch is needed here. Encouraging timeouts from computer use, increased physi-cal activity, and face-to-face interactions

may help to decrease anxiety. Young adultsshould be encouraged to keep a sense ofbalance that includes socializing online,but not to the point of neglecting mentalwell being and sleep.

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