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“Deleuze and Negri: Pervert and Subvert”: Multitudes Interview with François Zourabichvili, June 2002. Translation Diarmuid Hester, June 2010. Available at http://multitudes.samizdat.net/Lesdeuxpensees deDeleuzeetde Intro: Responding to two questions posed by Y. Ichida regarding Giles Deleuzes conception of politics and its relation to the notion of the multitude, François Zourabichvili attempts to refine Deleuzes conception of an involuntarist politics by distinguishing it from the thought of Toni Negri: the concept of the multitude, he concludes, is not Deleuzian; furthermore, the “institution” in Deleuze’s thought does not correspond to Negri’s “constituent”. Where Negri proposes a total theory, Deleuze proceeds by a series of local skirmishes, going from localised struggle to localised struggle; one position of instability to another. The opposition between Deleuzian “involuntarism” and Negrian “voluntarism” signals a disagreement over the system of actualisation. Multitudes: 1. With regards to the [perceived] absence of every political project in Deleuzes work, you have spoken, in “Deleuze and the possible” (Deleuze. Une vie philosophique, ed. E. Alliez, 1998), of an “involuntarism” that is characteristic of his “leftism” and you have identified a Deleuzian politics in his conception of the possible as that which is not realised but rather created. From this point of view, can the “multitude” as a political subject be Deleuzian? What relationship do you see between the insistence of Toni Negri on the “subject” (often called absolutely voluntarist) and this Deleuzian “involuntarism”? 2. If, for Deleuze, politics consists of creating and actualising the possible can philosophy have a role to play in this actualisation? Or does Deleuzes silence regarding the concrete creation of the possible mean that politics becomes separate from philosophy?

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“Deleuze  and  Negri:  Pervert  and  Subvert”:  Multitudes  Interview  with  François  Zourabichvili,  June  2002.  

Translation  Diarmuid  Hester,  June  2010.  

Available  at  http://multitudes.samizdat.net/Les-­‐‑deux-­‐‑pensees-­‐‑deDeleuze-­‐‑et-­‐‑de  

Intro:  Responding  to  two  questions  posed  by  Y.  Ichida  regarding  Giles  Deleuze'ʹs  conception  of  politics  and  its  relation  to  the  notion  of  the  multitude,  François  Zourabichvili  attempts  to  refine  Deleuze'ʹs  conception  of  an  in-­‐‑voluntarist  politics  by  distinguishing  it  from  the  thought  of  Toni  Negri:  the  concept  of  the  multitude,  he  concludes,  is  not  Deleuzian;  furthermore,  the  “institution”  in  Deleuze’s  thought  does  not  correspond  to  Negri’s  “constituent”.  Where  Negri  proposes  a  total  theory,  Deleuze  proceeds  by  a  series  of  local  skirmishes,  going  from  localised  struggle  to  localised  struggle;  one  position  of  instability  to  another.  The  opposition  between  Deleuzian  “involuntarism”  and  Negrian  “voluntarism”  signals  a  disagreement  over  the  system  of  actualisation.  

Multitudes:  1.  With  regards  to  the  [perceived]  absence  of  every  political  project  in  Deleuze'ʹs  work,  you  have  spoken,  in  “Deleuze  and  the  possible”  (Deleuze.  Une  vie  philosophique,  ed.  E.  Alliez,  1998),  of  an  “involuntarism”  that  is  characteristic  of  his  “leftism”  and  you  have  identified  a  Deleuzian  politics  in  his  conception  of  the  possible  as  that  which  is  not  realised  but  rather  created.  From  this  point  of  view,  can  the  “multitude”  as  a  political  subject  be  Deleuzian?  What  relationship  do  you  see  between  the  insistence  of  Toni  Negri  on  the  “subject”  (often  called  absolutely  voluntarist)  and  this  Deleuzian  “involuntarism”?  2.  If,  for  Deleuze,  politics  consists  of  creating  and  actualising  the  possible  can  philosophy  have  a  role  to  play  in  this  actualisation?  Or  does  Deleuze'ʹs  silence  regarding  the  concrete  creation  of  the  possible  mean  that  politics  becomes  separate  from  philosophy?  

