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A MATE'RIAL EXPFDITTNG SYSTEM FOR USE
IN THE CONSTRUCTION INOUSTRY
PROJECT REPORT
CENTRE FOR NEWFOUNDLAND STUDIES
TOTAL OF 10 PAGES ONLY MAY BE XEROXED
(Without Author's Permission)
'RAHAM E. FRAMPTON
. ..-...
A MATERIAL EXPEDITING SYSTEM
FOR USE IN THE
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
PROJECT REPORT
Presented to the Graduate Studies Committee of the Faculty
of Engineering and Applied Science of Memorial University
of Newfoundland in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of
MASTER OF ENGINEERING
by
~ GRAHAM E. FRAMPTON
MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY OF NEWFOUNDLAND
AUGUST 1.972
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
list of Tables and Figures v
Acknowledgements vii
Abstract viii
CHAPTERS
1. PROBLEM DEFINITION
1. Introduction
2. Environment 1
2.1 General
2.2 Transportation of Materials to the
Island of Newfoundland 2
2.3 Present Material Ordering
Procedures 4
2. 3.1 General 4
2.3.2 Scheduling 6
2.3.3 Construction Organizations 6
2.3.4 Purchasing 7
2.3.5 Expediting 9
2.4 General Stores 11
3. Problem Statement 12
3.1 Design Criteria 13
ii
PAGE
2. DEYELOPMENT OF THIS SOLUTION
1. General 14
2. Construction Organizations 14
3. Information Required for Ordering Materials
3.1 General 16
3.2 Coding 16
4. Work Packages 21
5. Summary 24
3. . THE MATERIAL EXPEDITING SYSTEM
1. General 26
2. Summary Flow Diagram 26
3. Inputs
3.1 Work Breakdown Structure - Form 1 28
3.2 Material Information Sheet - Form 2 28
3.3 General Stores Materials List- Form 3 31
3.4 . Bill of Materials - Form 4 32
4. Outputs
4.1 Material Status Sheet for Project - Form 5 33
4.2 Material Status Sheet for General Stores -
Form 6 36
4.3 4.3 Requisition - Form 7 38
5. Detail Flow Chart 46
4. EXAMPLE
1. General 62
2. Work Breakdown Structure - Form 1 62
3. Schedule 62
4. Material Information Sheet - Form 2 63
iii
PAGE
5. General Stores Material List- Form 3 63
6. Bill of Materials - Form 4 63
7. Material Status Sheet for Project- Form 5 63
8. Material Status Sheet for General Stores - Form 6 65
9. Requisition - Form 7 66
5; CONCLUSIONS
1. General
2. Advantages
3. Observations and Limitations
4. Implementation
5. · Costs
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
No. I Building Construction Index-February 1966 Modified
No. II Uniform System for Construction Specifications,
81
81
. 82
84
85
Data Filing & Cost.Accounting 93
No. I II Economic Order Sizes· for Genera 1 Stores 100
No. IV A Computer Application of the Material Expediting
System 108
iv
TABLES AND FIGURES
PAGE
Figure 1 - Organizational Chart- Medium Size Construction 15
Figure 2 - Input-Ouput Chart Material Expediting System 25
Figure 3 - Summary Flow Diagram t~aterial Expediting System ·27
Figure 4 - ~Jork Breakdown Structure (Form 1) 39
Figure 5 - ~1aterial Information Sheet (Form 2) 40
Figure 6- General Stores Materials List (Form 3) 41
Figure 7 - Material Status Sheet For Project (Form 42
Figure 8 - Material Status Sheet for Project (Form 5) 43
Figure 9 - Material Status Sheet for General Stores (Form 6) 44
Figure 10 - Requisition (Form 7) 45
Figure 11 - Work Breakdown Structure (Form 1) - Example 67
Figure 12 - CPM Arro~tt Diagram 68
Figure 13 - Table Showing Activities Per Work Package 69
Figure 14 - Project Calender 72
Figure 15 - Materials Information Sheet - (Form 2) - Example 73
Figure 16 - General Stores Materials Li.st (Form 3) - Example 74
v
Figure 17 - Bill of ~taterials (Form 4) - Example
Figure 18 - Material Status Sheet for Project (Form 5) -
Example
Figure 19 - Materials Status Sheet for General Stores
(Form 6) - Example
Figure 20- Requisition (Form 7) Example - Supplier to
Project
. Figure 21 - Requisition (Form 7) Example - General
Stores to Project
Figure 22- Requisition (Form 7) Example - Supplier to
General Stores
Figure 23 - Table of Economic Order Quantities
Figure 24- Pattern of·Variation in Inventory Levels When
Safety Stock is Carried
Figure 25 - Material Informat~on Sheet - Computer Input
Figure 26 - General Stores Materials List- Computer Input
Figure 27 - Work Breakdown Structure - Computer Input
Figure 28 - Bill of Materials - Computer Input
Figure 29
75
76
77
78
79
80
102
104
112
113
115
116
(a to o) - Computer Output 117 - 131
vi
ACKNOWLEDGE~:ENTS
• I wish to Acknowledge the valued guidance, and as~istance provided
by Professor Hira N. Ahuja; the assistance provided by Robert
Verge and Peter Martin,under graduate students,on the computer
portion of the report; and lastly the understanding and patience
of my wife and family on my spending many evenings a\'1ay from home .
working on this report.
Graham E. Frampton
vii
ABSTRACT
The process of ordering, expediting and delivery of materials
is a very important aspect in the successful management of a Construction
Project. In regions not near the industrial areas, such as the Island
of Newfoundland, the time of delivery of materials from supplier to project
can be lengthy and uncertain.
Present systems for handling the material procurement process do not
always systematically include or provide for all the procedures and their
corresponding lengths of time that are necessary in procuring materials
such as:
Preparation of. Shop Drawings
Approval of Shop Drawings
Fabrication
Shipping
etc.
Consequently, often the procurement of the materials is the single
most important thing which determines the progress of construction.
The Material Cxptditing System presented in this report covers
the material procurement process from the date of award of contract up to
the time the materials are delivered to the site. It relates to the Con- ·
struction Schedule, the General Stores (if any), a~d produces a delivery
schedule for each material to co-ordinate with the rate at which they are .
scheduled for incorporation into the work. The system is adoptable for
use by the various forms of construction organizations such as General
Contractor, Project Management etc.
viii
A manually worked ex amp 1 e of the sys tern is contained in the report.
A Computer program has also been .written and a computer produced example
is also included.
ix
CHAPTER I - PROBLEM DEFINITION
1. INTRODUCi'ION:
The process of ordering and delivery of materials is a very
important aspect in the successful management of a construction
company.
In areas not near the heavy industrial centres and in remote
areas having limited or heavily taxed transportation facilities,
the time of delivery of materials from their source to the job
site can.be lengthy and uncertain. This is the case in the island
of Newfoundland.
. This process can not be successfully managed in the absence
of properly prepared schedules, which must be frequently updated.
The present methods of expediting often create panic situations
which demand management time.
The lack of such a system or method could prove to be the
most important factor in a project not being completed within the
scheduled time.
2. ENVIRONMENT
2.1 GENERAL:
Areas which are remote and areas which have transportation
difficulties all have the common problem of getti~g materials to
the job-site as rapidly as possible and within the scheduled time
for delivery.
In the Island of Newfoundiand, the problem of delivery
)
·I
is quite serious. Being an island offthe east coast of Canada,
it is removed from the heavily populated and industrial centres
of Canada. The population is approximately one-half million
with nearly forty per cent concentrated on the Avalon Peninsula,
on the east coast of the island. The primary industries are:
fishing, paper making and mining. There is little heavy indust~y
and manufacturing carried on. Consequently, practically all con
struction materials with the exception of concrete products and·
miscellaneous fabricated iron products have to be imported to .
the island, mostly from Central Canada. Even wood products,
lumber a~d wood framing have to be imported to Newfoundland.
. Very little 11 0ff the shelf11 buying is done in the con
struction industry; consequently, most materials are ordered
on a per-job basis, and from the mainland.
2.2 . TRANSPORTATION OF tw!ATERIALS TO THE ISLAND OF NHIFOUNDLAND:
The two largest carriers of freight from mainland Canada
to Newfoundland are the Canadian National Railways and Clarke
Traffic Services Limited. Other carriers are unscheduled chartered
ships operating mainly to the south coast of Newfoundland. Truck
transportation also operate to and from the mainland. They cross
from Port aux Basques to Sydney by CNR, but as yet are on a small
scale and are not a proven established mode of transportation for
freight.
Page 2
The CNR's operations directs.all freight destined for Newfound
land to Sydney by rail, and froni ther~ it is sent to Port aux Basques
~.
Page 3
by cargo vesse 1. From Port aux Basques, it is dispersed by rail across
the island to the end of the line - St. John's freight destined· to the
south coast of Newfoundland is transferred to CNR vessels at Port aux
Basques, for routing by marine cargo. Large or bulky orders destined
for the south or west coasts are someti·mes taken direct by cargo ship
from Sydney.
lhi·s is a year round service; however, difficunies and delays are
experienced during the .spring of year, as frequently the harbour of Syd
ney becomes blocked with ice which halts navigation and causes freight
to be diverted to an alternate shipping port. During the peak volume
of freight movement, which occurs in the summer-time, Sydney literally
becomes a bottleneck. It has not been uncommon for as many as 700
rail-cars of freight to be at Sydney waiting for shipment to Newfoundland.
Clarke Traffic Services Limited operate a cargo service from
Montreal to St. John's, with a ship arriving at St. John's on Mondays
and Thursdays of eacH week during the period from March to December.
During the winter period, the arrivals are not so frequent and· they
claim the schedule is two arrivals every ten days. They also operate
a service from Montreal to Corner Brook with one arrival every eigh~
days. At one time they also operated a cargo ship service from Montreal
to Botwood during the summer months. This is now disr.ontinued. If
there is sufficient demand, they will also deliver freight to Bav D'Espoir
and Marysto\'m on the south coast; however, this is not a scheduled run.
They provide or arrange for the transportation of freight from Toronto,
Hamilton and Kitchener to Montreal· to connect \'Jith the Newfoundland
service.
Page 4
The time of delivery of materials from destination to job-site .
in the island of Newfoundland could vary from two to six weeks. This
is because of:
(a) The remoteness from the main so~rce of supply of construction
materials;
(b) The fact that it is an island, which limits the methods by which
materials can be transported;
(c) There is a very wide seasonal range in the volume of freight
traffic, with the peak occurring during July and August, which
the carriers are never geared to handle with maximum efficiency;
and
(d) Because of the number of times freight has to be handled in the
loading and unloading, breakage and damage is not uncommon.
2.3 PRESENT MATERIAL ORDERING PROCEDURES: · 2.3.1 GENERAL
Generally speaking, construction projects in Newfoundland,
as in other parts of Canada, are required to be started within a
specified time after the award of the contract (usually two .weeks).
This is not sufficient time to place orders for all materials and
obtain estimates of their delivery dates prior to the start of the
job. Consequently, this is usually going on simultaneously with the
construction of the project. Quite often during the construction of a
project, delays ·are experienced because of the late arrival of materials.
It is · not advocated that the start of a project should not be made until
all materials are ordered and their.delivery dates determined. It does,
howev~r, point out the fact that the ordering and the planning of the pro-
....
Page 5
curement of the materials is a very important aspect of the running
of a successful construction project, particularly in areas such as
Newfoundland. Normally, the procedure that ·iCi followed in the ordering
of materials is that all materials are ordered as early as possible
and a promised shipping date is obtained. Each construction company
may have its own system for keeping up-to-date information of the pro
gress of the delivery of the materials. Usually materials of the same
kind are not asked to be shipped in lots less than the total job order,
to co-ordinate with the rate at which they are incorporated into the . job, but rather the whole job order is asked to be shipped as soon
as possible. This procedure is followed for the procurement of all
the materials. The rule of thumb is: order everything as early as
possible. One can only feel safe when the materials are on the job
site; even if they are lying there for months before being incorporated
into the work; which however, is rarely the case.
There is a disadvantage to the owner in having materials on site
too long if he has agreed to pay for them, in that he is losing interest
on his money.
In most General Conditions of contracts, provision is made for
p·ayments to be made to the contractor for materials delivered and stored
on site, but not incorporated into the work. On a job of any consequence,
if no scheduling of the arrival of materials was followed but rather
done in a haphazard fashion, it would be possible to have some materials
on the site for lengthy periods of time prior to incorporation into
the work. This could work to the disadvantc.ge of the contractor in having
to find large outside storage areas as well as covered storage areas with
heat and light. The possibility of damage and los~e~ due to pilferage,
Page 6 ·
deterioration and re-handling is also much higher when materials are
on site too long. Excessive costs. ·will. also be involved in controlling
and managing a big material storage yard. Materials arriving at the
job too soon or in too large a quantity results in much re-handling
and interference with other work.
The ideal t1me for materials to arrive on the job, is immediately
prior to, or at the time that they are to be used or installed in the
job. In view of what has been prev1ously said; that is, practically
all materials have to travel from mainland Canada, this situation rarely
c~curs in Newfoundland.
2.3,2 SCHEDULING: .
The importance and necessity of preparing schedules for the
construction activities is readily acknowledged. Most all construction
organizations use construction schedules whether they are ot the simplist
type or vary in compl~xity up to the most rigourous, i.e., CPM, PERT of
PRECEDENCE. 11The use of CPM Scheduling in all Construction projects of
a value ot $100,000.00 and greater is highly recommended!' 16 What is
often omitted from these schedules is their relationship with the materials
or.deri ng process and the times necessary for this procedure. Often the
case is that the material ordering process is tbe most 1nfluencial in
determining the construction schedule not only 1nitially but at every up
date.
2.3.3 CONSTRUCTION ORGANIZATIONS:
In today's construction industry there are a number of different
Page 7
forms of organizations by which construction projects may be carried out,
such as: (a) Project Management·
(b) Construction Management
(c) General Contractor
(d) In - house Work
(e) Separate contracts Controlled by the owner.
Within these basic forms of organizations there are many variations.
The same tirm at difterent times and on different projects may operate
under difterent types of orgamzation. Generally speaking however,
organizations will specialize under one type of organization.
Within these organizations there are many divisions or positions
respons1ble for dirferent functions such as management, eng1neering, pur
cha~ing, expediting, scheduling, site superintendent and field statf,
and accounting. Quite often the total organization does not perform
with maximum efficiency because of: lack of communication;· not knowing
what should be communicated; to whom, and at what frequency. lhis
confusion and lack of communication, in part, can be attributed to
the absence of a standardization for describing various parts of a
project, the project itself, ~nd all the various materials and equipment
that go into a project.
2.3.4 PURCHASING:
On smaller jobs which do not maintain separate job offices,
purchasing 1s done from the Head OHice. In sman ·one-man organizations
the p~rchasing function is centralized in the Contractor, himselt,
except for occasional small items bought on the job as needed. As jobs
Page 8
spread out over more territory and as they become larger the function
of purchasing is moved to the sit'e otfice.
When purchasing materials, consideration has to be given to
such things as prices, price trends, time to buy, quantities to buy,
dealers or manufacturers, transportation, deliveries, amounts to be
kept on hand, checking, testing, insurance and follow-up. Cons1deration
must be given to the method of transportaiton, ·such as rail, boat or
truck transportation, expense of transportation; the time required,
including delays; and the reliab1lity of the transportation company . . When planning on deliveries, some thought is given to the total amount
of each material: the amount of each material to be kept on the job . . such as a few days supply, a week's supply, or the entire supply:
the· time or date the materials will be needed and the rate at which
each material will be used. On most jobs, it is advisable to contract
for the total materials required for. the project as to price, quality,
quantity, delivery, etc •. When practical, allowance must be made for
variations in quality, quantity and delivery because the JOb condit1ons
and needs vary after work s.tarts.
Frequently, the actual sh1pping date is much later than the
date prom1sed at the time the order was placed, which may have been
overly optimistic 1n an effort to obtain the order.
urders placed with an untario supplier for example, may often
be moved down their production schedule in favour of a nearer, larger
customer. The uncertainty of the shipping date and the lengthy period
of shipment coupled with the time required for other procedures such as:
(a) ·The placing of orders;
lb) Preparation of shop drawings;
(c) Approval of shop drawings;
(d) Manutacturing time;
adds up to a lengthy period.
Page 9
This period of time in the first insfance is often not accurately
predicted and it is not taken into full consideration in the scheduling
of the constructibn of projects. Orten the · in1tial prediction will
change, usually tor the worse, which necessitates expediting each
individual phase of the material procurem;nt procedure and updating
the schedule frequently.
2.3.5 EXPt:.DITING: ' .
Expediting 1s the job or following up the purchase to see that the
items ordered (Not substitutes) are delivered and that delivery is made
at the· place and time required by the contractor's operations.
Almost everyth1ng a construction company purch3ses must fit
somewhere into a production ~chedule. -It is the job of the expediter
to see that the things bought, arrive on tne job as nearly as possible
to the exact time they are needed. The expediter must know exactly
what has been purchased;wnen it is due to arrive on the job; and what
will happen it it is not there on time. He needs to h~ve day to day
knowledge of progress on all jobs, and of shipments and productirn
schedules. It materials are to be fabricated, if he deems it advisaole,
he must be able to go into the supplier's factory and identify the items
on their way through production.
The basis for the expediters function are the JOb schedules and
Page 10
they should be placed in h1s hands as soon as they are processed. This
1s particularly important as schedules are revised; tor revisions may
make it necessary to get in touch with manufacturers or suppliers, and
in some cases may result in cancellation of purchase orders and sub
contracts.
If an orderly and planned system is not followed and authority is
not delegated within the company•s organization, it may be the case that
management w1ll find themselves having to deal with routine day to
day problems or may find themselves dealing ~'lith cris1s after crisis,
such as suddenly finding out from the site superintendent that progress
is hela up or stopped because of a non-arrival of materials or equipment.
It is very difficult even for the most skillful expediter to keep
track of all the mod1fications to a schedule and to determine their
effects on the numerous expediting duties that he is required to perform
for materials that require attention. The expediter has to spend a great
deal of time, keeping·up to date, handling tne correspondence passed
to him from Engineering, Purchasing, Site Superintendent, and Management,
to extract the information actually needed by him, such as; .where is a
certain material at present1 When is it needed? Will it arrive at
the site in time?
In addition to the duties and responsibilit1es previously mentioned,
it may be necessary to actually manage the delivery of the materials
from their source to their destination. This would involve: determining
the most economical and expeditous routing; pooling dirferent orders
and consolidating le~s than car load orders; preparing bills of lading;
~.
Page 11
tracing shipments; auditing treight bills; handl1ng transportation insur
. ance and in some cases arrange to·r the transit storage areas.
Thus his real job which is expediting the materials and not
processing inrormation suffers and consequently progress on the
job is affected.
While 1t is neeessary and important that the expediter be kept
· up to date on the construction schedule, it is equally important that
the Site Superintendent1 Management, the ~cheduler, etc., be kept in
formed on the Progress of the delivery of the materials. Often under .
the present arrangement there is no established pattern for issuing
this ' type of information. Panic situations sucn as "hold-ups .. in
construction because of 1ate arrivals of materials are handled·
as tney occur, rather than preventing them from occurring by supplying
information regularly.
