France: Republic & France: Republic & EmpireEmpire

Mr. ErmerMr. Ermer

World HistoryWorld History

Miami Beach Senior HighMiami Beach Senior High

The Republic of VirtueThe Republic of Virtue Committee of Public Safety creates Committee of Public Safety creates

“Republic of Virtue” based on Rome“Republic of Virtue” based on Rome– ““Mister” and “Madame” replaced by Mister” and “Madame” replaced by

“citizen” “citizen” – Democratic republic made of good Democratic republic made of good

citizenscitizens– Slavery abolished, education for allSlavery abolished, education for all– ““dechristianization”: churches looted and dechristianization”: churches looted and

closed, word “saint” removed from closed, word “saint” removed from names of streets and buildings, priests names of streets and buildings, priests encouraged to marry, Notre Dame encouraged to marry, Notre Dame designated “temple of reason”, calendar designated “temple of reason”, calendar changed to new years/monthschanged to new years/months Dechristianization failed, most French still Dechristianization failed, most French still

very Catholicvery Catholic

Nation at ArmsNation at Arms CPS decrees mobilization of armed forces CPS decrees mobilization of armed forces

to defend the republicto defend the republic– 1794: army = 1 million soldiers1794: army = 1 million soldiers

Pushes back invasions, invades Austrian Pushes back invasions, invades Austrian NetherlandsNetherlands

French Revolution changes European French Revolution changes European national identity, changes European national identity, changes European warfarewarfare

Revolutionary leader Robespierre, seen as Revolutionary leader Robespierre, seen as too powerful, overthrown, guillotined too powerful, overthrown, guillotined 7/28/17947/28/1794

Reign of Terror endsReign of Terror ends

The DirectoryThe Directory

Nat’l Convention weakens the power of Nat’l Convention weakens the power of CPS, reopen churches, new constitutionCPS, reopen churches, new constitution– Creation of new legislature to be electedCreation of new legislature to be elected

Ruled together with the DirectoryRuled together with the Directory

– Directory was very corruptDirectory was very corrupt Royalists and Radicals unhappy with Royalists and Radicals unhappy with

govgov 1799: Directory loses power in a 1799: Directory loses power in a coup coup

d’etatd’etat, Napoleon now in power, Napoleon now in power

The Rise of NapoleonThe Rise of Napoleon

Napoleon born: 1769 on island of CorsicaNapoleon born: 1769 on island of Corsica Given royal scholarship to military collegeGiven royal scholarship to military college 1785: Lieutenant in royal army1785: Lieutenant in royal army

– Soldiers don’t like him b/c he’s short, poor and Soldiers don’t like him b/c he’s short, poor and spoke with Italian accentspoke with Italian accent

Student of the philosophes, and read Student of the philosophes, and read military historiesmilitary histories

1792: promoted to captain in army1792: promoted to captain in army 1796: promoted to brigadier general by 1796: promoted to brigadier general by

CPSCPS

Napoleon’s Military Napoleon’s Military SuccessesSuccesses

1796: made commander of French forces 1796: made commander of French forces in Italy, wins soldiers’ confidence by in Italy, wins soldiers’ confidence by being charming, energy and decision being charming, energy and decision makingmaking– Returns to France as a heroReturns to France as a hero

Given command of army to invade Given command of army to invade BritainBritain– N knows British navy will defeat French, N knows British navy will defeat French,

suggests invading British colony of Egyptsuggests invading British colony of Egypt– British navy takes Egypt backBritish navy takes Egypt back

Napoleon’s Coup d’EtatNapoleon’s Coup d’Etat 1799: Napoleon takes control of 1799: Napoleon takes control of

government, holds absolute powergovernment, holds absolute power– 1802: crowns himself Emperor Napoleon I1802: crowns himself Emperor Napoleon I

Creates powerful bureaucracy to run govCreates powerful bureaucracy to run gov– People judged only on their abilityPeople judged only on their ability

Creates a code of lawsCreates a code of laws– Equality under law, right to choose Equality under law, right to choose

profession, religious toleration, frees serfsprofession, religious toleration, frees serfs Napoleon recognizes Catholic Church as Napoleon recognizes Catholic Church as

French religion, gets to keep church French religion, gets to keep church landslands– Agreement keeps peace in FranceAgreement keeps peace in France

Coronation of NapoleonCoronation of Napoleon

Napoleon’s EmpireNapoleon’s Empire

1799: France at war with Britain, Russia 1799: France at war with Britain, Russia and Austria, peace called in 1802and Austria, peace called in 1802

1803: New war against Britain, Russia, 1803: New war against Britain, Russia, Austria, Sweden and PrussiaAustria, Sweden and Prussia– Austria, Russia and Prussia quickly defeatedAustria, Russia and Prussia quickly defeated

Grand Empire= French Empire, Grand Empire= French Empire, “dependent states” and allies of France“dependent states” and allies of France

1802-1812: Napoleon is master of 1802-1812: Napoleon is master of EuropeEurope

Europe RespondsEurope Responds

Britain survives because of powerful navyBritain survives because of powerful navy– Naval superiority makes British island almost Naval superiority makes British island almost

invulnerableinvulnerable– Britain defeats French-Spanish navy at Britain defeats French-Spanish navy at

TrafalgarTrafalgar Napoleon tries to cut British goods from Napoleon tries to cut British goods from

reaching European marketsreaching European markets Other Europeans don’t like being told who Other Europeans don’t like being told who

to do business with, rebelto do business with, rebel British colonies still making it moneyBritish colonies still making it money

Fall of NapoleonFall of Napoleon French revolutionary ideals promote a French revolutionary ideals promote a

cultural unity known as Nationalismcultural unity known as Nationalism 1812: Napoleon invades Russia, when 1812: Napoleon invades Russia, when

they refuse Continental Systemthey refuse Continental System– Napoleon wants to make example of themNapoleon wants to make example of them– Russians refuse to fight, run for hundreds Russians refuse to fight, run for hundreds

of miles, burning cities so French can’t of miles, burning cities so French can’t use themuse them

– French arrive in a burning MoscowFrench arrive in a burning Moscow– French army heads home in winter, freezeFrench army heads home in winter, freeze

Napoleon Leaving RussiaNapoleon Leaving Russia

Napoleon’s Final DefeatNapoleon’s Final Defeat Other Europeans stand up to NapoleonOther Europeans stand up to Napoleon

– Paris captured in March 1814Paris captured in March 1814– Napoleon exiled to island of Napoleon exiled to island of ElbaElba

Bourbon monarchy restored—King Louis Bourbon monarchy restored—King Louis XVIII—former king’s brotherXVIII—former king’s brother– King not supported, Napoleon slips back into King not supported, Napoleon slips back into

Fr.Fr. Soldiers sent to arrest Napoleon, they take Soldiers sent to arrest Napoleon, they take

his side and escort him to Paris in triumphhis side and escort him to Paris in triumph Battle of Waterloo: Britain & Prussia Battle of Waterloo: Britain & Prussia

defeat Ndefeat N

The Battle of WaterlooThe Battle of Waterloo

Now Work On It:

On page 312, write and answer questions 1-13