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FZ:  The  absence  of  a  project  doesn’t  indicate  a  lacuna,  but  is  in  fact  the  condition  of  what  Deleuze  calls  “believing  in  the  world”  (not  believing  in  another  world,  or  one  transformed):  Deleuze  held  that  faith  in  the  world  or  in  what  happens  to  us  is  the  problem,  or  at  least  has  become  so  (cf.  Cinema  II:  The  Time-­‐‑Image).  It’s  not  that  images  and  games  make  us  lose  our  sense  of  reality,  as  conventional  discourse  would  have  it,  but  rather  that  the  habitual  condition  of  this  belief  has  collapsed  upon  itself.  The  “fact  of  modernity”  is  that  recognisable  systems,  to  which  we  ordinarily  submit  in  every  walk  of  life  (in  work,  in  conjugality,  in  militantism,  in  art,  etc.),  tend  to  appear  to  us  as  the  clichés  they  are:  we  oscillate  between  an  experience  of  déjà-­‐‑vu  and  the  bare  event  because  we  do  not  know  how  to  stop  participating  in  systems  that  are  no  longer  secure  in  their  function.  Here,  concerning  the  concept  of  “revolutionarybecoming”  (devenir-­‐‑révolutionnaire)  (as  opposed  to  concerns  about  the  revolution’s  future  [l'ʹavenir  de  la  revolution]),  the  general  theme  of  “involuntarism”  relates  to  politics.  This  concept  is  less  a  political  carpe  diem  than  a  veritable  trial:  shall  we  know,  one  day,  how  to  grant  a  reality  to  events  as  they  are  (1905,  the  Liberation,  1968),  independent  of  both  a  plan  for  the  future  which  assigns  to  them  a  certain  degree  and  signification  (“répétition  générale”),  or  a  retrospective  judgement  that  evaluates  them  after  have  come  to  pass  (as  a  revolution  missed/betrayed/toxic)?  We  always  want  an  event  to  have  an  end,  but  an  event  is  from  the  outset  a  rupture,  a  transformation  of  collective  perception  (new  relations  to  work,  to  knowledge,  to  childhood,  to  time,  to  sexuality,  etc.).  Thus  believing  in  the  world  is  about  believing  in  the  reality  of  the  world'ʹs  internal  ruptures.  According  to  Deleuze  and  Guattari,  political  potential  resides  in  these  ruptures  (systematically  misrecognised  by  those  prescient  and  retrospective  assessments);  indeed,  they  are  the  source  of  law  and  every  new  economic,  social  or  political  assemblage,  that  is  to  say,  institutions  in  general  (new  laws,  new  relations  at  work  or  school,  or  even  new  forms  of  conjugal  life).  