2.4 .GENERAL STORES .
Some contractors maintain a continuous supply ~f some types of
materials on hand at all timr-s 1n a General Stores. All contractors,
invariably, have excessusuable materials on hand at times, left over
trom previous jobs, wnich they are unable to return to the suppliers or
consider it more feasible to keep these left over materials for use
on some future project.
lhe type of materials that would be expected to be held 1n
a Genera 1 Stores \'IOUl d be those which are 1 n constant demand by the
Contractor; are not a job order type, i.e. those materials \'lhich are
not likely to vary in any way from job to job; and those materials
which may be required on a very~hort notice. lhe Contractor feels
Page 12
that by maintaining these materials 1n his own General Stores they
may be more readily available and . that he would have a greater control
over the furnishing of them to their place of requirement.
It is often the case tnat materials are round in General Stores
which are obsolete; which have been ordered for a previous proJect but
were not used oecause of modifications or were ordered in too large
a quantity initially. These materials have little cas·h value and are
occupying valuable space. Also materials are often ordered from
a supplier ror delivery to a project, without checking the quant1ties .
whicn are available in the General Stores. This contributes to a
needless tie up of capital and if perpetuated may eventually render
valuable material obsolete or useless as a result of deterioration
or from damage while handling other materials in the same vicinity.
Inventory controi systems are in use by some organizations
with minimum and maximum stock limits specified. Often, however, there
is no procedure for expediting the order1ng and del1very of materials
for restocking the General Stores.
3. PROBLEM STATEMENT
The material procurement process of ootaining materials from the
time that a contract is awarded ana the Estimator prepares bills ot
materials,up to the time that they arrive on the site for incorporation
into the job,has been sho\'m to be a lengthy, involved and demanding pro
c~dur~. lt involves oftice ana on site personnel within the same organ
ization; (Engineering, purchasing, exped1ting, checking and storing).
Page 13
It involves manufacturing (the supplier and his personnel). It could ·
involve all the d1fferent modes of transportation (ship, rail, truck,
air). It takes away the action t1me of the expeditor \'Jnich he has to
spend in 1nformation absorption and processing, to assure co-ordination
between the delivery of mater1als and the project schedule.
3.1 DES!GN CRITERIA
A need is therefore apparent tor some overall planned s.vstem to
control this procedure;
It is necessary that the system operate by the 11 ~1anagement
by Exception .. concept;
That it relate to the different divisions or functions within
the company structure, i.e. Management, Engineer1ng, Purchasing, Ex
pediting, Accounting, Field Staff;
That it be tied to a Construction schedule;
That one person, the txpeditor, is ablt! to ·produce instant UJ.i
to-date information on the status of all materials at any time;
That it relieve the Expediter of the tiresome task of keeping
track of the changes in the construction schedule ;
That it be compatible \'lith existing procedures or systems; and
lastly~
As it is the case for most systems and procedures, in order that
it be most successful, it must be simple and easily understood, easy to
adopt for use and economical.
I
. i
~.
Page 14 .
CHAPTER II - DEVELOP~ENT OF THE SOLUTION
1. GENERAL
In chapter I, the whole process of ordering and delivery of
materials for construction projects was reviewed with special
emphasis on the construction industry of the Island of Newfoundland.
The object of this report is not to recommend how materials
should be shipped or to criticize or suggest improvements to the
existing methods of transportation, but rather how to effectively . "keep your thumb" on the process of getting materials to the job-
site from the time that the orders are placed, until they arrive
at the job-site. The procurement and the expediting of the materials
to the job-site must be treated in the same manner and with the same
importance as each activity or work item making up the whole project.
There . is little point in scheduling the start date of an activity
when it is not known.whether the materials will be on the job or not.
It should never be the ca~e that "when a certain material or ttem
arrives, it will be installed". The delivery of all materials should
be known as much in advance as possible.
2. CONSTRUCTION ORGANIZATIONS
To illustrate the relationship between the .function of
purchasing and expediting an organizational chart of medium-sized
General Construction Organization* is shown in figure 1. · This is
a representative chart of this type of organization and it will be
seen that the function of purchasing is. under the Estimating section
* having an annual volume of 5 - 10 million dollars.
Chief Accountant I I
Office Management Payroll Personnel Accounts Job Costs
r--i
Board of Director!
I General Manager
I
I : I ·r contracts Manager Chief. Estimator
1 Job Estimator Preparation of Tenders Preparation of Bill of Materials Purchasing
r
r Proj e .c t Manager
I Field Force j
1 Project Ma~ager
L .----.1 Scheduling Expediting Shop Drawin·gs Progress Billing Change Orders Field Purchases
Organizational Chart Medium-Size Construction Company
FIG. I
l l
Subcontracts
l Project Manager
l
" Ill tO m _, 01
Page 16
and the function of Expediting is placed under each Project Manager
· or more closely related to the fi.eld operations. Although charts
for other forms of organizations, as mentioned in Chapter 1, will
differ, the relationship between the function of Purchasing and
Expediting will be similiar.
3. . INFORMATION REQUIRED FOR ORDERING MATERIALS
3, 1 GENERAL
For the processing of procuring materials for Construction
Projects it is necessary that the following information or procedures
be used and it is ·observed that many General Contractors and Project
Management Organizations actually use them:
a) Coding System for materials.
6) Bill of Materials Form which would include the material description
and the quantity.
c) Job Scheduling.
If a system is developed to meet the design criteria as given in
Chapter 1 the following additional information will be required:
d) A relationship between the scheduling of the work items and the
delivery dates of the materials.
e) Information on each material such as:
i) Are shop drawings required?
ii) Estimated time for the preparation of shop drawings and/or
samples or submission.
iii) The estimated or allotted time to review the shop drawings
and/or samples.
Page 17
iv) The estimated or allotted time for architect•s approval of ·
shop drawings or samples.
v) The estimated or allotted time to prepare and resubmit shop
drawings or samples in the event that the first submission
was not approved.
vi) The fabrication time.
vii) The lead time, that is, the amount of time that the material
should be on the job before it is scheduled for installation
into the work.
If an Organization maintains a General Stores, it would be ex
pected to find that the following information on each material kept
in stock is recorded .
.• 1 Quantity in stock •
• 11 Whether the material is to be restocked •
• 111 The minimum quantity to be held in stock (the order point) •
• lV . The fi1aximum quantity to be held in stock •
• V The quantity on order and it•s estimated delivery date.
The proposed material procurement system, in addition to the above
listed information must also receive another input. It is:
.Vl The quantity of each material in stock which is available
for use in the current project at hand.
3.2 CODING
Coding is the important key to tying together materials, equipment,
labour etc. and ail the various functions making up the total project.
. Coding is used extensively in keeping inventory records and in
/
Page 18
costing for all types of operations and is used universally in the
Construction Industry.
In a major project the number of people who contribute data to
the capital cost cycle and receive information from it can be numbered
in the hundreds and even thousands. These people have different back
grounds and training; they are accountants, estimators, design engineers,
purchasing agents, time clerks, labour foremen, construction super
intendents, etc.
They may come · from various parts of a corporate structure, each
with its own area of emphasis and established way of thinking. They
may be from more than one organ ization. In this day of specialization,
these groups also tend to develop their own words and their own special
meanings for words. These people with varying. backgrounds and respons
ibilities, need a common language when dealing with the various elements
of the project. A code provides this common language. It is also a
means by which the vast volume of capital cost detai l can be organiied,
manipulated, and made useful.
A system for the procurement and expediting of materials will
have to deal with all such people. Therefore it is ~ecessary to have
a suitable coding system.
A code may also be used as a basis for:
i. Identification of materials in a bill of materials.
ii. Requisition and purchase order numbering system.
iii. The drawings numbering system.
iv. Data filing.
v It should be suitable for use wi.th a computerized system to reduce
Page 19
the cost of collecting, analysing, summarizing and distributing
the i nforma ti on required • . ·
vi. It may also be used for cost accounting.
It should be as simple as possible consistent with the number
of items to be classified and .purposes to be served,
A number of coding systems are in use. Different firms may develop
their own coding system consistent with their requirements. The code
system presented here ·is a modification of the Building Construction
Index dated February 1966 (Appendix No, I) and the Uniform System for
the Construction Cost Accounting (Appendix No. Ii)
A sample of the code for a filing index is as follows:
Project Number
4619
4
6
19
4619.
/ 1. .10
1\ ~ Job
Number
Project Number
Section Division
Company division, i.e., Project Management
division.
Geographic location of project, i.e. Nfld.
Serial number of project undertaken at this
particular location.
- Job Number within project, i.e. boiler. house.
1 • Planning (from nui1ding Construction Index -
February 1966) •
• 10 - Correspondence with Owner (from Building Construction
Index- February 1966).
An example of the code for use with materials is as follows:
4619. 1 - 5. .0820
4619 - Project Number, as in previous example.
- Job Number - as in previous example.
5 - Specifications Format and Filing Index (Construction)
0820 - Wood Doors (from Uniform System for Construction Cost
Accounting Guide).
Page 20 ·
The specifications Format and Filing Index (Construction) while
being fairly detailed in it 1 s present from does not account for every
item of material; for instance the number'0820 simply represents
Wood Doors, which for normal requirements may be sufficient. There are ' .
however numerous types and sizes of Wood Doors. The Code could be ex-
panded to allow for all different types of materials represented by the
single number in the Specifications Format and Filing Index (Construction).
This could be accomplished by placing a dash after the material number
and allowing a two digit number for all the different materials under
the one material number.
4619.1- 5.0820.01
4619!1 - 5.0820 as in previous Example.
~01 - 21 - 811 x 71
- 011 x 1 3/411 Solid Core Slab, Mahogany
To use this Code for Cost Accounting ·of the materials installed,
it can be further expanded by adding a decimal and a two digit number
representing the various cost items that may be necessary to identify.
These may be as follows:
.01 Material, Field· Purchase
.I i
.I
I
I
.02 Material, Home Office Purchase
.03 Labour, Hourly Payroll
.04 Salaries, Supervisory
....
.05 Travelling and Living Expenses for Per~onnel
,06 Rentals
.07 Freight
.08 Taxes
An example of the Code for use in cost accounting would be as
follows:
4619.1- 5.0820.01 - 02
4619.1 - 5.0828.01 as in previous example.
02 - Material home office purchase (i.e. the cost of this type
of Wood Doors for this job).
4. WORK PACKAGES
Page 21
The only remaining information required to complete the material
ordering information is a method of determining the Sizes of shipments . . of materials to relate to the rate ~t which they are installed into the
work. This is particularly important in large projects. This can be
accomplished by breaking the whole project down into it's individual
definable parts or work packages.
This is not by any me.ans arduous or a time consuming task a'ld does
not add any additional time to the material procurement process as it
can be done simultaneously with the other requirements.
By breaking a project down into Work Packages, in addition to
serving the purpose of determining the size of material shipments, it ·
also makes the whole project more clear and more e~:ily understood.
Page 22
The benefit of cost control and analysis may also be derived from a
Work Package breakdown of project. 12
A definition of Work Package is as follows: 11The lowest level end item, or work package, becomes manageable
unit for effective planning and control. The work packages must be
logica·l manageable units in terms of time, cost and organizational
responsibility.
The 0.0.0. - NASA PERT/COST manual set - forth as a guide or goal
that the lowest level work package should .represent a value of "no
more than $100,000.00 in cost and no more than three months in elapsed
time 11•
In applying this criteria, it must be recognized that the overall
objective is that a work package be logical and manageable rather than
that it conform arbitrarily to the dollar and time criteria. To be
logical and manageable, a work package is defined as a task that has
a recognizable beginning and end. That is, first . level supervisors
and .the people who will be charging time or ordering materials against
a specific work package, must be able to recognize the task. The work
package must, therefore, be definable with recognizable boundaries that
will differentiate it from other similar types of work packages. The
work packages must be manageable and sti11 not extend beyono the organ
izational authority of the manager or supervisor having prime re
sponsibility for carrying it out. Therefore, it is possible that many
work packages may exceed the three-month period simply because the
activities underway require more than 90 days before a recognizable
end event occurs and, as a result, it ·may exceed the $100,000.00 value. 11
Page 23
In determining work packages for use with the Material Expediting
System presented in this report, ·it is necessary that each work pack-
age not extend over a pre-determined selected maximum length of time
{the previous mentioned definition states 90 days), otherwise materials
may be on the site much longer than desired. For example, if a maximum
length was not imposed, it would be possible for a work package having an
item of work requiring similar material at the beginning of the project
as well as at the end. In this case, the like materials required for
the work items at the end of the project would be ordered and delivered
at the same time as the materials were ordered and delivered for the
items of work carried out at the beginning of the project. This could
result in ~aterials being on the site longer than desirable .
An example of breaking a project down into work packages, as applied
to a two-storey rectangular shaped office building measuring 50 feet
by 100 feet in plan, might be as follows:
No. Work Package
1. Concrete Foundation,
2. Structura 1 Stee 1 Frame,
3! ·concrete floors, first and second,
4. Masonry,
5. Built-up Roofing,
6. First floor, all trades and finishes,
7. Second floor, all trades and finishes,
8. Exterior services and site development.
Page 24
5. SUMMARY
In this Chapter all the required inputs for a system which
would meet the design criteria discussed in Chapter I were defined.
To show this more clearly separate listings of inputs are shown in . .
figure 2; one which comes from information already being used by con-
. struction organizations and the other,information that is proposed to be
collected for a Material Expediting System. The outputs to meet the
design criteria are also listed in Figure 2.
1.
2.
3.
4.
1. 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
~
INFORMATION PRESENTLY AVAILABLE
Bill of Materials.
Coding System.
Job Schedule.
General Stores Inventory
ADDITIONAL INFOR~~TION REQUIRED
·Relationship between job schedule & material delivery schedule.
Work Breakdown Structure (Work.Packages).
More Elaborate Coding System.
Information oa each material as follows:
1. Are shop drawi 11gs required?
2. Time required for preparation of shop drawings?
3. Time for review of shop drawings.
4. ~ime for Architect's Review and Approval of shop drawings
5. Al~o~1ance for Resubmission of shop drawings.
6. Fabrication time.
OUTPUT
1. Total Quantity of Each Material Required for the whole project and also the total per work package.
2. Quantity of Each Material available from General Stores
3. Quantity of Each Material to ~~ or~P.red ~rom Supplier.
4. Delivery Schedule for each material.
5. For each material the following: 1. Order Date 2. Date of Receive Shop Drawings and/or Samples 3. Date to submit shop drawings for approval 4. Date shop drawings are to be received back from Architect. 5. Shipping Date
.6. Delivery Date
6. Information similiar to that listed above for materials ordered for delivery General Stores, to replenish depleted stock.
7. A requisition for each material either ordered from supplier for project or General Stores or from General Stores to Project and containing the following:
1. Order Date 2. Whether shop drawi~gs are required and if so the date they
are required
7.' Shipping time, for Supplier and General Stores.
8. Lead time
3. Description of material and quantity ·'
The Quantity of each material in General Stores which is available for use in the .Project in question.
INPUT-OUTPUT CHART MATERIAL EXPEDITING SYSTEM
FIG. 2
4. Deliv!!ry Schedule for Mz1terial. , ll> •.o ('!)
N (.11
• I
Page 26
CHAPTER III - THE MATERIAL EXPEDITING SYSTEM
l. GENERAL
In Chapter I the existing situation was described and the problem
defined with regard to the expediting and delivery of materials to a
project.
In Chapter II existing procedures and methods in use were described
which can assist in the problem solution and which can be incorporated in
the proposed system. . In this chapter the complete proposed Material Expediting System
will be described.
2. SUMMARY FLOW DIAGRAM
~
A summary flow diagram of the proposed system is illustrated in
Figure 5. As can be seen from this figure, immediately after the award
of contract four procedures can commence;
a) Prepare Work Breakdown Structure (form 1)
b) Prepare CPM Schedu1e
c) Update Materials Information Sheet (form 2)
d) Update General Stores Materials list (form 3)
e) Prepare Bill of Materials (form 4)
After processing, the outputs are produced which are:
f) Material Status Sheet for project (form 5)
g) · Material Status Sheet for General Stores {form 6)
h) Requisition (form 7)
· The whole process of ordering and expediting materials for a
I· :
PREPAI!E WOilK ,....,...,.... BREAKDOWN
S 'l'Hl'C'l'URE ( F ORM 1)
--- PREPARE CPM l liCIIEDULE I
AWARD CONTMCT f----
UPDATE HATEniALS
f-. Il:r'Orti·:ATIOtl:> S iiE!>T (FORM 2)
UPDATE GENERAL
'----. STORES MATERIALS LIST (FORM 3)
. .
-------------------
UPDATE
. I NPUT
l'I!EPARE BILL · o~· 1-!A'IEI!I ALS ( FOIUi It-)
~r+
.
. .
SUMMARY FLOW DIAGRAM
MATERIAL PROCUREME!IiT SYSTEM
FIG. '3
i CO~IPLETE BILL OF I·:ATERIALS (FOIIK 4-)
t--- ,_
r--
. .
--...
uUTPUT -
I·:ATEftii.I, S TATUS SIIEET, " 'JH PhO.TECT (Foro: 5' )
HA'!'ERIAL STATUS SHC:~:T, FOfl G:::N , S TCftE:> (FOI.:t. 6)
REQUISITIOIII ( FCRX 7 )
·•
'"0 Cl
(,Q (t)
N .........
.... .. . ~~~ ... .,. _ , =- _ ... _ ... _ .. ~··· .... . .
~.
Page 28
project are tied to the Schedule for the Construction of that project.
All materials are not shipp'ed at once, but are shipped in · smaller
quantities to coincide with the rate at which they are scheduled for
use. The Work Packages (which are limited in duration eg. 90 days -
see Chapter II) determine the size of the material shipments and the
delivery is determined from the start date of the first activity in
· each Wo~k package requiring the material.
The systems provided for updating. Updated information or data can
be fed into the system at regular intervals such as bi-weekly or monthly .
or at any time thought necessary and corresponding new reports will be
provided.
In Following Sections of this Chapter the forms will be illustrated
and described in detail.
3. INPUTS
3.1 WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE- FORM 1
This in one of the first forms to be completed and can be done
fairly rapidly. The job is broken down into Work Packages, concisely
described, and listed as accurately as possible in the order in which
they are likely to be carried out and numerically identified in ascending
order i.e., 1, 2, 3, etc.
A sample of this is illustrated in Figure 4.
3.2 MATERIALS INFORMATION SHEET (FORM 2)
This form gives the estimated lengths of time that are required
for various procedures for each type of material. It may be necessary to
Page 29
only i~itially prepare this form once)usable with an update for each·
project. A description of each column is as follows:
Column 1 - Material Code
In this column will be listed the material code number for
each type of material in question.
Column 2 - Material
Here will be listed the name of the material as it is described
in the coding system.
