Francy Carranza Franco

Phd Candidate

SOAS

National and Human Security

The national and local governments not always concur or cooperate

What was the role of the local authorities at the beginning of the reintegration process?

To what extent the local authorities influenced the design of the national program implemented today?

COMBATANT/CITIZENSHIP DYCHOTOMY

“DDR programmes should support the process of turning combatants into productive citizens. This process starts in the demobilization phase, during which the structures of armed forces and groups are broken down and combatants formally acquire civilian status (UNDP, 2006. 2.10 p. 4)”.

SECURITY PROBLEMS IN THE REINTEGRATION AT THE LOCAL

LEVEL(Villamizar, 2006)

Risks: Their conditions of excombatants makes

the vulnerable to violence Collateral damage in the recipient

community Increasing crime or social unrest

THE DEMOBILIZATIONS

Collective Paramilitary groups

2003 - 2006 31.671

37 groups

Individual

(Deserters)

Mainly guerrillas

1994 - 2002

2003 – 2011

6.500

15.245

THE REINTEGRATIONNational Programs:

1994 Program for the Reintegration in the Civil Life (PRVC) – Ministry of Interior

Flooded with more than 5 times on its capacity

Lack of resources Lack of personnel

2007 High Commission for Reintegration

THE REINTEGRATION

Local Programs: Medellin – Peace and Reconciliation

Program Bogotá – Program of Complementary

Services to the Demobilized Population in Bogotá (PAPDRB)

Peace and Reconciliation - Medellin Model: Return to legality

Psychological Services: psicoeducation and individual support

Education: CEPAR Income generation: job training and

promotion of small businesses Legal Advice Registration into the health system Social inclusion activities with the

community

Program of Complementary Services to the Demobilized

Population in Bogotá (PAPDRB) 76 Hogares de Paz in Bogotá (never

consulted with the local administration, Villamizar, 2006)

Crisis in 2004: managed by private contractors, these homes were crowded and people had poor living conditions.

Three security events that caught media attention

Thus, Uribe decided to close these homes in Bogotá and the Ministry of Interior had to rethink the sheltering system.

PAPDRB - Bogotá

Complementary Services Support in the use of the social services

available to Bogotá’s disadvantaged population: education and benefits

Income generation: job training and promotion of small businesses.

Social inclusion activities with the community

REINTEGRATION PROGRAMS

1994 Program of Reintegration to the Civil Life (PRVC)

Ministry of Interior

- 2003

2003

Reincorporation to Civilian life

Peace and Reconciliation

Mayor of Medellin

2004 Complementary Services to the Demobilized Population (PAPDRB)

Mayor of Bogotá

2007

2012

High Commission for Reintegration (ACR)Colombian Agency for Reintegration

Presidency

REINTEGRATION PROGRAMS

Peace and Reconciliation laid the foundations of the ACR program: psychological services, income generation suport and social inclusion activities with the community.

Provided services to the Bloques Cacique Nutibara (868) and Heroes de Granada (2.033), to other 9 groups in Antioquia and to other less developed regions

By 2007, exsoldiers from the collective demobilization

Medellin 4.130 13%

Antioquia 10.844 34%

SOME FINDINGS

The local governments of Bogotá and Medellin played a key role in filling the gaps and overcoming the pitfalls of the reintegration phase:

a) Implementation: in the provision of services right after the dismantling of the military structures.

b) Adjustments to the national policy

The demobilized population were satisfied with the services provided by both, national and the local reintegration programs

CONCLUSION

Colombian government: control of the territory, combating the remaining of the paramilitary groups, as well as the guerrillas, drug traffickers and other criminal groups – MILITARY SECURITY

Local governments: the peaceful coexistence among its inhabitants, creating conditions for a successful reintegration of many excombatants – HUMAN SECURITY

CONCLUSION

This human security prevents the demobilized soldiers to become a threat to the national and local governments, but also, providing them with skills (psychological, educational and working skills) allows them to settle down in a specific community instead of becoming predator of it.