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As  for  what  you  call  “the  concrete  creation  of  the  possible”  there  must,  as  a  rule,  be  silence.  No  one  knows  how  to  anticipate  that  which  can  only  be  created  (witness  Deleuze'ʹs  obstinate  silence  at  the  end  of  “Postscript  on  the  Societies  of  Control”):  it  is  not  possible  to  highlight  the  axes  of  a  new  kind  of  struggle  because  these  struggles  are  already  at  work  (cf.  “May  'ʹ68  didn’t  happen”).  Yet  this  theoretical  aporia  doesn’t  necessarily  mark  the  destitution  of  thought:  it  could  be,  rather,  the  courage  of  a  thought  which  exposes  itself  to  time.  The  role  of  the  philosopher  in  the  actualisation  of  open  possibilities  is  another  matter,  and  Deleuze  makes  himself  quite  clear  on  this  point,  most  notably  in  an  interview  with  Foucault  in  1972:  the  time  of  the  philosopher  as  guide  of  the  masses  is  over,  dispatched  by  philosophy  itself,  whose  internal  transformation  encourages  the  philosopher  to  think  of  himself  as  having  a  different  kind  of  status.  Not  that  the  role  of  philosophy  in  “becomingsrevolutionary”  is  negligible,  in  fact  one  might  say  it’s  the  sole  purpose  of  the  philosopher-­‐‑as-­‐‑scout;  but  philosophy,  like  other  disciplines,  assumes  a  role  inasmuch  as  its  practices  are  not  immutable  and  its  own  transformations  resonate  with  the  transformations  of  other  practices,  theoretical  or  militant.  In  this  sense,  transformations  -­‐‑  and  their  political  potential  -­‐‑  go  through  philosophy.  In  a  book  like  A  Thousand  Plateaus,  the  practice  of  these  resonances  is  a  very  condition  of  the  transformation  of  philosophical  discourse  and  what  should  be  studied  [in  this  work]  is  the  Deleuzoguattarian  outline  of  an  immanent  or  “literal”  discourse.  “Literality”,  that  is  to  say  the  nomadic  distribution  of  meaning  arising  from  the  division  between  proper  and  figurative  sense,  is  nothing  other  than  the  production  of  certain  effects  in  the  political  field.  For  instance,  to  take  up  the  example  of  Cinema  II  regarding  the  transformation  of  political  cinema  in  the  second  half  of  the  20th  century,  statements  like  “bankers  are  killers”  and  “factories  are  prisons”,  at  a  certain  level  must  be  heard  literally,  not  as  metaphorical  agit-­‐‑prop  clichés.  Certainly,  bankers  are  rarely  killers  in  the  proper  sense,  but  on  the  other  hand,  if  we  all  we  have  here  is  metaphor,  the  system  of  banking  remains  unscathed  and  we  are  

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confined  to  merely  imagining  certain  humanitarian  adjustments.  However,  everyone  more  or  less  intuits  this  literal  understanding,  maybe  it’s  even  an  aspect  of  this  “fact  of  modernity”;  what  remains  to  be  done  is  to  produce  philosophical  conditions  in  it;  to  seize  it  with  a  discourse  that  shows  its  legitimacy  and  explores  its  virtualities.  This  is  an  essential  dimension  of  Deleuze'ʹs  work  since  Difference  and  Repetition  -­‐‑  an  essential,  but  puzzling  dimension,  since  most  people  think  that  Deleuze'ʹs  discourse  is  metaphorical  or  do  not  understand  how  this  can  be  tenable.  

Is  the  concept  of  the  multitude  Deleuzian?  I  don'ʹt  think  so.  But  I  don'ʹt  think  it  matters.  For  if  we  are  in  the  presence  here  of  two  thoughts  instead  of  only  one,  there  is  cause  for  delight:  we’re  very  fortunate.  I  think  that  the  major  difference  concerns  the  institution.  For  Negri,  the  institution  does  not  play  any  role:  in  relation  to  the  notion  of  “constitutent  power”  it  is  pure  exteriority  (cf.  the  opposition  between  limited  and  unlimited;  measurable  and  immeasurable).  He  isn’t  concerned  with  the  institution  which  comes  from  without,  as  integration  and  distortion.  Consequently,  “constituent”  poses  a  problem:  everything  that  this  shapeless  and  “omni-­‐‑versatile”  power  constitutes,  it  must  immediately  negate  in  order  to  remain  itself;  yet  in  so  doing,  it  seems  to  me,  it  cannot  but  negate  a  part  of  itself.  With  Deleuze,  the  institution  understood  in  two  senses,  distorts  equally  desire  and  the  creative  moment  but  it  is  no  less  positive  for  this:  the  act  itself  constitutes  and  actualises  a  creation.  Without  doubt  at  a  certain  level  the  two  models,  integration  (or  “capture”)  and  actualisation  (or  “assemblages”,  always  threatened  by  “stratification”),  are  similar  (as  we  see  in  Foucault).  Nevertheless,  they  continue  to  be  distinguished  from  one  another,  and  Deleuze  is  the  first  to  formulate  the  incommensurability  of  the  common  (understood  as  “a  communication  of  the  heterogeneous”)  to  the  external  measure  of  the  “common  sense”.  He  does  so  by  linking  the  “small”  and  the  excessively  large,  in  those  lines  which  seem  to  me  to  have  inspired  the  original  developments  on  poverty  in  Kairos,  Alma  