Column 3 - Unit of Measure . Here will be indicated the units in which the materials are
measured. The abbreviated form will always be used:
i.e. pounds- lbs; feet board measure-fbm; each- ea; sheets- shts;
cubic years- c.y., etc.
Column 4 - Are Shop Drawings and/or samples Required
This column will require a simple yes or no answer. Practically.
all items in a building require shop drawings and/or samples, with the
exception of national standards and basic items such as lumber, sheets
of piywood, gyprock, etc. If the word "no" is inserted in this column
for any particular material, Columns 5, 6, 7 and 8 will be b'lank or
zero.
Column 5- Time for Preparation of Shop Drawings (Tl).
Here insert the time that is expected that the supplier will
require to prepare and forward shop dr.awings and/or samples, from the
date that he receives the order to supply the material.
Column 6 - Time for Review (T2)
Here insert the time that would'be required by the Contractor to
....
Page 30
review tbe shop drawings and/or samples to insure they conform with
· the order requirements and the pfans a:nd specifications, and to ·submit
them for the required approval.
Column 7 - Time for Architect's Review and Approval (T3)
Here insert the estimated time that would be required by the
Architect to review and hopefully approve, and return the shop drawings
or advise on the acceptance of the sample.
Column 8 - Time for Resubmission (T4)
In the event that the shop drawings and/or samples submitted do
not meet with the Architect's approval and are returned stamped "Not
Approved- Resubmit", a period of time must be provided for the pre
paration and re-submission, which would be inserted in this column.
Column 9 - Time for Fabrication (T5)
This column is for inserting the fabrication time, if any,
for the material in question.
Columns 10 and 11 - Time for Shipping; from Stores (T6)
or from Supplier (T7)
Here the estimated time for shipping is inserted in one column
or the other whether it is shipped from the Contractor's stores or
from a Suppl ·ier to the job-site. ·
Column 12 - Lead Time (T8)
Lead time is the arbitrarily selected period of time that the user
would like the material on the job-site, prior to it being scheduled
for incorporation into the work.
A sample copy of this Material Information Sheet is illustrated
in Figure 5.
3.3 GENERAL STORES MATERIALS LIST {FORM 3)
This form provides up-to-date information on materials which
the Contractor carries in the Genera 1 Stores, if there is one. A
column by column description is as follows:
Column 1 - Materiai Code Number and Column 2 - Material
Page 31
These are as previously described for Form 2 . Materials Inform
ation Sheet.
Column 3 - Material Description
This column provides for a further ~ub-division of the materials
within the Naterial Code No. and Material. An example of this would
be as follows: .. ,
Material Code No. 0320 is for the material Concrete Reinforce-
ment. Within this material there are many various sizes and types, such
as 3/8 inch diameter rebar; l/2 inch diameter rebar; 5/8 inch diameter
rebar. This is also ~escribed in Chapter II under Coding.
Column 4 - Unit of Measurement
As previously described for Form 2, Materials Information Sheet.
Column 5 - Quantity in Stock, available for the Project
This is self-explanatory.
Column 6 - Will this Material be Re-stocked
A simple yes or no will be .inserted in this column for each
material description. If 11 n0 11 is inserted here, Columns 7, 8, 9 and
10 will not apply.
Column 7 - Minimum Quantity to be Held in Stock
The quantity inserted here is the "order point11• When the
quantity in stock plus the quantity on order falls below the minimum
. I .
Page 32
quantity to be held in stock and Column 6 is in the affirmative, an · . order of the quantity equal to the maximum quantity to be held in
stock minus the quantity in stock and the quantity on order will be
generated.
Column 8 - Maximum Quantity to be Held in Stock
This is the maximum quantity, that should ever be held in ~tock
at any time. It is the quantity used as the upper limit for determining
sizes of re-stocking orders as described above.
Column 9- Quantity·on Order . This quantity is calculated as previously described and is the
quantity listed in Column 3- Quantity, on Form :6- Material Status Sheet
for General Stores, which will be described later.
Column 10 - Delivery Date
This is the estimated delivery date for the quantity on order and
is obtained from Column 9 - Material Status Sheet for General Stores.
A sample of the· General Stores Materials List - form 3, is
illustrated in figure 6.
3.4 BILL OF MATERIALS ( FORM 4)
This form when complete provides a complete list of all materials
required for the w~ole project, described in detail and .assembled together
by work package. A column description of the form is as follows:
Column 1 - Work Package Number
This is now self-explanatory)as. it has been ·previously described for
Form 1 -
Column 2 - Material Code Number
Page 33
This column is a·lso nm~ self-explanatory as it has ' been previously
described for Form 2- Materials' Information Sheet.
Column 3 - Material Description
This column was also described previously for Form 3 - General
Stores Materials List. It is a sub-division of the materials within the
Material Code Number and Material.
Column 4 - Quantity
In this column is· listed the quantity of each Material Description.
Column 5 - Unit of Measure
This column is self-explanatory.
Column 6 - Start Date of First Activity Requiring this Material
To obtain the date required for this column, it is ne~essary
that the CPM Schedule first be prepared. By reference to the schedule,
the start date of the first activity within the work package in question
which requires the item as listed under Material Description will be
found. This data establishes t~e . link between the Material Expediting
System and the Construction Schedule. A date is necessary for·each . individual item listed under Material Description
A sample of the Bill of Materials Form 4. is illustrated in Figure 7.
4. OUTPUTS
4.1 ~~TERIAL STATUS SHEET (FOR PROJECT)- FORM 5
This is the first output form of the Material Procurement System
and is probably the most powerful form of the whole system. It gives
complete information on the .materials and the status of the materials .
at any point in timP. as it is progressing ~hrough the procurement pro-
cess. A column description is as follows:
Columns 1 to 3 are now self-explanatory.
Column 4 - Total Job Quantity
This is the total quantity of each material , and by Code
Number, required for the whole· project on the assumption that all
material will be ordered from the same supplier or source. No
destinction is made between them,and their quantities are summed
together under eac:h mat'eri a 1.
Column 5 - Total Quantity from Stores
Page 34
This is the total quantity of the material by Code Number which
can be obtained from the General Stores.
In all cases materials will be first taken from the General
Stores, if these materials are available in General Stores.
The balance of materials not available from General Stores will be
ordered from a supplier and will be listed in Column 6 - TOTAL QUANTITY
FROM SUPPLIER.
Columns 7s 8 and 9
Provides for a breakdown of the quantities from stores and from
supplier on a work package basis.
Column 10 - Order/Expedite Date
This is the latest date that the material can be ordered or
expedited so that i.t will arrive on the job in sufficient time for
incorporation into the work when required, according to the CPM
Schedule.
It is arrived at by substracting T1 + T2 + T3 + T4 + T5 + T7 + T8
., I
Page 35
(from form 2- Materials Information Sheet} from start date of the
first activity requiring the material (Column 6 - Form 4) - Bi·ll of
Materials.
Column 11 - Receive Shop Drawings and/or Samples
This is the date that shop drawings for each material are
scheduled to be received at the office of the Contractor, whether the
materials are to be supplied by a supplier or are to be supplied from
General Stores. It is arrived at by adding the time (Tl} - Time for
Preparation of Shop Drawings and/or Samp1es, taken from Material In
formation Sheet, Form 2, to the Order/Expedite Date, Column 10.
Column 12 - Submit for Approval
This is the date that shop drawings and/or samples are to be
submitted to the Architect or Owner for approval. It is determined by
adding the time (T2) - Time for Rev·iew, taken from Material T11formation
Sheet, Form 2, to the Receive Shop Drawings and/or Samples Date.
Column 13 - Receive Back From Architect
This is the date that shop drawings and/or samples are due back
from the Architect. It is determined by adding the Time (T3) - Time
for Architects Review and Approval, taken from ~1aterials Information
Sheet, Form 2, to the Submit for Approval date.
If the shop drawings and/or samples were not approved by the
Architect, it is necessary that new shop drawings and/or samples be
prepared and re-submitted to the Architect. To provide for this
eventuality, (T4) -Time for Resubmission, has bee·n included in the
Materials Information Sheet, Form 2. This time allows for the repeat
of the process of preparation and approval.
Column 14 - Shipping Date from Stores
This is the scheduled date·.for the shipping of the material
from General Stores. It is best arrived at by subtracting the
Page 36
, _summation of (T6) - Time for Shipping from Stores and (T8} - Lead
Time, taken from Materials Information Sheet, Form 2, from Start Date
qf First Activity requiring this Material, Bill of Materials, Form 4.
Column 15 - Shipping Date from Supplier
This is the scheduled date for the shipping of the materials
from the supplier. It is determined similar to Column 14, except, of
course, that Time for Shipping from Supplier (T7) is substituted for
Time for Shipping from Stores (T6).
Column 16 - Delivery Date
This is the scheduled date for the arrival of the materials to
the site. It. is determined by suotracting Lead Time (T8) taken from
Materi~ls Information Sheet, Form 2, from Start Date of First Activity
Requiring this Material, Bill of Mateirals, Form 4.
4.2 MATERIP.L STATUS SHEET fOR GENERAL STORES (FORM 6)
This Material Status Sheet gives readily up-to-date information
on the status of materials ordered for delivery to General Stores. It
is very similar in make-up to Material Status Sheet for Project (Form 5).
A column by column description is as follows:
Columns 1 and 2
Need no further explanation.
Column 3 - Quantity
This is the total quantity of mate·rial placed on order to replenish
Page 37
the General Stores Stock. It is _calculated by first comparing the
"Quantity11 in Column 4 of Form 4 - Bill of Materials with the 11Quantity
in Stock" - Column 5 of Form 3 - General Stores Material list. If it
is greater, the 11Quantity to Order11 will equal the 11Maximum Quantity
to be held in Stock11 Column 8 of General Stores Material list. If it
is less it is to be subtracted from the "Quantity in Stock11 and the result
ing figure compared to the "Minimum Quantity to be held in Stock11,
Columns of Form 3- General Stores Materials list. If it is less, the
"Quantity to order" equals 11 Maximum Quantjty to be held in Stock11 minus
the "Quantity in Stock" after "Quantity11 from Column 4 of Bill of Mat
erials then been subtracted.
Column 4 - Unit
as explained previously
Column 5 - Order/Expedite Date
This is the date upon which the replenishing order is to be
placed and is the same date as the 11 Shipping Date11 of the material from
the General Stores.
Column 6 - Receive Shop Drawings
This is calculated by adding "Time for Preparation of Shop
Drawings" (Tl} (Column 5, Fom 2 - Materials Information Sheet) to 11 Receive Shop Drawings 11 day.
Column 8 - Shipping Date
This is calculated by adding 11 Time for Fabrication 11 (T5)
(Column 9, Form 2 - Materials Information Sheet) to 11 the Return
Shop Drawings Date11•
' . !
Page 38
Column 9- Delivery Date
This is calculated by adding 11Time for Shipping from Supplier11
(T7), (Column 11, Form 2- Materials Information Sheet) to 11 Shipping
Date11•
A sample is illustrated in Figure 9.
4.3 REQUISITION - FORM 7
This is the last form produced by the system and contains all
necessary information, except the prices, to enable the preparation and . issuing of company purchase orders.
A separate requisition will be produced for:
a) .Each Material Code for material designated to project from
Supplier
b) Each Material Code for material designated to project from
General Stores; as well as for,
c) Each material to General Stores from Supplier.
Although the form is fairly self-explanatory and straight forward,
a brief detailed description is as follows:
· ~1aterial Code No. - Insert the Material Code No.
Material - Insert the name of the material.
Order Date - Taken from Column 10 - Form 5 - Material Status
Sheet for Proj'ect or Column 5, Form 6 - Material
Status Sheet for General Stores.
Source of Supply - Insert Supplier or General Stores.
Shop Drawings and/or Sampled Required By - Here insert the date
which will be taken from Column 11 - Material Status Sheet
(For Project), Form 5 or Column 6- Materials Status Sheet
-- --------------------T f
Page 39 WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE ' ··
. .
FORM 1
1 2 HORK WORK PACKAGE PACKAGE NO. _,
. -- l . -- "l
·-·! I I
-0 • ~ I , I ---r _ .. ....... I
! •j ' ' . I I ···-.. -·-------1 ! I
--1 -
I ·· I
I I
···--- ' 1 i I I
FIGURE 4
"'T1 ...... G"> c: :;;o I'T1
c.n
1
~A~lAL COD!
2 UNIT OJI'
KATERIAL HEASUI\E
-· --
-
MATERIAlS IHFORMATIOII SHEET
3 .. TIME FOR ~ TIME JI'OR «>
? Al\E SIIOP TIMR FOR DIIAWINOG PIIEPARATION REVIEW o\1\CIIITO:::T'S AtiD/011 OF SIIOP . 1\BVli:.'" AJ,D SAMPlES REQ' D on-.wxuos ETC API'ItOVAL YES/IC Tl T2 T,l
-.
. .
. -rrv" l
TH:E FCR ~ 9 T: Mt ~·OR Stllf PJNO l:' Tl:',F. ~'C it
~11I!MlSS l o. F.\llli:CATIO!t l C ll L!AD .. FROM Sl C..hl.::i '• "~.!.!:1~ '11M!
Tit T5 T6 ':'i'
- ---·-·
l I
I
.
.
-·- '------ ------- ------------ -----
-o QJ :a (!)
..r::. 0
Page 41
i
I I I I
00
I
I ' I I
i
:uva xu:y, 11:20 ° • '
... I i !
i'::l:i I
·:::&cl '
~0 I C':ft I vo i
I
l I
0 l-4 :.."1 I ....
~8g i ~: •·r~ :.: I
"":i o. g ~::> hll• :.. <rtu"'
~~ ; l ....
sE9 :a: r-~ ~o~ f· ~:1 8 125-ret:l
I
' a::!ll:lOJ.S3U I :;g 1Yll!S.!.YW SIR.L 'l1IM .
i :II 0.
i H I
t:: H f<loe ~H b!-< O'<l.l
:rnnsv:sw JO J.I'In -
• · 0 H
t li!
~ .
~ 0
e ~ ·
I ~
! I --I I
§ u ~ .:
fi . <co :z:z
FIGURE 6
WvR! FACY.AGE HO. 1.--- 2
l'.ATEIUAL CCDE r:o.
BILL OF MATERIALS
MATERIAL DESCRIPTION
FOR'! 4
1 I 4 I 51 ~T .'.R'f DATE OF c QUAIITI'IY UNIT 0.!" FlR!>J ~CH "11 rt
MEAZt:ru: REQUll'IItl<: TIUS HAT =:RIAL
il · I 1 I . I I j ........ ·'
·· ·-·
---------- '- ·-··- ·-·-- .. . . i
.,
...... Ci'> c::: ::0 rrl
())
I'.A'l'ERIAL COD!: HO.
f--
~
KATEBlAL
-
UliiT .OPJ ...
TOTAL . ' TOTAL !·lEASURE JOB QUAliTITY
QUAliTITY FROH . STORES
MATERIAl STATUS SHEET FOR PROJECT
-·-- -.. .. 1:1 :-~··#
TCT.\L QUAJITITY PER WORK PACKAGE ~UAiiTITY ~'l10H SU!'PLIER
8 7 9 I<'ORK QUI\I.I'l'IT'i '3PANTITY PACKAqE FllOM rROM · NO. STORES SUPPLIER
--
--~~ ----- -------·
10 11 12 13 OitDEa I hU:!':lVE SU!l.'1IT R::l::; IV:: EXi' !illiTE SHOP FOR !l:,CK FEOH 01\J:E ::>11.\\~IJ:GS rJ>PROVA!. Ar.::Htn.cr
ANO/(IR SAMPlES
-----·
.
----- -- ------ ·- - - --- - -----
rocrot s
.:i ii i?P!~C 0..\:E
. 14 15 Fit.:~ :-: :~.::-: ST(f\E3 ::;::?r> Ll3.E:
16 O"E:LIVI::A't . D.~T!!
---·-!
-,::, Ql
1.0 Cl)
.j::a w
..., ..... "' c ::0 I'T1
U)
MATERIAL CODE NO.
MATV-RIAL QUANTI'l'Y UlllT OP'
liEASURE
MATBltlAL STA'l'UU SllF.l::T
FOR GENERIIT, GTOHES
ORDElt/EXPEDITE DATE
ROCEIVE
SIIOP DltA~HtlGG ETC •
RETUIUI SHOP DRII\II!IGS ETC,
FOR~ 6
GHIPPiliG DATE DELir.o:.RY i>An:
r---------lr--------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------r-----------r----------1--------- -
- --------..1 -------:• .............. . .... .... ---- ____ _:~~-r--: =:~·-_ ...,-r--.._.,. _____ ~- .. , .. •- -- .. _ .... ,..., .. ..- . · ·~···-- · . ;_ ___ ... _ ... ____ .,.. .. __...,. ___ . - -.-...... _,. .. _---.. ·- ·•·- .., . ..,_ .. ___ ....... ,-.-···-·-·-···• " .. __. ~· ·
""t Ill lO C1)
"" ""
~. Form 7
REQUISITION
MATERIAL ORDER CODE NO. MATERIAL DATE ··--SOURCE OF SUPPLY:
SHOP DRAWINGS SHOP DRAWINGS WILL REQUIRED BY: BE RETURNED BY:
MATERIAL UNIT UNIT OF DESCRIPTION QUANTITY MEASURE PRICE TOTAL
·- - ·- ------... _, ____
1--·-·-- .. ................ .
...._'"" ....... _ · · · ~---· ·- -·-· ·- -·· ...
... ... ·--- .. -----·
·- · ···- ---.... ·-·· ..... ..... . , .,...., ... ,,,,, .. , .. ,.,..,._
-------~·-
DELIVERY SCHEDULE
UNIT REQUIRED REQUIRED MATERIAL OF SHIPPING· DELIVERY
OESCRI PT! ON QUANTITY MEASURE DATE DATE
l ..
..
FIGURE 10
(For General Stores), Form 6. If shop drawings are not
required, N. A. (not ap.plicable)will be inserted.
Page 46
Shop Drawings and/or Samplex Will Be Returned By - Here insert the
date that the shop drawings and/or samples will be returned to
the supplier, which will be the date found in Column 13 -
Form 5 of Column 7 - Form 6. If shop drawings are not required,
N.A. (not applicable) will be inserted.
Under Material Description the description ·of each sub-item
of material will be listed. Under Quantity the total quantity of each . sub-item of material will be listed. Under Unit of Measurement the unit
of measurement for each sub-item of material will be inserted.
The Unit Price and Total columns will not be filled in by the
computer. These must be filled in manually after the requisition forms
have been produced and after prices have been obtained.
In the Delivery Schedule block, the sub-item of material will
be inserted under Material Description. Under the Quantity column, the
quantities of the sub-items which are required for each work package will
be inserted. The dates to be inserted in Required Shipping Date column
and Required Delivery Date column are dates obtained from Column 14
or 15 and Column 16 of Form 5, or Column 8 and 9 of Form 6.
A sample is iliustrated in Figure 10.
5. . DETAILED FLOW CHART
A detailed flow chart for the system has been prepared and is pre
sented in the fo 11 ow·; ng pages.
A list of abbreviations of arrays and var~ables used in the
. I
flow ~hart is as follows:
FORM 4
WPNA (I) - Work Package No.
MATCOA (I)
MATDESA (I)
QA (I)
UNITA (I)
SDAA (I)
NOBM
FORM 3
MATCOB (I)
MATB (I)
MATDESB (I)
UNITB (I)
QISB (I)
WMRB (I)
MlNQB (I)
MA:~QB (I)
QOOB (I)
DDB (I}
NOGS
FORM 2
MATCOC (I)
MATC (I)
UNITC (I)
- Material Code No.
Material Description
- Quantity
- Unit of Measurement
- Start date of 1st. activity using the material
- No. of "Form 4" cards
Mat. code No.
- Material type
- Material description
- Unit of measurement
Quantity in stock available for this project
- Will material be restocked
- Min. quantity to be held
- Max. quantity to be held
- Quantity on order
- Delivery date
- No. of "Form 3" cards
- Material code No. ·
Material type
- Unit of measurement
Page 47
ASRC (I)
TIC (I)
T2C (I)
T3C (I)
T4C (I)
T5C (I)
T6C (I)
T7C (I)
T8C (I)
NOMS
TQ (I)
MAT (I)
QFST (I)
QFSU (I)
QWPST . (I)
QWPSU (I)
OEXD (I)
RSDD (I)
SFA (I)
.RFA (I)
SDST (I)
SDSU (I)
DD (I)
RD (I)
SO (I)
DOl (I)
Page 48
Are shop drawings and/or samples required
- Time for pre·paration of shop drawings and/o·r samples
- Time for review
- Time for architects approval
- Time for resubmission
- Time for fabrication
- Shipping time (from stores)
- Shipping time (from supplier)
- Lead time
- No. of 11 Form 211 cards
Total quantity per material
- Material name
- Total quantity from stores
Total quantity from supplier
Quantity per work package form stores
- Quantity per work package from supplier
- Order expedite date
- Receive shop drawings and/or samples date
- Submit for approval date
- Receive from architect
- Shipping date from stores
- Shipping ~ate from supplier
- Delivery date
- Return shop drawings and/or samples date
Shipping date (Form 6)
- Delivery date (Form· 6)
SOURCE (I)
SORB (I)
SOR (I)
Page 49
- Source of su_pply
Date on which shop drawings and/or samples required
- Date on which shop drawings and/or samples will be .
returned
Start )
.l I-0 ~ .-----·- -· -l>l
I I~~r J
' No 4.----<
L [ f " .
! L
I I . I .
L NO
( .
' i '" .
Page 50
- Initialize Variables
Step I
Step 2
This procedure reads the 1st card file (Form 4 Records) and stores it in memory, each record contains:
\'!?IrA (I) , 1·IATCOA ) I) , HATDESA (I) , . QA ( I) , U2HTA (I) , SDAA (I)
When a 9's card is encountered the program branches to set NOBM equal to the No. of records read.
This procedure reads the 2nd card file (Form 3 Records) containing the following information:
HATCOB (I), HATE (I), HATDESB (I), UNITE ( I) , QISE ( I) , Vfl·iRB ( I ) ,
?HNQB (I), NAXQB (I), QOOB (I),
DDB (I)
NOGS is set equa~ to the No. of records in the 2nd file.
---------------------------------------------------
L f...
1. t .
! . I ! I .
i : . ..
Step 3
Page 51
Reads 3rd card file (Form 2 Records) containing:
1-:ATCOC (I), EATC (I), U:.;ITC (I)~
ASRC (I), TIC (I), T2C (I), T3C (I), T4C (I), T5C (I), T6C (I),
T7C (I), T3C (i)
. Sets NOMS equal to the No. of records in file 3.
L [
L
Step 4
TQ(I)=TQ(I) + QA(J)
Page 52
This procedure scans the 1st file and adds the "quantity required" on records with the same "material code" to get the total quantity required for each material, for each Work Package.
l. .
L
L I .
I I ( .
i .
---------------------------------~--------------------------------------------------
Step 5
_N=O_~ ' ---~ . '
JNO ~ . / IS""...._.,_ NO .-----_.. IS ,/ N-NOGS ~ MATCOA(I) "'- l~- ·- / ·---~TCOB (N) ______
...._.,_""/ ------ -·· . --------·-_l_ Yu~S - ·--- YES
'·· ·,, PRINT ERROR
. \,, MESSAGE '--T-
0 1- QISB(N) = QISB(N)- QA(J)
.-----___ _I ___ ..... QFST(I) = QFST(I) + QA(J)
QFST(J) = QFST(I)
NO
SDAA(I) = SDAA(J)
Page 53
This procedure scans the 2nd file and picks out records containing the same material code • It then calculates the source of each type of material (depending on whether it is in stock or on order at the stores) and recalculates the quantity in stock and on order.
YES
(cont'd from above)
It also determines the date of the first activity using this material. ·
I r
( I
L
1' ; t
\ . I I I .
Page 54
YES -----------1 QOOB(N)=QOOB(N)-(QA(J) -QISB (N)') 0
L.., ___ - - o.oo oo o o'oO ------ ..... . .. 0 ... , ____ _
QFST(I)=QFST(I)+QA(J)
QFST(J)=QFST(I)
L r·
~
--------------------------------------------------------~-------
YES
Step 6
This procedure scans the 1st file and for each record makes a complete scan of the 3rd file, picking out records with the same material code. It then calculates all pertinent dates (i.e.:- order expedite date, etc.).
fEXD(i):SDAACI)-~'IC(N)-T2C(N)-T3C( N)-T4C( N ) I . -T5C( N)-T6C( N)-T?C(N)-T8C(N)
'
[RSDD(I):OEXD(~)+TIC(N) .---------'
---· -·--·-·- ·------ ---···· ···- - .... .• ... .. ··'
Page 55
L [
r··
I . i.
! I
! .
....
Page 56
>---r_W ____ -1~ SDSU( I ):l_::F A( I )+T5C ( ;;) _ __ _
- t ----1 SJST(I):O I
____ _: ___ ·-~~1 _ ______ _ L---~~~-( ~~~S!)SU_C_~_::~7C <_N ) __ __ - ·-·· ---~ ..J
l. :s;;~~(!}~:E~~-\~_)_:_::5c~U ····-. ____ j __ ____,
(Explanation on p~eceding page)
A
L L L r . l -
I l .
------------------------------------------------------Ea.ge 57 Step 7
This procedure prints out the "Material Status Sheet - for projec~· putting the following information on each line:
.. _. ,~, r'"tl( T ) ' " m(-) ·"·-r~A(I ) ,.,.,,.. (-) !J..t~- · ..... ' . ..i.r ... - ,l·. J •• l ' li .:. : J..!. '..l ~ .L '
G,FST( I·), QFSU( I), ~::Pii.A( I), Q~'.'PST(I), Q:".'PSU( I), o:s;m( I) , RSDD( I) ,.SF A( I), RFA(I),SDST(I),.SDSU(I),DD(I)
---------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------!~~= 58 .
SOUECE( I )=SU:::-~:LIER
1{0
Step 8
·Scan the 1st file, picking out records with the same "Material code". Then determine the source of each material, readjust the "order expedite date", if necessary, and flag the records that have duplicate "material codes" (i.e.: there may be more than one record containing information on the same material, however only one line for each material code will be output on the "material status sheet - for stores").
SOURCE(I):STORE J >-----------~~----~-----
L OEXD(I) = SDST(I)
! .
i
L [ r -i .
r . ,. I l. .
I 1. .
!"---·-·--·
I I I
NO
~?(I)=RD+T5C(N)
'
YES
Step 9
Scan the first file again, ignoring duplicate material code records, and for each record scan the 3rd file. Then calc, "Return Drawings date", "shipping date", and "delivery date".
FiUHT En:~:OR
!·~ESSAGE
--, /
Finally print the "Material Status sheet -for stores", containing the following information on each line:
Page 59
1-:ATCOA(I), EAT(I), TQ(I), UlHTA(I), OEXD(I), RSDD( I), RD( I), SD( I), DDl(I)
., '
l .
I
I .....
I ~ L I -L
r l. .
i \-
f .
i .
NO
YES v 1 r=o_j
GJ-------~---_ ::-~=-lj~'----. L~!.~~- _______ _j
SD~E(I):RSDD(I)
. SDl:1( I )=RFA(I )
-----------.-------------------------------Step 10
Go thru the 1st file and set flag "ATE" for each recprd equal to 0
Step 11
Scan the 1st file one record at a time, stopping when the file is exhasted.
--'-~>( STOP )
Page 60
For each record scan the 2nd file picking out matching material codes and calculating shop drawing dates.
. As each record is processed all records containing the same material code are flagged by setting ARE=l and subsequently _ignored.
(Cont'd)
; . i
~NO '7--
~;"",r:._·'l, El~A~..~r::\~~ s
J?Chi< 7
/ KP=EA':'COA(I)
--- ~=~iL:..L-~----~ ----- ---)1>-i
For each material code a "Requisition and "Delivery Schedule" (Form 7")is printed. First, the headings are printed
Page 61
(ie: J.iA'rCOA(I), !·'i!.T(I), OEXD(I),) SGUi.~CE( I ), SDE:S (I) , SDR( I)
Then the first line is printed, containing the following information from record I:
!:A'i'DE.SA( I), ~~A( I), u:H TA(I), l-:J1.'l'J:C:SA ( I) , ~A( I), U:HTA( I), SD( I ), DD(I)
Finally the other records, containing this material code, are printed out.
ie: l·:ATD:SSA(J), QA(J), UNITA(J), HATDESA(J), QA(J), UNITA(J), SD(J), DD(J)
....
Page 62
CHAPTER 4 - EXAMPLE
1. GENERAL
In Chapter 3 the Material Expediting System and the forms
\'lere described in deta i 1 • In . this Chapter the sys tern and the forms
will be further explained by the use of an example.
One material, WOOD DOORS, having Code Number 0820 in a hypothit
ical project titled 11 SMALL BUILDING11 is worked through.
2. WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE ( FORM,l FIG. 11).
As previously mentioned this one of the first forms completed
and is done fa i rly rapidly.
In the example, the project has been divided into 8 work packages
and are as listed on the form.
3. SCHEDULE
The next three figures are:
(a) CPM Arrow diagram - figure 12
(b) Table showing activities per work package, with early
and late starts - figure 13
(c) Project Calender - figure 14
4. MATERIALS INFORMATION SHEET (FORM 2 ,FIGURE 15)
The times shown are working days. Where applicable the time
required for mailing is included in the times shown. At the commence
ment of each project it may be necessary to review this data on this
form and update the information where necessary for it to relate
Page 63
accurately to the project in question.
5. GENERAL STORES MATERIALS LIST (FORM 3,FIGURE 16)
The information shown on the form in the example is represent-
ative of what might be found in a typical situation
6. BILL OF ~~TERIALS (FORM 4,FIGURE 17)
In the example there are three types or kinds of WOOD DOORS
and all have the same code number 0820. .
In this example NO distinctionin the code number is given
for the different kinds of the same material. This matter is des-
cribed under CODING of Chapter 2.
7. MATERIAL STATUS SHEET FOR PROJECT (FORM 5,AGURE 18)
In the example the total job quantity for ~IOOD DOORS is 20
(Column 4); the total.quantity available from General Stores is 6,
leaving the balance of 14 to purchase from a supplier. All the WOOD
DOORS for the project appear in the same work packages (No. 8); and
consequently the split in the quantity from General Stores and Supplier
is the same for work package No. 8 as it is for the whole project.
Column 10 - Order/Expedite date is obtained by subtracting
T1 + T2 + T3 + T4 + T5 + T7 + T8 (from form 2 - Materials Information
Sheet) from Start Date of first Activity requiring the material
(Column 6 - form 4 - Bill of Materials).
i.e. 109- (10 + 5 + 5 + 10 +. 15 + 15 + 15) = 44
Column 11 - Receive Shop Drawings
This is arrived at by adding·the time - T1 (from form 2 -
Materials Information Sheet) to the Order/Expedite Date,
i. e . 1 0 + 44 = 54
Column 12 - Submit for approval
It. is determined by adding the time - T2 - time for review,
Page 64
(Form 2 - Material Information Sheet) to the Receive Shop Drawings Date -
Column 11 i.e . 5 + 54 = 59
Column 13 - Receive Back Architect
It is determined by adding T3 (from form 2 - Materials Information
Sh~et) to submit for Approval date - Column 12
i .e. 5 +59= 64
Column 14 - Shipping Date from Stores
It is arrived at by subtracting r6 + r8 (Form 2 - Materials In
formation Sheet) form Start Date :=of first Activity Requiring this · Mat
erial (From 4 - Bin of· Materials)
i.e., 109- 5- 5 = 99
Column 15 - Shipping Date from Supplier
It is determineo similarly to column 14, except .of course T7 -
Shippjng time from Supplier is substituted for T6 - Shipping time from
·Stores i.e. 1 09 - 15 - 5 = 89
Column 16 - Delivery Date
It is determined by subtracting T8 (Form 2 - Materials Information
Sheet) from start date of first activity requiring this material (Form
4 - Bill of Materials)
Page 65
,.e., 109- 5 = 104
·a. MATERIAL STATUS SHEET FOR GENERAL STORES {FORM 6,FIGURE 19)
Column 3 - Quantity
In the example all the quantity of the material in question in
stock ·was committed to the Project, reducing the stock to zero and
consequently an order is generated equal to the maximum quantity to
be held in stock i.e. 10.
Column 5 - Order/Expedite Date
This is the same day that the materials are shipped from stores
(Column 14- form 5, Material Status Sheet for Project). i.e. 99.
Column 6 - Receive Shop Drawings
r1 (form 2 - Materials Information Sheet} + Order/Expedite date -
column 5 i.e. 10 + 99 = 109
Column 7 - Return Shop Drawi.ngs r2 (form 2- Materiais Information Sheet}
+ Receive Shop Drawings - Column 6
i.e. 5 + 109 = 114
Column 8 - Shipping Date
T5 (form. 2- Materials Information Sheet) +Return Shop Drawings-
Column 7 i.e.
15 + 114 = 129
Column 9 - Delivery Date
T7 (Form 2- Materials Information Sheet) + Shipping Date -
Column 8 i.e.
15 + 129 = 144
Page 66
9. REQUISITION- FORM 7- FIGURES 20, 21, 22
*
The Requisition in the example is for ordering of the material
from Supplier to Project.
The order date, the shop drawings required by date: and, the
shop drawings will be returned by date; are all taken from the material
statL•s sheet for Project - form 5.
The next part of the Requisition lists the total quantity of materials
required for the project less the quantities to be shipped from General
Stores.
In the Second Part - Delivery Schedule, the quantities of each mat
erial required per work package. are listed and opposite each is listed
Required Shipping date and the Required Delivery Date (both taken from Mat
erial Status for Project- form 5).
In the example the materials in question are all found in the same
work package and consequently the quantities are also the total job . quantities ordered from supplier. *
The Second requisition example is for the material ordered from the
General Stores to be delivered to the project.
The third requisition example is for the material ordered from Supplier
to be delivered to General Stores to replenish the stock.
In the computer program example in Appendix IV all aspects of the system are illustrated.
. I
~.
Page 67
h'OI<K. BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE ..
FORM 1 1 2
WORK PACKAGE WORK PACKAGE NO.
--
SITE WORK AND EXTE R: OR ~.::P.'IJCES 1
CONCRETE FOUNDATH+! , ccr:cr;nE !;lOOR
AND UNDERSLAB PIPE 2 ..
STRUCTURAL STEEL . 3
MASONRY AND EXTERIO~ \:!ALL -,NSULATION 4
BUILO'·UP ROOF, Flr.SHING AND HOOF INSULATION 5
ELECTRICAL WORK 6
. MECHANICAL WORK 7
. CARPENTRY. WINDOWS ANl'l 1\IL FINISHES 8
FIGURE 12
' \
\0
I
I I I I r I I I I L_
Ut!OECL ~A& Cs!JD.JIT • PouR. C9tJC. EL~~ 5
· -
II I II~ I\ /
I
@~I 71
\'"t 0UC.T:!Io4~~=:----<:
~
e; ... "1". ~1!-.'<-.>!-_!:11'-.~.o,l!_"!'_....!!:. .• , .. ~, ... :.""-:r.!..~ . ~0
@
PLETE HA.' ...,; 'PtPt N(f1 CDtJ~t":' , ouc.,.~ "' -rt..·-"'r
51 5
__ j \ ~TAe."T
@ 1...::;,"1'"-'-'- v-./t .... OO~=:t
\0
Eav•P·
,..,.::.,· .... ~...t. •. -lLS.~:-:' . t .. ~!.. \0
. ~ ~";CO"''PLC.-rC. [W~p ®'
·~~~~~~~~~
· II
C PM DIAGRAM
FOR.
SMA.LL BUI b...DI tJG
F"l G. \ "2.
..
---- ········----...1
IO
-C DM 0\AGRA.:M
FOQ.
SMA.LL BUil:..DI t-JG
Fl G. \ '2.
·---.·.·-
ACTIVITIES PER WORK PACKAGE
i j I ACTIVITY DESCRIPTION E.S. L.S. i j ACTIVITY DESCRIPTION E.S. l.S.
Work Package No. 1-Site Work 6-8 Start Backfill Walls and Piers 22 22 & Ext. Services 8-9 Complete Backfill Walls and
Piers I 27 I 27 1-2 Strip & Clear Site 0 0 1118-221 Inst. Underslab Conduit &
Pour Cone. Floor I 60 I 68 2-3 Cut & Fill Material on Site 5 5 . 3-26 Install Ext. Water & Sewer .
Services 10 10 II I Work Package No. 3 Structural Steel
26-36 I Complete Entrance RoadwilY & Parking Lot 20 91 9-10 Stick & Bolt Structural Steel I 30 I 30 36-46 I Landscape . 25 115 10-12 Plumb & Torgue Steel and Inst.
27-34 Cc;nplete Water & Sewer Joists 35 35 Connection 50 91 12-14 Install Metal Roof Deck 45 45
Work Package No. 2 Work Package No. 4 Concrete Foundation Masonry and Exterior Wall Concrete Floor and Underslab Insulation P.ipe
3-4 Start Exc. & Pour Footings 10 10 12-16 Start Ext. Cone. Block, Conduit & Door Frames I 45 I 45 4-5 Complete Exc. & Pour Footings 14 14 16-19 Complete Ext. Cone. Block,
4-6 Start Found. Walls & Int. Piers 14 14 Conduit & D. Frames I 53 I 53 6-7 Complete Found. Walls and 16-25 Ext. Brick Masonry & Insulat-
Piers 22 22 ion I 53 I 53 -o Ql
I.Q tD
0\ \0
FIGURE 13
ACTIVITIES PER WORK PACKAGE
1 j ACTIVITY DESCRIPTION E.S. L.S. i j ACTIVITY DESCRIPTION
Work Package No. 5 23-32 Start Install Elect. & Mech. Equip. Built-up Roof, Flashing and
Roof Insulation 29-31· Start Install Heaters 29-37 Start Fin. Ceiling & L. Fix-. .
tures 20-21 Inst. Built-up Roof 66 68 29-30 · Complete Branch Piping Con-
duit, Ducts int. walls & D • . Frames
Work Package No. 6 · 32-38 Complete Elect. & Mech. Equip. Electrical Work
31-38 Complete Install Heaters
12-16 Start Ext. Cone •. alack Conduit 37-40 Complete Fin. Ceilings & L. & Doo.r Frames 45 45 Fixtures
16-19 Complete Ext. Cone. Block, 38-39 Complete Heating System Conduit & D. Frames 53 53 45-46 Complete Finish Elect. & Mech.