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Venus,  Multitude  (cf.  Difference  and  Repetition  [52-­‐‑55]).  In  short,  the  relation  of  the  virtual  and  the  actual  is  that  which  dramatises  the  relation  between  desire  and  the  institution  in  Deleuze.  Nomads  lie  at  the  edge  of  this  and  for  this  reason  do  not  leave  a  mark  upon  history.  They  cross  the  threshold  of  representation  only  negatively,  as  acts  of  resistance:  every  form  of  resistance  is  reciprocal  and  nomadic  (cf.  the  concept  of  the  “war  machine”).  Therefore,  what  tends  to  go  unperceived  is  the  positivity  that  envelops  resistance:  that  is  to  say,  the  specific  space-­‐‑time  that  establishes  itself  in  every  case  and  that  does  not  allow  itself  become  institutionalised  in  the  ordinary  sense  of  the  term,  but  reveals  the  paradox  of  the  institution,  inseparable  from  a  crisis  and  a  struggle,  and  opens  possibilities  for  social  or  juridical  assemblages  that  were  previously  unthinkable.  These  are,  very  roughly,  the  two  meanings  of  institution  in  Deleuze.  

Perhaps  it  is  in  this  sense  that  power  is  constituent  in  Negri:  perhaps  there  is  a  possible  convergence  between  insurrectional  space-­‐‑time  in  Deleuze  (which  makes  itself  apparent  to  “spatio-­‐‑temporal  dynamisms”,  of  which  it  is  a  question  of  the  theory  of  the  Idea,  cf.  Difference  and  Repetition)  and  Negri’s  revamped  Marxist  “living  labour”.  Anyhow,  it  can  only  be  at  the  level  of  this  detail  that  a  convergence  is  possible  and  not  around  the  general  rallying  cries  of  “immanence!”  and  “event!”,  that  is  to  say,  notions  emptied  of  their  conceptual  force  (loss  of  detail  is  always  the  price  to  pay  for  a  unitary  philosophy).  But  what  is  clear,  is  that  as  soon  as  Deleuze  posits  the  relation  of  actualisation,  action  can  no  longer  be  directed  towards  ignoring  or  destroying  institutions.  One  of  the  leitmotifs  of  A  Thousand  Plateaus  is  that  “molar”  (hard  “segmentarities”,  the  institutional  cutting-­‐‑up  or  scansion  of  our  lives)  is  not  less  necessary  to  life  than  the  “molecular”  (where  life  produces,  invents,  creates  itself):  a  minimum  of  reproduction  is  necessary,  even  if  we  suffer  from  the  fact  that  the  latter  occupies  all  of  the  field.  In  any  case,  the  naked  Body  without  Organs  (a  little  like  the  analogue  of  constituent  power)  is  nothing  other  than  death  itself,  which  is  why  every  