16-23 Move in Elect. & Mech. ·Equip. 53 53 . 16-24 Start Main Piping Co~duit, Work Package No. 7
Ducts & Test 53 53 Mechanical Work 18-22 Inst. Underslab conduit &
Pour Cone. Floor 60 68 11-13 Inst. Underslab Pipe 22-28 Start Branch Piping, conduit, 15-17 Inst. Plumbing Stacks
Ducts, Int. walls & D. Frames 71 73 16-23 Move in El~ct. & Mich Equip. 24-29 Complete Main Piping conduit,
Ducts & Test . 71 78
FIGURE 13 (CONT'D)
· - --
E.S. l.S.
71 88 83 83
83 83
83 83 93 98 93 93
88 104 103 103. 122 122
35 40 50 55 53 53
-·- ---
I '
I -o Ill tO 11)
"'-J 0
. \
1 j ACTIVITY DESCRIPTION E.S.
16-24 Start main piping, conduit Ducts & Test 53
17-20 Inst. Roof Drains 60 23-32 Start Install Elect. & Mech.
· Equip. 71 22-28 Start Branch Piping, conduit,
ducts int. walls and D. Frames 71 24-29 Complete Main Piping Conduit
Ducts and Test 71 29-30 Complete Branch piping.
conduit Ducts int. walls & . D. Frames 83
32-38 Compl~te Elect. & Mech. Equip. 93 30-39 Install plumbing fixtures 93 45-46 Complete Finish Elect. & Mech. 122
Work Package No. 8 Carpentry, ~li ndows & A 11 Finishes
12-16 Start Ext. Cone. Block Conduit & Door Frames . 45
16-19 Complete Ext. Cone. Block, Conduit & D. Frames 53
ACTIVITIES PER WORK PACKAGE
L.S. i j ACTIVITY DESCRIPTION
19-20 Inst. Roof Curbs & Cants 53 22-28 Start Branch piping conduit 65 ducts int. walls & D. Frames
25-28 Install Windows 88 25-35 Inst. Ext. Entrances & Ext.
·Doors . 73
29-30 Complete Branch Piping Conduit Ducts Int. walls & D. Frames
78 29-37 Start Fin. Ceilings & L. Fixtures
83 28-33 Start. Finish Carpentry
98 37-40 Complete Finished Ceilings & L. Fixtures
93 33-42 Complete Finish Carpentry 122 39-40 Start. Res. Flooring
40-41 Complete Res. Flooring 40-42 Start Hang Doors 42-44 Complete Hang Doors 43-44 Start Painting
45 44-45 Complete Painting
53
FIGURE 13 (CONT'D)
E.S.
61
71 73
73
83
83 83
88 93
106 109 109 112 1 i2 117
L.S.
61
73 73
73
83
~,83
83
104 . 104 106 109 109 112 112 117
" Ill <.0 11)
......,
j: (
! I
,, ·,,
.., ~
C') c.: :::0 ITI
...... ~
~-DAY ~ <;Al.ENDAR DATE
- PROJECT DAY NO.
H - HOLIDII'/' N - NON-WORK DAY PROJECT CALENDAR
DATE PREPARED :APRil. 4,197Z PROJECT BASE DATE :MARCH 15,197Z
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1
IIATERIAL COD£
0820
!
I 2 3
UHlT OF MATERIAL HEASURE .
WOOD DOORS EA
MATERIALS INFORMATION SHEET
ARE SHOP '+ TUIE FOR , TIME FOR t. DRt.WlNGS PREPARATION REVIDI ArlO/OR OF SHOP SAI'.rLES REQ'D DR~WI NGS [l(; . YES/NO T1 T2
YES 10 5
' :
7 'rlH& FOR
6 TJHE FOR AI1CH1TEX:T' S RESUBI-IISSIOI REVIEW AND APPROV,\L
T3 · T4
5 10
. :
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. •
rnRl1 2
9 TlHE FOR SHIPPING Tli'IE FOR 10 11 Ft.BRlCATlON F R0:1 STORES !fROM SUPPLIE -
T5 T6 T7 . 15 5 15 .
I
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!
I
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5
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2 ' MATERIAL COOil ! tfO. I
!
0820 : 0820
0820
:
i
- ----
-
--
.. .. _ .... ,: .;: ....... -.-·. ·'~ .. -~ . ,. ,
BILL OF 111\TERIALS
. , __
3 0 • · ' QUANTliY
HATERlAL DESCRIPTION
Z' • 8" X 7' X 1 3/4" 11000 SLAB MIIH. DOORS, SOLID CORE 15
2' x 4" x 7' x 1 3/4" WOOD SLAB HAH. DOORS, _SOLID CORE 3 ... 3 • x 7' x z• wooo PLANK OAK DOORS z
----·-- --
-
-
-. ,.a . .
'+ 5 UNIT OF t1EA5UilE
EA
EA
EA
--- ---------·-
,· .~ - -·- .. .. .. .
FOR~ 4
START DATE OF 6 FIRST t.CTJVIT't RF.Q!II Ill NG Tit IS HAlER! AL
109 ··- -- -
109 -109 ·-
----- ··
----- ----· -- -
·--------·-' -
..
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' .
1-!A'!'!':P.IAI, MATERIAL r:r,rJ~ :iO.
0820 WOOD DOORS
2 llliiT OP') TOTAL -. f( JU,!;fJfiB J<.oO
QUAiiTITY
EA 20
.... _ .. ----------~---··-=--:-·...,.-~-
·1
TOTAL 5
QUAJIT!'!'l' FROH S~'OllES
' 6
MATERIAL STATUS SHEET FOR PROJECT
1:1 10 TOTAL QUIINTITY i'ER WOIIK PACK AGB OHDF.R I QUAitTlTr ElU'IIDlTE ~'ROM DATE SUPPLIER
7 8 9 I~UIIK QUIJITln QUANTITY PACKAGE FilCH FROM tlO. STORES SUPPLIER
14 8 6 14 44
----- -·
• - . _ _ _ _ h_ .. - .. ... ·.-.·-·.
. ll 12 13 111-r.t-:tVE nun::IT R!'r.F.H'l-: ~H()l' Jo'Ul\ BI,Ci\ Fl\0!·' Dn.\~H:!G:l .\l'l'ROV Af, J\iiCoilT·:c ·:· AUD/OR SAIIPLES
54 59 64
-
FOR:4 5
!.illl:'l"'l:•~ D~T!; . 14 15
Fil\M i'"CH STCfl.ES S t:? !'LI:;;!l
99 89
·- --·
16 'DI::!.I\'t·:U~ DA'l'E:
10(
I '
-
-
----·-·
··--· -------
----·
" Q.l (Q m ........ ~
\ .
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K\l"'"..RIAL I MATERIAL I COO& NO.
C820 I WOOD ODORS I
QUANTITY UIIIT OF MEASURe;
10 EA
HATEIIIAL STATUS SIIF.ET
FOR GEllEilAL STOIIES
ORDEII/EXPEDITE DATE
99
·roP."' 6 RECEIVE • I RETURII SIIOP I SHIPPIIICi DATE I D£LIVERY D:.TE
SIIOP DR/1\IINGS ETC .
DRAWI NGS ETC.
109 I 114 I 129 I 144
~------·~-------------~-----------r-----------r------~--,_ __________ +-----------+----------t---------
----f f- -+ 1------.. --
~--------~--------------~----------·~----------;------------r-----------~ -~ 1
~-------l--------------1-----------+------------t----------+ +- -·--- -
1-----
., 01
- ~=J .._ ______ ~.__ ·---- ·--·-·· ___ :.._______ - -~--J ---- ........ -~ .. ~~-~---- -- - - ··"' - ...---:-......... ..... , . - .~-·~ -~ ... -~ ...
MATERIAL CODE NO. - oa20
SOURCE OF SU PPLY: SUPPLIER
SHOP DRAW INGS REQUIRED BY: 54
-
MATERIAL DESCRIPTION
21 - an X 71 X 1 3/411
WOOD
~JAB MAH ~-900RS f--- --S..OU.OSQRE
_ .. _
------- ·-·
___;,__:_, . ___ .. MATERIAL
DESCRIPTION 1---· 21 - an ]I 1 3/411 X X
... .. --···- ··-. ·wooD ~--- · ·SLAB MAH. DOORS ~
SOLID CORE ---· f---"·--
t------ -
1------·
'-------·
-----· ··--
-- · ·--
REQUISITION
MATERIAL . WOOD DOORS
SHOP DRAWINGS WILL BE RETURN ED BY:
UNIT OF QUANTITY MEASURE
10 . EA
..
DELIVERY SCHEDULE
UNIT OF
QUANTITY MEASURE
10 EA
FIGURE 20
Form 7
ORDER DATE 44.
64
UNIT PRICE TOTAL
- - ---- ··
·---1--- ···· -·· .. -- ...
·---·-·· ···
---- ·-· --... --- ~-- ---- ···-· . ·-
- ···--····· --
--f-.-----·--.......... ...... .... .... .. .. .... ·-
·-·-- ··-· ····- -----· .. . --··
-------..... . ...
----------------.. ·---
- · - ... - ·--·
-- . -----· - -·-----REQUIRED REQUIRED SHIPPING DELIVERY
DATE DATE ------·--·-
---- - --···· · . 1-----·--.. - .... _
.... 89 104
......... ,. ______ .: __ - ----------
·----------
... .... .. ·- . ---
-
I. I
. I I
. ---~-- ---
Page 79
Form 7
REQUISITION . MATERIAL WOOD DOORS ORDER 44 CODE NO. 4619-1-5-0820 MATERIAL DATE
SOURCE OF SUPPLY: GENERAL STORES
SHOP DRAWINGS 54 SHOP DRAWINGS WILL 64 REQUIRED BY: BE RETURNED BY:
MATERIAL UNIT UNIT OF DESCRIPTION QUANTITY MEASURE PRICE TOTAL ····- ··
2' - 8" X 7' X 1 3/4" WOOD ··- · --· · ·~·-·-- ·· · · · ··
SLAB MAH. DOORS --- -- --·- ·· ..... SOLID CORE 6 . EA
~,-, - -·----- - --------- ~ ----- ·- ---···-·· .. ······· ..
----·--- -·--------.... _ ..... -.. .. . -
- ...... .... ...... ..... --·. ··-
--·· .. ·-- __ .,. ___ .... -···-····- . . ....
---· -1---"-·--·- ... r--- · --f---- --····--.. -
--·· -···--. -·- -· -
DELIVERY SCHEDULE ~--.. -· -- - - -·· · -··--- -·-
UNIT REQUIRED REQUIRED MATERIAL OF SHIPPING DELIVERY
DESCRIPTION QUANTITY MEASURE DATE DATE 1--.. ----·· -·-
2' - 8" X 7' X 1 3/411 WOOD ... .. ---·· .. _ --- - ·--···· · f-S~_A!3 MAH_. DOORS --- ·-··- .. _ ... . --~QLID CORE 6 EA 99 104 ...
1------·
1---·-- ........... --·---.. ~-1----· - --- ·----1-----·
f----- .. 1------f--- ·- _ ............. __
-
. FIGURE 21 ·.- ....... ,.::-~ - --
REQUISITION
MATERIAL CODE NO. 4619-1-5~0820 MATERIAL .· WOOD DOORS
SOURCE OF SUPPLY: SUPPLIER
SHOP DRAWINGS 54 SHOP DRA~JINGS WILL REQUIRED BY: BE RETURNED BY: .
MATERIAL UNIT
OF DESCRIPTION QUANTITY MEASURE
2' - 8" X 7' X 1 314" WOOD -- ···- ·-SLAB MAH. DOORS SOLID - ------------·------··· ---·- -·····- ---· CORE 9 EA ---·---··--·- ---- --------- ........ _,. 2' - 4" X 7' X 1 3/4" WOOD .
-·· _. , .... _ _ _ _ _ , _ ..... ..... _ _ ,.._, _ _ p. ·--- ··-- - - - .. - · ··-- ·· SLAB MAH. DOORS SOLID
1-·-----~----------· ·----- " CORE 3 EA . .
··-----··-·-------- --· 3' X 7' X 2" WOOD PLANK
!--·-.. ·-·· -OAK DOORS 2 EA
-·-·-··-·- ----~--· ·
--- - --.
DELIVERY SCHEDULE --·· --· -.--
UNIT MATERIAL OF
DESCRIPTION QUANTITY MEASURE f---· ·
2' - 8" X 7' X 1 3/4" WOOD ... ---SLAB MAH. DOORS SOLID 1--- - · --·
CORE 9 EA t---··
2' - 4" X 7' X 1 3/4" 1---·--·
WOOD SLAB MAH. 1--· -
SOLID CORE 3 EA t----- ·
3' X 7' x -2" WOOD t----- ·
OAK PLANK 2 EA r------f----- · .. .
1----- -· ·-
FIGURE 22
Paqe 80 .
Form 7
ORDER DATE 44
64
UNIT PRICE TOTAL
--· ··~--
--- ·--····· .. -·-········· -- '----·--·-·--· . . ....
-··----· .. -··--·-... ........... . . ...
-··-- --- ··----f-·------........... .
···-· ..... ..... ···· - - ·· .. -· __ ..... __ ··- ····-·-···· ·····
--~~-·-· ·---- ...
---_ ............ _...,_ ______
- · . .. . - -·---- - ·· - ------
REQUIRED REQUIRED SHIPPING DELIVERY
DATE DATE ------.. .. -----·-· .. ..
"
-·-··--· .. - ·-·--89 104 ----
........... _________ 89 104 __ _____ .. ____
89 104 . -
·-·-· ...... .. _ ~
. : I • i
1. GENERAL
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS ·
Page 81
In Chapter I the existing situation as to the process of estimating,
ordering and delivering of materials tc construction projects, with
particular emphasis placed on the situation in the island of Newfoundland,
was outlined. Because of the many variables and, uncertainties it
was shown that there was a great need for a system or standard method to
improve or streamline the procedure.
In subsequent chapters 2 and 3 in a step by step sequence, the
development of the· ~1aterial Expediting System was outlined and in
Chapter 4 an example in the use of the system was given.
2. . ADVANTAGES
The Proposed Ma~erial Expediting System provides a process for
the complete listing of all materials required for a project; the lump
ing together in manageable quantities of like materials for delivery to
the project at the approximate rate at which they are to be incorporated
· into the work. It is directly related to a construction or CPM Schedule.
It takes into consideration the variables; procedures and approvals
that are necessary; it deterniines the status of the materials while
in the procurement process; and finally, it produces information on
each ·material in the form of a requisition \'thich contains pertinent
information required ·by a supplier and a delivery schedule for the
material, from which purchase orders can be made.
. I I J .
. I I
. .. ... ---
Page 82
I'fl order to accomplish this,. very little additional work, inform
ation or input is required, over and above what is normally required for
any construction or Project Nanagement firm to procure materials econ
omically and on a schedule. What the proposed Material Expediting System
does, is merely provide a system to receive process and out
pu: the required information in a form that is most useful.
A lot of information on each material such as: are shop drawings
and/or samples required? Estimated time for Architects approval;
estimated manufacturing time; estimated delivery time etc., is the same
irregardless which project it is being provided for, and once inputted
into the system, i.t is permanently stored for instant recall for the
ordering of materials for project after project. It can be easily
updated when necessary.
The advantages and benefits of adopting and using this system
far outweigh, the modest costs involved. As every Project Manager
or Construction Manager has experienced at one time or other, there
are occasions during the construction of some proje~ts \'/hen information
on the project schedule, the project cost, the status of material
~eliveries etc: was not known. CPM/Pert/Precedence Scheduling, Cost
Control; and Resource Allocation are valuable tools recently developed
to aid the Project Manager manage projects more efficiently. The
Material Expediting System may be added to this list of important aids
and adopted for use by Progressive Construction and Project Management
Organizations.
3. OBSERVATIONS & LIMITATIONS
In the requisition form 7 it is specified that the prices will be
Page 83
determined by the purchasing agent and inserted by him. This is
necessary because the pricing is·, in almost all cases, a negotiated
matter on an individual purchase basis.
The size of the delivery shipments are determined by the quantities
required per work package and these are the quantities listed in the
Delivery Schedule of the Requisition. The supplier after receiving
the requisition and after reviewing the delivery quantities, may wish to
adjust or vary the delivery quantities. This variation may be determined
by the sizes of the shipments, the method of shipment and the size of
shipment necessary to qualify for a more economical freight rate.
One of the purposes for breaking a project down into work packages,
which in their determination have the arbitrary constraint of duration
eg, 90 days, is to determine the sizes of shipments. These shipment
sizes may be varied however, after review by the supplier to best suit
the method of shipment and the most favourable freight rates. An
area for future resea~ch might be a practical method for determining the
quantities of materials for each Construction Schedule activity and
accumulate the quantities for each material per activity to arrive at
economical shipment sizes i.e:, truck load, tractor-trailer load,
railcar load etc.
A limitation of the system and another area for future research
is that no consideration is given to the amount of storage space that
may be availab,.e at the site and the different types of storage space
that the various materials would require such as open storage space,
covered storage space or covered storage requiring heat.
ln the Bill of Materials form 4, Column 6 the start date of the
Page 84
first Activity in the Work Package, requiring the particular material . is inserted. A link is not established with the CPM Schedule. Fur
ther research may be carried out linking the CPM program to the Material
Expediting System 1 s program by using the (i, j} number of the activity
and determining what benefit or flexibility is gained.
In the example in Chapter 4 an extension of the code is not used
to represent each individual kind of material within a general material
type, eg. 0820 represents all wood doors; where as the code could be
expanded to code for · each individual kind of door. eg. 0820.01 .
'might represent- 21 - 8" x 71 ~ 0" x 1 3/4" solid core slab mahogany
doors. * This might be particularly useful in relating the materials required
for the project (Bill of Materials - form 4) to the materials in General
. Stores available for use in the project (General Stores Materials List
form 3}. In the example the relation is made by the material description.
This is left open as a· user option.
In the example the dates are project day numbers for the particular
project in question. In order to convert to calendar dates it is necessary
to refer to the project calendar (see figure 14).
For manual , use of the system this is the easiest and most straight
forward procedure. In the computer application of the system, a feature
can be written into the program to output directly calendar days. In the
computer example in Appendix No. IV project day numbers are out putted
and the calendar date conversion has not been incorporated into the program.
4. IMPLEMENTATION
To introduce this System into an existing Construction Organization
* See Coding - Chapter 2
.. . · . ....... -'·· - - -
Page 85
would not be difficult. It need not require additional personnel.
·Some training of the purchasing a~d expediting personnel naturalJy
would be required.
This, however, only involves some understanding of the system;
instructions on the input to the system; and what the computer will do
etc. In order to better use the system more efficiently, some rearrang
·ing of a company•s organization may be necessary, depending of course on
the existing arrangement.
All of the different types of construction organizations mantioned
in Chapter I, which are:
Project Management
Construction Management
General Contractor
In-hours Work
Separate Contracts Controlled by the. Owner
all purchase materials.and expedite their delivery to the· project.
All of these organizations would therefore benefit from the Material
Expediting system.
In the implementation of the system in a medium-size General Con
struction Company (see Organizational chart figure 1) input would come
both from the Chief Estimator•s Department and the Project Manager•s
Department.
The output and updating is primarily the responsibility of the
Project Manager, however; as would be normally expected, from time to time
information will be supplied from th~ Chief Estimator•s Department.
I ,
I I
. .. ..;.- · __
Page 86
5. COSTS
The costs of implementing and using this system are modest,in addition
to what ever minor costs would be necessary to train the personnel. The
following are ·representative costs for a single project of a total value of
approximately $5,000,000.00:
Purchase of Forms
Key Punching
Computer Time
Key Punching
Computer Time
Initial Set Up
Cost per Month
$ 50.00
$ 100.00
$ 200.00
$ 350.00
$ 50.00
$ 150.00
$ 200.00
,, i
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Ahuja H.N. , CPM/Performance Control System -
Thesis Presented to University of Waterloo, July 1969
2. Associated General Contractors of America ,
Cost Control and CPM in Construction:
A Manu a 1 of Genera 1 Contractors
Washington. The Associated General
Contractors of America, 1964
3. Barish Norman N., Economic Analysis For Engineering
And Managerial Decision Making. McGraw Hill Book Co.,
Inc., New York, N.Y. 1962
4. Begley Francis D., Project Management for Construction
Superintendents - Saunders of Toronto Ltd. 1970
5. Coombs William E., Construction, Accounting and Financial
Management - McGraw Hill, Co. Inc., New York, 1958
6. Couger J. Daniel, Shannon Loren E., Fortran IV A Programmed
Instruction Approach - Richard D. Irwin Inc., and The
Dorsey Press, Illinois 1968
7. . Deatherage George E. , Construction Company Qroani zati on And
Management- McGraw Hill Inc., 1964 '
8. Deatherage George E.~ Construction Office Administration.
McGraw Hill Inc., 1964
Page 87
..... .
9. Deatherage George E., Construction Scheduling And Control.
McGraw Hill Inc., 1964
10. Forsythe Alexandra I., Keenan Thomas A., Stenberg Warren.,
Computer Science Fortran Lanquage- John Wiley and Sons Inc.,
New York, 1970
11 Hackney, John W.,Control and Management of Capital Projects,
2nd. Edition - John l~iley & Sons Inc. 1965
Page 88
12. . Internation Business Machines Corporation; IBM Application Program
- Project Management System /360 (360A - CP - 04X) Version 2,
Program Description And Operations Manual - International Business
Machines Corporation, New York.
13. International Business Machines Corporation, Programmed Instruction
Course - Fortran International Business Machines Corporation
Education Development· 1961
14. . Louden Robert K. , Programming The IBM 1130 and 1800 ~ .
Prentice Hall Inc., New Jersey 1967
15. Miller Lawrence C. , Successful ManaQement for Contractors -
McGraw Hill Inc., New York 1962
16. o•srien, James J . , CPM in Construction Management
. McGraw Hill Book Co., N.Y. 1965
17 .Peurifoy R.L. , Construction Planning,· Equipment And Methods - McGraw
Hi'll .co. Inc., New York 1956
. I .
·: .. ... ..:. ·· - ·--
18. Prilock Herbert M. & Hourihan, Peter M., Practical CPM
in Construction- R.S. Means Co.i · Inc., Mass. 1968
19. Pulver H.E., · Construction Estimates and Costs - McGraw Hill
Book Co. Inc., New York 1947
20. Roe P .. H. Soulis G.N. & Handa V.K., The Dicipline of Desian,
Experimental Edition, Allyn & Bacon Inc., Boston, 1967
Page 89
21. Schweyer Herbert E. , Ana 1 vt i c Hodes for Manaaeri a 1 And
Engineering Economics - Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York,
1964
22. Thuesen H.G., Fabrycky W.J., Thuesen G.J . , Engineering Economy-
4th. Edition- Pretice Hall, Inc. New Jersey 1971
23. Wiest Jerome D., Levy Ferdinand K., A ~anagement Guide to
Pert/CPH - Prentice Hall, Inc., New Jersey, 1969
I I I
I
, .
...... ··
APPENDIX NO. I
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION INDEX-FEBRUARY 1966 MODIFIED
SECTION 1.0
• 10
.20
.30
.40
.50
.60
.70
.80
.90
to
PLANNING
Correspondence with Owner
Correspondence with Consultants
Meeting Records
Budgets and
Surveys and Soils Reports
Planning Notes
Pre 1 imina ry Dra\'li ngs
Outline Specifications
.94 Permits
.95
to
.99
SECTION 2.0
2.10
2.20
2.30
2.40
2.50
2.60
Insurance
PRE-CONTRACT FORMS
Invitation to Bid
Instructions to Bidders
Bidding Form
Contract Form
General Conditions
Supplementary General Conditions
Page 90
p
I
....... ·
2.70
SECTION 3.0
SECTION 4.0
4.10
4.20
4.30
SECTION 5.0
SECTION 6.0
6.10
6.20
6.30
6.40
6.50
6.60
6.70
6.80
Special Conditions
SPARE
WORKING DRAWINGS
Preliminary For Study
Issued For Tender
~.
Issued For Construction
SPECIFICATIONS FORMAT AND FILING INDEX (CONSTRUCTION)
Page 91
Under this section the Uniform System for Construction·
Cost Accounting Guide will be used. See Appendix No. II.
CONTRACT ADMINISTRATION
Site Inspection Reports
Consulting Engineer Reports
Outside Inspection and Testing Reports
Minutes of Job Meetings
Progress Reports
Photographs
Deficiency Lists
Instructions ·
6.90 Changes/Extra Work Orders
1-, !
. ·- ... ..:- ·
:i I
SECTIQN 7.0
7.10
7.20
7.30
SECTION 8. 0
SPECIAL CONTRACTS
Certificates & Payments
Warranties & Bonds
Maintenance Manuals
ADMINISTRATION PROJECT OFFICE ETC.
Page 92
. . · ...... ·· --··
Page 93
APPENDIX NO. II
UNIFORM SYSTEM FOR CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS, DATA FILING & COST ACCOUNTING
0 CONDITIONS OF THE CONTRACT
0000r0099.unassigned
1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
OlOO.ALTERNATES OF PROJECT. SCOPE 0101~0109 unassigned 0110. SCHEDULES & REPORTS 0111~0119. unassigned 0120. SAMPLES & SHOP DRA~!INGS 0121~0129.unassigned 0130. TnlPORARY FACILITIES 0131~0139.unassianed 0140.CLEANING UP-0141~0149.unassigned 0150.PROJECT CLOSEOUT 015l~Ol59.unassigned 0160.ALLOWANCES 016l~Ol99.unassigned
2 SITE WORK
0200.ALTERNATES 0201~0209.unassigned 0210.CLEARING OF SITE 02ll.Demolition 0212.Structures Moving 0213.Clearing & Grubbing 0214~0219.unassigned 0220.EARTHWORK 022l.Site Grading 0222.Excavating & Backfilling 0223.Dewatering 0224.Subdrainage 0225.Soil Poisoning 0226.Soil Compaction Control 0227.Soil Stabilization 0228~0229.unassigned 0230. PILING 023lr0239.unassigned 0240.SHORING & BRACING 024l.Sheeting
0242. Underpinning 0243.-0249. unassigned 0250. SITE DRAINAGE 0251.-0254. unassigned 0255. SITE UTILITIES 0256.-0259. unassigned 0260. ROADS & WALKS 0261. Paving 0262. Curbs & Gutters 0263. Walks 0264. Road & Parking Appurtenances 0265.-0269. unassigned · 0270. SITE IMPROVWENTS 0271. Fences 0272. Playinq Fields 0273. Fountains 0274. Irrigation System 0275. Yard Improvements 0276.-0279. unassigned 0280. LAWNS & PLANTING 0281. Soil Preparation 0282. Lawns 0283. Ground Covers & Other Plants 0284. Trees & Shrubs 0285.-0289. unassigned 0290. RAILROAD I~ORK 0291.-0294. unassigned' 0295. ~ARINE WORK 0296. Boat Facilities 0297. Protective ~1arine Structures 0298. Dredging 0299. unassigned
3 CONCRETE
0300. ALTERNATES 0301.-0309. unassigned 0310. CONCRETE FORMWORK 0311.-0319~ unassigned 0320. CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT 0321.-0329. unassigned 0330. CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE 0331. Heavyweight Aggregate Concrete 0332. Lightweight Aggregate Concrete
j"
.... --
Page 94
0333. Post-Tensioned Concrete 0521.-0529. unassigned 0334. nailable Concrete 0530. METAL DECKING 0335. Specially Finished Concrete.· 0531.-0539. unassigned 0336. Specially Placed Concrete 0540. LIGHTGAGE FRAMING 0337.-0339. unassigned 0541.-0549. unassigned 0340. PRECAST CONCRETE 0550. MISCELLANEOUS METAL 0341. Precast Concrete Panels 0551. Metal Stairs 0342. Precast Structural Concrete 0552. Floor Gratings 0343. Precast Prestressed Concrete 0553. Construction Castings 0344.-0349. unassigned 0554.-0569. unassigned 0350. CEMENTITIOUS DECKS 0570. ORNAMENTAL ~1ETAL 0351. Poured Gypsum Deck 0571.-0579. unassigned 0352. Insulating Concrete Roof Decks 0580. SPECIAL FORMED METAL 0353. Cementitious Unit Decking 0581.-0599. unassigned 0354.-0399. unassigned
6 CARPENTRY 4 MASONRY
0600. ALTERNATES 0601.-0609. unassigned
0400. ALTERNATES 0610. ROUGH CARPENTRY 0401.-0409. unassigned 061'1. Framing & Sheathing 0410. MORTAR 0612. Heavy Timber Work 0411.-0419. unassigned 0613.-0619. unassigned 0420. UNIT ~~SONRY 0620. FINISH CARPENTRY 0421. Brick Masonry 0621. Wood Trim 0422. Concrete Unit Masonry 0622. Millwork 0423. Clay Backing Tile 0623. Wood Siding 0424. Clay Facing Tile 0624.-0629. unassigned 0425. Ceramic Veneer 0630. GLUE-LAt~INATED WOOD 0426. Pavers . 0631.-0639. unassigned 0427. Glass Unit Masonry 0640. CUSTOM HOOOVJORK 0428. Gypsum Unit Masonry 0641. Custom Cabinetwork 0429. Reinforced Masonry 0642. Custom Panelwork 0430.-0439. unassigned 0643.-0699. unassigned 0440. STONE 0441. Rough Stone 0442. Cut Stone 7 MOISTURE PROTECTION 0443. Simulated Stone 0444. Flagstone 0700. ALTERNATES 0445.-0449. unassigned 0701.-0709. unassigned 0450. MASONRY RESTORATION 0710. ~IATERPROOFING · 0451.-0499. unassigned 0711. ~1embrane Waterproofing
0712. Hydrolithic Waterproofing 0713. Liquid Waterproofing
5 METALS 0714. Metallic Oxide ~Jaterproofing 0715. Dampproofin~
0500. ALTERNATES 0716. Bituminous Dampproofing 0501.-0509. unassigned 0717. Silicone Dampproofing 0510. STRUCTURAL METAL 0718. Cementitious Dampproofing 0511.-0519. unassigned 0719. Preformed Vapor Barrier 0520. METAL DECKING 0720. BUILDING INSULATION
___ .:...:. ----
8
0721.-0729. unassigned .0730. SHINGLES & ROOFING TILES 0731. Asphalt Shingles 0732. Asbestos-Cement Shingles 0733. Wood Shingles 0734. Slate Shingles 0735. Clay Roofing Tiles 0736. Concrete r-oofing Tiles 0737. Porcelain Enamel Shingles 0738. Metal Shingles 0739. unassigned .0740. PREFORMED ROOFING & SIDING 0741. Preformed Metal Roofing 0742. Preformed Metal Siding 0743. Asbestos-Cement Panels 0744. Preformed Plastic Panels 0745. Custom Panel Roofing 0746.-0749. unassigned 0750. MEf~BP.ANE ROOFING 0751. · Builtup Bituminous Roofing 0752. Prepared Roll Roofing 0753. Elastic Sheet Roofing 0754. Elastic Liquid Roofing 0755.-0759. unassigned 0760. SHEET METAL WORK 0761. Sheet Metal Roofing 0762. Metal Roof Flashing & Trim 0763. Gutters & Downspouts 0764. Grilles & Louvers 0765. Decorative Sheet ~1etal Work 0766.-0769. unassigned' 0770. WALL FLASHING 0771.-0779. unassigned 0780. ROOF ACCESSORIES 0781. Plastic Skylights 0782. Metal-Framed Skylights 0783. Roof Hatches 0784. Gravity Ventilators 9 0785.-0789. unassigned 0790. CALKING & SEALANTS 0791.-0799. unassigned
DOORS, WINDOWS, & GLASS
0800. ALTERNATES 0801.-0809. unassigned 0810. METAL DOORS & FRAMES 0811. Hollow Metal Doors & Frames 0812. Aluminum Doors & Frames 0813. Stainless Steel Doors & Frames 0814. Bronze Doors & Frames 0815. Metal Storm & Screen Doors
~.
0816.-0819. unassigned 0820. ~JOOD DOORS 0821.-0829. unassigned · 0830. SPECIAL DOORS
Page 95
0831. Sliding Metal Foredoors 0832. Metal-Covered Doors 0833. Coiling Doors & Grilles 0834. Plastic-Faced Doors 0835. Foldinq Doors 0837. Sliding Glass Doors 0838. Tempered Glass Doors 0839. Revolving Doors 0840. Flexible Doors 0841. Hangar. Doors 0842.-0849. unassigned 0850. METAL WINDOWS 0851. Steel Hindows 0852. Aluminum Windows 0853. Stainless Steel Windows 0854. Bronze ~lindm·1s
· 0855.-0859. unassigned 0860. WOOD WINDOHS 0861.-0869. unassigned 0870. FINISH HARDWARD 0871.-0874. unassigned 0875. OPERATORS 0876.-0879. unassigned 0880. WEATHERSTRIPPING 0881.-0884. unassigned 0885. GLASS & GlAZING 0886.-0889. unassianed 0890. CURTAINWALL SYSTEM 0891.-0894. unassigned· 0895. STOREFRONT SYSTEM 0896.-0899. unassigned
FINISHES
0900. ALTERNATES 0901.-0909. ur~ssigned 0910. LATH & PLASTER 0911. Metal Furring 0912. Metal Lath 0913. Gypsum Lath 0914. Plaster Partition Systems 0915. Plastering Accessories 0916. Plaster 0917. Stucco 0918. Acoust ical Plaster ·0919. Plaster Moldings & Ornaments 09?.0.-0924. unassigned 0925. GYPS~r~ DRY\·IALL
., I
0926. Gypsum Drywall S.vstems 0927. Gypsum Drywall Finishing .0928.-0929. unassigned 0930. TILE WORK 0931. Ceramic Tile 0932. Ceramic Mosaics 0933. Quarry Tile 0934. Glass Mosaics 0935. Conductive Ceramic Tile 0936.-0939. unassianed · 0940. TERRAZZO -0941. Cast-In-Place Terrazzo D942. Precast Terrazzo 0943. Conductive Terrazzo 0944. unassigned 0945. VENEER STONE 0946.-0949. unassigned 0950. ACOUSTICAL TREATI'tENT 0951.-0954. unassigned 0955. WOOD FLOORING 0956.· Wood Strip Flooring 0957. Wood Parquet Flooring 0958. Plywood Block' Flooring 0959. Resilient Wood Floor Systems 0960. Wood Block Industrial Floor 0961.-0964. unassigned 0965. RESILIENT FLOORING 0966. Resilient Tile Flooring 0967. Resilient Sheet Flooring 0968. Conductive Resilient Floors 0969. unassigned 0970. SPECIAL FLOORIN~ 0971 • Magnes i urn Oxych 1 ori de· Floors 0972. Epoxy-t·1arble-Chip Flooring 0973. Elastomeric Liquid Floors 0974. Heavy-Duty Concrete Toppings 0975.-0979. unassigned 0980. SPECIAL COATINGS 0981. Cementitious Coatings 0982. Elastomeric Coatings 0983. Fire-Resistant Coatings 0984.-0989. unassigned 0990. PAINTING 0991.-0994. unassigned 0995. WALL COVERING 0996.-0999. unassigned
10 SPECIALTIES
1000. ALTERNATES 1001.-1009. unassigned 1010. CHALKBOARD & TACKBOARD
~.