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becoming  involves  a  relationship  to  death,  a  sort  of  death  drive  (the  repulsion  of  all  institutions,  of  all  “organs”).  From  this,  and  against  Negri,  we  can  posit  a  perversive  rather  than  subversive  model  (on  this  opposition,  cf.  in  particular  Logic  of  Sense).  In  contrast  to  Negri,  Deleuze  never  believed  the  promises  of  subversion,  on  the  contrary,  he  was  attentive  to  the  manner  in  which  every  order,  every  institution,  is  incessantly  perverted  by  “lines  of  flight”.  Hence,  a  first  difference  of  a  methodological  order:  where  Negri  proposes  a  total  theory,  Deleuze  proceeds  by  skirmishes,  by  localised  destabilisations.  For  example,  [Deleuze]  often  approaches  the  topic  of  the  institution,  but  from  a  diverse  range  of  angles  which  never  resolve  themselves  into  a  unified  theory.  Thus,  as  regards  the  topic  of  institutions,  of  course  his  discourse  seems  lacunary,  because  he  eschews  explanation,  always  looking  for  sensitive  points  where  the  predominant  doxa  can  be  affected:  for  him,  theory  is  a  practice,  a  perverse  practice.  His  conception  of  politics  is  similar:  always  going  from  one  localised  struggle  to  another,  having  these  instances  communicate  in  solidarity,  yet  never  revealing  an  enterprise  for  total  subversion.  (This  is  why  he  admired  the  individual  militantism  of  Foucault  and  Guattari.)  The  second  difference  is  of  the  order  of  the  chronotopic:  the  thought  of  Deleuze  and  the  thought  of  Negri  are  both  governed  by  the  general  dynamism  of  the  inside  exit,  of  the  immanent  flight  (to  finally  conquer  the  earth!);  but  with  Deleuze  we  cannot  flee  [fuir]  except  by  frightening  a  given  system  [faire  fuir]  (the  perverse  model  -­‐‑  cf.  the  formulation  “leave  philosophy  by  philosophy”).  Negri,  on  the  other  hand,  posits  the  subversive  and  splendid  myth  of  an  Exodus  by  considering  the  tendency  of  the  capitalist  order  to  nourish  itself  on  the  cooperative  work  of  the  multitude,  which  in  turn,  by  its  own  work  ceaselessly  subtracts  itself  more  and  more  from  the  capitalist  order  (if  this  myth  is  true,  it  would  be  a  great  trick  played  on  the  powerful  who  watch  over  us).  A  confirmation  of  this  divergence  is  the  indifference  of  the  authors  of  Empire  regarding  the  distinction  between  the  migrant  and  the  nomad,  which  is  so  essential  in  A  Thousand  Plateaus.  

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As  for  the  voluntarist  remnant  of  Negri'ʹs  thought,  it  is  easily  attributable.  Certainly,  according  to  one  explanation  the  new  postFordist  paradigm  was  imposed  on  capitalism  by  the  great  anti-­‐‑  disciplinary  transformation  of  collective  subjectivity  and  this  clearly  inclines  towards  the  side  of  the  involuntary,  and  from  this  point  of  view  brings  about  an  exciting  complement  to  “Postscript  on  Control  Societies”.  But  the  obstinacy  of  making  even  an  open-­‐‑ended  subject  of  the  multitude,  for  me  leads  to  a  logical  impasse:  the  insoluble  paradox  of  a  voluntarist  involuntarism.  Negri,  with  ample  lucidity,  gives  it  this  formulation:  “effective  action  has  always  attracted  new  successes”  (Insurgencies,  [418]).  Obviously,  this  conversion  of  the  practical  cannot  be  self-­‐‑sufficient,  it  must  find  the  sources  of  its  confidence  elsewhere,  in  real  movements,  and  that'ʹs  why  Empire  is  in  principle  the  indispensible  complement  of  Insurgencies.  But  herein  lies  the  surprise:  in  place  of  an  empirical  foundation  of  voluntarism,  we  fall  back  on  a  voluntarism  which  lies  at  the  heart  of  a  description  of  real  movements,  on  the  traditional  Marxist  mode  of  prescription  of  the  ineluctable:  the  Exodus  of  the  multitude  out  of  capitalism  is  an  a  priori  deduction.  The  deduction  was  elsewhere  acquired  at  the  end  of  Insurgencies:  “this  domination  is  always  irredeemably  undermined  by  the  constituent  sabotage  of  the  multitude”  ([437]).  For  the  latter,  this  voluntarism  falls  back  upon  a  presumption  of  the  permanence  of  innovation,  the  event  and  creation,  with  rare  moments  of  crystallisation.  For  Deleuze  and  Guattari,  however,  one  must  not  confuse  the  conditions  of  creation  and  effective  creation:  that  there  are  always  lines  of  flight  does  not  mean  that  we  know  how  to  recognise  them  or  that  we  can  trust  them,  the  strength  of  the  multitude  being  most  often  “separated  from  what  it  can  do”.  Thus  the  same  disagreement  over  the  system  of  actualisation.  Thus,  Negri'ʹs  disenchanted  enthusiasm  (his  own  words)  differs  greatly  from  Deleuze'ʹs  joyful  pessimism.