Page 96
1011. CHALKBOARD & TACKBOARD 1011.-1012. unassigned 1013. CHUTES 1014. unassigned 1015. COMPARTMENTS & CUBICLES 1016. Hospital Cubicles 1017. Office Cubicles 1018. Toilet & Shower Compartments 1019. unassianed 1020. DEMOUNTABLE PARTITIONS 1021.-1022. unassigned 1023. DISAPPEARING STAIRS 1024. unassigned 1025. FIREFIGHTING DEVICES 1026.-1029. unassianed 1030. FIREPLACE EQUIPMENT 1031. Fireplace Accessories 1032. Fireplace Dampers 1033. Prefabricated Fireplaces 1034. unassigned 1035. FLAGPOLES 1036. unassigned 1037. FOLDING GATES 1038.-1039. unassigned 1040. IDENTIFYING DEVICES 1041. Directory & Bulletin Boards 1042. Painted Signs 1043. Plaques 1044. Three-Dimensional Signs 1045.-1049. unassigned 1050. LOCKERS 1051.-1052. u~assigned 1053. MESH PARTITIONS 1054. unassigned 1055. POSTAL SPECIALTIES 1056.-1059. unassigned 1060. RETRACTABLE PARTITIONS 1061. Coiling Partftions 1062. Folding Partitions 1063.-1064. unassigned 1080. TOILET & BATH ACCESSORIES 1081.-1084. ur~ssigned 1085. VENDING MACHINES 1086.-1089. unassigned 1090. WARDROBE SPECIALTIES 1091.-1094. unassianed 1095. WASTE DISPOSAL UNITS 1096. Packaged Incinerators 1097. Waste Compactors 1098.-1099. unassigned
! J :
-: · .. :.·-- ···---
11 EQUIPMENT
1100. ALTERNATES 1101.-1109. unassigned 1110. BANK EQUIPMENT 1111. Depository Units 1112. Outdoor Tellers• Windows 1113. Safes 1114. Tellers• Counters 1115. COMMERCIAL EQUIPMENT 1116.-1117. unassigned 1118. DARKR00t4 EQUIP~lENT 1119. unassigned 1120. ECCLESIASTICAL EQUIPMENT 1121. Baptismal Tanks 1122. Bells 1123. Cari 11 ons 1124. Chancel Fittings 1125. Organs 1126. Pews 1127.-1129. unassigned 1130. EDUCATIONAL EQUIP~1ENT
12. 1131. Art & Draft Equipment 1132. Audio-Visual Aids 1133. Language Laboratories 1134. Prefabricated Astra-Observatories 1135. Vocational Shop Equipment 1136.-1139. unassigned 1140. FOOD SERVICE EQUIPI~ENT 1141. Bar Units 1142. Cooking Equipment 1143. Dishwashing Equipment 1144. Food Preparation Machines 1145. Food Preparation Tables 1146. Food Serving Units 1147. Refrigerated Cases 1148. Sinks & Drainboards 1149. Soda Fountains 1150. GYMNASIUM EQUIPMENT 1151.-1154. unassigned 1155. INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT 1156.-1159. unassigned 1160. Laboratory Equipment
· 1161.-1162. unassigned 1163. LAUNDRY EQUIPt~ENT H64 . . unassigned 1165. LIBRARY EQUIPMENT 1166. Bookshelving 1167. Bookstacks 1168. Charging Counters 1169 .. unassigned 1170. MEDICAL EQUIPMENT
Page 97
1171. Dental Equipment 1172. Examination Room Equipment 1173. Hospital Casework 1174. Incubators 1175. Patient Care Equipment 1176. Radiology Equipment 1177. Sterilizers 1178. Surgery Equipment 1179. Therapy Equipment 1180. MORTUARY EQUIPMENT 1181.-1184. unassigned 1188. PRISON EQUIPMENT 1189. unassiqned 1190. RESIDENTIAL EQUIPMENT 1191. Central Vacuum Cleaner 1192. Kitchen & Lavatory Cabinets 1193. Residential Kitchen Equipment 1~94. Residential Laundry Equipment 1195. Unit Kitchens 1196. unassigned 1197. STAGE EQUIPMENT 1198.-1199. unassigned
FURNISHINGS
1200. ALTERNATES 1201.-1209. unassigned 1210. ARTWORK 1211.-1219. unassigned 1220. BLINDS & SHADES 1221.-1229. unassigned 1230. CABINETS & FIXTURES 1231. Classroom Cabinets 1232. Dormitory Units 1233.-1239. unassigned 1240. CARPETS & MATS 1241.-1249. unassigned 1250. DRAPERY & CURTAINS 1251. Drapery Tracks 1252. Fabrics 1253.-1259. unassigned 1260. FURNITURE 1261~-1269. unassigned 1270. SEATING 1271. Auditorium Seating 1272. Classroom Seating 1273. Stadium Seating 1274.-1299. unassigned
.. ....... --
13 SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION
1300. ALTERNATES 1301.-1309. unassigned 1310. AUDIOMETRIC ROOMS 1311.-1314. unassigned 1315. BOWLING ALLEYS 1316.-1319. unassigned 1320. BROADCASTING STUDIOS 1321.-1324. unassigned 1325. CLEAN ROOMS 1326.-1324. unassigned 1325. CLEAN ROOMS 1326.-1329. unassigned 1330. CONSERVATORIES 1331.-1334. unassigned 1335. HYPERBARIC ROOMS 1336.-1339. unassigned 1340. INCINERATORS 1341.-1344. unassigned 1345. INSULATED ROOt~S 1346.-1349 •. unassigned 1350. INTEGRATED CEILINGS 1351.-1354~ unassigned 1355. OBSERVATORIES 1356.-1359. unassigned 1360. PEDESTAL FLOORS 1361.-1364. unassigned 1365. PREFABRICATED STRUCTURES
· · 1366.-1369. unassigned 1370. RADIATION PROTEC~ION 1371.-1374. unassigned 1375. SPECIAL CHIMNEY CONSTRUCTION · 1376.-1379. unassigned 1380. STORAGE VAULTS 1381.-1384. unassigned 1385 • . SWIMMING POOLS 1386.-1389. unassigned 1390. ZOO STRUCTURES 1391.-1399. unassigned
14 1400. ALTERNATES · 1401.-1409. unassigned
1410. DUMBWAITERS 1~11.~1419. unassigned. 1420. ELEVATORS 1421.-1429. unassigned 1430. HOISTS & CRANES 1431.-1439. unassigned 1440 . . LIFTS 1441.-1449. unassigned
Page 98
15 MECHANICAL
1500. ALTERNATES · 1501.1509. unassigned
1510. BASIC ~1ATERIALS & METHODS 1511. Pipe & Pipefittings 1512. Valves 1513. Piping Specialties 1514. Mechanical Supporting Devices 1515. Vibration Isolation 1516. Mechanical Systems Insulation 1517.-1519. unassigned 1520. HATER SUPPLY SYSTEf'tl 1521. Water Supply Piping 1522. Domestic Hot Water System 1523. Domestic Ices Water System l524; ~!a ter ~le 11 & We 11 pump 1525. SOIL & ~IASTE SYSTE~1 1526. Soil & Waste Piping 1527. Waste Treatment Equipment 1528. Sanitary Sewers 1529. ROOF DRAINAGE SYSTEM 1530. PLUMBING FIXTURES & TRH1 1531.-1534. unassigned 1535. GAS PIPING SYSTEM 1536.-1539. unassianed 1540. SPECIAL PIPING SYSTEMS 1541. Compressed Air System 1542. Vacuum Piping System 1543. Oxygen Piping System 1544. Nitrous Oxide Piping System 1545. Process Piping System 1546.-1549. unassigned 1550. FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM 1551. Automatic Spr.inkler System 1552. Carbon Dioxide System 1553. Elevated Water Reservoir 1554. Standpipe & Firehose Stations 1555. Underground Fire Lines 1556. unassigned 1557. FUEL HANDLING SYSTEM 1558.-1559. unassigned 1560. STEM1 HEATING SYSTEM 1561. Steam Boiler & Equipment 1562. Steam Circulating System 1563. Steam Terminal Units 1564. unassigned 1565. HOT \~ATER HEATING SYSTn1 1566. Hot ~later Boiler & Equipment 1567. Hot Water Circulating System 1568. Hot ~later Terminal Units 1569. Hot Water Snow-Melting System 1570.-1574. unassigned
.. .. ···· """"
1575. CHILLED \~ATER SYSTEM 1576. unassigned 1577. DUAL-TH1PERATURE SYSTEM 1578. HEAT PUMPS (see also 1684). 1579. Unassigned 1580. AIR-TEMPERING SYSTEM 1581. Warm Air Furnaces 1582. Air-Handling Equipment 1583. Air Filtration Equipment 1584. Humidity Control Equipment 1585. Packages Air-Tempering Units 1586. Air Distribution Duct System 1587. Tempered Air Terminal Units 1588. Air Curtain 1589. unassigned 1590. REFRIGERATION 1591. Water Chillers 1592. Commercial P.efrigeration Units 1593. Cooling Towers 1594. unassigned 1595. HVC CONTROLS & INSTRUMENTS 1596.-1599. unassigned
16. ELECTRICAL
1600. ALTERNATES 1601.-1609. unassigned
. 1610. BASIC MATERIALS & METHODS 1611. Raceways & Fittings 1612. Busway"s 1613. Conductors 1614. Electrical Supporting Devices 1615.-1619. unassigned 1620. ELECTRICAL SERVICE SYSTH1 1~21. Overhead Electrical Service 16Z2. Underground Electrical Service 1623. Electrical Substations 1624. Electrical Entrance Equipment 1625. Grounding System 1626. Standby Electrical System 1627.-1629. unassigned . -1630. ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 1631. Feeder Circuits 1632. Branch Circuits 1633. Pane1boards 1634. Wiring Devices 1635. Underfloor Electrical System 1636.-1639. unassigned 1640. LIGHTING FIXTURES 1641. Indoor Lighting Fixtures
Page 99
1642. Outdoor Lighting Fixtures 1643.-1649. unassigned 165,0. COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 165~. Telephone Equipment 1652. Intercommunication System 1653 ~ Public Address System 1654. Pag_fng System 1655. Nurses 1 Ca11 System 1656. Alarm & Detection System 1657. Clock & Program System 1658. Audio-Vide6 Reproduces 1659. Closed-Circuit Television 1660. Radiotelephone System 1661. Commercial Projection System 1662.-1669. unassigned 1670. ELECTRICAL POWER EQUIP~ENT 1671. Motors & ~1otor Controls 1672. Special Transformers 1673. Frequency Converters 1674. Rectifiers 1675.-1679. unassigned 1680. ELECTRICAL COMFORT SYSTE~ ' 1681. Electrical Heating System 1682 . Packaged Air~Tempering Units 1683. Electrical Snow-Melting System 1684. Heat Pumps (see also 1578) 1685.-1689. unassigned 1690. ELECTRICAL SYSTEM· CONTROLS &
INSTRUMENTS 1691.-1694. unassigned 1695. LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEM 1696.-1699. unassigned
·I
. ... . ··· ---
Page 100
APPENDIX NO. III
ECONOMIC ORDER SIZES FOR GENERAL STORES
In the event that a General Contractor maintains a General Stores
for the holding of some materials for use in anticipated work in the
future, some criteria must be used for determining the quantities of
materials to order and the minimum quantity to hold in stores, etc.
In setting up and maintaining a General Stores such questions
arise, as:
What is the size of the order?
How often should an order be placed?
Should there be a certain quantity of each material held in stores
at all times? (Safety Stock)
The determining of economic order quantities and inventory levels
is what iS referred to as a minimum cost functional relatiqnship pre~
blem. It may be simple or complex depending on the procurement cir
cumstances and the use requirements.
The factors which determine the most economic size of orders are:
1. The cost of placing and processing an order (c1)
2~ The unit cost of holding inventory, i.e. interest, deterioration,
accounting, warehousing rental, etc. (C2) .
3. Unit purchase price (C3)
4. Yearly usa~e (U)
.If Q = the quantity of each order and CT = the total annual cost of
ordering, holding and purchasing:
the annual cost per order of placing orders = c1(U/Q): the annual cost
of holding the item in inventory = c2Q
2
...... ..
The total annual cost of ordering, holding and purchasing is:
(CT) = c1u + c2Q + c3u
Q 2
Page 101
To calculate the minimum-cost order quantity, CT is differentiated
with respect to Q and the derivative set equal to zero.
Theref~re, Q =/ 2 c1u: the minimum cost order quantity. vcr · To avoid the necessity of computing separately economic lot sizes
for a large number of items, tables are available which present the
economic order or lot sizes for various values of these factors.
One such table 3 reproduced in Figure 23 on the following page is an
example. This cost is calculated with U - the annual forecasted
usage expressed in dollars; c1 ~the order cost expressed in dollar
per unit per year; and Q - the economic order amount expressed in dollars
and calculated by:
The table· is used by calculating the ratio c1;c2. and entering the
c·olumn which has the value closest to the calculated value. In this
column, opposite the annual usage, will be found the economic order
quantity (Q) expressed in dollars.
In mapy cases materials can be purchased at quantity discounts
or larger quantities w.ay qualify for l.ower freight · rates which will
result in a lower unit delivered cost. This, of course, must be in-
vestigated when detennining the sizes 'of orders •
· .. i
I
. ... ,-· ---
~.
TABLE OF ECONOMIC ORDER QUANTITIES
Annual Order amount in dollars (Q}
usage
{U} c1tc2 = 25 c1tc2 = so c1tc2 = 75 c1tc2 = 100
$ 1,000 $ 224 $ 316 $ 387 $ 447
1,500 274 387 474 . 548
2,000 316 447 548 632
3,000 381 . . 548 671 775
4,000 447 632 775 894
5,000 500 707 866 1,000
7,500 612 866 1,061 1,225
10,000 707 1,000 1,225 1,414 . .20,000 1,000 1,414 1,732 2,000
30,000 1.225 1,732 2' 121 2,449
40,000 1 ,414 2,000 2,449 2,828
50,000 1,581 2,236 2,739 3 '162
75,000 1,936 2,739 3,354 3,873 . ·100,000 2,236 3,162 3,873 4,472
200,000 3,162 4,472 . 5,477 6,325
300,000 3,873 5,477 6,708 7,746
400,000 4,472 6,325 7,746 8,944
500,000 5,000 7,071 8,660 10,000
750,000 6,124 8,660 10,607 12,247
1,000,000 7,071 10,000 12,247 14,H2
FIG. 23
Page 102
c1tc2 = 1so
$ 548
671
775
949
1,095
1,225
1,500
1,732
2,449
3,000
3,464
3,873
4,743
5,477
7,746
9,487
10,954
12,247
15,000
17,321
! ·
i
I .J
: .. .... ~·· ---
Page 103
Taking this into consideration the most economic size of order
will be arrived at by comparing the total annual cost CT for the quantity
(Q) calculated using the formula Q =~and for the quantity at which
Jc; the price discount is obtained or at which the delivered freight
_applies.
The quantity which gives the lowest total annual cost (CT) will
be the order quantity.
In the proper operation of a General·Stores, inventories can not
be a-llowed to reduce to zero before placing a re-stock order. Orders
must, therefore, be placed with sufficient lead time for it to .arrive
before the stock is reduced to zero. If the rate of usage is accurately
known and is constant, the quanti"ty could be allowed to reduce to Zero
with the re-order placed sufficiently in advance for it to arrive
before the store reached zero (lead time).
It is rarely the case, however, that rates of usage of materials
are constant or are perdict~ble with any degree of accura~y. Often only
the yearly consumption can be predictable with any accuracy, from pre
vious records. Because the rate of usage is not constant it is necessary
that a safety stock be maintained to provide for a higher than average
rate of usage during the time that the re-stock order is placed and it
arrives.
Fig. 24 graphically shows the variations in i_nventory levels
when a safety stock is dependent upon the amount of risk that is
willing to be taken of running out of stock. The larger the safety
stock, the steeper will be the maximum usaqe rate covered by the safety
- - ~ .......... - ·· --··
..... c ::I
~ 10
i:' o · ..... c Q)
> c: .....
Maximum-usage rate covered by safety stock
Time
Lead I time ~
Page 104
,-Safety Stock
I
PATTERN OF VARIATIONS IN INVENTORY LEVELS WHEN SAFETY STOCK IS CARRIED
FIG. 24
_. ... ..... ·· - --
Page 105
stock and the smaller will be the risk of running out of stock.
An example of calculating the economic order size, etc., is as
follows:
Assume that a construction company has a maintenance contract
which includes replacing broken or burnt out light bulbs.
From previous records, the total required per year is 5,000 (U).
The cost to place an order is$ 50.00 (C1)
The unit cost per bulb is$ 1.00 (c3); and the unit for holding in
stock, etc., is 20% of unit cost, i~e. $ 0.20- (c2j
From formula Q~ the minimum c~st order quantity=
. . 2
j 2 X 50 X S,QQQ = .2
1,581 or 3 orders per year= 5,000 = 1,700 (approximately}
3
Total yearly cost CT
= c1u + c2Q ~ c3u
Q 2
= 50 X 5,000 + .2 X 1,700 + 1 X 500 1,700 2
= 147.00 + 170.00 + 5,000
TOTAL YEARLY COST=$ 5,317.00
Discounts :are available as follows for large quantity purchases:
·For purchases of 2,000- 2,999 bulbs - less 5% (i.e. c3 = $0.95)
For purchases of 3,000 - 4,99~ bulbs - less 10% (f.e. c3 = $0.90)
Calculate new total yearly costs using discount prices for
quantity of 2,000@ $0.95
Page 106
CT = 50 X 5,000 + . • 2 X 2,000 + .95 X 5,000 2,000 2
= 125.00 + 200.00 + 4,750.00
CT = $ 5,075.00
For quantity of 3,000 @ $0.90
CT = . 50 X 5,000 + .2 X 3,000 + .9 X 5,000 3,000 2
= 83!30 + 300.00 + 4,500.00
CT = $ 4,883.30
Therefore, the minimum cost order ouantity = 3,000
From previous. records, the following weekly usages are known:
Number of Bulbs per Number of Week Replaced Weeks
(N) (\n N X w
30 1 30
50 2 100
60 5 300
75 6 450
90 8 720
100 9 900
110 10 1100
120 6 720
130 ' 3 390
140 2 280
5000
Average number of bulbs per week, replaced = 96.
If the lead time required for ordering and delivery is one week,
' .
Page 107
the minimum re-order level would be when the stock was at 30 bulbs and
the maximum would be 140. The percentage of times that the stock would
be reduced to zero as a result of orders placed at the various levels of
remaining stock is as follows:
Number of bulbs · per week replaced
30
50
60
75
90
100
110
120
130
140
Number of Weeks
2
5
6
8
9
10
6
3
2·
Relative Freguenc~
.02
.04
.10
. 11
• 15
.17
~20
.11
.06
.04
Percentage of time, stock would run out if re-order placed at this remaining stock pt
98
94
84
73
58
41
21
10
4
0 --·
From this table it can be seen that if the re-order is placed
when the stock is down to 30, 98% of the time the stock will be down
to zero before the order arrives. If the order is placed when the
stock is at 90, the percentage of time will be .58 and so on. With this
information in hand, and depending on the seriousness of running out of
stock, management can arbitrarily decide the amount of the safety stock.
. i
i
' .
Page 108
APPENDIX NO. IV
A COMPUTER APPLICATION OF THE MATERIAL EXPEDITING SYSTEM
1. GENERAL
The Material Expediting System has been designed to be used with
·the aid of a computer. In order to demostrate the feasibility of such
an approach a number of ·computer programs have been written and tested
using sample test data. These programs follow closely the concepts .
presented in the main body of this report and output the information
requ{red to fulfill the needs of the ~1aterial Expediting System user.
Collectively these programs constitute a computer system which could
be implemented with a minimum of reprogramming.
2. MACHINE REQUIREMENTS
Each program has been written in PL/I(F) programming language for
the IBM 370 computer system. The minimum requirements are:
( 1 ) 200K bytes of memory
(2) 1 tape drive
(3) 1 card reader
( 4) 1 printer
( 5} 1 disk drive
For more sop his '~ l cated systems pre-forma ted cards and printed forms
could be used and, without going into the cost of such a venture, a
terminal link with a large commerci~l computer installation would be
advantageous.
. _ __.;. · · ---
Page 109
A small set of test data has been compiled and operated on by
the Material Exp~diting Computer System. This input data and the
subsequent output results are discussed further under the section
"System Overview" and "Sample Problem".
3. SYSTEM OVERVIEW
The Material Expediting Computer System is a set of inter-related
programs or modules. These modules can be executed together or
separately depending on the particular nee~s of the user. Continuity
is maintained by the creation and subsequent updating of a permanent
"General Stores Materials· File" on magnetic tape which contains pert
inent information on all the materials which may be required by the
user.
Each of the programs which is available to the Material Expediting
. Computer System user is discussed below. - Note that the actual pro
gram listings and input formats are not included. This information
could be separately prepared in a "Users. Manual".
3.1 NEWTAPE- This program creates the "General Stores Materials File"
on·tape. Input consists of two types of cards containing data taken
~irectly from the "General Stores Materials· List" and the "Materials
Information Sheet" respectively. .It then prints out this informati on
for checking purposes.
., . I
i .I
. ....... · __ _
Page 110
. . 3.2 SUPOATE - This program updates the General Stores Materials File
tape. Records may be added, deleted, or changed. SUPDATE is partic
ularly useful in that it enables the user to revise 11 quantity in stock11
and "quantity on order" at the General Stores. This should be done
periodically to make sure that the Stores File is up to date.
3.3 ~ATLIST - This is a relatively small program \'lhich scans the
General Stores l~aterial File and outputs a "General Stores Material
List11• It is useful in that it enables the usir to see what information
he has stored on the file.
3.4 MATINFO - This program scans the General Stores Materials File
and prints out a 11 Materials Information Sheet••.
3.5 REP..:GEN - This program reads two card files containing the 11 Work
Breakdown Structure11 and the "Bill of Materials" for a .particular
project (see example). It then calculates and prints out the "Material
Status Sheet for the project, the 11 Material Status Sheet for stores,
and all pertinent Requisitions.
3.6. FPTLIST- Since all input to the Material Expediting Computer
System is to be on cards another small program has been added to ·the
system. This procedure (FPTLIST} reads and lists card file and puts
the card image records on a temporary disk file. Thus the user can get
a complete list of his input data for checking purposes. It is also
possible to use this disk file as input to the rest of the system,
thereby eliminating the additional machine time and cost of re-submitting
... ..:.·· --··
...... '
Page 111
the card deck.
4. SAMPLE PROBLEt1
In order to test the programs a small set of test data was taken
from the CPM diagram for a small building (see page 68).
The first step was the creation of a General Stores ~1aterials
File on tape. The program NEWTAPE was executed using data taken from
the Materials Information Sheet (Fig. 25) and the General Stores Materials
List (Fig. 26 (a & b). Next the program REP-GEN was used to generate the
pertinent reports and requisitions for the project. REP-GEN required, as
input, the Work Breakdown Structure for the project (Fig. 27) and the
Bill of Materials (Fig. 28).
The output results are shown in Fig. 29 (a & b). They are: -
(i) Requisition (supplier) :- Fig._ 29 (2) to Fig. 29 (f)
(H) Requisition (stores) - Fig. 29 (g) to Fig. 29 (k}
(iii) Requisition {supplier- stores) -Fig. 29 (1) to Fig. 29 (m}
(iv) Material Status S.heet for Project- Fig. 29 (n)
(v) Material Status Sheet for Stores - Fig. 29 (o)
....... -· __ _
I !
\ · ,,
1
H~Tt:RlAL CODE
311
' 320
410
(21
611
720
-770
620 .
1 ~21
1526
I
. 2 UNIT OF
MATERIAL MEASURE .
Concrete Fonm.~ork PCS
Concrete Reinforcement LBS
l'ortar c.v.
OrIck ~.isonry EA.
Framing £ Sheathing FBM
Insulation S.F.
-Flashings LF
wood Doors EA.
w.s. Pipe LF
S. & W Pipe lF
.
.
- MATERIALS JNFORHATION SHEET
3 -It TII-!E FOR.
5 . b ARE SHOP TIME FOR DRAWJNCS PRF.PARhT!OM REVIEW AI:O/OR DF SHOP . SA:-:PLES REQ'O OR AWl NCS ETC YES/IiO l 'l 12
NO - -
YES 10 5
NO - -110 - -. NO - -YES 3 3
YES 3 3
YES 10 5
Nn - -Nn - -
FIGURE
I
7 TIM£ FCR tl
9 TlH!~ FOR 'Il!'\B FOR AllCI!lTE:CT 1S RESUilMISSIO~ Fr.BRICATIOII
· Rt::VlE'n' hND /.PPilOVhL
'1'3 Tlt 'l'5
- - 3
5 10 10
- - 1
- - 5
- - 1
3 5 1
3 5 1
5 10 15
. ---- - 1
, - - 1
!)5
.
r r.~~ z TIME FOR SH l~?l!iG
l() 1l FP.r.M SlOPES • 0 01'. SUPPLE' --·-··
0 ".'6 '!?
3 3
3 3
1 1
5 10 . 2 2
5 10
5 10
5 15 -
5 15
5 15
L!:ID nr.:::
3
3 -
2
10
5
s
5
s
5
5
12
I
I I ~
I - .;
I
---4
--
-i
-o Ill
I( ..... ..... i: ;j N
· · ·- · -~---· ·-·
\.
HAn:RUL CODE 110.
MATERIAL
<'
GENERAL STORES MATERIALS liST
MATERIAL DESCRIPTION
h.W oa: ::>
!:::~ :Z:UJ :::"'::
OUhNTlTY IN STOCK
... co
(/) 0 ,......lUI :t:cJ:~
t-;;:g -Jhl t...Jt-<1) .-....:I£J
:l'"'"'
11!NIMUM QUA::T 1 T't TO !JE HELD IN STOCK
HAXn:;.,H QUA:ITI TY TO ;;:: HE:t::> J N STOCK
F\1~~~ 3
QUANTITY ON ORDER
... .... <(
c:>
>-~ :--::3 "' c:>
400 I Jll 1 Concrete formwork I 1 2 Ft. by 8 Ft. Plywood Panels I PCS 1-- _ ·----, ---__ --·-t:O
-t=o~ 1000
1--320 1 Concrete Rel~forcement No 5 hv AI On YES 500 1500
--------··------·· .. · ···-----··-· Concrete Reinforcement No 7 by RL Rebar LBS
!10 l-l~!!_r.!!r._ _______ _
m fDf·1 znnn. •w I YES I -~Q.'!_ --- __ 2~Q ___ _
600 -. m I t- Eraminll..l..Sh~··~lng I : 2 by 4 by 10 Ft ...... _.. . . I FDf1 I I 1200 3000
s.r. -16000
- 2000. ~ t --~-----f....i. ___ ?~---·-: __ l_!I~•Jlat!~ I : 1 t'n, Purl board Aluminum Foil 1 Side YES
- " P> tC C1)
S.F, NO ~. _l.Q9.0.9___ ----=--=·· -- --~--- I __,
r-----t-----f-!---~--.:__--+--!--,----I----J- .-··- ... -·-·· ------ -~ ·--···· i ~ -·-·--- -- -·- ---·.-I
t- ~ ! . . I I ~~ t--------------- ___ I L ._=-=11 FIGURE 26 t==t== ______ .. · -- --~ =-·-·_·-:-:--·- ..... ... i
_ _ l~ulat~ ~n. Roofmate Insulation L 7~
HATE.!!IAL COOS 110.
HATERIAL
GEI~ERAL S1'0RF.S MI\TERI ~rs T.IST
MATERIAL DESCfliPTIOll
r .. !!J o::; ~~~
f;UA!.TITY I!~ STOCK "' U1
Cll r.> HH h l :::<:..: [ ·• HU
Cl! . .J o-lf•lr-.. ~ll. ')
:-:I; .. ] l·:~ · :·t .,:UA:.T!'J'Y TC UE li!::I.T> IN :::TOCK
:-:AX1:-::::.: .,;!· : •.. TI':Y '!0 m; ,;:;:w 1:: ti ·:·cc~:
Fr.R~ 3
c;u;:;: I':'Y c:; cr.:;:::~.
~, ... •< ~
m ::;
.;hl ~::: ~~~
!:) 0 I I I 1- I I I I I ----
I I I -- - ·--·----___ ___ 1 18 1n. wide 2 oz. copper ffbreen 1 L~ 1 1 r:n 1 1 •
I • I I I I I I -!-------+--· 2 • 8 X 7 X 1 3/4 Slab Hah. Doors EA 6 . YES 4 10 --f---·---f--·
10 Y£5 4 10
I 2 - 4 X 7 X 1 3/4 Shb l'.ah. Doors I EA I I un I I I I
c '"· copper p1pe 1 LF 1 200 1 vrs -I 100 1 lOCO l--__ _ ___ _... __
=-----• t ..... --............ ""'J"'"" .. .,v ... " .., 11 .. 1,; J \.r I , __ !!!!.___, _______ , _______ _
I - ·
~ t !-----~-------+---·
1-------+------1---------+-+-----l---1-l ---11------ ···-··---- ·- ·
I I I I -J~-t------t-------;-----------1 I f-=-·-·-+---'--I . I t-i- , ____ · -+-----
FIGURE 26 "'--•--- - --£--· ~Q'ltin~:~~ar--r-- -r---- ---- . -- ·--··- '-----· - -- ·- - · ---- . ..
. --.-.. --... -:---·~·---- ....
I I l
I I
" Ill tQ CD _. .;:..
~. Page 115
WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE
~ORM 1 1 2
WORK PACKAl.E WORK PACKAGE NO.
SITE WORK AND EXTERIOR SERVICES 1
C.ONCRETE FOUNDATION, CONCRETE FLOOR AND UNDERSLAB PIPE 2
STRUCTURAL STEEL . 3 . . .
MASONRY AND EXTERIOR WALL INSULATION 4
BUILD·UP ROOF, FLASHING AND ROOF INSULATION 5
ELECTRICAL WORK s ·
MECHANICAL WORK 7
CARPENTRY WINDOWS AND ALL FINISHES 8
!
FIGURE 27
1
··~" i- ,_ .···
. : ~/":#> .. ·" ·- .•. . '··'
BILL OF MATERIALS
-. FOP.'1 4
WORK PACKAGE NO, 1 I
2 I' MATERIAL COD£ I 110. MATERIAL DESCRIPTION
3 START DAi£. Cf' Fl R5'T AC'TI VI TY RE.;>'JIRI NO THIS 1'-AH:RIAL
4
4 .. 072 1 Inch purlboard, aluminum foil 1 side
2421 --moduia.::· race 'iiritit'"b"Ufr 3000 S.F; 53 ------·
20000 EA ~~
4 0770 18" 'wide 2 oz. copper flbreen ...u.a__ I .F Sl 4 0410 I masonry cement 200 C.Y. 53
4 0410 masonry sand 50 C. Y. 53
--·
5000 1 5 1 0720 1:--~ Inch roofmate Insulation!----------------------+--
t-~- ____ 6_6 ______
t 1 b526 - ---t=·~h cast Iron tyton joint pipe ----~--·-- ·-·-----•----·-··•-------.. - ·-- -· -- 200 I L.F. 10 -
---------------------------· --1-1 1 1521 l--.!._!n~~ copper_!llpe •w
.. r------ --·-- ·-----·· •nn ' .. F. 10
I
t-------=2-----· .t-25-~6 I 4 Inch cast lro~- tyton j 'oint_ pi,Pe -1--70 I L.F. 35 -----
~-------------
70 I L.F. 35
I ----... EA 109 - ---- --·--··- -
I 2 ,_1521 . ! __ z_l_n_ch_:_co.:.::p.:.p:.er_:_p1:.:p.::.e ______________________ ~~_:~----l--~~-
8 l 0820 1 2' - 8" x 7' x 1 3/4" slab mah. doors I •~ .I 8 0820 2' - 4" x 7' x 1 3/4" slab mah. doors 1 I E.~. 109 ·--
8 0820 3' x 7' x 2" plank oak doors 2 I EA 109
l-----------lr------l------------------------+-'----+----l--------1 --
+- -_ ..
_j ~ 1.0
.... ------ (1)
I I-' --, ~
------- FIGURE 28 I I I -,. . ____ .. _...._..- ·~-... ~---4"1'-'"' '' ... -- ....... ~ ___ ..,_ ··-- · . .,._ . . _________ ,_,.-.- .- ..... - .••. ..., . .. .-.. ... . ~-- · ~- ..
\ '·
.·
P~O.ILCT: !) !l ALL KIJil.DlNI;
MtlltRli\L CUi)L i•f; . 1l? 1
l<t::IW lSI T I 0111
MATfRIAL.: AR I Ci<: '·IIISOr ; .~Y
0 1-?r)f:Y l l A 1 f 2<1
s t >tN c 1·. (I 1- s Lll~ 1-' L y : J......._..L..L . &....L..&.....&...--1.. -~w~~!...lkfl ...... ...__,_.._~ L~..&. t .L...J. ~ .t....l .J. .L.L...&....L..A.. . L-'4 ..l..& ..A • .& . ~ .~ 4 ..L..i . 4 . ..a.
SHOP I i ii A ,., I"";;, t< 1:. {.J 1,) It ( t- I~ I.IY : I·! I .A.
;, ~HiP n ~ r. ;~ 1 :\i r; s '' I 1.. L AI:. rH I drl '' f-_f} RY:
I)(L 11/ FRY SC Ht Ol.JL l
~/A
-----·------·--·--------·--------------------~-------------------------------------------1·!•\lti<J.AL nf-SCidi-'TlUr; rJUANT IT Y
U '~ 1 .r nf' i·1[ASI•Rt:
Hi::C.o~ i 1 I t<t:O !:iHlJ.lPJr, c; i :(l IVI."h'Y
, .. "1 f ;) h ' ....
------------------------------------------------------ ------·~-----------·-----------~-~--
Nf U U ll L t. ~ r "C L 1.11\ 1 r: K !! U F 1- 15~ 1!1!~ t . ,'\. jil /.14
- --~-----------------------------------------·---------------~----------------------------t•i ATti<J,,.f_ OESCt~ LPTJ(lN (HJANTI T'r
lJ'•ll !lF ;.; r. " s 1.1 k r u •'J 1. 1 p f\ I. r. f T ' IT Al
·-----------------------------~------------------"----------------------------------------
MOt>UL AR 1- AU:. hi< I CK BUFf- 15 '.1~10 t. ~
FIGURE 29 (a)
-c Ill
<.0 ct>
...... '-I
·'
PR 0 J 1:: f. T : S ~i ALL ~HI I I D J N l;
MA It: r. J AL [i)IH~ ij(). I c~l
f.<EQLJIST.TTON
M'A fERl AL: JIIJSI.I I. ATl() !.;
I I !HI ~.I~ I) A T f ~~s
S G UKC~ U~ SUPPLr: .,L ............... 4aL..&..•~-~~flt~J .. 4l~!l.'"..J. ..... ~. ,, ...... ..L.J. ..L. &....J. J...A. .. .... . ..&. ....... . -~... ...... .~ . ............ ~ ........... &...L.a.
:;.,.,~.~ ~~ 1.11u\ .·~ 1 .. ~ r: ~ k c-. 1 1 u r I< 1: n u '( : 3R
::H• LIP IH< Ad 1 ·,J!.; S :•1} l_l .
1\ t. hT I I. iii :•: I ll R y :
l.>t::L IV F.:RY St: HI:- I.11.Jlt
ll 'l
·-------------------------------------------------------------------~---------------------·~AIU~IIIL lltSCt-<lf•TIOt·J 01.1 A t~T 1 TY
li!··tl l (l F
i· l ~ ;. :>I dd-.. tH' I> t1 I I•' I. n
!iHTPP)'~ I; ·>~ LI 1/FI\Y
r'" r 1:· I) A 1 ~ , __ N ___ M-----------------~------·---------------------------------------------------------
l 1/2 lN. t<t.ll.if,'iAlt J ;~ fiULAT!i'N S t3kl~ s ~ r- • ':l? ">?.
·------------------------·-~--------------~--·-----------------~-------------------------->tidt· KJ.I\L t.H SCIHI'Tlli •J 1WAN11 TY
1.1 ~.: 1 l n F '·1 1·. i\ :; ,_J;lf 1.1 ,.l 1 r P ,< 1 c L l i• r AL
·------------------~--------------------------------------------------- ··~-----------------
I 112 lN. kl1Urf1~\H HJSULATIUN . 500(-1 ~ - " ·
FIGURE 29 (b)
"'0 Ill
1.0 Cl)
........ ..... co
PR!JJ[Cl: Sr ifii.L BVl.Li'l'il;
MAltKli\L Cl.lilr · !(1. 7"/l.l
I< t: (J U 1 S I l1 ll N
t1A TEIHI\L: FL A~t1{.':t~:;
~ '~ !) r. H f' A Tl ?9
~ dUI( c 1-. nt- SliPPL y: ..L.A.-I. ... .L...1.. .. .&,. . .. :o!!.!r.:!1..!..ll>Ji.,_...,.._.&..&. '--A--' ·'• ·~ . & •. .&. • .&. ... .L.._ L-4 .I •. L . J • . L.& ..& ..L ·'-.ol.. . .l.-.1 . ..1 .L.&.. I .
~ H 0 I) 1i ~~ A i·, I , .. "_, S l'il i~Uli<f 11 tiY: ~2
S!II")P
I\ f.
I) U . 1 V E'. R Y S C Hf l> l.l L t.
1.' :~ A .•: t "<; S '' ll I ~ f 1 Ll!, ·~ 1·. i' H Y : ~H
~------------------------------------------~-·-----~--~------------------------~·---------"'' fl ll R I A I. [If- S Ci--:1 P l I 1_"1 rl (,lllANTITY
1.! , .. , i.- r c1 r 11!:. /'.SUI-I!:.
Fl·. ·.il.i lhLP S i 1 T 1-' P l ~. (; !.l [ l T v r In'
fl:l.lt' 1'.\Tr-:
----------------------------------------~-------------------------------------------------
1 8 l r~ • i~ 1 il t: i:' ': L • c 0 P P 1-. ;~ F 1 r. h' F.!:.. r·J 3.5 ~! LF _!,9 -J'I
-------------------------------------------------------------~----------------------------r·, A I L R 1 A 1.. I l f- S C K l P 1 1 U :~ ilUANTllY
lJ'.ll !lf r~' E 1\ s u h) r·. li', ~T l'li!f.l. r u r .-, L.
---------·------------------------------·-~--"-~-----~------------------------------------
ltJ lN. l'ill.t. d. tu':. t:UPf'i·H HIIH[t,r~ .s.~ ~·' l.F
FIGURE 29 (c)
"tJ Cl
I.Q tD
...... ...... 1.0
·'
\I I ..
!
PROJ~ Cl: Sl·iAI. L IIU!LilH!I.;
~1 A 11-.td A L C.: i.J D l •\i 0 • f:lr.'l.il
REfJUtSITION
~11\·H. HI 1\L'! Wl)ll O D(.il lf.·:;
f'lf.<f) J:-_R [) AT[
':iS
!:iL ) I.Ii~CI:. Ul- SuPI'L Y: ..a....a...L . .J.. .&..,..,_._ ........ ~!J.Ji:!f. Ufi.!i ..... ..._..a...L.L.•-..a . ..a...t . ..a..-t..J ~ J. . • a...&. .... .t .. . t...J. .J.. ,._.. ...L...L ~ . ... ~ ,_..a. .. J4 .L-a ..
5 II (J p l.l f< A ,·, I ... (, ~; K~_ !Wlr'lil !H: b'l
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